- published: 09 Feb 2010
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- author: rhaimekim
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MUST KNOW: Confucianism and East Asian Countries?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Simple short explanation about how Confucianism, a philosophy AND/OR religion, has influenced East Asian countries and their culture. IMPORTANT in UNDERSTAND...
http://wn.com/MUST_KNOW_Confucianism_and_East_Asian_Countries?
Simple short explanation about how Confucianism, a philosophy AND/OR religion, has influenced East Asian countries and their culture. IMPORTANT in UNDERSTAND...
Asia Explorer Part 95 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_95_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 14 Jan 2013
- views: 69
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Sexuality and Identity: An Intersection with East Asian Religious and Family Values
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 89:26
- Updated: 08 Aug 2010
Connie Chan, chair of the department of public policy and public affairs at the University of Massachusetts-Boston, discusses the intersection of sexual iden...
http://wn.com/Sexuality_and_Identity_An_Intersection_with_East_Asian_Religious_and_Family_Values
Connie Chan, chair of the department of public policy and public affairs at the University of Massachusetts-Boston, discusses the intersection of sexual iden...
- published: 09 Apr 2010
- views: 408
- author: bu
CREL 210 | Religions of the World | April 8, 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 65:21
- Updated: 18 Apr 2013
Professor Jason Blum "East Asian Religions" Lecture 16 The religions of the world have played a pervasive and profound role in shaping human history. They ha...
http://wn.com/CREL_210_|_Religions_of_the_World_|_April_8,_2013
Professor Jason Blum "East Asian Religions" Lecture 16 The religions of the world have played a pervasive and profound role in shaping human history. They ha...
- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 24
- author: AUC
The influence of Hinduism and Buddhism on Religious Architecture in Southeast Asia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Updated: 02 Apr 2013
Religion and Architecture - The Influence of Hinduism and Buddhism on Religious Architecture in Southeast Asia. A Southeast Asian studies project initiated b...
http://wn.com/The_influence_of_Hinduism_and_Buddhism_on_Religious_Architecture_in_Southeast_Asia
Religion and Architecture - The Influence of Hinduism and Buddhism on Religious Architecture in Southeast Asia. A Southeast Asian studies project initiated b...
- published: 01 Nov 2011
- views: 879
- author: Muhammad Ali
Religions in East Asia~ Build Me Up, Buttercup
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
Period 3 HSS.
http://wn.com/Religions_in_East_Asia~_Build_Me_Up,_Buttercup
ARCTIC MIST TCU: East Asian Religions: Fall 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 16 Dec 2011
http://wn.com/ARCTIC_MIST_TCU_East_Asian_Religions_Fall_2011
World Religions Astonishing Facts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 03 May 2013
World Religions Christianity Islam Judaism Hinduism Sikhism Budhism Spread of Religions by time from 3000 BC to 2000 AD. Discover the origin of religions Per...
http://wn.com/World_Religions_Astonishing_Facts
World Religions Christianity Islam Judaism Hinduism Sikhism Budhism Spread of Religions by time from 3000 BC to 2000 AD. Discover the origin of religions Per...
- published: 28 Dec 2009
- views: 106521
- author: testpoints
Asia Explorer Part 1 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_1_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 264
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 3 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_3_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 100
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 71 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 05 Apr 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_71_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 14 Jan 2013
- views: 117
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Religions, Politics and Culture in South Asia - 18 June 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:12
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Dr. Ali Riaz discusses how globalization and the perceived failure of the secular state are just two of the factors influencing the complex interplay of reli...
http://wn.com/Religions,_Politics_and_Culture_in_South_Asia_18_June_2012
Dr. Ali Riaz discusses how globalization and the perceived failure of the secular state are just two of the factors influencing the complex interplay of reli...
- published: 20 Jun 2012
- views: 316
- author: ISN Zurich
Buddhism New Religion Theravada Thailand Asia Meditation Relaxation Music Angel New Age Laos Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 13 Mar 2013
http://BuddhismIsis.com non-profit community http://www.BuddhismIsis.com ENJOY ZOOM THE 40 PICTURES YOU JUST NEED A MOUSE Buddhism Religion Theravada Thailan...
http://wn.com/Buddhism_New_Religion_Theravada_Thailand_Asia_Meditation_Relaxation_Music_Angel_New_Age_Laos_Music
http://BuddhismIsis.com non-profit community http://www.BuddhismIsis.com ENJOY ZOOM THE 40 PICTURES YOU JUST NEED A MOUSE Buddhism Religion Theravada Thailan...
- published: 14 Mar 2009
- views: 36931
- author: pawangtugte
Asia Explorer Part 37 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_37_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 07 Jan 2013
- views: 198
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 4 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_4_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 176
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 68 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_68_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 09 Jan 2013
- views: 67
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 8 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_8_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 25
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 54 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_54_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 08 Jan 2013
- views: 72
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 65 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_65_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 09 Jan 2013
- views: 14
- author: travelrtwslideshows
WORLD TRAVEL.- SOUTHEAST ASIA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:15
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Southeast Asia (or Southeastern Asia) is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of ...
http://wn.com/WORLD_TRAVEL_SOUTHEAST_ASIA
Southeast Asia (or Southeastern Asia) is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of ...
- published: 23 Aug 2010
- views: 24700
- author: Bob Tsukamoto
Asia Explorer Part 14 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_14_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 57
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 5 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_5_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 38
- author: travelrtwslideshows
Asia Explorer Part 33 (Culture, People, Food, Religion, Art, Customs, Architecture) Travel Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
http://wn.com/Asia_Explorer_Part_33_Culture,_People,_Food,_Religion,_Art,_Customs,_Architecture_Travel_Photos
This is a travel slideshow series showcasing some of the best travel photos from Asian countries around The Far East Asia and SE Asia (including a focus on c...
- published: 07 Jan 2013
- views: 9
- author: travelrtwslideshows
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
10 May 2013
The sophistication of a global network of thieves who drained cash machines around the globe of an astonishing $45 million in mere hours sent ripples through the security world, not merely for the size of the operation and ease with which it was carried out, but also for the threat that more such thefts may be in store ... Law enforcement agencies from more than a dozen nations were involved in the investigation, U.S ... (Read More ... The U.S ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Family Handout courtesy WOIO-TV
08 May 2013
CLEVELAND - In the years after his friend's daughter vanished while walking home from school, Ariel Castro handed out fliers with the 14-year-old's photo and performed music at a fundraiser held in her honor. When neighbors gathered for a candlelight vigil just a year ago to remember the girl, Castro was there too, comforting the girl's mother ... He would not say who the father was ... The house was always locked, he said ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: US Govt. Defense Threat Reduction Agency
10 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Perhaps a backlash against newly arrived non-indigenous immigrants is justifiable, especially in reference to the recent Boston Marathon Bombing. And maybe there are a few non-native immigrants that take advantage of social uplift programs, or that commit crimes. But generally speaking, the United States of America has always been a nation of immigrants ... citizenship which took seven years....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / /Tony Dejak
10 May 2013
An Ohio prosecutor has said he will seek aggravated murder charges, which could carry the death penalty, against a former Cleveland school bus driver accused of kidnapping and raping three women during a decade of captivity in his house ... Cuyahoga County prosecutor Timothy McGinty told a news conference that his office intends to pursue charges of kidnapping and sexual assault as well as aggravated murder ... First public appearance ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
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noodls
19 Feb 2013
The University of Aberdeen) Far East to north-east ... The library was alerted to the opportunity to expand its collection of Japanese texts by Dr Lukas Pokorny, Bruce Lecturer in East Asian Religions, and the selection includes diverse subjects which will be of interest to scholars and readers across many disciplines, ranging from the Tokugawa Religion to modern Manga....(size: 2.5Kb)
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noodls
28 Nov 2012
East Asian Studies Graduate Program Information Session ... Please come to the East Asian Studies Graduate Program Information Session to find out what our graduate program is like. ... East Asian Art History. East Asian Religion. East Asian Studies....(size: 2.0Kb)
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Newsvine
06 Apr 2011
— As if the Japanese government did not have enough on its hands, now it has this dilemma ... A solution will require decisive action and a high-degree of delicacy ... Does the government have a plan? ... “They say the worst case is when you don’t have anything to bury or cremate, that’s why the surviving family members are desperate,” said Kyoko Tokuno, senior lecturer of East Asian religions at University of Washington in Seattle ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
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Newsvine
06 Apr 2011
— As if the Japanese government did not have enough on its hands, now it has this dilemma ... A solution will require decisive action and a high-degree of delicacy ... Does the government have a plan? ... “They say the worst case is when you don’t have anything to bury or cremate, that’s why the surviving family members are desperate,” said Kyoko Tokuno, senior lecturer of East Asian religions at University of Washington in Seattle ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
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06 Apr 2011
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File:Vinegar tasters.jpg
A traditional representation of The Vinegar Tasters, an allegorical image representing Buddhists, Confucianists, and Taoists
In the study of comparative religion, the East Asian religions (also known as Far Eastern religions, Chinese religions, or Taoic religions) form a subset of the Eastern religions. This group includes Caodaism, Chen Tao, Hoahaoism, Chondogyo, Confucianism, Jeungism, Shinto, Taoism, I-Kuan Tao and elements of Mahayana Buddhism.
These traditions or religious philosophies focus on the East Asian concept of Tao 道 ("The Way"; pinyin dào, Korean do, Japanese tō or dō, Vietnamese đạo).
The place of East Asian religions among major religious groups is comparable to the Abrahamic religions and Indian religions.[1]
Early Chinese philosophies defined Tao and advocated cultivating Te in that Tao.[2] Some ancient schools have merged into traditions with different names or are no longer active, such as Mohism (and many others of the Hundred Schools of Thought), while some such as Taoism persist to the modern day. East Asian religion is usually polytheistic or nontheistic, but henotheistic, monotheistic, pantheistic, panentheistic and agnostic varieties exist, inside and outside of Asia.[citation needed] East Asian religions have many Western adherents, though their interpretations may differ significantly from traditional East Asian thought and culture.
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Terminology[link]
Despite a wide variety of terms, the traditions described as "Far Eastern religions", "East Asian religions" or "Chinese religions" are recognized by scholars as a distinct religious family.[3][4]
Syncretism is a common feature of East Asian religions, often making it difficult to recognize individual faiths.[5][6] Further complications arise from the inconsistent use of many terms. "Tao religion" is often used for Taoism itself, especially Tao chiao,[7] as well as being used as an identifying term for Tao-based new religious movements.[8] The term "Far Eastern religion" can be used to refer only to faiths incorporating "Tao", may include Ch'an and Japanese Buddhism, and can even inclusively refer to all Asian religions.[9][10][11] These problems in distinguishing religious practices and with inconsistency in terminology can make discussion of East Asian religions difficult.
Tao[link]
Main article: Tao
Tao can be roughly stated to be the "flow" of the universe, or the force behind the natural order.[12] Believed to be the influence that keeps the universe balanced and ordered, Tao is associated with nature, due to a belief that nature demonstrates the Tao.[13] The flow of qi, as the essential energy of action and existence, is compared to the universal order of Tao. Similar to the negative theology of Western scholars, Tao is compared to what it is not.[14] It is often considered to be the source of both existence and non-existence.[15]
Te[link]
For more details on this topic, see De (Chinese).
Tao is often associated with "proper" attitude, morality and lifestyle. In practice, the exact meaning of "proper" varies among the East Asian faiths and their branches. This is intimately tied to the complex concept of Te (literally, "virtue"). Te is the active expression of Tao.[16]
Generally, those religions closer to Taoism express Te as "integrity" or "wholeness", while those faiths closer to Confucianism express this concept as "morality" or "sound character".[17]
Traditions[link]
The three major East Asian traditions are Taoism, Confucianism, and Shinto.[18] Buddhism, although it may be classified as a Dharmic tradition, has significant "Taoic" features in East Asia. Mahayana Buddhism is often considered as having joint heritage in Dharma and Tao traditions. The tentative larger classification of Eastern religions avoids this overlap and cross-pollination of "Indian" and "Far Eastern" religious thought, but loses the importance of the distinct unifying doctrines of Tao and Dharma.
Taoism[link]
Main article: Taoism
Taoism consists of a wide variety of related religious and philosophical traditions; categorization of Taoist schools and movements can be very controversial. This is complicated by hermeneutic (interpretive) difficulties in the categorization of Taoist schools, sects and movements.[19]
Taoism does not fall strictly under an umbrella or a definition of an organized religion like the Abrahamic traditions, nor can it purely be studied as the originator or a variant of Chinese folk religion, as much of the traditional religion is outside of the tenets and core teachings of Taoism. Robinet asserts that Taoism is better understood as a way of life than as a religion, and that its adherents do not approach or view Taoism the way non-Taoist historians have done.[20]
In general, Taoist propriety and ethics place an emphasis on the unity of the universe, the unity of the material world, and the spiritual world, the unity of the past, present and future; Three Jewels of the Tao; love, moderation, humility.[21] Taoist theology focuses on doctrines of wu wei ("non-action"), spontaneity, relativism and emptiness.[22][23]
Most traditional Chinese Taoists are polytheistic, but there are disagreements regarding the proper composition of their pantheon.[24] Popular Taoism typically presents the Jade Emperor as the head deity. Intellectual (or "elite") Taoism usually presents Laozi and the Three Pure Ones at the top of the pantheon.[25]
Nature and ancestor spirits are common in popular Taoism, but this sort of shamanism is eschewed for an emphasis on internal alchemy among the "elite" Taoists. Tao itself is rarely an object of worship, being treated more like the Indian concept of atman.[26]
Confucianism[link]
Main article: Confucianism
Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought, influential in the history of East Asia. It is commonly associated with legalism, but actually rejects legalism for ritualism.[27] It also endorses meritocracy as the ideal of nobility.[28] Confucianism includes a complicated system governing duties and etiquette in relationships. Confucian ethics focus on familial duty, loyalty and humaneness.[29] Confucianism recognizes the existence of animistic spirits, ghosts and deities. It advocates paying them proper respect, but paradoxically also encourages avoiding them.[30] Confucian thought is notable as the framework upon which the syncretic Neo-Confucianism was built.[31]
Neo-Confucianism[link]
Main article: Neo-Confucianism
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Neo-Confucianism was deliberately created as a syncretism of Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism. It is recognized as being formulated and established during the Song dynasty, but its roots can be traced to scholars of the Tang dynasty. It combined Buddhist religious concepts with Taoist yin yang theory and the I Ching, and placed them within the framework of classic Confucianism.[32]
Despite Neo-Confucianism's incorporation of the "best" elements of Buddhism and Taoism, its apologists still decried both faiths.[33] However, its influence on Chinese society has blurred the distinction between all three faiths, even into modern times. Neo-Confucianism was an officially endorsed faith for over five centuries, deeply influencing all of East Asia.[34]
New Confucianism[link]
Main article: New Confucianism
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New Confucianism is a modernist Confucianism, which accommodates modern science and democratic ideals, while remaining conservative in preserving traditional Neo-Confucianist positions.
Shinto[link]
Main article: Shinto
Shinto is an animistic folk religion from Japan. Shinto literally means "the way of the gods". Shinto and Asian Buddhism are inextricably linked in Japan.[35] Many Japanese Shintoists also identify themselves as Buddhists. Japanese Pure Land Buddhism is deeply tied with the Shinto faith.[36] Shinto practitioners commonly affirm tradition, family, nature, cleanliness and ritual observation as core values.[37] Taoist influence is significant in their beliefs about nature and self-mastery. Ritual cleanliness is a central part of Shinto life.[38] Shrines have a significant place in Shinto, reflecting the animistic veneration of the kami.[39] "Folk", or "popular", Shinto features an emphasis on shamanism, particularly divination, spirit possession and faith healing. "Sect" Shinto is a diverse group including mountain-worshippers and Confucian Shintoists.[40]
Chan Buddhism[link]
Main article: Chan Buddhism
Chan Buddhism (more commonly known in the West as Zen Buddhism) is a form of Mahayana Buddhism deeply influenced by Taoism[41] which emphasizes awareness, meditation and direct experience. Chan Buddhism takes a critical view of textual hermeneutics, the limitations of language and dogmatic assertions.[42] Zazen, sitting meditation, is a central practice. Eschewing scriptural study for direct communication, Chan places a high regard for the teacher-disciple relationship.[43] Ideal instructors are lionized in Chan stories. The lineage of a teaching is considered more important than its comparison with a test of orthodoxy.[44] Dialogues and stories called koans are a distinctive feature of Chan Buddhism. Koans often appear paradoxical or meaningless, but they are deployed as vehicles for the transformation of the perspective or consciousness of a disciple.[45]
Chinese Folk Religion[link]
Main article: Chinese folk religion
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Chinese folk religion is a syncretic faith, originating in ancient tribal shamanism, that incorporates elements of Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, ancestor veneration and nature worship. It is historically the main source of Chinese mythology and has co-existed, both alongside and as part of, Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism.
Taoism and Confucianism[link]
The terms Tao and Te are religious and philosophical terms shared between Taoism and Confucianism.[46] The authorship of the Tao Te Ching is assigned to Laozi, who is traditionally held to have been a teacher of Confucius.[47] However, some scholars believe the Tao Te Ching arose as a reaction to Confucianism.[48] Zhuangzi, reacting to the Confucian-Mohist ethical disputes in his "history of thought", casts Laozi as a prior step to the Mohists by name and the Confucians by implication. However, secular scholars usually consider Laozi and Zhuangzi to have been essentially mythological figures.[49][50]
Early Taoist texts reject the basic assumptions of Confucianism which relied on rituals and order, in favour of the examples of "wild" nature and individualism. Historical Taoists challenged conventional morality, while Confucians considered society debased and in need of strong ethical guidance.[51]
Interaction with Dharmic traditions[link]
Main article: East Asian Buddhism
The entry of Buddhism into China from India was marked by interaction and syncretism with Taoism in particular.[52] Originally seen as a kind of "foreign Taoism", Buddhism's scriptures were translated into Chinese using the Taoist vocabulary.[53] Chan Buddhism was particularly modified by Taoism, integrating distrust of scripture, text and even language, as well as the Taoist views of embracing "this life", dedicated practice and the "every-moment".[54] In the Tang period Taoism incorporated such Buddhist elements as monasteries, vegetarianism, prohibition of alcohol, the doctrine of emptiness, and collecting scripture into tripartite organisation. During the same time, Chan Buddhism grew to become the largest sect in Chinese Buddhism.[55]
Buddhism was not universally welcomed, particularly among the gentry.[citation needed] The Buddha's "Dharma" seemed alien and amoral to conservative and Confucian sensibilities.[56] Confucianism promoted social stability, order, strong families, and practical living, and Chinese officials questioned how a monk's monasticism and personal attainment of nirvana benefited the empire.[53] However, Buddhism and Confucianism eventually reconciled after centuries of conflict and assimilation.[57]
Ideological and political rivals for centuries, Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism deeply influenced one another.[58] They did share some similar values. All three embraced a humanist philosophy emphasizing moral behavior and human perfection. In time, most Chinese people identified to some extent with all three traditions simultaneously.[59] This became institutionalised when aspects of the three schools were synthesised in the Neo-Confucian school.[57]
See also[link]
- Dharmic traditions
- Religion in China
- Religion in Japan
- Religion in Korea
- Religion in Taiwan
- Religion in Vietnam
- Religion in Thailand
Footnotes and references[link]
- ^ Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. Pp 71–72, 75–76. New York: NYU Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
- ^ Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. pg 32. University of Massachusetts, 1981.
- ^ de Groot, J. J. M. Religion in China: Universism a Key to the Study of Taoism and Confucianism. Pp 45–46. Kessinger Publishing. 2004. ISBN 1-4179-4658-X.
- ^ James, Edwin Olver. The Comparative Study of Religions of the East (excluding Christianity and Judaism). Pg 5. University of Michigan Press. 1959.
- ^ Ito, Satoshi. Translated by Breen, John and Mark Teeuwen. Shinto – A Short History. Pg 9. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 0-415-31179-9
- ^ Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths. Pg 164. I.B. Tauris. 1997. ISBN 1-86064-148-2.
- ^ Vrijhof, Pieter Hendrik & Waardenburg, Jean Jacques. Official and Popular Religion: Analysis of a Theme for Religious Studies. Pg 419. Walter de Gruyter. 1979. ISBN 90-279-7998-7.
- ^ Beversluis, Joel Diederik. Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality. Pg 41. New World Library. 2000. ISBN 1-57731-121-3.
- ^ Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths. Pp 164–165, 174–175. I.B. Tauris. 1997. ISBN 1-86064-148-2.
- ^ Northrop, Filmer Stuart Cuckow. The Meeting of East and West: An Inquiry Concerning World Understanding. Pg 412. The Macmillan company. 1946.
- ^ Yamamoto, J. Isamu.Buddhism: Buddhism, Taoism and Other Far Eastern Religions. Zondervan. 1998. ISBN 0-310-48912-1.
- ^ Cane, Eulalio Paul. Harmony: Radical Taoism Gently Applied. Pg 13. Trafford Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-4122-4778-0.
- ^ Martinson, Paul Varo A theology of world religions: Interpreting God, self, and world in Semitic, Indian, and Chinese thought. Pp 168–169. Augsburg Publishing House. 1987. ISBN 0-8066-2253-9.
- ^ This concept of being unable to accurately describe Tao is common among East Asian religions and Taoist writings. For example, "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao; The name that can be named is not the eternal name." Tao Te Ching, First Chapter
- ^ See Wu Chi and Tai Chi for more information about "non-existence" and "existence" in East Asian religious thought.
- ^ Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. Pp 77–78, 88. New York: NYU Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
- ^ Yao, Xinzhong. An Introduction to Confucianism. Pp 155–156. Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-521-64430-5.
- ^ James, Edwin Olver. The Comparative Study of Religions of the East (excluding Christianity and Judaism). Pg 5. University of Michigan Press. 1959.
- ^ Mair (2001) p. 174
- ^ Robinet (1997), pp. 3–4, 103.
- ^ Leaman, Oliver. Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy . Pg 111. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-17362-0.
- ^ Slingerland, Edward Gilman. Effortless Action: Wu-Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China. Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-513899-6.
- ^ Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. Pg 78. New York: NYU Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
- ^ Segal, Robert Alan. The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion. Pg 50. Blackwell Publishing. 2006. ISBN 0-631-23216-8.
- ^ Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. pg 41. University of Massachusetts, 1981.
- ^ LaFargue, Michael. Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching. Pg 283. SUNY Press. 1994. ISBN 0-7914-1601-1
- ^ Yao, Xinzhong. An Introduction to Confucianism. pp 191–192. Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-521-64430-5
- ^ Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. Pp 66. Routledge (UK). 2000. ISBN 0-415-22852-2.
- ^ De Bary,William Theodore & Tu, Weiming. Confucianism and Human Rights. Pg 149. Columbia University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-231-10936-9.
- ^ Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. Pp 46, 85. New York: NYU Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
- ^ Huang, Siu-chi. Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Pg 5. Greenwood Press, 1999. ISBN 0-313-26449-X.
- ^ Huang, Siu-chi. Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Pp 11–12, 63–64, 106. Greenwood Press, 1999. ISBN 0-313-26449-X.
- ^ Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. pg 52–53. University of Massachusetts, 1981.
- ^ Flew, Antony G. A Dictionary of Philosophy. Pg 62. St. Martin's Griffin. 1984. ISBN 0-312-20923-1.
- ^ Pilgrim, Richard B. Buddhism and the Arts of Japan. Pg 1. Columbia University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-231-11347-1
- ^ Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. Pp. 161–162. New York: NYU Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
- ^ Ono, Sakyo. Shinto: The Kami Way. Pp 97–99, 103–104. Tuttle Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0-8048-3557-8
- ^ Ono, Sakyo. Shinto: The Kami Way. Pp 51–52, 108. Tuttle Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0-8048-3557-8
- ^ Markham, Ian S. & Ruparell, Tinu . Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world. pp 304–306 Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-631-20674-4.
- ^ Ono, Sakyo. Shinto: The Kami Way. Pg 12. Tuttle Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0-8048-3557-8
- ^ Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. pg 48. University of Massachusetts, 1981.
- ^ Markham, Ian S. & Ruparell, Tinu . Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world. pp 199–200, 202. Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-631-20674-4.
- ^ Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. Pp 72, 77. New York: NYU Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
- ^ Whiting, J.R.S. Religions for Today. Pp 46–47. Nelson Thornes. 1991. ISBN 0-7487-0586-4
- ^ Markham, Ian S. & Ruparell, Tinu . Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world. pp 202–203 Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-631-20674-4.
- ^ Markham, Ian S. & Ruparell, Tinu. Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world. Pg 254. Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-631-20674-4.
- ^ Hansen, Chad D. A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation. Pp 202, 210. Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-19-513419-2.
- ^ Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths. Pg 167. I.B. Tauris. 1997. ISBN 1-86064-148-2.
- ^ Boltz, William G. "Lao tzu Tao te ching." Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, edited by Michael Loewe. pg 270. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of East Asian Studies. 1993. (Laozi)
- ^ Birrell, Anne. Chinese Myths. Pp 16–17. University of Texas Press. 2000. ISBN 0-292-70879-3. (Zhuangzi)
- ^ Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. pg 39. University of Massachusetts, 1981.
- ^ Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. pg 46. University of Massachusetts, 1981.
- ^ a b Prebish, Charles. Buddhism: A Modern Perspective. Pg 192. Penn State Press, 1975. ISBN 0-271-01195-5.
- ^ Dumoulin, Heinrich, Heisig, James W. & Knitter, Paul. Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China). Pp 68, 70–73, 167–168. World Wisdom, Inc, 2005. ISBN 0-941532-89-5.
- ^ Dumoulin, Heinrich, Heisig, James W. & Knitter, Paul. Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China). Pp 166–167, 169–172. World Wisdom, Inc, 2005. ISBN 0-941532-89-5.
- ^ Dumoulin, Heinrich, Heisig, James W. & Knitter, Paul. Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China). Pp 189–190, 268–269. World Wisdom, Inc, 2005. ISBN 0-941532-89-5.
- ^ a b Moore, Charles Alexander. The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture. Pp 133, 147. University of Hawaii Press. 1967. ISBN 0-8248-0075-3.
- ^ Markham, Ian S. & Ruparell, Tinu . Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world. pp 248–249. Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-631-20674-4.
- ^ Windows on Asia Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.
External links[link]
- Hinduism And Buddhism Vol. 1; Book II, Chapter I Religions Of India And Eastern Asia
- Internet East Asian History Sourcebook: Religious Traditions
- Resources for East Asian Religions
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, with millions of different peoples following a wide variety of different religions. Asia was the birthplace of most of the world's mainstream religions including Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism, Hinduism, Christianity, Lingayatism, Jainism, Sikhism, Taoism, Islam, Zoroastranism as well as many other beliefs.
| Religions by country | |||
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Middle East
Asia
Oceania
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Contents |
Abrahamic religions[link]
Main article: Abrahamic religions
Judaism[link]
Judaism is the predominant religion in Israel, which has a nominal Jewish population of about 7 million, though the matter of distinguishing Jewish religious, cultural and ethnic identity is a complex one.[citation needed]
Christianity/Christianism[link]
Main article: Christianity in Asia
Christianity is a widespread minority religion in Asia. Only four countries are predominantly Christian, Cyprus which is predominantly Greek Orthodox, the Philippines, which is the 21st largest Roman Catholic nation in the world, and East Timor. South Korea has the largest percentage of Protestant believers in all of Asia, with believers accounting for almost 31% of the population (Christianity accounts for 55% of South Korea's population, 50% of its religious population). There are small Christian communities in Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. More than 24 million Christians live in India, concentrated especially in the North-Eastern and Southern parts of the country.[2] There are also many Christians in China and Israel.
Ahmadiyya[link]
Main article: Ahmadiyya
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a minority Muslim sect, originated on the Asian continent in 1889 in Qadian, India. The community had 10 million members as of 1980s. As of 2008, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has been established in all Asian countries except for Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Georgia and North Korea. Ahmadis are most persecuted in Asia, particularly in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia and India.
Bahá'í Faith[link]
Main article: Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith is an Abrahamic religion although it is quite different from Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. It was so founded by Bahá'u'lláh in what was then Persia (also known as Iran). Today the largest national population of Bahá'ís is in India with between 1.7 million[3] to 2.2 million,[4] where there is also the Lotus Temple. Significant populations are found in many countries including Vietnam and Malaysia where "about 1%", some 260,000, of the population are Bahá'ís.[5] In other places, like Kazakhstan there are 25 Local Spiritual Assemblies.[6]
In modern day Iran, the religion is severely persecuted (see Persecution of Bahá'ís). In neighboring Turkmenistan, Bahá'í Faith is effectively banned,[7] and individuals have had their homes raided for Bahá'í literature.[8] For further information, see Bahá'í Statistics for Asia and Category:Bahá'í Faith by country.
Islam[link]
Main article: Islam in Asia
Islam is the largest religion in Asia with approx. 1 billion adherents.[1] South Asia and Southeast Asia are home of the most populous Muslim countries, with Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh having more than 100 million adherents each. According to U.S. government figures, in 2006 there were 20 million Muslims in China. In the Middle East, the non-Arab countries of Iran and Turkey are the largest Muslim-majority countries. In South Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan are the countries with the largest Muslim-majority. Malaysia, Brunei, Maldives and Saudi Arabia are basically 100% Muslim countries.There are some countries that the islam followers are many like in Philippines,there are about 20 million of Filipinos are Muslim,also in India,there are about 350 millions of Indians are Muslim,and while in Thailand,there are about 5 millions of Thai are Muslim
East Asian religions[link]
Main article: East Asian religions
East Asian religions, also called Taoic religions, are Confucianism, Shinto, and Taoism. Far Eastern religions is a similar grouping, but includes Chinese folk religion.
Confucianism[link]
Main article: Confucianism
Confucianism was founded in China by the famous philosopher, Kong Fu Zi (more commonly known in English-speaking countries as Confucius). Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia. Some consider it to be the state religion of East Asian countries because of governmental promotion of Confucian values.
Shinto[link]
Main article: Shinto
Shinto is almost unique to Japan and the Japanese diaspora. It is a set of practices carried out to establish a connection between present day Japan and its ancient past. Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in the 7th and 8th century. Still, these earliest Japanese writings do not refer to a unified "Shinto religion", but rather to disorganized folklore, history, and mythology. Shinto today is a term that applies to public shrines suited to various purposes such as war memorials, harvest festivals, romance, and historical monuments, as well as various sectarian organizations. Practitioners express their diverse beliefs through a standard language and practice, adopting a similar style in dress and ritual, dating from around the time of the Nara and Heian Periods.[citation needed]
Taoism[link]
Main article: Taoism
Taoism, also called Daoism, is a series of political and religious concepts and practices. It was founded by Lao Tse in 4th century BCE.refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions that have influenced Eastern Asia for more than two millennia,[1] and have had a notable influence on the western world particularly since the 19th century.[2] The word 道, Tao (or Dao, depending on the romanization scheme), roughly translates as, "path" or "way" (of life), although in Chinese folk religion and philosophy it carries more abstract meanings. Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos (天人相应), health and longevity, and wu wei (action through inaction), which is thought to produce harmony with the Universe.[3]
Reverence for ancestor spirits and immortals is also common in popular Taoism. Organized Taoism distinguishes its ritual activity from that of the folk religion, which some professional Taoists (Daoshi) view as debased. Chinese alchemy (including Neidan), astrology, cuisine, Zen Buddhism,[4] several Chinese martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, feng shui, immortality, and many styles of qigong breath training disciplines have been intertwined with Taoism throughout history
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Indian religions[link]
Main article: Indian religion
Indian religions, also called religion of India, are the predominant and oldest religions of Asia. Most of Asia's population follows Indian religions. Asia is the home for Indian religions; all Indian religions originated in South Asia. These religions all have the concepts of dharma, karma, and reincarnation.
Hinduism[link]
Main article: Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Hinduism is the second largest religion in Asia with close to 1 billion followers([citation needed]). Hinduism is a way of living according to the one's understanding of principles of Vedas and Upanishads. Veda is revealed knowledge. Just as the knowledge of gravity was revealed to Newton, similarly, in India, many Rishis or Seers were awakened to certain transcendental Eternal Truths. These Rishis realized that their real nature was not concerned with or linked with 'body or mind', nor was it dependent on sense perceptions, but was in fact identical with the Universal Consciousness.
Hinduism is the majority religion in India, with strong minorities in the Asian nations of Bhutan, Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, and Sri Lanka and It is also prevalent amongst many in Nepal. Before the spread of Buddhism and Islam, Hinduism (and Shaivism in particular) was the most widely practiced religion of Southeast Asia.
Hinduism as we know it can be subdivided into a number of major currents. Of the historical division into six darshanas, only two schools, Vedanta and Yoga survive. The main divisions of Hinduism today are Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Smartism and Shaktism. The vast majority of present day Hindus can be categorized under one of these four groups, although there are many other, partly overlapping, allegiances and denominations.
Hinduism is the world's oldest religion. It predates recorded history and is thought to have had a beginning during Indus Valley Civilization itself. It has no single founder; rather, it is a diverse melange of traditions, practices, and lineages., Jainism and Sikhism and Buddhism emerged in India from Hinduism.
Buddhism[link]
Main article: Buddhism in Asia
Buddhism is the 3rd largest religion in Asia and dominant in Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Laos, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore. It also has strong minorities in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal and Russia.
Buddhism was founded by Siddartha Gautama, also known as Buddha. Buddha is referred to by Hindus as the ninth incarnation of Lord Vishnu in the Dashavatar.
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Lingayatism[link]
Main article: Lingayatism
Lingayatism is a Shaivite branch on Hinduism in which followers worship Shiva in lingam form.
Jainism[link]
Main article: Jainism
Jainism is one of the largest of Indian religions. Jains are mostly found in India. It is based on the teachings of Mahavir Jain.
Sikhism[link]
Main article: Sikhism
Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world. It is a monotheistic religion. Founded by Guru Nanak Dev in the 1500s, the religion professes its roots in the area of Punjab, whose territories form part of India and Pakistan. Sikhism,[1] founded in fifteenth century Punjab on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and ten successive Sikh Gurus (the last one being the sacred text Guru Granth Sahib), is the fifth-largest organized religion in the world.[2] This system of religious philosophy and expression has been traditionally known as the Gurmat (literally the counsel of the gurus) or the Sikh Dharma. Sikhism originated from the word Sikh, which in turn comes from the Sanskrit root śiṣya meaning "disciple" or "learner", or śikṣa meaning "instruction". Sikhism is the 3rd largest religion in India with 2% of the total population being Sikh. There is also large concentration of Sikh population in Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, the Philippines, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Hongkong, Singapore, Indonesia, Kuwait, U.A.E and Nepal.
Iranian religions[link]
Main article: Iranian religions
Zoroastrianism[link]
Main article: Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism was once the state religion of the Persian Empire, but is now a minority mostly found in India and Iran. It worships a monotheistic god, Ahura Mazda, and was founded by Zoroaster. It is the original Iranic religion, and spawned Manichaeism and Mazdakism.Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of prophet Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra, in Avestan), probably founded some time before the 6th century BC in Iran. The term Zoroastrianism is, in general usage, essentially synonymous with Mazdaism, i.e., the worship of Ahura Mazda, exalted by Zoroaster as the supreme divine authority.
In Zoroastrianism, the Creator Ahura Mazda is all good, and no evil originates from Him. Thus, in Zoroastrianism good and evil have distinct sources, with evil (druj) trying to destroy the creation of Mazda (asha), and good trying to sustain it. Mazda is not immanent in the world, and His creation is represented by the Amesha Spentas and the host of other Yazatas, through whom the works of God are evident to humanity, and through whom worship of Mazda is ultimately directed. The most important texts of the religion are those of the Avesta, of which a significant portion has been lost, and mostly only the liturgies of which have survived. The lost portions are known of only through references and brief quotations in the later works of (primarily) the 9th-11th centuries.
Zoroastrianism is of great antiquity.[1] In some form, it served as the national- or state religion of a significant portion of the Iranian people for many centuries before it was gradually marginalized by Islam from the 7th century onwards. The political power of the pre-Islamic Iranian dynasties lent Zoroastrianism immense prestige in ancient times, and some of its leading doctrines were adopted by other religious systems. It has no major theological divisions (the only significant schism is based on calendar differences), but it is not monolithic. Modern-era influences have a significant impact on individual/local beliefs, practices, values and vocabulary, sometimes complementing tradition and enriching it, but sometimes also displacing tradition entirely.
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Shamanism and Animism[link]
Shamanism has historically been practised in northern Asia as far west as northern Europe.
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This section requires expansion. |
References[link]
- ^ http://www.tamilnadu-tourism.com/tamilnadu-monuments/st-georges-fort.html
- ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/11/16/stories/2004111600080700.htm
- ^ Source: Year 2000 Estimated Baha'i statistics from: David Barrett, World Christian Encyclopedia, 2000; Total population statistics, mid-2000 from Population Reference Bureau
- ^ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of India
- ^ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Malaysia
- ^ Government of Kazakhstan (2001). "Religious Groups in Kazakhstan". 2001 Census. Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA & Canada. http://www.kazakhembus.com/files/Religious_Groups_in_Kazakhstan.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ compiled by Wagner, Ralph D.. "Turkmenistan". Synopsis of References to the Bahá'í Faith, in the US State Department's Reports on Human Rights 1991-2000. Bahá'í Library Online. http://bahai-library.com/documents/hr/hr-turkmenistan.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ Corley, Felix (2004-04-01). "TURKMENISTAN: Religious communities theoretically permitted, but attacked in practice?". F18News. http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=293
See also[link]
- List of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community buildings and structures
- Major religious groups
- Religion in Africa
- Religion in Europe
- Religion in North America
- Religion in the Mongol Empire
- Verhudtbrahma
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http://wn.com/Religion_in_Asia
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Asia
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see East Asia (disambiguation).
| East Asia | |
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| Area | 11,839,074 km2 (4,571,092 sq mi)[note 1] |
| Population | 1,575,784,500[note 2] |
| Density | 133 /km2 (340 /sq mi) |
| Countries and territories |  People's Republic of China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan |
| Languages and language families | Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, and many others |
| Nominal GDP (2010) | $ 13.059 Trillion |
| GDP per capita (2010) | $ 8,308 |
| Time zones | UTC +7:00 (Western Mongolia) to UTC +9:00 (Japan and Korean Peninsula) |
| Capital cities | Beijing Tokyo Pyongyang Seoul Ulaanbaatar Taipei |
| Other major cities | Busan Guangzhou Hong Kong Incheon Kaohsiung Macau New Taipei Osaka Shanghai Yokohama (see list) |
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This article contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana. |
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| East Asia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 東亞/東亞細亞 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 东亚/东亚细亚 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quốc ngữ | Đông Á (Sino-Viet.) Á Đông (native) |
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| Korean name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hangul | 동아시아/동아세아/동아 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanja | 東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian | Зүүн Ази ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ |
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| Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kanji | 東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kana | ひがしアジア/とうあ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kyūjitai | 東亞細亞/東亞 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Russian name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Russian | Восточная Азия | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Romanization | Vostochnaja Azija | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
East Asia or Eastern Asia (the latter form preferred by the United Nations) is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical[1] or cultural[2] terms. Geographically and geo-politically, it covers about 12,000,000 km2 (4,600,000 sq mi), or about 28 percent of the Asian continent, about 15 percent bigger than the area of Europe.
More than 1.5 billion people, about 38% of the population of Asia or 22% of all the people in the world, live in geographic East Asia, about twice Europe's population. The region is one of the world's most populated places, with a population density of 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340 /sq mi), being about three times the world average of 45 /km2 (120 /sq mi), although Mongolia has the lowest population density of a sovereign state.[note 3] Using the UN subregion definitions, it ranks second in population only to Southern Asia.
Historically, many societies in East Asia have been part of the Chinese cultural sphere, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. Sometimes Northeast Asia is used to denote Japan and Korea.[3] Major religions include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana), Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion in China, Shinto in Japan, Shamanism in Korea, Mongolia and other indigenous populations of northern East Asia,[4][5] and recently Christianity in South Korea.[6] The Chinese Calendar is the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.
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History[link]
Main article: History of East Asia
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Uses of the term East Asia[link]
The UN subregion of Eastern Asia and other common definitions[1] of East Asia contain the entirety of the People's Republic of China,[7] Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia[1] and Taiwan (officially the Republic of China).[note 4]
Culturally, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam are commonly seen as being encompassed by cultural East Asia.[8][9][10][11]
Alternative definitions[link]
There are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in east Asia or not.
- Vietnam (considered either East Asia or Southeast Asia—here the primary question is geographic due to it being part of the Sinosphere)
- Siberia in Russia[12] (considered either East Asia or North Asia—here the primary question is political, with culture and geography also at issue)
In business and economics, East Asia has been used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten countries in ASEAN, People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan[note 4] for the purpose of economic and political regionalism and integration.[citation needed] United States foreign policy under the Obama administration considers Southeast Asia a part of East Asia.[13] The tendency of this usage, perhaps, started especially since the publication of World Bank on The East Asian Miracle in 1993 explaining the economic success of the Asian Tiger and emerging Southeast Asian economies (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand).[citation needed]
In addition, this usage has also been driven[says who?] by Asia-wide economic interconnectedness since the co-operation between ASEAN and its three dialogue partners was institutionalized under the ASEAN Plus Three Process (ASEAN+3 or APT) in 1997. The idea of East Asian Community arising from ASEAN+3 framework is also gradually shaping the term East Asia to cover more than China, Korea, Japan and Taiwan. This usage however, is unstable: the East Asian Summit, for instance, includes India and Australia.
East Asia is considered to be a part of the Far East, which describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. However, in contrast to the United Nations definition, East Asia commonly is used to refer to the eastern part of Asia, as the term implies. Observers preferring a broader definition of 'East Asia' often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to the greater China area, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is increasingly widespread in economic and diplomatic discussion, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[14][15][16] The Council on Foreign Relations defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[3]
Territory and region data[link]
Demographics[link]
See also: Ethnic groups of East Asia
| Country | Area km² | Population | Population density per km² |
HDI (2011) | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (PRC) |
9,596,961 | 1,339,724,852 | 138 | 0.687 | Beijing |
| Hong Kong (PRC) |
1,104 | 7,061,200 | 6,390 | 0.898 | Hong Kong |
| Japan |
377,930 | 127,950,000 | 337 | 0.901 | Tokyo |
| Macau (PRC) |
30 | 556,800 | 18,662 | No Data | Macau |
| Mongolia |
1,564,100 | 2,809,600 | 2 | 0.653 | Ulaanbaatar |
| North Korea |
120,538 | 24,346,000 | 198 | No Data | Pyongyang |
| South Korea |
99,828 | 48,988,833 | 500 | 0.897 | Seoul |
| Taiwan (ROC) |
36,188 | 23,174,528 | 639 | 0.882 | Taipei |
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of East Asia
| Country | GDP nominal millions of USD (2010) |
GDP nominal per capita USD (2010) |
GDP PPP millions of USD (2010) |
GDP PPP per capita USD (2010) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (PRC) |
5,878,257 | 4,382 | 10,085,708 | 7,519 |
| Hong Kong (PRC) |
225,003 | 31,591 | 322,486 | 45,277 |
| Japan |
5,458,872 | 42,820 | 4,309,432 | 33,805 |
| Macau (PRC) |
26,184 | 47,607 | 23,582 | 42,876 |
| Mongolia |
5,807 | 2,111 | 10,256 | 3,727 |
| North Korea |
27,820 | 1,159 | 40,000 | 1,800 |
| South Korea |
1,007,084 | 20,591 | 1,457,063 | 29,791 |
| Taiwan (ROC) |
430,580 | 18,458 | 821,781 | 35,227 |
Cities[link]
Main article: Cities of East Asia
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Tokyo is the largest city in the world, both in metropolitan population and economy.
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Seoul is the capital and largest city of South Korea (ROK), and is a leading global technology hub.
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Kaohsiung is the second largest city in Taiwan. Kaohsiung Harbor is one of the largest harbors in the world.
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Shanghai is the largest city in China and one of the largest in the world, and is the leading commercial and financial centre of mainland China.
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Taipei is the capital of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and is one of the world's leading technical centres in Asia, and is the location of the Taipei 101. Night View of Taipei
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Hong Kong, enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, is one of the world's leading global financial centres and is known for its cosmopolitan lifestyle.
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See also[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: East Asia |
- East Asia Summit
- East Asian Community
- East Asian Games
- East Asian studies
- East Asian languages
- East Asian calligraphy
- Four Asian Tigers
- Sinosphere
- Yakutia
Notes[link]
- ^ The area figure is based on the combined areas of China (including Hong Kong, Macau, Aksai Chin, and Trans-Karakoram Tract), Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam as listed at List of countries and outlying territories by total area.
- ^ The population figure is the combined populations of China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau), Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan as listed at List of countries by population (last updated Feb 22, 2010).
- ^ See List of countries by population density
- ^ a b Taiwan (officially the Republic of China) has limited recognition internationally as a sovereign state, see Political status of Taiwan.
References[link]
- ^ a b c "East Asia". encarta. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. http://www.webcitation.org/5kwbU9Hqq. Retrieved 2008-01-12. "East A·sia [ st áyə ] the countries, territories, and regions of China, Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Macau, and Taiwan."
- ^ Columbia University - "East Asian cultural sphere" "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system."
- ^ a b "Northeast Asia." Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on August 10, 2009.
- ^ Chongho Kim, "Korean Shamanism", 2003 Ashgate Publishing
- ^ Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, "Theologia crucis in Asia", 1987 Rodopi
- ^ "Background Note: South Korea". State. U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2800.htm. Retrieved 2000-04-27.
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/176529/East-Asian-arts/74261/Chinese-visual-arts, Britannica Online Encyclopedia, saying: "The present political boundaries of China, which include Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Sinkiang, and the northeastern provinces formerly called Manchuria, embrace a far larger area of East Asia than will be discussed here...."[dead link]
- ^ Columbia University East Asian Cultural Sphere
- ^ R. Keith Schopper's East Asia: Identities and Change in the Modern World
- ^ Joshua A. Fogel (UC Santa Barbara/University of Indiana) Nationalism, the Rise of the Vernacular, and the Conceptualization of Modernization in East Asian Comparative Perspective
- ^ United Nations Environment Programme (mentions sinosphere countries) Approaches to Solution of Eutrophication [1]
- ^ "Encarta Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. http://www.webcitation.org/5kwbUdIqJ.
- ^ Nanto, Dick K. (2006-09-18). "East Asian Regional Architecture: New Economic and Security Arrangements and U.S. Policy". Congressional Research Service. p. 2. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/75280.pdf.
- ^ Christopher M. Dent (2008). East Asian regionalism. London: Routledge. pp. 1-8.
- ^ Charles Harvie, Fukunari Kimura, and Hyun-Hoon Lee (2005), New East Asian regionalism. Cheltenham and Northamton: Edward Elgar, pp.3-6.
- ^ Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi (2006), Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp.1-33
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: East Asia |
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Look up east asia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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http://wn.com/East_Asia
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
