Shoulder
Diagram of the human shoulder joint
Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.
Latin	articulatio humeri
Gray's	subject #81 313
MeSH	Shoulder

The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The major joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint, which "shoulder joint" generally refers to. In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, the head sitting in the glenoid fossa.^[1] The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint.^[2]

There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.^[3]

The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but also stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between mobility and stability results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip.

Human anatomy[link]

Joints[link]

There are three joints of the shoulder: The glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, and the sternoclavicular joints.

Glenohumeral joint[link]

The glenohumeral joint is the main joint of the shoulder and the generic term "shoulder joint" usually refers to it. It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid fossa of the scapula). The "ball" of the joint is the rounded, medial anterior surface of the humerus and the "socket" is formed by the glenoid fossa, the dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula. The shallowness of the fossa and relatively loose connections between the shoulder and the rest of the body allows the arm to have tremendous mobility, at the expense of being much easier to dislocate than most other joints in the body. Approximately its 4 to 1 disproportion between the large head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity.

Anatomical studies of the shoulder by Leonardo da Vinci c.1510

The capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane. This capsule is strengthened by the coracohumeral ligament which attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula and are collectively called the glenohumeral ligaments.

There is also a ligament called semicirculare humeri which is a transversal band between the posterior sides of the tuberculum minus and majus of the humerus. This band is one of the most important strengthening ligaments of the joint capsule. The shoulder is a vital joint and critical for movement.

Sternoclavicular joint[link]

The sternoclavicular occurs at the medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium or top most portion of the sternum. The clavicle is triangular and rounded and the manubrium is convex; the two bones articulate. The joint consists of a tight capsule and complete intra-articular disc which ensures stability of the joint. The costoclavicular ligament is the main limitation to movement, therefore, the main stabilizer of the joint. A fibrocartilaginous disc present at the joint increases the range of movement. Sternoclavicular dislocation is rare,^[4] however it can be caused by direct trauma.

Movements[link]

The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable range of motion, making it one of the most mobile joints in the human body. The shoulder can abduct, adduct (such as during the shoulder fly), rotate, be raised in front of and behind the torso and move through a full 360° in the sagittal plane. This tremendous range of motion also makes the shoulder extremely unstable, far more prone to dislocation and injury than other joints ^[5]

The following describes the terms used for different movements of the shoulder:^[6]

Muscles[link]

Major muscles[link]

The muscles that are responsible for movement in the shoulder attach to the scapula, humerus, and clavicle. The muscles that surround the shoulder form the shoulder cap and underarm.

Rotator cuff[link]

The rotator cuff is an anatomical term given to the group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. It is composed of the tendons and muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis) that hold the head of the humerus (ball) in the glenoid fossa (socket).

Two filmy sac-like structures called bursae permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion.

Medical problems[link]

Shoulder problems including pain, are one of the more common reasons for physician visits for musculoskeletal symptoms. The shoulder is the most movable joint in the body. However, it is an unstable joint because of the range of motion allowed. This instability increases the likelihood of joint injury, often leading to a degenerative process in which tissues break down and no longer function well.

Major injuries to the shoulder include rotator cuff tear and bone fractures of one or more of the bones of the shoulder.

Shoulder fractures include:

• Clavicle fracture
• Scapular fracture
• Proximal humerus fracture

Evolutionary variation[link]

Tetrapod forelimb are characterised by a high degree of mobility in the shoulder-thorax connection. Lacking of a solid skeletal connection between the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column, the forelimb's attachment to the trunk is instead mainly controlled by serratus lateralis and levator scapulae. Depending on locomotor style, a bone connect the shoulder girdle to the trunk in some animals; the coracoid bone in reptiles and birds, and the clavicle in primates and bats; but cursorial mammals lack this bone. In primates, the shoulder shows characteristics the differs from other mammals, including a well developed clavicle, a dorsally shifted scapula with prominent acromion and spine, and a humerus featuring a straight shaft and a spherical head. ^[14]

Additional images[link]

The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula   Instrumented shoulder endoprosthesis, with a 9-channel telemetry transmitter to measure six load components in vivo. (cut model) Instrumented shoulder endoprosthesis, with a 9-channel telemetry transmitter to measure six load components in vivo. (cut model)

See also[link]

• Shoulder girdle (Pectoral girdle)
• Glenohumeral joint (Shoulder joint)
• Acromioclavicular joint
• Sternoclavicular joint
• Chip on shoulder

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shoulders

Look up shoulder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Video of the shoulder carriage in motion
• NIH (article includes text from this source)
• University of Michigan Medical School module on movements of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand

v t e Human regional anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Trunk Chest (Breast) · Abdomen (Navel) · Back · Pelvis (Sex organs) Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

Rebecca Ferguson is the name of:

• Rebecca Ferguson (singer) (born 1986), English singer
• Rebecca Ferguson (actress) (born 1983), Swedish actress

This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article's citation style may be unclear. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (October 2010)

Chazwick Bundick better known by his stage name Toro Y Moi, is an American recording artist and producer. His music has taken on many forms since he began recording, but he is often identified with the chillwave movement of summer 2010. As of 2011, his sound has struck out toward progressive rock, especially in a live setting.

The name "Toro y Moi" is half Spanish and half French, and means "the bull and me".

Bundick was born on 7 November 1986, in Columbia, South Carolina, and attended Ridge View High School where he formed well-known Columbia indie rock band The Heist and the Accomplice with three schoolmates. He is of Filipino descent from his mother and African-American descent from his father.

Bundick graduated from the University of South Carolina in spring of 2009 with a bachelor's degree in graphic design. Late in his school career, Bundick formed a close musical relationship with fellow chillwave luminary Ernest Greene who plays under the name Washed Out.

He has since been signed to Carpark Records, on which he released his first full-length album Causers of This in January 2010.

His second album, Underneath the Pine, was released on February 22, 2011. He has been chosen by Caribou to perform at the ATP Nightmare Before Christmas festival that they co-curate in December 2011 in Minehead, England.^[1] On September 13, Toro Y Moi released an EP titled Freaking Out. The EP features a cover of "Saturday Love" by Alexander O'Neal & Cherrelle.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• Causers of This (January 2010)
• Underneath the Pine (February 2011)
• June 2009 (April 2012)

EPs[link]

• "Blessa" (7") (2009)
• "Body Angles" (cassette, Ltd, C20) (2009)
• "Left Alone at Night" (CD, promo + 12") (2009)
• "Leave Everywhere" (digital, 7") (2010)
• Toro y Moi / Cloud Nothings (Split 7") (2010)
• "Freaking Out" (CD/vinyl) (2011)

Demos[link]

• Woodlands (Dec 2007)
• June 2009 Comp (Jun 2009)
• My Touch (Dec 2009)

Remixes[link]

• The Longcut – "Repeated" (Toro Y Moi Remix)
• Neon Indian – "Deadbeat Summer" (Toro Y Moi Remix)
• Tegan and Sara – "Alligator" (Toro Y Moi Remix)
• Washed Out – "Feel It All Around" (Toro Y Moi Remix)
• Cut Copy – "Blink and You'll Miss a Revolution" (Toro Y Moi Remix)
• Tyler, The Creator – "French!" (Toro Y Moi Remix)

Mixtapes[link]

• BTS Radio "Chi Chi" Mix (2012)

Other[link]

Bundick also put out a collection of experimental "stream of consciousness" recordings under his side project "Sides of Chaz". In addition to this, Chaz also feels as though he has moved beyond the "chillwave" genre, and that "chillwave" was a point where many similar artists started off. He said in an interview At The Sinema that "all that stuff is really good music, like Ernest Green (Washed Out) and Neon Indian. I’m a big fan of all of that, but I think [chillwave] was just a small little period where we all were, coincidentally making the similar music."

Chaz also has a side project focusing more on dance-style music called "Les Sins."

References[link]

1. ^ ATP Nightmare Before Christmas

• Car Park Records
• Pitchfork Media
• The Guardian
• Car Park Records Album Announcement
• Sophomore Album Announcement
• Self-Titled Mag Interview
• At The Sinema Interview

External links[link]

• Toro Y Moi's Blog
• An interview with Chaz Bundick on The Marketplace of Ideas
• An Interview with Chaz Bundick on Bad Vibes
• Toro Y Moi Mixtape on Andrew Meza's BTS Radio

Mike + The Mechanics are an English rock/pop supergroup formed in 1985 as a side project of Mike Rutherford, one of the founding members of the band Genesis. The band is known for their hit singles "Silent Running (On Dangerous Ground)", "All I Need Is a Miracle", "Word of Mouth", "Over My Shoulder", and "The Living Years".

Initially, the band included Rutherford, vocalists Paul Carrack and Paul Young, keyboardist Adrian Lee and drummer Peter Van Hooke. Carrack was generally assigned to ballads and more pop-oriented numbers, while Young handled the band's heavier work.^[1] Following Young's death Paul Carrack became the band's sole lead vocalist until 2004 when the band went on hiatus. The band identity was revived in 2010 with a completely new set of Mechanics working with Rutherford, including new vocalists Andrew Roachford and Tim Howar.

Biography[link]

Formation and commercial breakthrough[link]

During hiatuses from Genesis, Mike Rutherford had been pursuing a solo career, releasing Smallcreep's Day in 1980 and Acting Very Strange in 1982. However, he found the process of recording a solo album excessively difficult, and the results artistically unsatisfying. He recalled, "I had a revelation, too, in this time period... that I'm not complete on my own. ...I'm much more creative and inspired when there are other people around me and I'm bouncing ideas off."^[2] However, he still felt that working only with Genesis would leave him unfulfilled, and to satisfy both his desire to create music outside the format of Genesis and his desire to collaborate with other musicians, he set about forming his own band.^[2]

Rutherford had already started a songwriting partnership with Scottish singer/writer/composer B. A. Robertson, and for the band's self-titled debut album he enlisted the services of producer Christopher Neil. Besides producing, Neil co-wrote most of the songs, selected the material for inclusion, and performed backing vocals. He would continue to play a key role in the band's albums for their first decade of existence.

Similarly to Steely Dan, in the studio Mike + the Mechanics were not a tight-knit band but a vehicle for the songwriting of Rutherford, Robertson, and Neil, and session keyboardists, drummers, guitarists, and even lead vocalists often performed on the songs in place of the official band members. Indeed, the lineup of Mike + the Mechanics only came together over the course of recording their first album; Paul Young, who was recommended for the group by Neil and his manager, said that by the time he joined, all the backing tracks for the album had been recorded.^[2]

Rutherford was more than satisfied with the resulting album and decided to continue the band indefinitely, rather than leaving it as a one-off project.^[2] When the album was released in 1985, his decision was further bolstered by its immense commercial success. While Rutherford's solo albums had been moderately successful, he had never managed a Top 40 hit (except in Canada, where "Maxine" from Acting Very Strange sneaked in at #39); Mike + the Mechanics scored three of them, including two US Top 10s, "Silent Running (On Dangerous Ground)" and "All I Need is a Miracle".^[3] "Silent Running" was featured in the movie On Dangerous Ground, released in North American cinemas in 1986 as Choke Canyon.^[4]

Glory years[link]

The song "The Living Years" (US No.1 single) featured on the band's second album Living Years. The lyrics were written by Robertson and centered on the unresolved dissension between Robertson and his father.^[5] The song was sung by Carrack, who had lost his own father when he was only eleven years old. The album also featured the song "Nobody's Perfect", which was sung by Young and which had received considerable airtime as the music to a successful television advertising campaign for Tennent's bitter.

At this point Carrack began to take a much larger role in the band, joining their stable of songwriters and adding keyboards to his repertoire. The group's third album, Word of Mouth, followed in 1991 and scored another trio of hits, with the lead single becoming one of their most popular songs yet. Despite long hiatuses due to Rutherford's work with Genesis, there seemed no end to the band's success.

Their fourth album, Beggar on a Beach of Gold, did not appear until 1995. When it did, however, it was met with resounding critical acclaim and yielded both the hit title track and the smash single "Over My Shoulder".

Their run of successes was capped with 1996's Hits, which compiled most of their hit singles with a new reworking of "All I Need is a Miracle" that hit number 27 in the UK. The album was certified platinum in the UK within two months of its release.^[6]

Dissolution[link]

In 1996, the band began to fall apart: Adrian Lee and Peter Van Hooke left, and Christopher Neil's long tenure as songwriter/producer for the group ended. However, Rutherford opted to continue Mike + the Mechanics as a singer/songwriter trio. The group's fifth studio album was released in 1999, Mike & The Mechanics. It is generally known as M6, the "Hits" album being their fifth release. As the band no longer had a distribution deal with an American record label, M6 was available to the American market as an import only. Moreover, its only hit, "Now That You've Gone", barely cracked the UK Top 40.^[7]

Another blow struck the following year: On July 15, 2000, Paul Young died from a heart attack.^[8] The band regrouped in 2004 as "Mike + The Mechanics featuring Paul Carrack". As implied by the new name, Carrack played a larger role than ever, performing all the band's lead vocals and keyboards and co-writing all the songs. They released the album Rewired, which became their first album to lack a hit. Peter Van Hooke briefly worked with the band again during this time, not as an official member but as a co-producer of Rewired. He also performed drums and percussion on the album and its tour.

Shortly after, Carrack became too involved with solo work to devote time to the group. In a 2007 interview Rutherford stated that Mike + The Mechanics had "run its course."

Second incarnation[link]

Mike + The Mechanics at Sofia Rocks Fest 2011.

Over several months of 2009 and 2010, Mike Rutherford formed a new band. Since there was no hope of the original group ever reforming, he opted to again use the Mike + the Mechanics name. In a December 2009 interview, Rutherford stated that "I'm actually doing a new Mike and the Mechanics album. I kind of thought I had put it to bed, but I still enjoy songwriting. Working with a few new co-writers and a couple of new faces for the band. Paul Carrack is doing some solo stuff, so we have a guy called Andrew Roachford, an R&B kind of singer. It's a little different, but the soul seems to be there."^[9]

A new album, The Road, and the 'Hit the Road Tour 2011' were announced in November 2010. The album was released in April 2011 featured both Andrew Roachford and Tim Howar on vocals, Luke Juby on keyboards, Gary Wallis on drums, and Anthony Drennan on guitar and bass. The tour included performances across the UK, Germany, and various other European cities.^[10]

Discography[link]

• Mike + The Mechanics (1985)
• Living Years (1988)
• Word of Mouth (1991)
• Beggar on a Beach of Gold (1995)
• Hits (1996)
• Mike & The Mechanics (1999)
• Favourites/The Very Best Of (2000)
• Rewired (2004)
• Rewired + Hits – The Latest + The Greatest (2004)
• The Road (2011)

Members[link]

Current members

• Mike Rutherford – guitars, bass (1985-2004, 2010-present)
• Andrew Roachford – vocals, keyboards (2010-present)
• Tim Howar – vocals (2010-present)
• Anthony Drennan – guitars, bass (2010-present)
• Gary Wallis – drums (2010-present; touring: 1995-2004)
• Luke Juby – keyboards, backing vocals (2010-present)

Past members

• Paul Carrack – vocals, keyboards (1985-2004)
• Paul Young – vocals, percussion (1985–2000; died 2000)
• Adrian Lee – keyboards (1985–1995)
• Peter Van Hooke – drums (1985–1995; touring: 2004)

Touring musicians

• Ashley Mulford - guitar, bass (1986)
• Tim Renwick - guitar, bass (1988-1996)
• Jamie Moses - guitar, bass (1999-2004)
• Rupert Cobb - keyboards (2004)
• Owen Paul McGee - backing vocals (2004)
• Paul McGee - backing vocals (2004)
• Abbie Osmon - backing vocals (2004)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mike + The Mechanics

• Official Facebook page