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![Justin Bieber- Fall Believe Tour- Denmark, Copenhagen, 20/4-2013 [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130503011413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0e6tRYIelaM/default.jpg "THE BEST DAY/NIGHT OF MY LIFE!!! ♥ It was the first time ever I saw him live, and it was AWESOME! The show was awesome :') I've never been soo lucky! Sorry f...")
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- Denmark - Blue Ocean
- Takbo - Denmark
DENMARK (Schelzel)
Like mist or a daydream
made of substance
can you feel it?
buildings brown of a gray downtown
in the twilight
can you see it?
photographs
typographs
in the papers did you read it?
stop and blink
just what would you think
in the meantime does it matter much at all?
Denmark came and Denmark marked my soul
Songs for a real crowd in a cafe
full of listeners
know your tongue
and they know your man
in the crowd now did ya see her
airplanes
window panes
misting up the viewpoint
stop and blink
as I stop to think
I wonder would I miss her much at all
Denmark came and Denmark marked my soul
Muse for damp heart
in a country living softly
countless walks on a timeless way
in a body
filled with coffee
poetry
irony
of the moment
can you hear it?
stop and blink
as I stop to think
I wonder will I miss this much at all?
Unti-unti kang mamamatay pag ikaw nagkamali naman ay sumabay sa akin kasi di mo akalain
Denmark nag-ride nang matulin kaya
Wag ka nang kumontra makinig ka sa akin dila bumibitaw na letra isinulat para di ka mainip di kami galit syota mo mapupunit
Pag ikaw ay tumabi umaga man o sa gabi
Di ka mananalo para ka na may tibi yo
Dila naglalaban namin pinakawalan na meron di pankaraniwan galing ang kalupitan na pag ako'y sinabayan huling hininga mo na yan sa liriko binibitaw at para kang namatayan matotorete sa kapete mga butete bulamanosomote mas malaki ang ibre titik ibig kong sabihin kung hindi ka malupit hindi ka babatiin doon ka sa tabi sumulat nang tula rumespeto matulala pinag sama ang pwersa kami ang napakana sa novela na sinulat kami ang gumagawa wag ka nang magulat sa mga sumasambolat na mga salitaan nang mata mo imulat
[Chorus:]
Takbo! kami pa sinabayan na naman di mo kayang tapatan Takbo! sumama kana kahanda ka na ba kami ang mga ligo sige halika
Takbo! nakagulat mata mo idilat basag ang lahat na dumapa Takbo! in a lap now stop and a drop cause I put it in your the way with a smooth gloc 9 what?!
Takbo! tumago ka na parating na kami kung hindi ka malupit doon ka sa tabi Takbo! cause whatever you did and I cheat for a couple of me so feeling wouldnýt like hipa
Takbo! mamatay sa ingit rapper na galit denmark, mista blaze, gloc 9 oh yeah
Takbo! kami ang pinakamalupit wag ka nang dumikit liriko na pilit sige habol
Kaya mo bang tangalan ang bilis nang mga salitang aking ibinibigay wha?!
Bakit hindi ka ba sanay sa ganitong istilo balik ka na sasabay ka pa ako si gloc 9
Kala mo siguro di mo nako maririnig bumitaw mali ka diyan sige pakinggan mga salita pag wala kang magawa kung akoýy ikaw makinig ka nang c.d., m.c. parang din ang tunog run d.m.c
Mga liriko na napag iwan nang panahon o baka naman gusto mong tumabi sa mga tunay na
Manonolata makata na mga bagong panahon di mo naman kayang tapatan di matagalan ang mga binibitaw ako salita wag kang lumingon sino ba sa tingin mo ang niloloko mong sa kata mong matabang binabalutan nang magagarang damit palit ka nang palit pero di ka naman malupit makinig ka sa mga sinasabi ko anong sabi mo sige kahit saan ako makarating nakahi mo papain kahit napakadami na sumimple
Ang matabunan ang mga ginawa nang isang nag ngangalang aris kahit basain mo nang iyong laway ay di ma papanis sige sigaw wag kang gumalaw wag kang bumitaw baka maligaw saming letra wag ka nang sumabay
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Travel Copenhagen: People Watching In Denmark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 01 May 2013
With so many good looking people in Copenhagen, I had to move around, from Amagertorv to Christianshavn these Danes definitely gave me something to look at. ...
http://wn.com/Travel_Copenhagen_People_Watching_In_Denmark
With so many good looking people in Copenhagen, I had to move around, from Amagertorv to Christianshavn these Danes definitely gave me something to look at. ...
Meet Emmelie de Forest from Denmark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv We met Emmelie de Forest, Emmelie will represent Denmark at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest with her song "Only Teardrops"
http://wn.com/Meet_Emmelie_de_Forest_from_Denmark
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv We met Emmelie de Forest, Emmelie will represent Denmark at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest with her song "Only Teardrops"
- published: 24 Apr 2013
- views: 9977
- author: eurovision
Denmark happiest place on earth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Denmark happiest place on earth....
http://wn.com/Denmark_happiest_place_on_earth
Visit Denmark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 02 May 2013
This is another stock video from Visit Denmark, the Danish Tourist Office, for me to use on my website http://www.eurodestination.com/Destinations/Denmark/ho...
http://wn.com/Visit_Denmark
This is another stock video from Visit Denmark, the Danish Tourist Office, for me to use on my website http://www.eurodestination.com/Destinations/Denmark/ho...
- published: 19 Jan 2010
- views: 159749
- author: eurodestination
Victor Borge Final concert in Denmark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
While softly playing this beautiful melody he says:" We all die a bit when we say goodbye. The shortest distance between 2 people is a smile... and now as we...
http://wn.com/Victor_Borge_Final_concert_in_Denmark
While softly playing this beautiful melody he says:" We all die a bit when we say goodbye. The shortest distance between 2 people is a smile... and now as we...
- published: 25 Apr 2013
- views: 4
- author: ameCaline07
Frederikshavn - Denmark - Sound of nature at 4:30 AM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
http://mattiamusiello.blogspot.com - Vivere in Danimarca, appunti, guide e aiuti per chi desidera o sogna di emigrare in questo paese, da soli o con la famiglia.
http://wn.com/Frederikshavn_Denmark_Sound_of_nature_at_430_AM
http://mattiamusiello.blogspot.com - Vivere in Danimarca, appunti, guide e aiuti per chi desidera o sogna di emigrare in questo paese, da soli o con la famiglia.
- published: 25 Apr 2013
- views: 28
BF3 NATIONS CUP (SEMIFINAL): SWEDEN - DENMARK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Clanbase Nations Cup 8vs8 Semifinals Sweden wins with 383-356 and is of now to face Finland in the final. @ 1:17 dRECT rams Nicz_DK off the C-Flag www.clanba...
http://wn.com/BF3_NATIONS_CUP_SEMIFINAL_SWEDEN_DENMARK
Clanbase Nations Cup 8vs8 Semifinals Sweden wins with 383-356 and is of now to face Finland in the final. @ 1:17 dRECT rams Nicz_DK off the C-Flag www.clanba...
- published: 25 Apr 2013
- views: 1450
- author: GoJMe Da TanK
Emmelie De Forest - Only Teardrops (Denmark) 2013 Eurovision Song Contest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Emmelie De Forest will represent Denmark at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmo, Sweden with the song Only Teardrops.
http://wn.com/Emmelie_De_Forest_Only_Teardrops_Denmark_2013_Eurovision_Song_Contest
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Emmelie De Forest will represent Denmark at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmo, Sweden with the song Only Teardrops.
- published: 20 Feb 2013
- views: 764623
- author: eurovision
Barry Riding Denmark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Barry_Riding_Denmark
Copenhagen, Denmark: Christiania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
In 1971, several hundred squatters took over an abandoned military barracks in Christiania and attempted to create their own utopia. Two generations later, 8...
http://wn.com/Copenhagen,_Denmark_Christiania
In 1971, several hundred squatters took over an abandoned military barracks in Christiania and attempted to create their own utopia. Two generations later, 8...
- published: 27 Nov 2009
- views: 156597
- author: RickSteves
Justin Bieber- Fall Believe Tour- Denmark, Copenhagen, 20/4-2013 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
THE BEST DAY/NIGHT OF MY LIFE!!! ♥ It was the first time ever I saw him live, and it was AWESOME! The show was awesome :') I've never been soo lucky! Sorry f...
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_Fall_Believe_Tour_Denmark,_Copenhagen,_20_4-2013_HD_
THE BEST DAY/NIGHT OF MY LIFE!!! ♥ It was the first time ever I saw him live, and it was AWESOME! The show was awesome :') I've never been soo lucky! Sorry f...
- published: 24 Apr 2013
- views: 410
- author: Emma Bieber Horvath
Weathernews - Using Denmark as Springboard to Global Shipping
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
The Japanese weather service company Weathernews has opened a Danish office to become part of the strong maritime cluster in Denmark and get access to a glob...
http://wn.com/Weathernews_Using_Denmark_as_Springboard_to_Global_Shipping
The Japanese weather service company Weathernews has opened a Danish office to become part of the strong maritime cluster in Denmark and get access to a glob...
- published: 25 Apr 2013
- views: 1
- author: investindenmark
Biogen Idec Tapping into Denmark's Strong Biotech Cluster
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
Hear Ester Algeria from Biogen Idec explain why the pharmaceutical company has chosen to place a large production site in Denmark to benefit from the strong ...
http://wn.com/Biogen_Idec_Tapping_into_Denmark's_Strong_Biotech_Cluster
Hear Ester Algeria from Biogen Idec explain why the pharmaceutical company has chosen to place a large production site in Denmark to benefit from the strong ...
- published: 25 Apr 2013
- views: 2
- author: investindenmark
Qualifier 2014 Czech Republic vs Denmark 2013/03/22 Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Czechrepublic 0 -- 3 Denmark World Cup Qualifiers 2014 Group B Matchday 6 22.03.2013 Highlights Andreas CORNELIUS (57') Simon KJAER (67') Niki ZIMLING (82') ...
http://wn.com/Qualifier_2014_Czech_Republic_vs_Denmark_2013_03_22_Highlights
Czechrepublic 0 -- 3 Denmark World Cup Qualifiers 2014 Group B Matchday 6 22.03.2013 Highlights Andreas CORNELIUS (57') Simon KJAER (67') Niki ZIMLING (82') ...
- published: 23 Mar 2013
- views: 15620
- author: Videosport
Justin Bieber - One Less Lonely Girl (Denmark, copenhagen)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Updated: 30 Apr 2013
The lucky girl in Copenhagen - 20 April 2013.
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_One_Less_Lonely_Girl_Denmark,_copenhagen
The lucky girl in Copenhagen - 20 April 2013.
- published: 22 Apr 2013
- views: 14663
- author: JBxxiloveyou
Denmark vs Bulgaria 1-1 All Goals and Highlights (Danmark Bulgarien 1-1) World Cup 2014 Qualifying
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Denmark vs Bulgaria 1-1 All Goals and Highlights (Danmark Bulgarien 1-1) World Cup 2014 Qualifying march 26 2013 Parken stadium copenhagen Goals: 0-1 S. Mano...
http://wn.com/Denmark_vs_Bulgaria_1-1_All_Goals_and_Highlights_Danmark_Bulgarien_1-1_World_Cup_2014_Qualifying
Denmark vs Bulgaria 1-1 All Goals and Highlights (Danmark Bulgarien 1-1) World Cup 2014 Qualifying march 26 2013 Parken stadium copenhagen Goals: 0-1 S. Mano...
- published: 27 Mar 2013
- views: 3049
- author: Peter Vingaard
Justin Bieber - Out of town girl (Denmark, Copenhagen) Believe Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
WATCH IN HD!! (not me screaming! it was such an annoying girl she made me more deaf on my left ear and i was on my right when the concert ended) -Justin Bieb...
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_Out_of_town_girl_Denmark,_Copenhagen_Believe_Tour
WATCH IN HD!! (not me screaming! it was such an annoying girl she made me more deaf on my left ear and i was on my right when the concert ended) -Justin Bieb...
- published: 21 Apr 2013
- views: 4733
- author: JBxxiloveyou
Czech Republic vs Denmark 0-3 All Goals (Tjekkiet Danmark 0-3) World Cup 2014 Qualifier
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Czech Republic vs Denmark 0-3 All Goals (Tjekkiet Danmark 0-3) World Cup 2014 qualifier march 22 2013 Goals: 0-1 Andreas Cornelius 57 0-2 Simon Kjær 67 0-3 N...
http://wn.com/Czech_Republic_vs_Denmark_0-3_All_Goals_Tjekkiet_Danmark_0-3_World_Cup_2014_Qualifier
Czech Republic vs Denmark 0-3 All Goals (Tjekkiet Danmark 0-3) World Cup 2014 qualifier march 22 2013 Goals: 0-1 Andreas Cornelius 57 0-2 Simon Kjær 67 0-3 N...
- published: 23 Mar 2013
- views: 13731
- author: Peter Vingaard
Skate World: Denmark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:06
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
A detailed history of skating in Copenhagen, Denmark straight from the original pros that brought popularity to the scene back in the early 90's. Originally ...
http://wn.com/Skate_World_Denmark
A detailed history of skating in Copenhagen, Denmark straight from the original pros that brought popularity to the scene back in the early 90's. Originally ...
- published: 25 Mar 2013
- views: 48992
- author: vice
Travel agent video about Copenhagen, Denmark, and Scandinavia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:34
- Updated: 30 Apr 2013
Infomercial about Copenhagen, Denmark and Scandinavia.
http://wn.com/Travel_agent_video_about_Copenhagen,_Denmark,_and_Scandinavia
Infomercial about Copenhagen, Denmark and Scandinavia.
- published: 25 Jun 2012
- views: 5396
- author: WonderfulCopenhagen
Qualifiers 2014 Czech Republic vs Denmark 2013/03/22 Full Match Replay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 125:19
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Czechrepublic 0 - 3 Denmark World Cup Qualifiers 2014 Group B Matchday 6 22.03.2013 Matchreplay Andreas CORNELIUS (57') Simon KJAER (67') Niki ZIMLING (82') ...
http://wn.com/Qualifiers_2014_Czech_Republic_vs_Denmark_2013_03_22_Full_Match_Replay
Czechrepublic 0 - 3 Denmark World Cup Qualifiers 2014 Group B Matchday 6 22.03.2013 Matchreplay Andreas CORNELIUS (57') Simon KJAER (67') Niki ZIMLING (82') ...
- published: 22 Mar 2013
- views: 2306
- author: Videosport
Denmark's gang war
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:29
- Updated: 01 May 2013
A bloody gang war between bikers and youths of immigrant origin has shattered Copenhagens customary calm, prompting officials into threatening draconian legi...
http://wn.com/Denmark's_gang_war
A bloody gang war between bikers and youths of immigrant origin has shattered Copenhagens customary calm, prompting officials into threatening draconian legi...
- published: 12 Apr 2010
- views: 161527
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Denmark - Bulgaria 26.03.2013 Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
Denmark - Bulgaria 26.03.2013 Highlights.
http://wn.com/Denmark_Bulgaria_26032013_Highlights
photo: Lance Cheung, U.S. Air Force
30 Apr 2013
Seven people were killed on Monday when a civilian cargo plane crashed shortly after taking off from Bagram Air Base, northeast of Kabul, according to an international military spokesman ... It belonged to National Air Cargo, a military contractor based in Orchard Park, N.Y., outside Buffalo ... Get Free E-mail Alerts on These Topics. Bagram Air Base (Afghanistan) Aviation Accidents and Safety Deaths (Fatalities) ... ... Arts » ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP
02 May 2013
SEOUL, South Korea - An American detained for nearly six months in North Korea has been sentenced to 15 years of labor for crimes against the state, the North's state media said Thursday, a development that further complicates already strained ties between Pyongyang and Washington ... North Korea had been warning of nuclear war and missile strikes, an angry response to U.N ... In Washington, the U.S. State Department had no immediate comment....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Carl Court
01 May 2013
By Mike Corderand Toby Sterling Associated Press Comments. King Willem-Alexander, 46, arrives with his wife, Queen Maxima, for his inauguration in Amsterdam. He is the youngest monarch in Europe. (Frank Van Beek / Getty Images). Amsterdam — Millions of Dutch people dressed in orange flocked to celebrations around the Netherlands Tuesday in honor of a once-in-a-generation milestone for the country's ruling House of Orange-Nassau ... 24....(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
30 Apr 2013
By Kaveh L Afrasiabi. CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts - With the Iranian presidential elections only two months away, foreign policy issues are hotly debated in the crowded field of candidates, and a chorus of prominent voices is aiming to lower the temperature with Israel ... Calling for a non-confrontational foreign policy, Rafsanjani has criticized President Mahmud Ahmadinejad for inflammatory rhetoric that has backfired on Iran ... ....(size: 7.7Kb)
Sydney Morning Herald
03 May 2013
Click here to view our full movies coverage. The big films I have done were rejected ... The glamorous Vinterberg duly returned to Denmark and, as far as everyone else was concerned, disappeared from view. Advertisement ....(size: 1.0Kb)
noodls
03 May 2013
(Source. Adirondack Phantoms). By Seth DeWitt ... Representatives from the team include goaltender Cal Heeter for the USA, forward Marcel Noebels for Germany and defensemen Erik Gustafsson for Sweden and Oliver Lauridsen for Denmark. Cal Heeter, a 24 year old rookie from St ... Oliver Lauridsen, the seventh draft pick in the 2009 draft for the Flyers, will be reunited with his brother, Markus on Team Denmark ... distributed by ... (noodl. 18465592) ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Daily Press
03 May 2013
Danish filmmaker Susanne Bier's excellent tragedies tend to feature the sorts of characters and conflicts that turn up in her newest movie, "Love Is All You Need." ... PHOTOS. Summer Sneaks 2013 View/Submit Comments for this story. "Love's" cultural antecedents are international, drawn from Denmark, Britain and Italy ... PHOTOS ... version in 2009 ... There is such nuance to every move, it is easy to see why she is considered one of Denmark's finest ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
New York Daily News
03 May 2013
The New York Times
03 May 2013
For the Danish filmmaker Susanne Bier (“Brothers,” “Things We Lost in the Fire,” “In a Better World”), “Love Is All You Need” is a conspicuously strained detour into froth and fun. The southern Italian scenery is picture-perfect ... But something is rotten in Denmark, where the movie begins ... Bier’s frequent collaborator Anders Thomas Jensen, based on a story they developed ... Bier and Mr ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
The New York Times
03 May 2013
The Stone is a forum for contemporary philosophers on issues both timely and timeless. Tags.. Copenhagen (Denmark), Kierkegaard, Soren, Philosophy. For years, visitors to the Copenhagen City Museum wandered into a modest room that contains a few artifacts from the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard’s life ... His contemporaries saw him as a troublesome, quarrelsome figure ... Related ... Copenhagen (Denmark), Kierkegaard, Soren, Philosophy ... LEE ... ....(size: 15.5Kb)
Huffington Post
03 May 2013
Just when we thought we'd heard of every conceivable means of humiliating a woman on TV, along came "Blachman.". Here's the premise of this Danish prime-time TV show. a woman enters a room and silently strips in front of the male host and a male guest, who then critique the woman's body out loud in front of her ... The female body thirsts for words. The words of a man." ... The Copenhagen Voice reported on reactions to "Blachman" in Denmark ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
The New York Times
03 May 2013
CATHERINE RAMPELL. Dollars to doughnuts. I spoke today with Diane Swonk, chief economist at Mesirow Financial, who mentioned that she has been keeping an eye on which industries and occupations are giving raises. Unfortunately, not many fall under that category ... That’s probably not a coincidence; growing health care costs are eating up other forms of compensation that employers might otherwise provide ... The Welfare Queen of Denmark ... ....(size: 7.7Kb)
noodls
02 May 2013
Shire of Denmark) 02-05-2013. Denmark Youth Services (DYS), previously known as the Denmark Youth Centre or "Tha House", launched their new name, new services and new programs during National Youth Week. Denmark Youth Services presented a week long program of art workshops, community open hours, the Friday "House" drop in and hang out program and special Saturday Youth Fest 2013 event. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
noodls
02 May 2013
Shire of Denmark) 02-05-2013. Denmark Youth Services (DYS), previously known as the Denmark Youth Centre or "Tha House", recently launched their new name, new services and new programs, have now undertaken their most comprehensive school holiday program to date with the youth facility being open eleven (11) of the sixteen days (16) during the April/May School holiday period....(size: 3.0Kb)
noodls
02 May 2013
Prime Minister's Office of the Kingdom of Denmark) Today the Danish Parliament unanimously approved the bill on Croatia's accession to the European Union ... This means that Denmark will ratify the accession treaty in a matter of days ... Denmark and Croatia have excellent bilateral relations and Denmark and Croatia are partners in various contexts, including NATO....(size: 2.5Kb)
Bloomberg
02 May 2013
Denmark’s central bank lowered its benchmark lending rate following a cut from the European Central Bank as policy makers in Copenhagen defend the krone’s peg to the euro ... Denmark’s central bank doesn’t hold scheduled meetings and only changes interest rates to maintain the exchange rate ... That’s held a cushion under Denmark’s economy as the government argues it doesn’t have room to stimulate demand further....(size: 3.1Kb)
Skynews
02 May 2013
Police in Denmark have arrested 32 bikers and members of gangs suspected of murder and assault in a massive crackdown on organised crime ... Copenhagen police inspector Joergen Skov said ... Inter-gang turf wars, in particular between various immigrant gangs and biker groups, have been going on in Denmark since 2008 ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Denmark (disambiguation).
| Kingdom of Denmark
Kongeriget Danmark
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: (Royal) "Guds hjælp, Folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke"[1][a] "God's Help, the People's Love, Denmark's Strength" |
||||||
| Anthem: Der er et yndigt land "There is a lovely country"  Royal anthem: Kong Christian stod ved højen mast "King Christian stood by the lofty mast" |
||||||
![Location of Denmark[b] (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130503011413/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Denmark.svg) Location of Denmark[b] (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
||||||
.svg) Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Denmark (shaded green)
|
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Copenhagen 55°43′N 12°34′E / 55.717°N 12.567°E / 55.717; 12.567 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Danish[c] | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Faroese, Greenlandic, German[c] | |||||
| Demonym | Danish or Dane(s) | |||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Monarch | Margrethe II | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Helle Thorning-Schmidt | ||||
| - | Speaker of the Folketing | Mogens Lykketoft | ||||
| - | Current coalition | SRSF-coalition | ||||
| Legislature | Folketing | |||||
| Consolidation | 8th century | |||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 2,220,093 km2 (12th) 857,183 sq mi |
||||
| - | Denmark[b] | 43,075 km2 (132nd) 16,641 sq mi |
||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - Total - Denmark |
5,671,050 (111th) 5,529,888[3] |
|||||
| - Pop. Density | Total: 2.55/km2, 6.7/sq mi (236th) Denmark: 129/km2, 334/sq mi (88th) |
|||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $206.586 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $37,151[4][d] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $333.238 billion[4][d] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $59,928[4] | ||||
| Gini (2009) | 24.7[d] (low) (1st) | |||||
| HDI (2010) |  0.866[5][d] (very high) (19th) |
|||||
| Currency | Danish krone[e] (DKK) |
|||||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1[d]) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2[d]) | ||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | DK | |||||
| Internet TLD | .dk[f] | |||||
| Calling code | +45[g] | |||||
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] (
listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark[b] in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides.[6] The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.[7][8]
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
Denmark's history has particularly been influenced by its geographical location between the North and Baltic seas. This meant that it was between Sweden and Germany and thus at the center of the mutual struggle for control of the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits". Denmark was long in disputes with Sweden over control of Skånelandene (Scanian War) and Norway, and in disputes with the Hanseatic League over the duchies of Schleswig (a Danish fief) and Holstein (a German fief). Eventually Denmark lost the conflicts and ended up ceding first Skånelandene to Sweden and later Schleswig-Holstein to the German Empire. Denmark obtained Greenland and the Faroe Islands in 1814 after the dissolution of a personal union with Norway, although the Danish monarchy, which had ruled over both Norway and Denmark, had been in possession of the colonies since the fourteenth century. The Faroe Islands and Greenland both became integral parts of the Danish Realm in the twentieth century and were granted home rule in 1948 and 1979 respectively.
Denmark became a member of the European Union in 1973 but remains outside the Eurozone, while both Greenland and the Faroe Islands have opted to remain outside the EU entirely. A founding member of NATO and the OECD, Denmark is also a member of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). With a mixed market economy and a large welfare state, Denmark ranks as having the world's highest level of income equality.[9] The country has the world's seventh highest per capita income. It has frequently ranked as the happiest[10][11] and least corrupt country in the world.[12] In 2011, Denmark was listed 16th on the Human Development Index (8th on the inequality-adjusted HDI), 3rd on the Democracy Index and 2nd on the Corruption Perceptions Index. The national language, Danish, is closely related to Swedish and Norwegian, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties. Denmark, along with Sweden and Norway, is part of the cultural region known as "Scandinavia" and is also a member of the Nordic Council.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The etymology of the word Denmark (
i/ˈdɛnmɑːk/), and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a single kingdom, is a subject which attracts some debate.[13][14] This is centred primarily around the prefix "Dan" and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -"mark" ending. The issue is further complicated by a number of references to various Dani people in Scandinavia or other places in Europe in Greek and Roman accounts (like Ptolemy, Jordanes, and Gregory of Tours), as well as some mediaeval literature (like Adam of Bremen, Beowulf, Widsith and Poetic Edda).
Most handbooks derive[15] the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning "flat land", related to German Tenne "threshing floor", English den "cave", Sanskrit dhánuṣ- (धनुस्; "desert"). The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig,[16]
Some of the earliest descriptions of the origin of the word 'Denmark', describing a territory, are found in the Chronicon Lethrense (12th century), Svend Aagesen (late 12th century), Saxo Grammaticus (early 13th century) and the Ballad of Eric (mid-15th century). There are, however, many more Danish annuals and yearbooks containing various other details, similar tales in other variations, other names or spelling variations.
In Norse, the land was called Danmǫrk.[17]
The earliest mention of a territory called "Denmark" is found in King Alfred the Great's modified translation into Old English of Paulus Orosius' Seven Books of History Against The Pagans ("Historiarum adversum Paganos Libri Septem"), written by Alfred when king of Wessex in the years 871–899. In a passage introduced to the text by Alfred, we read about Ohthere of Hålogaland’s travels in the Nordic region, during which 'Denmark [Denamearc] was on his port side... And then for two days he had on his (port side) the islands which belong to Denmark'.[18]
The first recorded use of the word "Denmark" within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are rune stones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old (c. 955) and Harald Bluetooth (c. 965). The larger stone of the two is often cited as Denmark's birth certificate (dåbsattest, literally "baptismal certificate"), though both use the word "Denmark", in the form of accusative ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ "tanmaurk" ([danmɒrk]) on the large stone, and genitive "tanmarkar" (pronounced [danmarkaɽ]) on the small stone.[19] The inhabitants of Denmark are there called "tani" ([danɪ]), or "Danes", in the accusative. In the Song of Roland, estimated to have been written between 1040 and 1115, the first mention of the legendary Danish hero Holger Danske appears; he is mentioned several times as "Ogier the Dane" (Ogier de Denemarche).
History[link]
Main article: History of Denmark
See also: History of Greenland and History of the Faroe Islands
Prehistory[link]
The earliest archaeological findings in Denmark date back to the Eem interglacial period from 130,000–110,000 BC.[20] Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC.[21] The Nordic Bronze Age (1800–600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot.
During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC – 1 AD), native groups began migrating south, although[21] the first Danish people came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age,[22] in the Roman Iron Age (1–400 AD). The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and Roman coins have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North-West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron.
Historians believe that before the arrival of the precursors to the Danes, who came from the east Danish islands (Zealand) and Skåne and spoke an early form of North Germanic, most of Jutland and some islands were settled by Jutes. They were later invited to Great Britain as mercenaries by Brythonic King Vortigern and were granted the southeastern territories of Kent, the Isle of Wight among other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons. The remaining population in Jutland assimilated in with the Danes.
A short note[23] about the Dani in "Getica" by historian Jordanes is believed by some to be an early mention of the Danes,[24] one of the ethnic groups from whom the modern Danish people are descended. The Danevirke defence structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward,[25] and the sheer size of the construction efforts in 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king.[25] The new runic alphabet was first used around the same time, and Ribe, the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about 700.
Viking Age[link]
Main article: Viking Age
From the 8th to the 10th century, the Danes were known as Vikings. Together with Norwegians and Swedes, they colonised, raided and traded in all parts of Europe. Viking explorers first discovered Iceland by accident in the 9th century, on the way towards the Faroe Islands and eventually came across "Vinland" (Land of wine) also known today as Newfoundland, in Canada. The Danish Vikings were most active in British Isles and Western Europe. They temporarily conquered and settled parts of England (known as the Danelaw), Ireland, France and founded Normandy. More Anglo-Saxon pence of this period have been found in Denmark than in England. As attested by the Jelling stones, the Danes were united and Christianised about 965 by Harald Bluetooth. It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the rising Christian power in Europe, Germania, which was an important trading area for the Danes. In that case Harald built six fortresses around Denmark called Trelleborg and built a further Danevirke. In the early 11th century Canute the Great won and united Denmark, England and Norway for almost 30 years.[26]
Medieval Denmark[link]
Throughout the High and Late Middle Ages, Denmark also included Skåneland (Skåne, Halland and Blekinge) and Danish kings ruled Danish Estonia, as well as the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Most of the latter two now form part of northern Germany.
In 1397, Denmark entered the Kalmar Union with Norway and Sweden, united under Queen Margaret I. The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union. However, even from the start Margaret may not have been so idealistic—treating Denmark as the clear "senior" partner of the union.[27] Thus, much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm.
The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the Count's Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536. Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway.
Early modern history[link]
Main article: Denmark–Norway
After Sweden permanently broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark tried on two occasions to reassert control over Sweden. The first was in the Northern Seven Years War which lasted from 1563 until 1570. The second occasion was the Kalmar War when King Christian IV attacked Sweden in 1611 but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing Sweden to return to the union with Denmark. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a war indemnity of 1 million silver riksdaler to Denmark, an amount known as the Älvsborg ransom.[28]
King Christian used this money to found several towns and fortresses, most notably Glückstadt (founded as a rival to Hamburg), Christiania (following a fire destroying the original city of Oslo), Christianshavn, Christianstad and Christiansand. Christian also constructed a number of buildings, most notably Børsen, Rundetårn, Nyboder, Rosenborg, a silver mine and a copper mill. Inspired by the Dutch East India Company, he founded a similar Danish company and planned to claim Ceylon as a colony, but the company only managed to acquire Tranquebar on India's Coromandel Coast. Denmark's large colonial aspirations were limited to a few key trading posts in Africa and India.
In the Thirty Years' War, Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter.[29] The result was that the Catholic army under Albrecht von Wallenstein was able to invade, occupy and pillage Jutland,[30] forcing Denmark to withdraw from the war. Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions, but Gustavus Adolphus' intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark's influence in the region was declining. Swedish armies invaded Jutland in 1643 and claimed Skåne in 1644. According to Geoffrey Parker, "The Swedish occupation caused a drop in agricultural production and a shortage of capital; harvest failure and plague ravaged the land between 1647 and 1651; Denmark's population fell by 20 per cent."[31]
In the 1645 Treaty of Brømsebro, Denmark surrendered Halland, Gotland, the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway. In 1657, king Frederick III declared war on Sweden and marched on Bremen-Verden. This led to a massive Danish defeat and the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered both Jutland, Funen and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658 which gave Sweden control of Skåne, Blekinge, Trøndelag and the island of Bornholm. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having destroyed Denmark completely and in August 1658 he began a two-year long siege of Copenhagen but failed to take the capital. In the following peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm.
Denmark tried to regain control of Skåne in the Scanian War (1675–79) but this attempt was a failure. Following the Great Northern War (1700–21), Denmark managed to restore control of the parts of Schleswig and Holstein ruled by the house of Holstein-Gottorp in 1721 and 1773, respectively. In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark originally tried to pursue a policy of neutrality and trade with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden and Prussia. The British considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in both 1801 and 1807, in one case carrying off the Danish fleet, in the other, burning large parts of the Danish capital. This led to the so-called Danish-British Gunboat War, but the British control of the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union's economy and in 1813, Denmark-Norway went bankrupt. The Danish-Norwegian union was dissolved by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. Norway entered a new union with Sweden which lasted until 1905. Denmark kept the colonies of Iceland, Faroe Islands and Greenland. Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark ruled over Danish India (Tranquebar in India) from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies (the U.S. Virgin Islands) from 1671 to 1917.
Constitutional monarchy[link]
The Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s, and after the European Revolutions of 1848 Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. After the Second War of Schleswig (Danish: Slesvig) in 1864, Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia, in a defeat that left deep marks on the Danish national identity. After these events, Denmark returned to its traditional policy of neutrality.
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After the defeat of Germany in World War I, the Versailles powers offered to return the then-German region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Fearing German irredentism, Denmark refused to consider the return of the area and insisted on a plebiscite concerning the return of Schleswig. The two Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March, respectively. On 10 July 1920, after the plebiscite and the King's signature (9 July) on the reunion document, Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 km². The reunion day (Genforeningsdag) is celebrated every year 15 June on Valdemarsdag.
Germany's invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940 – code named Operation Weserübung – met only two hours of military resistance before the Danish government surrendered. Economic co-operation between Germany and Denmark continued until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy sank most of its ships and sent as many of their officers as they could to Sweden. During the war, the government was helpful towards the Danish Jewish minority, and the Danish resistance performed a rescue operation that managed to get most of them to Sweden and safety shortly before the Germans planned to round up the Danish Jews. Denmark led many "inside operations" or sabotage against the German facilities. Iceland severed ties to Denmark and became an independent republic, and in 1948, the Faroe Islands gained home rule.
After the war, Denmark became one of the founding members of the United Nations and NATO, and in 1973, along with Britain and Ireland, joined the European Economic Community (now the European Union) after a public referendum. The Maastricht treaty was ratified after a further referendum in 1993 and the subsequent addition of concessions for Denmark under the Edinburgh Agreement. Greenland gained home rule in 1979 and was awarded self-determination in 2009. Neither Greenland nor the Faroe Islands are members of the European Union, the Faroese declining membership in EEC from 1973 and Greenland from 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies.
Despite its modest size, Denmark has been participating in major UN sanctioned, and often NATO led, military and humanitarian operations notably including: Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Korea, Egypt, Croatia, Kosovo, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and recently Libya. In 2009 Anders Fogh Rasmussen resigned as Prime Minister of Denmark to become the Secretary General of NATO.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Denmark
Denmark proper shares a border of 68 kilometres with Germany to the south and is otherwise surrounded by 7,314 kilometres of tidal shoreline (including small bays and inlets). It occupies 43,094 square kilometres. Since 2000 Denmark has been connected by the Øresund Bridge to southern Sweden.
Denmark's northernmost point (excluding the Faroe Islands, and Greenland) is Skagens point (the north beach of the Skaw) at 57° 45' 7" northern latitude; the southernmost is Gedser point (the southern tip of Falster) at 54° 33' 35" northern latitude; the westernmost point is Blåvandshuk at 8° 4' 22" eastern longitude; and the easternmost point is Østerskær at 15° 11' 55" eastern longitude. This is in the archipelago Ertholmene 18 kilometres northeast of Bornholm. The distance from east to west is 452 kilometres (281 mi), from north to south 368 kilometres (229 mi).
Denmark consists of the peninsula of Jutland and 443 named islands (1,419 islands above 100 m² in total).[32] Of these, 72 are inhabited,[33] with the largest being Zealand and Funen. The island of Bornholm is located east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges; the Øresund Bridge connects Zealand with Sweden; the Great Belt Bridge connects Funen with Zealand; and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutland with Funen. Ferries or small aircraft connect to the smaller islands. The largest cities with populations over 100,000 are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand; Århus, Aalborg in Jutland; and Odense on Funen.
The country is flat with little elevation; having an average height above sea level of 31 metres (102 ft). The highest natural point is Møllehøj, at 170.86 metres (560.56 ft). The area of inland water is 700 km2 (270 sq mi).
Denmark's tidal shoreline is 7,314 km (4,545 mi).[34] No location in Denmark is further from the coast than 52 km (32 mi). The size of the land area of Denmark cannot be stated exactly since the ocean constantly erodes and adds material to the coastline, and because of human land reclamation projects (to counter erosion). On the southwest coast of Jutland, the tide is between 1 and 2 m (3.28 and 6.56 ft), and the tideline moves outward and inward on a 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch.[35]
Phytogeographically, Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands) belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the Arctic, Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of Denmark can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Atlantic mixed forests and Baltic mixed forests. The Faroe Islands are covered by the Faroe Islands boreal grasslands, while Greenland hosts the ecoregions of Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra and Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra.
Climate[link]
The climate in Denmark is temperate, characterised by mild winters, with mean temperatures in January and February of 0.0 °C, and the summers are cool, with a mean temperature in August of 15.7 °C.[36] Denmark has an average of 121 days per year with precipitation, on average receiving a total of 712 mm per year; autumn is the wettest season and spring the driest.[36]
Because of Denmark's northern location, the length of the day with sunlight varies greatly. There are short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 8:45 am and sunset 3:45 pm, as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4:30 am and sunset at 10 pm[37]
Environment[link]
Denmark has historically taken a progressive stance on environmental preservation; in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and was the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973.[38] To mitigate environmental degradation and global warming the Danish Government has signed the following international agreements: Antarctic Treaty; Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol; Endangered Species Act[3]
Copenhagen is the spearhead of the bright green environmental movement in Denmark. In 2008, Copenhagen was mentioned by Clean Edge as one of the key cleantech clusters to watch in the book The Cleantech Revolution.[39] The city is the focal point for more than half of Denmark's 700 cleantech companies and draws on some 46 research institutions. The cluster employs more than 60,000 people and is characterised by a close collaboration between universities, business and governing institutions. The capital's most important cleantech research institutions are the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School,[40] Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and the Technical University of Denmark which Risø is now part of. Leading up to the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference the University of Copenhagen held the Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions conference where the need for comprehensive action to mitigate climate change was stressed by the international scientific community. Notable figures such as Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chairman of the IPCC, Professor Nicholas Stern, author of the Stern Report and Professor Daniel Kammen all emphasised the good example set by Copenhagen and Denmark in capitalising on cleantech and achieving economic growth while stabilising carbon emissions.
Denmark's green house gas emissions per dollar of value produced has been for the most part unstable since 1990, seeing sudden growths and falls. Overall though, there has been a reduction in gas emissions per dollar value added to its market.[41] It lags behind other Scandinavian countries such as Norway[42] and Sweden.[43]
Politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Denmark and Government of Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. The current and reigning monarch is Queen Margrethe II. As stipulated in the Danish Constitution, the monarch is not answerable for his or her actions, and the monarch's person is sacrosanct.[44] The monarch formally appoints and dismisses the prime minister and other ministers. The prime minister is customarily chosen through negotiation between the parliament party leaders.
The Folketing is the national legislature. In theory it has the ultimate legislative authority according to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, it is able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors. However questions over sovereignty have been brought forward because of Denmark's entry into the European Union. Parliament consists of 175 members elected by proportional majority, plus two members each from Greenland and the Faroe Islands.[45] Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the prime minister to ask the monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On a vote of no confidence, the parliament may force a single minister or the entire government to resign.[46]
The Danish political system has traditionally generated coalitions. Most Danish post-war governments have been minority coalitions ruling with the support of non-government parties.[47]
Executive authority is exercised on behalf of the monarch by the prime minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, prime minister and other ministers collectively make up the government.
Legislative authority is vested in the executive and the legislature conjointly, although as noted the legislature remains supreme. Judicial authority lies with the courts of justice.[48]
Anders Fogh Rasmussen from the Venstre party, a center-right liberal party was prime minister from November 2001 to April 2009. His government was a coalition consisting of Venstre and the Conservative People's Party, with parliamentary support from the national-conservative Danish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti). The three parties obtained a parliamentary majority in the 2001 election and maintained it virtually unchanged in the 2005 election. On 24 October 2007, an early election was called by the Prime Minister for 13 November. Following the election the Danish People's Party was strengthened while Anders Fogh Rasmussen's Venstre lost 6 seats and the Conservative People's Party retained the same number of seats in Parliament as prior to the election. The result ensured that Anders Fogh Rasmussen could continue as prime minister for a third term.
With the parliamentary election held September 2011 the right wing, led by Lars Løkke Rasmussen, lost by a small margin to the opposing coalition, led by Helle Thorning-Schmidt who on 3 October 2011 formed a new government consisting of the Social Democratic Party, Danish Social Liberal Party and Socialist People's Party.
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Denmark
Danish foreign policy is based on its identity as a sovereign nation in Europe. As such its primary foreign policy focus is on its relations with other nations as a sovereign independent nation. Denmark has long had good relations with other nations. It has been involved in coordinating Western assistance to the Baltic states (Estonia,[49] Latvia, and Lithuania).[50] The country is a strong supporter of international peacekeeping.
Denmark is today pursuing an active foreign policy, where human rights, democracy and other crucial values are to be defended actively. In recent years Greenland and The Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues such as fishing, whaling, and geopolitical concerns.
Military[link]
Main articles: Danish Defence and Military history of Denmark
Denmark's armed forces are known as the Danish Defence (Danish: Forsvaret). During peacetime, the Ministry of Defence in Denmark employs around 33,000 in total. The main military branches employ almost 27,000: 15,460 in the Royal Danish Army, 5,300 in the Royal Danish Navy and 6,050 in the Royal Danish Air Force (all including conscripts).
The Danish Emergency Management Agency (Danish: Beredskabsstyrelsen) employs 2,000 (including conscripts), and about 4,000 are in non-branch-specific services like the Danish Defence Command, the Danish Defence Research Establishment and the Danish Defence Intelligence Service. Furthermore around 55,000 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard (Danish: Hjemmeværnet).
The Danish Defence has around 1,400[51] staff in international missions, not including standing contributions to NATO SNMCMG1. The three largest contributions are in Afghanistan (ISAF), Kosovo (KFOR) and Lebanon (UNIFIL). Between 2003 and 2007, there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in Iraq.[52]
Administrative divisions[link]
|
Main articles: Regions of Denmark and Municipalities of Denmark
Denmark proper is divided into five regions (Danish: regioner, singular: region) and a total of 98 municipalities. The regions were created on 1 January 2007 to replace the former counties. At the same time, smaller municipalities were merged into larger units, cutting the number of municipalities from 270 to 98. Most municipalities have a population of at least 20,000 people to give them financial and professional sustainability, although a few exceptions were made to this rule.[53] The most important area of responsibility for regions is the national health service. Unlike the former counties, the regions are not allowed to levy taxes, and the health service is primarily financed by a national health care contribution of 8% (Danish: sundhedsbidrag) combined with funds from both government and municipalities.[54] Municipalities and regions are led by directly elected councils, elected every four years. The last Danish local elections were held on 17 November 2009. The Ertholmene archipelago, with a population of 96 (2008), is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence.[55] |
| Regions | Municipalities | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Danish name | Seat of administration | Largest city | Population (1 January 2008) |
Area (km²) |
Density (pop. per km²) |
No. of municipalities |
| Capital Region of Denmark | Region Hovedstaden | Hillerød | Copenhagen | 1,645,825 | 2,561 | 642.6 | 29 (list) |
| Central Denmark Region | Region Midtjylland | Viborg | Århus | 1,237,041 | 13,142 | 94.2 | 19 (list) |
| North Denmark Region | Region Nordjylland | Aalborg | Aalborg | 578,839 | 7,927 | 73.2 | 11 (list) |
| Region Zealand | Region Sjælland | Sorø | Roskilde | 819,427 | 7,273 | 112.7 | 17 (list) |
| Region of Southern Denmark | Region Syddanmark | Vejle | Odense | 1,194,659 | 12,191 | 97.99 | 22 (list) |
Greenland and the Faroe Islands[link]
Further information: Danish Realm
The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state, however the Faroe Islands and Greenland were granted home rule (political autonomy) in 1948 and 1979 respectively, having previously had the status of counties.[56][57] Extensive powers have been devolved to the Faroe Islands and Greenland which have their own governments and legislatures and are effectively self-governing in regards to domestic affairs.[57] However, the devolved legislatures are subordinate to the Folketing where the two territories are represented by two seats each. High Commissioners (Danish: Rigsombudsmand) act as representatives of the Danish government.[57]
| Country | Legislature | Population (2011 estimate) |
Area (km²) |
Density (pop per km²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Denmark |
Folketing | 5,564,219 | 43,075 | 129 |
 Faroe Islands |
Løgting | 49,267 | 1,399 | 35 |
 Greenland |
Landsting | 56,615 | 2,166,086 | 0.027 |
| Total Danish Realm |
Folketing | 5,670,101 | 2,220,097 | 2.6 |
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Denmark
A liberalization of import tariffs in 1797 marked the end of mercantilism and further liberalization in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century established the Danish liberal tradition in international trade that was only to be broken by the 1930s.[58][59] Property rights have enjoyed strong protection. Denmark's economy stands out as one of the most free in the Index of Economic Freedom[60] and the Economic Freedom of the World[61]. The economy has high levels of international trade and Denmark is known as a free trade advocate in the European Union. Denmark ranks 16th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita and ranks 5th in nominal GDP per capita. Denmark is one of the most competitive economies in the world according to World Economic Forum 2008 report, IMD and The Economist.[62]
As a result of its acclaimed "flexicurity" model, Denmark has the most free labour market in Europe, according to the World Bank. Employers can hire and fire whenever they want (flexibility), and between jobs, unemployment compensation is very high (security). The World Bank ranks Denmark as the easiest place in Europe to do business. Establishing a business can be done in a matter of hours and at very low costs.[63] Denmark has a competitive company tax rate of 25% and a special time limited tax regime for expatriates.[64] The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% VAT, in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall tax burden (sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP) is estimated to be 46% in 2011.[65]
Denmark has a labour force of about 2.9 million. Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of tertiary degree holders in the world.[66] GDP per hour worked was the 13th highest in 2009. Denmark has the world's lowest level of income inequality, according to the World Bank Gini (%), and the world's highest minimum wage, according to the IMF. As of June 2010 the unemployment rate is at 7.4%, which is below the EU average of 9.6%.[67]
Denmark's currency, the krone, is pegged at approximately 7.46 kroner per euro through the ERM. The exchange rate. Although a September 2000 referendum rejected adopting the euro,[68] the country in practice follows the policies set forth in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union and meets the economic convergence criteria needed to adopt the euro. The majority of the political parties in the parliament are for the euro, but as yet a new referendum has not been held, despite plans;[69] skepticism of the EU among Danish voters has historically been strong. Denmark is known for the Danish cooperative movement within among others farming, the food industry (Danish Crown), dairy production (Arla Foods), retailing (Brugsen), wind turbine cooperatives and co-housing associations.
Support for free trade is high – in a 2007 poll 76% responded that globalisation is a good thing.[70] 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. Denmark has the 9th highest export per capita in the world. Denmark's main exports are: industrial production/manufactured goods 73.3% (of which machinery and instruments were 21.4%, and fuels, chemicals, etc. 26%); agricultural products and others for consumption 18.7% (in 2009 meat and meat products were 5.5% of total export; fish and fish products 2.9%).[3] Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus while battling an equivalent of approximately 39% of GNP foreign debt or more than 300 billion DKK.[71]
StatBank is the name of a large statistical database maintained by the central authority of statistics in Denmark. Online distribution of statistics has been a part of the dissemination strategy in Denmark since 1985. By this service, Denmark is a leading country in the world regarding electronic dissemination of statistics. There are about 2 million hits every year.
Energy[link]
Main article: Energy in Denmark
Denmark has considerable sources of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil[72] and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil a day in 2009.[73] Most electricity is produced from coal, but 16–19% of electricity demand is supplied through wind turbines.[74] Denmark is a long time leader in wind energy, and as of May 2011[update] Denmark derives 3.1% of its gross domestic product from renewable (clean) energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion).[75] Denmark is connected by electric transmission lines to other European countries.
Denmark has integrated fluctuating and unpredictable energy sources such as wind power into the grid. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.[76][77]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Denmark
Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the Great Belt Fixed Link, which connects Zealand and Funen. It is now possible to drive from Frederikshavn in northern Jutland to Copenhagen on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway. The main railway operator is DSB for passenger services and DB Schenker Rail for freight trains. The railway tracks are maintained by Banedanmark. Copenhagen has a small Metro system, the Copenhagen Metro, and the greater Copenhagen area has an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the S-train. Denmark's national airline (together with Norway and Sweden) is Scandinavian Airlines (SAS), and Copenhagen Airport is the largest in Scandinavia. A ferry link to the Faroe Islands is maintained by Smyril Line. Other international ferry services are mainly operated by DFDS (to Norway and the UK), Scandlines (to Germany and Sweden), Stena Line (to Norway, Sweden, and Poland), Color Line (to Norway), and FjordLine (to Norway).
Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the high registration tax (180%), VAT (25%), and one of the world's highest income tax rates, new cars are very expensive. The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership. The car fleet has increased by 45% over the last 30 years. In 2007 an attempt was made by the government to favor environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars (mostly older than 10 years),[78] primarily from Germany, as the cost for older cars—including taxes—keeps them within the budget of many Danes.
Bicycling in Denmark is a common form of transportation, particularly for the young and for city dwellers. With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000 km[79] and an estimated 7,000 km[80] of segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes, Denmark has a solid bicycle infrastructure.
Public policy[link]
See also: Nordic model and Flexicurity
After deregulating the labour market in the 1990s, Denmark has one of the most free labour markets in European countries. According to World Bank labour market rankings, the labour market flexibility is at the same levels as the United States. Around 80% of employees belong to unions and the unemployment funds that are attached to them. Labour market policies are mainly determined in negotiations between the workers' unions and employers' unions, and the government only interferes if labour strikes extend for too long.
Despite the success of the trade unions, a growing number of people make contracts individually rather than collectively, and many (four out of ten employees) are contemplating dropping especially unemployment fund but occasionally even union membership altogether. The average employee receives a benefit at 47% of their wage level if they have to claim benefits when unemployed. With low unemployment, very few expect to be claiming benefits at all. The only reason then to pay the earmarked money to the unemployment fund would be to retire early and receive early retirement pay (efterløn), which is possible from the age of 60 provided an additional earmarked contribution is paid to the unemployment fund.[81]
The unemployment rate for December 2007 was 2.7%, for a total of 74,900 persons, a reduction by 112,800 persons—2,400 per month—or 60% since December 2003.[82] The Eurostat unemployment number for August 2008 is 2.9%. Another measure of the situation on the labour market is the employment rate, that is the percentage of people aged 15 to 64 in employment out of the total number of people aged 15 to 64. The employment rate for Denmark in 2007 was 77.1% according to Eurostat. Of all countries in the world, only Switzerland with 78.% and Iceland with 85.1% had a higher employment rate. Of the employed more than 38% (800,000 people)[83] of the total workforce work in public sector jobs.
In December 2008, Statistics Denmark reported that 100,000 Danes were affected by unemployment in the third quarter of 2008. Of these, 62% received a job within two months, and 6% had been unemployed for two years or more.
The number of unemployed is forecast to be 65,000 in 2015. The number of people in the working age group, less disability pensioners etc., will grow by 10,000 to 2,860,000, and jobs by 70,000 to 2,790,000;[84] part time jobs are included.[85] Because of the present high demand and short supply of skilled labour, for instance for factory and service jobs, including hospital nurses and physicians, the annual average working hours have risen, especially compared with the recession 1987–1993.[86] Increasingly, service workers of all kinds are in demand, i.e. in the postal services and as bus drivers, and academics.[87] In the fall of 2007, more than 250,000 foreigners are working in the country, of which 23,000 still reside in Germany or Sweden.[88] According to a sampling survey of over 14,000 enterprises from December 2007 to April 2008 39,000 jobs were not filled, a number much lower than earlier surveys, confirming a downturn in the economic cycle.[89]
The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment (the maximum benefit is at 90% of the wage) and at times also on membership of an unemployment fund, which is almost always—but need not be—administered by a trade union, and the previous payment of contributions. However, the largest share of the financing is still carried by the central government and is financed by general taxation, and only to a minor degree from earmarked contributions. There is no taxation, however, on proceeds gained from selling one´s home (provided there was any home equity (da:friværdi)), as the marginal tax rate on capital income from housing savings is around 0%.[90]. In 2011, 13.4% of Denmark's population was reported to live below the poverty line[91].
Along with Sweden and Norway, Denmark follows the Nordic Model of a mixed economy, characterised by a large welfare state, a high level of public expenditure and a universal social system (including health care), financed by taxes and not by social contributions. The welfare model is accompanied by a taxation system that is both broad based (25% VAT, not including excise, duty and tax) and with a progressive income tax model, meaning the more money that is earned, the higher income tax percentage that gets paid (minimum tax rate for adults is 42% scaling to over 60%, except for the residents of Ertholmene that escape the otherwise ubiquitous 8% healthcare tax fraction of the income taxes[92][93]). Other taxes include the registration tax on private vehicles, at a rate of 180%, on top of VAT. Lately (July 2007) this has been changed slightly in an attempt to favor more fuel efficient cars but maintaining the average taxation level more or less unchanged.[94]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Denmark and Languages of Denmark
According to 2012 figures from Statistics Denmark, 89.6% of Denmark’s population of over 5,580,516 was of Danish descent.[95] Many of the remaining 10.6% were immigrants—or descendants of recent immigrants—from neighbour countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Asia, and Western Asia. Many have arrived since the "Alien law" (Udlændingeloven) was enacted in 1983, which allows for the immigration of family members of those who had already arrived. There are also small groups of Inuit and Faroese. During recent years, anti mass-immigration sentiment has resulted in some of the toughest immigration laws in the European Union.[96][97] The number of residence permits granted related to labour and to people from within the EU/EEA has increased since implementation of new immigration laws in 2001. The number of immigrants allowed into Denmark for family reunification decreased 70% between 2001 and 2006 to 4,198. During the same period the number of asylum permits granted has decreased by 82.5% to 1,095, reflecting a 84% decrease in asylum seekers to 1,960.[98]
As of 2012, Denmark's population is 5,475,791, giving Denmark a population density of 129.16 inhabitants per km² (334.53 per sq mi),[99] although the population is not distributed evenly. Although the land area east of the Great Belt only makes up 9,622 km2 (3,715 sq mi), 22.7% of Denmark's land area, it has 45% (2,465,348) of the population. The average population density of this area is 256.2 inhabitants per km² (663.6 per sq mi). The average density in Jutland (32,772 km²/12,653 sq mi) is 91.86/km² (237.91 per sq mi) (3,010,443 people) (2008).
The median age is 39.8 years, with 0.98 males per female. 98.2% of the population (age 15 and up) is literate. The birth rate is 1.74 children born per woman (2006 est.). Despite the low birth rate, the population is still growing at an average annual rate of 0.33%.[3] An international study conducted by Adrian White at Leicester University in 2006 showed that the population of Denmark had the highest life satisfaction in the world.[100]
Danish, Faroese, and Greenlandic are the official languages of mainland Denmark, the Faroes, and Greenland, respectively; German is an official minority language in the former South Jutland County near the German border. Danish is spoken throughout the country. English and German are the most widely spoken foreign languages.
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Denmark
| year | population | members | percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | 5,113,500 | 4,684,060 | 91.6% |
| 1990 | 5,135,409 | 4,584,450 | 89.3% |
| 2000 | 5,330,500 | 4,536,422 | 85.1% |
| 2005 | 5,413,600 | 4,498,703 | 83.3% |
| 2007 | 5,447,100 | 4,499,343 | 82.6% |
| 2008 | 5,475,791 | 4,494,589 | 82.1% |
| 2009 | 5,511,451 | 4,492,121 | 81.5% |
| 2010 | 5,534,738 | 4,479,214 | 80.9% |
| 2011 | 5,560.628 | 4,469,109 | 80.4% |
| statistical data 1984–2002,[101] 1990–2009[102] and 2010–2011.[103] Source Kirkeministeriet | |||
According to official statistics from January 2011, 80.4%[104] of the population of Denmark are members of the Church of Denmark (Folkekirke), a Lutheran church that was made the Established Church and official state religion by the Constitution of Denmark.[105] This is down 0.6% compared to the year earlier and 1.2% down compared to two years earlier.[102][103] Article 6 the Constitution states that a member of the Royal Family must be a part of the Established Church, though the rest of the population is free to adhere to other faiths.[106]
Although Lutheranism is the state religion of Denmark, the constitution grants freedom of religion to all citizens.[107][108] In 1682 the state granted limited recognition to three religious groups dissenting from the Established Church: Roman Catholicism, the Reformed Church and Judaism,[108] although conversion to these groups from the Church of Denmark remained illegal initially. Until the 1970s, the state formally recognised "religious societies" by royal decree. Today, religious groups do not need official government recognition in Denmark, they can be granted the right to perform weddings and other ceremonies without this recognition.[108]
Denmark's Muslims make up approximately 3% of the population and form the country's second largest religious community and largest minority religion.[109] As of 2009 there are nineteen recognised Muslim communities in Denmark.[110] As per an overview of various religions and denominations by the Danish Foreign Ministry, other religious groups comprise less than 1% of the population individually and approximately 2% when taken all together.[111]
According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005,[112] 31% of Danish citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 49% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 19% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".
Forn Siðr (English: Old Custom), based on the much older, native pagan religion, gained official recognition in November 2003.[113]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Denmark
The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school and higher education. All college education in Denmark is free; there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses. Students in secondary school or higher and aged 18 or above may apply for student support which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.[114] The Education Index, published with the UN's Human Development Index in 2008, based on data from 2006, lists Denmark as 0.993, amongst the highest in the world, tied for first with Australia, Finland and New Zealand.[115]
Primary school in Denmark is called "Public School" (Folkeskole). Attendance at primary school is compulsory for a minimum of 10 years (aged 6 to 16). Pupils can alternatively attend "free schools" (Friskole), or private schools (Privatskole) - schools that are not under the administration of the municipalities, such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools.
Following graduation from Public School, there are several other educational opportunities, including Gymnasium (academically oriented upper secondary education), Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) (similar to Gymnasium, but one year shorter), Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) (with focus on mathematics and engineering), and Higher Commercial Examination Programme (HHX) (with a focus on trade and business), as well as vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship.
Danish universities and other Danish higher education institutions also offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark. Many programmes are taught in English, including Bachelor's, Master's, PhD, exchange and summer school programmes [116]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Denmark
Historically, Denmark, like its Scandinavian neighbors, has been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world. For example, in 1969, Denmark was the first country to legalise pornography.[117] And in 1989, Denmark enacted a registered partnership law, becoming the first country in the world to grant same-sex couples nearly all of the rights and responsibilities of marriage.[118] Egalitarianism is an important aspect of Danish culture, with Jante Law - the Danish code of conduct - criticising individual success and achievement as unworthy and inappropriate, in most circumstances.
The astronomical discoveries of Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), Ludwig A. Colding's (1815–1888) neglected articulation of the principle of conservation of energy, and the brilliant contributions to atomic physics of Niels Bohr (1885–1962) indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement. The fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875), the philosophical essays of Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), the short stories of Karen Blixen (penname Isak Dinesen, (1885–1962), the plays of Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754), the modern authors such as Herman Bang and Nobel laureate Henrik Pontoppidan and the dense, aphoristic poetry of Piet Hein (1905–1996), have earned international recognition, as have the symphonies of Carl Nielsen (1865–1931). From the mid 1990s, Danish films have attracted international attention, especially those associated with Dogme 95 like those of Lars Von Trier. Indeed, the country has always had a strong tradition of movie making and Carl Theodor Dreyer is recognised as having been one of the world's greatest film directors.
Copenhagen is home to many famous sites and attractions, including Tivoli Gardens, Amalienborg Palace (home of the Danish monarchy), Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen Cathedral, Rosenborg Castle, Opera House, Frederik's Church (Marble Church), Thorvaldsens Museum, Rundetårn, Nyhavn and the Little Mermaid sculpture.[119] Copenhagen was ranked the most liveable city in the world in 2008 by Monocle magazine, (currently it is their third most liveable city).[120]
Architecture[link]
Main article: Architecture of Denmark
Denmark's architecture became firmly established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque, then Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. From the 16th century, Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark, initially to improve the country's fortifications, but increasingly to build magnificent royal castles and palaces in the Renaissance style. During the 17th century, many impressive buildings were built in the Baroque style, both in the capital and the provinces. Neoclassicism from France was slowly adopted by native Danish architects who increasingly participated in defining architectural style. A productive period of Historicism ultimately merged into the 19th century National Romantic style.[121]
It was not, however, until the 1960s that Danish architects such as Arne Jacobsen entered the world scene with their highly successful Functionalism. This, in turn, has evolved into more recent world-class masterpieces including Jørn Utzon's Sydney Opera House and Johann Otto von Spreckelsen's Grande Arche de la Défense in Paris, paving the way for a number of contemporary Danish designers such as Bjarke Ingels to be rewarded for excellence both at home and abroad.[122]
Art[link]
Main article: Danish art
While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th and 16th century church frescos which can be seen in many of the country's older churches are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.[123]
The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism. Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand. The sculpture of Bertel Thorvaldsen was also significant during this period.[124]
In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful artists' colonies specializing in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favored by the Academy. Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S. Krøyer, Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen. All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people.[125] Similar trends developed on Funen with the Fynboerne who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen,[126] and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters icluduing Niels Lergaard, Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst.[127]
Collections of modern art enjoy unusually attractive settings at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art north of Copenhagen and at the North Jutland Art Museum in Aalborg. Notable artists include the Neo-Expressionist Per Kirkeby,[128] Tal R with his wild and colorful paintings,[129] Olafur Eliasson's space exhibitions[130] and Jeppe Hein's installations.[131]
Cinema[link]
Main article: Cinema of Denmark
The three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema have been the erotic melodrama of the silent era, the increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s, and lastly, the Dogme95-movement of the late 1990s.
Danish filmmakers of note include Benjamin Christensen, Carl Th. Dreyer, Erik Balling, Gabriel Axel, Bille August, Lars von Trier, Nicolas Winding Refn, Thomas Vinterberg, Anders Thomas Jensen and Susanne Bier.
A locally popular film genre is the charmingly good-natured "folkekomedie" (folk comedy), which originated in the 1930s and gained widespread dominance from the 1950s until the 1970s, usually scorned by critics and loved by the audience. Notable folkekomedie-films include Barken Margrethe (1934), De røde heste (1950), Far til fire (1953) and Olsen-banden (1968).
Since the 1980s, Danish filmmaking has been important to changing governments. The National Film School of Denmark has educated a generation of new award-winning directors. The funds for film project has been administrated by the Danish Film Institute, but their focus on movies that would achieve high tickets sales locally has been criticised for being both too populist and too narrow-minded, by directors wishing to be artistic or international.
Design[link]
Main article: Danish design
Danish applied art and industrial design have won many international awards. Georg Jensen (1866–1935) is noted for his modern design in silver. The Danish Porcelain Factory ("Royal Copenhagen") is famous for the quality of its ceramics and export products worldwide. Danish design is also a well-known brand, often associated with world-famous designers and architects such as Børge Mogensen, Poul Kjærholm, Hans Wegner, Poul Henningsen and Arne Jacobsen.[132]
The Danish Museum of Art & Design in Copenhagen exhibits the best in Danish design.
Literature[link]
Main article: Danish literature
The first known Danish literature is myths and folk stories from the 10th and 11th century. Saxo Grammaticus, normally considered the first Danish writer, worked for bishop Absalon on a chronicle of Danish history (Gesta Danorum). Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed.
Romanticism influenced world famous writer Hans Christian Andersen known for his stories and fairy tales, e.g. The Ugly Duckling, and contemporary philosopher Søren Kierkegaard greatly influenced existentialism. In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Known as the Modern Breakthrough, this movement was championed by Georg Brandes, Henrik Pontoppidan (awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature) and J. P. Jacobsen. In recent history Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Karen Blixen is famous for her novels and short stories. Other Danish writers of importance are Grundtvig, Gustav Wied, William Heinesen, Martin Andersen Nexø, Hans Scherfig, Tom Kristensen, Klaus Rifbjerg, Dan Turéll, Tove Ditlevsen, Inger Christensen and Peter Høeg.
Media[link]
Main article: Media of Denmark
Danish media is dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media JP/Politikens Hus and Berlingske Media, between them, control the largest news papers Politiken, Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands Posten and major tabloids BT and Ekstrabladet. In television publicly owned stations Danmarks Radio (DR) and TV2 have large shares of the viewers. In radio DR has a near monopoly, currently broadcasting on all 4 nationally available FM channels, competing only with local stations. The share of Danish people that go online for news and entertainment is growing, however the newspapers and TV stations are still dominant.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Denmark
Copenhagen and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world's oldest orchestras. Carl Nielsen, with his six imposing symphonies, was the first Danish composer to gain international recognition, while an extensive recording industry has produced pop stars and a host of performers from a multitude of genres. Internationally only a few artists have gained significant success. Lars Ulrich from Metallica is from Denmark, along with Raveonettes, D-A-D, Volbeat, Mercyful Fate, Medina, Junior Senior, King Diamond, Goodiepal, Whigfield, Michael Learns to Rock, Alphabeat, Infernal, Oh Land, the 1990s pop band Aqua and the alternative rock bands Kashmir and Mew. In recent years, the best selling Danish artist abroad has been Rune RK with the number 1 iTunes hit[133] Calabria
Philosophy[link]
Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Perhaps the most influential Danish philosopher was Søren Kierkegaard, the creator of Christian existentialism, which inspired the philosophical movement of Existentialism. Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers, including Harald Høffding, who later in his life moved on to join the movement of positivism. Among Kierkegaard's other followers include Jean-Paul Sartre who was impressed with Kierkegaard's views on the individual, and Rollo May, who helped create humanistic psychology.
Photography[link]
Main article: Photography in Denmark
Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century while both artistic and press photographers have since made internationally recognised contributions. Today Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol participate in key exhibitions around the world.[134]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Danish cuisine
The cuisine of Denmark, like that in the other Nordic countries as well as that of Northern Germany, consists mainly of meat and fish. This stems from the country's agricultural past, as well as its geography and climate of long, cold winters. With 145.9kg of meat per person in 2002, Denmark is the country with the largest meat consumption of the world[135].
Danish food includes a variety of open rugbrød (Rye-bread) sandwiches or smørrebrød traditionally served for the mid-day meal or frokost (lunch). An ordinary frokost consists just of 2 to 6 pieces of simple smørrebrød prepared during breakfast and packed in a lunch box. A luxury frokost usually starts with fish such as pickled herring, smoked eel or hot fried plaice. Then come meat sandwiches such as cold roast beef with remoulade and fried onions, roast pork and crackling with red cabbage, hot veal medallions, Danish meat balls (frikadeller) or liver paté with bacon and mushrooms.
Some typically Danish items are Sol over Gudhjem, literally "sun over God's home" (Gudhjem is a town on Bornholm where a lot of herring is landed and smoked), consisting of smoked herring, chives and with raw egg yolk (the "sun") on top; or Dyrlægens natmad, 'vet's late-night bite', with liver paté, saltmeat (corned veal), sliced onions and jellied consommé. Finally cheese is served with crackers, radishes, or grapes. Lager beer accompanied by small glasses of snaps or aquavit are the preferred drinks for a Danish frokost. Another Danish meal is Danish pastry. It is not made in other places than Denmark. In Danish it is called 'Wienerbrød'.
The large hot meal of the day is called middag and is usually served in the evening. It normally consists of meat (pork, beef, lamb or fish) with gravy and a source of starch (non-sugar carbohydrates) such as boiled potatoes, rice or pasta, sometimes supplemented by salad and/or cabbage. This may be followed by a dessert such as ice cream, mousse or rødgrød. The meal may be preceded by soup or hot porridge.
Popular meat dishes include pork steak with crispy skin, frikadeller (fried pork and veal meatballs), fried meat patties made from minced beef, beef tenderloin, "million-beef" (minced beef in gravy), karbonader/krebinetter (breaded and fried minced meat, typically pork), all kinds of roast etc. Popular combined meat and starch dishes include Spaghetti alla Bolognese, hash etc.
Fish is traditionally more widely eaten on the west coast of Jutland, where fishing is a major industry. Smoked fish dishes (herring, mackerel, eel) from local smoking houses or røgerier, especially on the island of Bornholm, are increasingly popular.
In recent years, Copenhagen restaurants like Noma, Geranium and MR has played an important role in re-inventing the Danish and Nordic cuisine, making Copenhagen a centre of gourmet dining with a Nordic twist.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Denmark
Not many sports are popular in Denmark. Football (soccer) is the country's most popular sport, with a rich history of international competition. Denmark's numerous beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking and a broad-range of other water-themed sports. Other popular sports include golf, tennis, cycling and indoor sports such as badminton, handball and various forms of gymnastics. In speedway racing Denmark has won several world championships, including the Speedway World Cup in 2006 and 2008.
In 1992, the national football team won the European championship. The team finished second in their qualifying group behind Yugoslavia and as a result had failed to qualify for the final tournament. They gained their place in the tournament at the last moment when the Yugoslavia national team and local clubs were banned from all international/continental competitions because of the ongoing Yugoslav Wars. The Danes won the final by defeating reigning 1990 FIFA World Cup champions Germany 2-0 on goals by John Jensen and Kim Vilfort.
As of January 2012[update], the national handball team are the current reigning European champions and the team with most medals won in European championship history on the men's side with a total of five medals, those being two gold medals (2008, 2012), and three bronze medals (2002, 2004 & 2006).
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Denmark has no civil national motto, however the motto "Guds hjælp, Folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke" was adopted by Queen Margrethe II as her personal, royal motto.
- ^ a b c The Kingdom of Denmark's territory in continental Europe (i.e. Jutland and the proximate surrounding islands) is referred to as Denmark proper, metropolitan Denmark [2] or simply (and most commonly) "Denmark". In the main body of this article, "Denmark" shall refer to the European territory; excluding Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
- ^ a b Danish is official in Denmark proper and co-official in the Faroe Islands, but not in Greenland; Greenlandic is the sole official language in Greenland. German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark.
- ^ a b c d e f This data is for Denmark proper only. For data pertaining to Greenland and the Faroe Islands see the respective articles.
- ^ In the Faroes this is called the króna and has a separate design, but is not a separate currency.
- ^ The TLD .eu is shared with other European Union countries. Greenland (.gl) and the Faroe Islands (.fo) have their own TLDs.
- ^ The Faroe Islands (+298) and Greenland (+299) have their own country calling codes.
References[link]
- ^ Hendes Majestæt Dronning Margrethe II – kongehuset.dk (The Danish Monarchy official website) (Danish). Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ Administrative divisions - Denmark The World Factbook. Access date: 14 April, 2012
- ^ a b c d "Denmark". The World Factbook. CIA. 19 January 2012. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/da.html. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Denmark". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=55&pr.y=16&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=128&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2010". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ Harhoff, Frederik (1993) Rigsfællesskabet (Realm) (in Danish with English summary). Århus: Klim, p. 498. ISBN 87-7724-335-8
- ^ Lov om Færøernes Hjemmestyre (Danish). Retsinformation.dk. "§ 1. Færøerne udgør inden for denne Lovs Rammer et selvstyrende Folkesamfund i det danske Rige. I Henhold hertil overtager det færøske Folk ved sin folkevalgte Repræsentation, Lagtinget, og en af dette oprettet Forvaltning, Landsstyret, inden for Rigsenheden Ordningen og Styrelsen af færøske Særanliggender som angivet i denne Lov."
- ^ Lov om Grønlands Selvstyre (Danish). Retsinformation.dk. "I erkendelse af, at det grønlandske folk er et folk i henhold til folkeretten med ret til selvbestemmelse, bygger loven på et ønske om at fremme ligeværdighed og gensidig respekt i partnerskabet mellem Danmark og Grønland.
- ^ "Gini Coefficient". Vision of Humanity.org. http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/GINI. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- ^ Francesca Levy, "The World's Happiest Countries", Forbes 14 July 2010
- ^ Francesca Levy, "Table: The World's Happiest Countries", Forbes 14 July 2010
- ^ "Transparency International – the global coalition against corruption". Transparency.org. 15 December 2010. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
- ^ Kristian Andersen Nyrup, Middelalderstudier Bog IX. Kong Gorms Saga
- ^ Indvandrerne i Danmarks historie, Bent Østergaard, Syddansk Universitetsforlag 2007, ISBN 978-87-7674-204-1, pp. 19–24
- ^ J. de Vries, Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1962, 73; N. Å. Nielsen, Dansk etymologisk ordbog, 1989, 85–96.
- ^ Navneforskning, Københavns Universitet Udvalgte stednavnes betydning.
- ^ "Danmark – Ordbog – ODS – ordnet.dk" (in Danish). http://ordnet.dk/ods/ordbog?query=Danmark. Retrieved 29 November 2010. "oldn. Danmǫrk"
- ^ Thorpe, B., The Life of Alfred The Great Translated From The German of Dr. R. Pauli To Which Is Appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius, Bell, 1900, p. 253.
- ^ The dative form tąnmarku (pronounced [danmarkʊ]) is found on the contemporaneous Skivum stone.
- ^ Michaelsen (2002), p. 19.
- ^ a b Nielsen, Poul Otto (May 2003). "Denmark: History, Prehistory". Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 22 November 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051122020555/http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-1.asp. Retrieved 1 May 2006.
- ^ Busck and Poulsen (ed.) (2002), p. 20.
- ^ Jordanes; translated by Charles C. Mierow (22 April 1997). "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, chapter III". http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html#III. Retrieved 1 May 2006.
- ^ Busck and Poulsen (ed.) (2002), p. 19.
- ^ a b Michaelsen (2002), pp. 122–23.
- ^ Lund, Niels (May 2003). "Denmark – History – The Viking Age". Denmark. Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://web.archive.org/web/20060510174200/http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-2.asp. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ Palle Lauring, A History of the Kingdom of Denmark (Host & Son Co.: Copenhagen, 1960) p. 108.
- ^ "Kalmarkriget 1611–1613". Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011111014/http://smb.nu/svenskakrig/1611.asp. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
- ^ Parker, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Parker, p. 70.
- ^ Geoffrey Parker (2001). "Europe in crisis, 1598–1648". Wiley-Blackwell. p.205. ISBN 0-631-22028-3
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- ^ "Cykelruter og regioner" (in Danish). Visitdenmark.com. http://www.visitdenmark.dk/danmark/da-dk/menu/turist/inspiration/aktivferie/cykel/cykel-ruter-og-regioner.htm. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
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- ^ Beskæftigelsesindikator på grundlag af ATP-indbetalinger (foreløbige tal). DST.dk. In June 2008 unemployment hit a new low of only 1.6%. This rate has been dropping continuously since December 2003, when 170,700 were unemployed.
- ^ Madsen, Bjarne; Svend Lundtorp (2006). Arbejdsmarkedet på Sjælland og øerne i 2015. Akf forlaget. p. 10. ISBN 87-7509-801-6. http://www.akf.dk/udgivelser/2006/pdf/arbejdsmarkedet_sjaelland_oeer.pdf/. Retrieved 3 February 2007.
- ^ Statistikbanken.dk, tables AB513+ BESK11+12+13.
- ^ Nüchel, Jens; Lars Erik Skovgaard (13 December 2006). "Danskere arbejder mere og mere". Business.dk (Berlingske Tidende). Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011104002/http://www.business.dk/karriere/artikel:aid=2014652. Retrieved 3 February 2007.
- ^ Bonde, Annette (24 September 2007). "Virksomheder foretrækker tysk arbejdskraft". Business.dk (Berlingske Tidende). http://www.business.dk/karriere/virksomheder-foretraekker-tysk-arbejdskraft. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
- ^ "Udlændinge passer hvert 10. job" (in (Danish)). Politiken.dk. 19 June 2009. http://politiken.dk/erhverv/article441694.ece. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ Af Eva Jung (11 August 2008). "Arbejdsmarkedets most wanted". Business.dk. http://www.business.dk/finans/arbejdsmarkedets-most-wanted. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- ^ "Danish Economic Council Spring Report 2008 English Summary,p. 11". Dors.dk. http://www.dors.dk/sw5855.asp. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ CIA World Factbook. "Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line by country"
- ^ "Skattesatser; bundgrænser, procenter og fradrag". Skat.dk. http://www.skat.dk/SKAT.aspx?oId=133800. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
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- ^ "Registration tax for cars". Skatteministeriet. 24 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927035651/http://www.skm.dk/foreign/english/taxindenmark2007/5344/#104.
- ^ "Immigrants and their descendants and foreign nationals". Statistics Denmark. Dst.dk. 12 May 2010. http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistics/focus_on/focus_on_show.aspx?sci=565. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ "Danes' Anti-Immigrant Backlash Marks Radical Shift". http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6505809. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
- ^ "Denmark gets tough on immigrants". BBC News. 27 November 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1679235.stm. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ "Tal og fakta på udlændingeområdet" (PDF). http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/rdonlyres/01D113D6-EA0D-4DB6-B2F9-DA47A6706EFF/0/tal_og_fakta_2006.pdf. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ Nyt fra Danmarks Statistik (Danish). Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ Taylor, Jerome (1 August 2006). "Denmark is the world's happiest country – official – Europe, World". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/denmark-is-the-worlds-happiest-country--official-410075.html. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ (Danish)Statistics 1984 – 2002 by the Kirkeministeriet
- ^ a b (Danish)Statistics 1990 – 2009 Kirkeministeriet
- ^ a b (Danish) Statistics 2010
- ^ (Danish) Membership Lutheran state church
- ^ Denmark - Constitution - Part I - Section 4 [State Church]: "The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark, and, as such, it shall be supported by the State."
- ^ Denmark - Constitution - Part II - Section 6 .
- ^ Denmark - Constitution - Part VII - Section 70: "No person shall for reasons of his creed or descent be deprived of access to complete enjoyment of his civic and political rights, nor shall he for such reasons evade compliance with any common civic duty."
- ^ a b c Freedom of religion and religious communities in Denmark - The Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs - May 2006. km.dk
- ^ Denmark - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor - U.S. Department of State.
- ^ Facts about Islam in Denmark - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Published/Last edited May 10, 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2012. www.ambdhaka.um.dk
- ^ Religion in Denmark – From the Danish Foreign Ministry. Archive retrieved on 3 January 2012.
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- ^ Torben Sørensen (19 April 2007). "Forn Siðr – the Asa and Vane faith religious community in Denmark – Forn Siðr". Fornsidr.dk. http://web.archive.org/web/20110726151328/http://www.fornsidr.dk/dk/17. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ SU rates 2011 (Danish)
- ^ "Human development indices". Human Development Reports. 2008-12-18. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
- ^ "Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark". http://studyindenmark.dk/.
- ^ "Denmark – An Overview". 22 September 2007. Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080122084309/http://www.um.dk/publikationer/um/english/factsheetdenmark/denmarkanoverview/html/chapter05.htm. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
- ^ "Same-Sex Marriage FAQ". Marriage.about.com. 17 June 2003. http://marriage.about.com/cs/samesexmarriage/a/samesex.htm. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Copenhagen Walking Tours". 25 May 2007. http://www.copenhagen-walkingtours.dk/. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
- ^ "Copenhagen". http://www.monocle.com/sections/edits/Web-Articles/Copenhagen/. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Danish Architecture: An Overview", Visit Denmark. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "Architecture", Embassy of Denmark, Hanoi. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- ^ Wall Paintings in Danish Churches from Panoramas.dk. Retrieved 12 August 2009. Adopting the Biblia pauperum approach, they present many of the most popular stories from the Old and New Testaments.
- ^ "Guide to the Danish Golden Age". Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ Art Encyclopedia: Skagen. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ "The Funish Art Colony", Johannes Larsen Museet. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- ^ The Bornholm School from the Rough Guide to Denmark. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
- ^ "Per Kirkeby exhibition", Tate Modern. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
- ^ ""Tal R: The Sum", Camden Arts Gallery". Camdenartscentre.org. http://www.camdenartscentre.org/exhibitions/?id=100436. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ Take Your Time. Olafur Eliasson. From MoMA. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ "Exhibition of Interactive Work by Artist Jeppe Hein Announced in Indianapolis", Artdaily.org. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
- ^ "Danish by Design", DDC. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ "Number one on itunes 2008". Enurmusic.com. 9 December 2008. http://www.enurmusic.com/number-1-on-itunes-2008/. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Contemporary Danish Photography. From Photography-Now. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ "Meat consumption per capita". guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/datablog/2009/sep/02/meat-consumption-per-capita-climate-change. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- Bibliography
- (Danish) Busck, Steen and Poulsen, Henning (ed.), "Danmarks historie – i grundtræk", Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2002, ISBN 87-7288-941-1
- (Danish) Gammelgaard, Frederik; Sørensen, Niels (1998). Danmark – en demokratisk stat. Alinea. ISBN 87-23-00280-8.
- (Danish) Jørgensen, Gitte (1995). Sådan styres Danmark. Flachs. ISBN 87-7826-031-0.
- (Danish) Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, "Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid", Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave), 2002, ISBN 87-00-69328-6
- (Swedish) Nationalencyklopedin, vol. 4, Bokförlaget Bra Böcker, 2000, ISBN 91-7024-619-X.
External links[link]
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- Denmark.dk – The official website of Denmark
- Denmark entry at The World Factbook
- Denmark entry at Encyclopædia Britannica
- A guide to Danish Culture at Denmark.net
- Facts about Denmark and a brief tour through the country
- A list of Danish companies
- Expat Living in Denmark
- Denmark at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Denmark at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Denmark
Geographic data related to Denmark at OpenStreetMap- Denmark travel guide from Wikitravel
- Key Development Forecasts for Denmark from International Futures
- Government
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
- www.studyinDenmark.dk – Official government website, has a comprehensive list of international higher education programmes and institutions in Denmark
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
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- Google news Denmark
- History of Denmark: Primary Documents
- Krak printable mapsearch (Danish)
- Ministry of the Environment National Survey and Cadastre (Swedish) (English)
- Old Denmark in Cyberspace – Information about Denmark – the Danes
- Satellite image of Denmark at the NASA Earth Observatory
- Statistics Denmark Statistics free of charge
- Summary vital statistics about Denmark covering 1901 and forwards from Statistics Denmark
- Other
- Vifanord.de – a digital library that provides scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the Danish humorist and musician. For the Cape Verdean politician, see Víctor Borges. For the Norwegian musician, see Victor Borge (bassist).
| Victor Borge | |
|---|---|
 Victor Borge in 1990 |
|
| Born | (1909-01-03)3 January 1909 Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Died | 23 December 2000(2000-12-23) (aged 91) Greenwich, Connecticut, United States |
| Occupation | Classical pianist, entertainer, comedian, humorist |
Victor Borge (
/ˈbɔrɡə/ BOR-gə; 3 January 1909 – 23 December 2000),[1] born Børge Rosenbaum, was a Danish and American comedian, conductor and pianist, affectionately known as The Clown Prince of Denmark,[2] The Unmelancholy Dane,[3] and The Great Dane.[4]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life and career[link]
Borge was born Børge Rosenbaum in Copenhagen, Denmark, into a Jewish family. His parents, Bernhard and Frederikke Rosenbaum, were both musicians—his father a violist in the Royal Danish Orchestra[5] and his mother a pianist.[6] Like his mother, Borge began piano lessons at the age of two, and it was soon apparent that he was a prodigy. He gave his first piano recital when he was eight years old, and in 1918 was awarded a full scholarship at the Royal Danish Academy of Music, studying under Olivo Krause. Later on, he was taught by Victor Schiøler, Liszt's student Frederic Lamond, and Busoni's pupil Egon Petri.
Borge played his first major concert in 1926 at the Danish concert-hall Odd Fellow Palæet (The Odd Fellow's Lodge building). After a few years as a classical concert pianist, he started his now famous "stand up" act, with the signature blend of piano music and jokes. He married American Elsie Chilton in 1933, the same year he debuted with his revue acts.[7] Borge started touring extensively in Europe, where he began telling anti-Nazi jokes.
When the Nazis occupied Denmark during World War II, Borge was playing a concert in Sweden, and managed to escape to Finland.[8] He traveled to America on the USS American Legion, the last neutral ship to make it out of Petsamo, Finland,[9] and arrived 28 August 1940, with only 20 dollars (equal to $332 today), with $3 (equal to $49.77 today) going to the customs fee. Disguised as a sailor, Borge returned to Denmark once during the occupation to visit his dying mother.[10]
Move to America[link]
Even though Borge did not speak a word of English upon arrival, he quickly managed to adapt his jokes to the American audience, learning English by watching movies. He took the name of Victor Borge, and, in 1941, he started on Rudy Vallee's radio show,[11] but was hired soon after by Bing Crosby for his Kraft Music Hall.[12]
From then on, fame rose quickly for Borge, who won Best New Radio Performer of the Year in 1942. Soon after the award, he was offered film roles with stars such as Frank Sinatra (in Higher and Higher). While hosting The Victor Borge Show on NBC beginning in 1946,[13] he developed many of his trademarks, including repeatedly announcing his intent to play a piece but getting "distracted" by something or other, making comments about the audience, or discussing the usefulness of Chopin's "Minute Waltz" as an egg timer.[14] Or he would start out with some well-known classical piece like Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" and suddenly move into a harmonically suitable pop or jazz tune like Cole Porter's "Night and Day" or "Happy Birthday to You".
Borge's style[link]
Among Borge's other famous routines is the "Phonetic Punctuation" routine, in which he recites a story, with full punctuation (comma, period, exclamation mark, etc.) as exaggerated onomatopoeic sounds.[15] Another is his "Inflationary Language", where he incremented numbers embedded in words, whether they are visible or not ("once upon a time" becomes "twice upon a time", "wonderful" becomes "twoderful", "forehead" becomes "fivehead", "tennis" becomes "elevennis", "I ate a tenderloin with my fork and so on and so forth" becomes "'I nine an elevenderloin with my five'k' and so on and so fifth").[16]
Borge used physical and visual elements in his live and televised performances. He would play a strange-sounding piano tune from sheet music, looking increasingly confused; turning the sheet upside down, he would then play the actual tune, flashing a joyful smile of accomplishment to the audience (he had, at first, been literally playing the actual tune upside down). When his energetic playing of another song would cause him to fall off the piano bench, he would open the seat lid, take out the two ends of an automotive seat belt, and buckle himself onto the bench, "for safety." Conducting an orchestra, he might stop and order a violinist who had played a sour note to get off the stage, then resume the performance and have the other members of the section move up to fill the empty seat while they were still playing. From off stage would come the sound of a gunshot. His musical sidekick in the 1950s, Leonid Hambro, was a well-known concert pianist. In 1968, classical pianist Şahan Arzruni joined him as his straight man, performing together on one piano a version of Liszt's Second Hungarian Rhapsody, considered a musical-comedic classic.[17]
He also enjoyed interacting with the audience. Seeing an interested person in the front row, he would ask them, "Do you like good music?" or "Do you care for piano music?" After an affirmative answer, Borge would take a piece of sheet music from his piano and say, "Here is some", and hand it over. After the audience's laughter died down, he would say, "That'll be $1.95" (or whatever the current price might be). He would then ask whether the audience member could read music; if the member said yes, he would ask a higher price. If he got no response from the audience after a joke, he would often add "...when this ovation has died down, of course". The delayed punch line to handing the person the sheet music would come when he would reach the end of a number and begin playing the penultimate notes over and over, with a puzzled look. He would then go back to the person in the audience, retrieve the sheet music, tear off a piece of it, stick it on the piano, and play the last couple of notes from it.
Making fun of modern theater, he would sometimes begin a performance by asking if there were any children in the audience. There always were, of course. He would sternly order them out, then say, "We do have some children in here that means I can't do the second half in the nude. I'll wear the tie. (pause) The long one. (pause) The very long one, yes."[18]
In his stage shows in later years, he would include a segment with opera singer Marilyn Mulvey. She would try to sing an aria, and he would react and interrupt, with such antics as falling off the bench in "surprise" when she hit a high note. He would also remind her repeatedly not to rest her hand on the piano. After the routine, the spotlight would fall upon Mulvey and she would sing a serious number with Borge accompanying in the background.
Later career[link]
Borge appeared on Toast of the Town hosted by Ed Sullivan several times during 1948. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States the same year. He started the Comedy in Music show at John Golden Theatre in New York City on 2 October 1953. Comedy in Music became the longest running one-man show in the history of theater with 849 performances when it closed on 21 January 1956, a feat which placed it in the Guinness Book of World Records.[19]
Continuing his success with tours and shows, Borge played with and conducted orchestras including Chicago Symphony Orchestra,[20] the New York Philharmonic[21] and London Philharmonic.[22] Always modest, he felt honored when he was invited to conduct the Royal Danish Orchestra at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1992.
His later television appearances included his "Phonetic Punctuation" routine on The Electric Company in a filmed sketch; he would also use it on the record to follow during the "Punctuation" song. He appeared several times on Sesame Street[23] and was a guest star during the fourth season[24] of The Muppet Show.[25]
Victor Borge continued to tour until his last days, performing up to 60 times per year when he was 90 years old.
Other endeavors[link]
Borge made several appearances on the long-running TV show What's My Line?, both as a celebrity panelist, and as a contestant with the occupation "poultry farmer"; Starting in the 1950s, as a businessman, Borge raised and popularized Rock Cornish hens.[26]
Borge helped start several trust funds, including the Thanks to Scandinavia Fund,[27] which was started in dedication to those who helped the Jews escape the German persecution during the war.[28]
Aside from his musical work, Borge wrote three books, My Favorite Intermissions[29] and My Favorite Comedies in Music[30] (both with Robert Sherman), and the autobiography Smilet er den korteste afstand ("The Smile is the Shortest Distance") with Niels-Jørgen Kaiser.[31]
Family[link]
He married his first wife, Elsie Chilton, in 1933. After divorcing Elsie, he married Sarabel Sanna Scraper in 1953, and they stayed married until her death at the age of 83 in September 2000.[32]
Borge fathered five children (who occasionally performed with him): Ronald Borge and Janet Crowle with Elsie Chilton, and Sanna Feirstein, Victor Bernhard (Vebe) Jr., and Frederikke (Rikke) Borge with Sarabel.[33]
Death[link]
Borge died in Greenwich, Connecticut, at the age of 91, after more than 75 years of entertaining. He died peacefully in his sleep a day after returning from a concert in Denmark. "It was just his time to go", Frederikke Borge said. "He's been missing my mother terribly."[34] According to his wish, to mark his connection to both the United States and Denmark a part of Victor Borge's ashes is interred at Putnam Cemetery in Greenwich, with a replica of Danish icon The Little Mermaid sitting on a large rock at the gravesite, the other part in Western Jewish Cemetery (Mosaisk Vestre Begravelsesplads), Copenhagen, Denmark.[35]
Legacy[link]
Borge received an honorary degree from Trinity College, Hartford in 1997.[36]
When in 1998 the Royal Danish Orchestra celebrated its 550th anniversary, Borge was appointed an honorary member[37] – at that time one of only 10 in the orchestra's history.[38]
Borge received Kennedy Center Honors in 1999.[39]
Victor Borge Hall,[40] located in Scandinavia House in New York City, was named in Borge's honor in 2000, as was Victor Borges Plads ("Victor Borge Square") in Copenhagen in 2002.[41] Celebrating Borge's Centennial in 2009 a statue was erected on the square.[42]
Victor Borge: A Centennial Celebration[link]
From 23 January to 9 May 2009, the life of Borge was celebrated by The American-Scandinavian Foundation with "Victor Borge: A Centennial Celebration."
A television special about his life, 100 Years of Music and Laughter, aired on PBS on 14 March 2009.[43]
Discography[link]
- Phonetic Punctuation Parts 1 and 2 (1945, Columbia Records 36911, 78 rpm)[44][45]
- The Blue Serenade / A Lesson in Composition (1945, Columbia Records 36912, 78 rpm)[44][45]
- Brahms’ Lullaby / Grieg Rhapsody (1945, Columbia Records 36913, 78 rpm)[44]
- A Mozart Opera by Borge / All The Things You Are (1945, Columbia Records 36914, 78 rpm)[44]
- A Victor Borge Program (1946, Columbia Album C-111, 4 discs 78 rpm – a set containing the four previous releases)[46]
- Unstarted Symphony / Bizet's Carmen (1947, Columbia Records 38181, 78 rpm)[47]
- Intermezzo / Stardust (1947, Columbia Records 38182, 78 rpm)[47]
- Rachmaninoff's Concerto No. 2 / Inflation Language (1947, Columbia Records 38183, 78 rpm)[47]
- Clair de Lune / Vuggevise (1947, Columbia Records 38184, 78 rpm)[47]
- An Evening with Victor Borge (1948 Columbia Album C-161, 4 discs 78 rpm – a set containing the four previous releases)[47]
- A Victor Borge Program (1951, Columbia Records CL-6013, 10'' LP)[48]
- Comedy in Music, Vol. 1 (1954, Columbia Records CL-6292, 10'' LP)[49]
- Comedy in Music, Vol. 2 (1954, Columbia Records CL-6293, 10'' LP)[49]
- Comedy in Music (1954, Columbia Records CL-554, LP)[50]
- Caught in the Act (1955, Columbia Records CL-646, LP)[51]
- Brahms, Bizet and Borge (1955, Columbia Records CL-2538, 10'' LP)[48]
- ½ Time På Dansk (1958, Fona 251 HI-FI, 10'' LP)[52]
- The Adventures of Piccolo, Saxie and Company (1959, Columbia Records CL-1223, LP)[48]
- The Adventures of Piccolo, Saxie and Company (1959, Coronet KLP 762, LP (AUS))[53]
- Victor Borge Plays and Conducts Concert Favorites (1959, Columbia Records CL-1305/CS-8113, LP)[54]
- Borge's Back (1962, MGM E/SE-3995P, LP)[55]
- Borge's Back (1962, MGM CS-6055, LP (UK))[56]
- Borgering on Genius (1962, MGM 2354029, LP – same material as Borge's Back)[49]
- Great Moments of Comedy (1964, Verve V/V6 15044, LP – same material as Borge's Back)[49]
- Victor Borge presents his own enchanting version of Hans Christian Andersen (1966, Decca DL7-34406 Stereo, LP)[48]
- Comedy in Music (1972, CBS S 53140, LP)
- Victor Borge at His Best (1972, PRT Records COMP 5, 2 LPs)[48]
- Victor Borge Live At The London Palladium (1972, Pye NSPL 18394, LP)[57]
- My Favorite Intervals (1975, PYE NSPD 502, LP)[48]
- 13 Pianos Live in Concert (1975, Telefunken-Decca LC-0366)
- Victor Borge 50 Års Jubilæum (1976, Philips 6318035, LP)
- Victor Borge Show (1977, CBS 70082, LP, in Danish)[49]
- Victor Borge Live in der Hamburger Musikhalle (1978, Philips 6305 369, LP)
- Victor Borge Live (1978, Starbox LX 96 004 Stereo, LP)
- Victor Borge – Live(!) (1992, Sony Broadway 48482, CD)
- The Piano & Humor of the Great Victor Borge (1997, Sony Music Special Products 15312, 3 CDs)
- The Two Sides of Victor Borge (1998, GMG Entertainment, CD)
- Caught in the Act (1999, Collectables Records 6031, CD)
- Comedy in Music (1999, Collectables Records 6032, CD)
- Phonetically Speaking – And Don't Forget The Piano (2001, Jasmine 120, CD)
- En aften med Victor Borge (2003, UNI 9865861, CD)
- I Love You Truly (2004, Pegasus (Pinnacle) 45403, CD)
- Victor Borge King of Comedy (2006, Phantom 26540, CD)
- Verdens morsomste mand: alle tiders Victor Borge (2006, UNI 9877560, CD)
- Unstarted Symphony (2008, NAX-8120859, CD)
- Comedy in Music (2009, SHO-227, CD)
Filmography[link]
- Frk. Møllers Jubilæum (1937)
- Der var engang en Vicevært (1937)
- Alarm (1938)
- De tre måske fire (1939)
- Higher and Higher (1943)
- The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) (unbilled)
- Victor Borge at Carnegie Hall (TV special, ABC) (1964)
- The Daydreamer (1966)
- The King of Comedy (1983)
References[link]
- ^ Bjørn Rasmussen (1969) (in Danish). Filmens hvem-vad-hvor. Politiken. p. 239. http://books.google.com/books?id=-fzrAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Andrew Bender; Sally O'Brien (February 2005). Denmark. Lonely Planet. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-74059-489-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=1AJqoYpKoQcC&pg=PA36. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (14 October 1944). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 23. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=sxoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT23. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Elliott Robert Barkan (May 2001). Making it in America: a sourcebook on eminent ethnic Americans. ABC-CLIO. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-57607-098-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=WwwY_eJnodgC&pg=PA46. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Det Kongelige Teater – Kort fortalt" (in Danish). http://www.kglteater.dk/site/OmKunstarterne/Ensembler/Det_Kongelige_Kapel/Tidslinjen.aspx. Retrieved 3 October 2010. "My father played in the orchestra for more than 30 years – we couldn't recognise him, when he came home. (Om Bernhard Rosenbaum, som var bratschist i Kapellet fra 1888–1919 sagde Victor Borge: "Min far spillede i Kapellet i over 30 år – vi kunne heller ikke kende ham, da han kom hjem".)"
- ^ Ove Holger Krak (1 January 1964) (in Danish). Kraks blaa bog: ...nulevende danske mænd og kvinders levnedsløb .... Krak.. p. 186. http://books.google.com/books?id=juthAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Bernhardt Jensen (1966) (in Danish). Som Århus morede sig: Folkelige forlystelser fra 1890'erne til 2. verdenskrig. Universitetsforlaget. p. 128. http://books.google.com/books?id=eOwNAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Richard S. Sears (3 December 1986). V-discs: first supplement. Greenwood Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-313-25421-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=0ZJHAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ (in Danish) Information. R.Levin. 1977. p. 26. http://books.google.com/books?id=lWgvAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ National Geographic Society (US) (1 July 1998). The National geographic. National Geographic Society. p. 59. http://books.google.com/books?id=RflKAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (19 December 1953). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 21. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=awoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Frank Cullen (2007). Vaudeville, old & new: an encyclopedia of variety performers in America. Psychology Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-415-93853-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&pg=PA132. Retrieved 2 October 2010. "When not working, Victor attended movies all day, day after day, to grasp the American version of the English language. Borge ended up performing on the Kraft Music Hall for 56 weeks, after which he got his own five-minute spot on NBC."
- ^ Grolier Incorporated (1991). The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-7172-0122-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=dEVKwVGO4e0C. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Borge, Victor (March 1985). Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 107. ISSN 00324558. http://books.google.com/books?id=YOQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA107. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (29 April 1944). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 25. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=igwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT24. Retrieved 3 October 2010. "Victor Borge and his dead-pan interpretations of phonetic punctuation and gags clicked soundly with the pew-sitters."
- ^ Cullen, Frank (2007). Vaudeville, old & new: an encyclopedia of variety performers in America. Psychology Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-415-93853-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&pg=PA132. Retrieved 3 October 2010. "He had several famous verbal routines. One was inflationary language. Borge wondered if prices kept increasing, ... Perhaps the favorite with most people was phonetic punctuation."
- ^ YouTube – Victor Borge – Hungarian Rhapsody #2
- ^ YouTube – Victor Borge – Funny Jokes -Part 1
- ^ Young, Mark (2 March 1998). The Guinness Book of World Records 1998. Bantam Books. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-553-57895-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZSyswNFqTycC. Retrieved 3 October 2010. "The longest run of one-man shows is 849, by Victor Borge (Denmark) in his Comedy in Music from October 2, 1953 through 21 January 1956 at the Golden Theater, Broadway, New York City."
- ^ Elliott Robert Barkan (May 2001). Making it in America: a sourcebook on eminent ethnic Americans. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-57607-098-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=WwwY_eJnodgC&pg=PA46. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ New York Media, LLC (27 January 1978). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. p. 54. ISSN 00287369. http://books.google.com/books?id=cNECAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ H.W. Wilson Company (1 January 1993). Current biography yearbook. H.W. Wilson. p. 82. http://books.google.com/books?id=a4cYAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ "YouTube – Victor Borge on Sesame Street". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkE38Y7m1tM. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Episode 405: Victor Borge – Muppet Wiki:". 22 May 1979. http://muppet.wikia.com/wiki/Episode_405:_Victor_Borge. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "YouTube – Victor Borge on the Muppet show:". 22 May 1979. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5iCVytIbmk. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "YouTube – Victor Borge—What's My Line:". 11 October 1959. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-Ps0H6Fwro. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Paid Notice – Deaths BORGE, VICTOR – Paid Death Notice – NYTimes.com:". The New York Times. 26 December 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/26/classified/paid-notice-deaths-borge-victor.html?ref=victor_borge. Retrieved 2 October 2010. "Thanks To Scandinavia is profoundly saddened by the passing of its co-founder and National Chairman Victor Borge. Escaping from Denmark in 1940 to freedom in the US just ahead of the Nazi invasion, Mr. Borge continually showed vigorous appreciation for the opportunities provided by both his native country and his adopted land. Among those efforts -Thanks To Scandinavia, a scholarship fund created in 1963 for Scandinavian students and doctors which stands as a perpetual American thank you to Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden for the protection and rescue heroically offered Scandinavian Jews and others during World War II. This time Victor, this last time, we say thanks to you for your generosity of spirit, your friendship, your legendary humor, your sublime musicianship and your eloquent devotion to the wellbeing of your fellow man."
- ^ "Paid Notice – Deaths BORGE, VICTOR – Paid Death Notice – NYTimes.com:". The New York Times. 27 December 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/27/classified/paid-notice-deaths-borge-victor.html?ref=victor_borge. Retrieved 2 October 2010. "The American Jewish Committee remembers with great affection and enduring admiration Victor Borge, a man who embodied the rare and wonderful qualities of genuine humor, deep compassion, and true humanity. We are especially grateful for Mr. Borge's gift of performance that enabled us to partake of his exceptional spirit and enriched our lives. AJC was deeply honored to recently become affiliated with Thanks To Scandinavia, the scholarship fund founded by Mr. Borge and New York attorney Richard Netter to thank Scandinavians for rescuing Jews during the Second World War. Through the foundation, we are committed to keeping Mr. Borge's memory-and his vision-vibrant for future generations."
- ^ Borge, Victor; Sherman, Robert (August 1971). My favorite intermissions. Doubleday. http://books.google.com/books?id=93gfAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Borge, Victor; Sherman, Robert (1980). Victor Borge's My favorite comedies in music. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-807-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=R7rBAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Borge, Victor; Kaiser, Niels-Jørgen (2001) (in Danish). Smilet er den korteste afstand -: erindringer. Gyldendal. ISBN 978-87-00-75182-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=RYlWAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Comic Pianist Victor Borge Dies At 91". CBS News. 24 December 2000. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/12/24/entertainment/main259469.shtml. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Paid Notice – Deaths BORGE, SANNA SARABEL. – Paid Death Notice – NYTimes.com:". NYT. 11 October 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/11/classified/paid-notice-deaths-borge-sanna-sarabel.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Celebrity Deathwatch: Victor Borge, Comic Pianist, 91". http://slick.org/deathwatch/mailarchive/msg00154.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010. "Borge, who had not been ill, had been planning to tour Australia next week. "It was just his time to go," his daughter said. "He's been missing my mother terribly.""
- ^ Clausen, Bente (9 May 2001). "Victor Borges aske deles" (in Danish). Kristeligt Dagblad. http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/artikel/219265:Kirke---tro--Victor-Borges-aske-deles. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Danish Rabbi Will Visit Area Temple". Hartford Courant. 15 September 1997. http://articles.courant.com/1997-09-15/news/9709150421_1_victor-borge-sabbath-rabbi. Retrieved 3 October 2010. "[Bent Melchior] will also speak at Trinity College and, along with Victor Borge, receive an honorary degree from the college."
- ^ "Årets Pressefoto 1998" (in Danish). http://www.aaretspressefoto.dk/index.php?aar=1998&vis=liste. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ The others wereEdwin Fischer, A.W. Nielsen, Svend Wilhelm Hansen, Igor Markevitch, Sergiu Celibidache, Hanne Wilhelm Hansen, Henning Rohde, Peter Augustinus and Danny Kaye.
- ^ "Victor Borge / Explore the Arts – The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts:". http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=3700&source_type=A. Retrieved 3 October 2010. "He looks like a elder statesman and speaks with the charming accents of a middle European fairytale kingdom, but the whole world knows him as the Great Dane. Victor Borge's unique combination of concert pianist and sit-down comedian – an intoxicating mixture of melodies and mirth – has made him a living legend for most of the 20th century. His ability to puncture the pretensions of humanity in general, musicians in particular, whether he's lampooning stuffy conductors or grandiose concert pianists, remains undiminished, seventy years after his professional debut. As every good musician and comic knows, it's all in the timing and Borge is a master. He holds the Guinness Book of Records citation for longest-running one-man show in the history of the theater, with 849 performances on Broadway of his "Comedy in Music," which began in 1952."
- ^ "Events @ Scandinavia House – The Nordic Center in America:". http://www.scandinaviahouse.org/events.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Nye og ændrede vejnavne 2001–2003" (in Danish). http://www.kk.dk/Borger/ByOgTrafik/VejePladser/Vejnavne/NyVejnavn2001Til2003.aspx. Retrieved 3 October 2010. "Victor Borges Plads. Benævnelse for en plads beliggende i J.E. Ohlsensgades udmunding i Nordre Frihavnsgade. Besluttet i Bygge- og Teknikudvalget den 9. oktober 2002."
- ^ "Så kom Victor Borge på plads / Dinby.dk" (in Danish). Østerbro Avis. 8 July 2009. http://www.dinby.dk/kobenhavn-o/saa-kom-victor-borge-paa-plads. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Starr, Michael (26 November 2008). "Starr Report". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/11262008/tv/starr_report_140884.htm. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (19 January 1946). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 28. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=dBgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT27. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ a b Wilson, H.W. (32 December 1945). Current biography yearbook. H. W. Wilson.. p. 63. http://books.google.com/books?id=JpMYAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (23 March 1946). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 130. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=-RkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT129. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (5 June 1948). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 34. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=iPUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, Ronald L. (1 March 1988). Comedy on record: the complete critical discography. Garland Pub.. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8240-8461-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=GVUrAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Debenham, Warren (August 1988). Laughter on record: a comedy discography. Scarecrow Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8108-2094-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZpNZAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (12 June 1954). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 22. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ux8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ National Collegiate Players (1955). The Players magazine. National Collegiate Players.. p. 83. http://books.google.com/books?id=ojVaAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Borges first performance in Denmark since World War II recorded 12 August 1958 in the Copenhagen concert-hall Odd Fellow Palæet (The Odd Fellow's Lodge building). Listen The 32 minutes show was sponsored by FONA, tansmitted by the recently established Radio Mercur to 275.000 listeners and subsequently sold as a 10'' LP for kroner 19.50.
- ^ Music and dance. Australian Musical News Publishing Co.. 32 December 1957. p. 27. http://books.google.com/books?id=PuoKAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (27 July 1959). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 28. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=RQoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (28 April 1962). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 30. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=IhYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Mackenzie, Sir Compton; Stone, Christopher (1963). Gramophone. General Gramophone Publications Ltd.. p. 23. http://books.google.com/books?id=BAXkAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Raymond, Jack (1 May 1982). Show music on record: from the 1890s to the 1980s. F. Ungar. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-8044-5774-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=QXMYAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Gansing, Gunhild (1956) (in Danish). Om Victor Borge, verdens morsomste mand. Martin. http://books.google.com/books?id=QPVFHAAACAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- Borge, Victor; Sherman, Robert (August 1971). My favorite intermissions. Doubleday. http://books.google.com/books?id=93gfAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- Borge, Victor; Sherman, Robert (1980). Victor Borge's My favorite comedies in music. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-807-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=R7rBAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- Borge, Victor; Kaiser, Niels-Jørgen (2001) (in Danish). Smilet er den korteste afstand -: erindringer. Gyldendal. ISBN 978-87-00-75182-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=RYlWAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Victor Borge (1909–2000) |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Victor Borge |
- Victor Borge at the Internet Movie Database
- Victor Borge at Find a Grave
- A Tribute to Victor Borge.
- A website dedicated to Victor Borge.
- Victor Borge and the Bosendorfer Imperial Pianos with images, video and sound files provided by his management
- Internet Archive: Victor Borge Collection
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Borge, Victor |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 3 January 1909 |
| Place of birth | Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Date of death | 23 December 2000 |
| Place of death | Greenwich, Connecticut, United States |
http://wn.com/Victor_Borge
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Borge
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Justin Bieber | |
|---|---|
 Justin Bieber at the NRJ Music Awards in Cannes, France in 2012 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Justin Drew Bieber[1] |
| Born | (1994-03-01) March 1, 1994 (age 18)[2] London, Ontario, Canada |
| Origin | Stratford, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Pop, R&B, teen pop[3][4][5] |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, percussion,[6] trumpet[7] |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | Island, RBMG |
| Associated acts | Usher, Ludacris |
| Website | justinbiebermusic.com |
Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ BEE-bər, born March 1, 1994)[2] is a Canadian Pop/R&B singer-songwriter, musician, and actor.[3][5] Bieber was discovered in 2008 by Scooter Braun,[8] who came across Bieber's videos on YouTube and later became his manager. Braun arranged for him to meet with Usher in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher,[9] and then to a recording contract with Island Records offered by L.A. Reid.[6][10] Bieber's debut single, "One Time", was released in 2009 and peaked in the top twenty in Canada and charted in the top thirty in several international markets. His debut album, the seven-track EP My World, followed in November 2009, and was soon certified platinum in the United States. He became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut album chart on the Billboard Hot 100.[11]
Bieber's first full-length studio album, My World 2.0, was released in March 2010. It debuted at number one or within the top ten in several countries and was certified platinum in the United States. It was preceded by the worldwide top-ten single, "Baby". The music video of "Baby" is currently ranked as the most viewed and most discussed YouTube video.[12] Bieber followed up the release of his debut album with his first headlining tour, the My World Tour, the remix albums My Worlds Acoustic and Never Say Never – The Remixes, and the 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, that nearly matched the record for the biggest opening weekend gross for a concert-film. Bieber released his second studio album, Under the Mistletoe, in November 2011, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Bieber has received numerous awards, including Artist of the Year at the 2010 American Music Awards, and has been nominated for such awards as Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 53rd Grammy Awards. In 2012, Bieber was named Forbes 3rd most powerful celebrity in the world, earning $55 million. As of May 2012, Bieber has sold 15 million albums.[13]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, in London, Ontario in St Joseph's Hospital,[14][15] and was raised in Stratford, Ontario.[16] Bieber's mother, Patricia Lynn "Pattie" Mallette, was 18 years old when she became pregnant. Mallette, originally from Stratford, raised her son with the help of her parents, Bruce and Diane.[17] Mallette worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a single mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father, Jeremy Jack Bieber, who married another woman and had two children.[18][19][20] Bieber's great-grandfather was from Germany.[21] Bieber's mother's ancestry is French Canadian.[22] Bieber attended a French immersion elementary school in Stratford called Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School.[17]
During his childhood, Bieber was interested in hockey, soccer, and chess; he often kept his musical aspirations to himself.[18] As he grew up, Bieber taught himself to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet.[16][23] In early 2007, when he was twelve, Bieber sang Ne-Yo's "So Sick" for a local singing competition in Stratford and was placed second.[6][23] Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew.[10] Chris Hicks, Bieber's A&R at Island/Def Jam, explained the young artist's huge online following to HitQuarters by saying:
"He was doing something different. He was an attractive white kid singing very soulful R&B hits. That set him apart immediately from anyone in his range because no one was covering or singing these kind of records. But equally important was that you believed in these songs – it was real. And you wanted to hear more."[24]
Career[link]
[edit] 2008–09: Discovery and My World
While searching for videos of a different singer, Scooter Braun, a former marketing executive of So So Def, clicked on one of Bieber's 2007 videos by accident.[18] Impressed, Braun tracked down the theater Bieber was performing in, located Bieber's school, and finally contacted Mallette. Mallette was reluctant because of Braun's Jewish religion; she remembered praying, "God, I gave him to you. You could send me a Christian man, a Christian label! ... you don’t want this Jewish kid to be Justin’s man, do you?"[18] However, after praying with her church elders and receiving their encouragement, she permitted Braun to fly Bieber, then 13,[10] to Atlanta, Georgia, to record demo tapes.[18] A week after arriving, Bieber sang for R&B singer/songwriter Usher.[25] Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher.[9] Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber, but lost the bidding war to Usher.[9][26] Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks, who helped engineer an audition with his contact Antonio L.A. Reid of Island Def Jam Music Group.[24] Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records) and appointed Hicks as executive Vice-President of Def Jam where he would be able manage Bieber's career at the label.[6][9][10][24] At that point, Bieber and his mother moved to Atlanta temporarily, also the home of Usher and Braun, to record and get counseling from Braun.[9] Braun became Bieber's manager.[10]
Bieber's first single, "One Time", was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album.[27] The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009,[10] and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. During fall 2009 it had success in international markets.[28] The song was certified Platinum in Canada and the US and Gold in Australia and New Zealand.[29][30][31] Bieber's first release, an extended play entitled My World, was released on November 17, 2009. The album's second single, "One Less Lonely Girl", and two promo singles, "Love Me", and "Favorite Girl", were released exclusively on the iTunes store and charted within the top forty of the Billboard Hot 100.[28] "One Less Lonely Girl" was later also released to radio and peaked within the top fifteen in Canada and the US, being certified Gold in the latter.[28] My World was eventually certified Platinum in the US and Double Platinum in both Canada and the UK.[31][32][33] To promote the album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU's VMA 09 Tour, European program The Dome, YTV's The Next Star, The Today Show,[34][35] The Wendy Williams Show, Lopez Tonight, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, It's On with Alexa Chung, Good Morning America, Chelsea Lately, and BET's 106 & Park with Rihanna. Bieber also guest starred in an episode of True Jackson, VP in late 2009.[36]
Bieber performed Stevie Wonder's "Someday at Christmas" for U.S. President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House for Christmas in Washington, which was broadcast on December 20, 2009, on U.S. television broadcaster TNT.[37] Bieber was also one of the performers at Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on December 31, 2009.[38] Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of We Are The World (a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie) for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake. Bieber sings the opening line, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version.[39] On March 12, 2010, a version of K'naan's "Wavin' Flag" recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti was released. Bieber is featured in the song, performing the closing lines.
[edit] 2010–11: My World 2.0 and Never Say Never film
"Baby", the lead single from his debut album, My World 2.0, which features Ludacris, was released in January 2010 and became his biggest hit thus far, charting at number five in the U.S. and reaching the top ten in seven other countries.[28] Two promo singles "Never Let You Go", and "U Smile" were top thirty hits on the U.S. Hot 100, and top twenty hits in Canada.[28] According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received "generally favorable reviews".[40] It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963.[41] My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, Australian Albums Chart, and the New Zealand Albums Chart[28] and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries.[42][43] To promote the album, Bieber appeared on several live programs including The View, the 2010 Kids Choice Awards, Nightline, The Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome and 106 and Park.[44] Bieber collaborated with Sean Kingston on his single "Eenie Meenie" which also appeared on Bieber's debut album. The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top-twenty of most other markets.
On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live.[45] On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City.[46] The second single from My World 2.0, "Somebody to Love", was released in April 2010, and a remix was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher. The single reached number ten in Canada, number fifteen in the United States, and the top twenty in multiple international countries.
On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, the My World Tour, starting in Hartford, Connecticut, to promote My World and My World 2.0.[47] In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched for celebrity on the Internet.[48] That same month his music video, "Baby", surpassed Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" to become the most viewed, and most disliked YouTube video ever.[49] In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for three percent of all traffic on Twitter, according to an employee of the social-networking site.[50]
Bieber began recording his second album in July 2010 in New York City.[51] At this point, because of puberty, his voice was deeper than it was when he recorded his first album. In April 2010, the singer discussing his vocals remarked, "It cracks. Like every teenage boy, I'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world. [...] Some of the notes I hit on "Baby" I can't hit anymore. We have to lower the key when I sing live."[52]
Bieber guest-starred in the season premiere of the CBS crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which aired on September 23, 2010. He played a "troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother", who is also a serial bomber. Bieber was also in a subsequent episode which aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character is killed.[53] Bieber performed a medley of "U Smile", "Baby", and "Somebody to Love" and briefly played the drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.[54] Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would release an acoustic album, called My Worlds Acoustic.[55] It was released on Black Friday in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a completely new song titled "Pray".[56]
A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, was released on February 11, 2011, directed by Step Up 3D director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theaters.[57] It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy Just Go With It, which grossed $31 million.[58] Never Say Never is said to have exceeded industry expectations, nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus's 2008 3-D concert film, Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, which holds the record for the top debut for a music-documentary.[59][60] Never Say Never grossed a total of $98,441,954 worldwide.[61] The film is accompanied by his second remix album, Never Say Never – The Remixes, released February 14, 2011, and features remixes of songs from his debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus, Chris Brown, and Kanye West, among others.[62]
[edit] 2011–present: Under The Mistletoe and Believe
On February 27, 2011, Bieber attended the 2011 Vanity Fair Oscar Party with American actress and singer Selena Gomez,[63] confirming several months of media speculation about a romantic relationship between the pair.[64][65][66][67][68][69]
In June 2011, Bieber was ranked number 2 on the Forbes list of Best-Paid Celebrities under 30. He is the youngest star and 1 of 7 musicians on the list raking in with $53 million earned in a 12 month period.[70] On November 1, 2011, Bieber released Under the Mistletoe, his second studio album.[71] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 210,000 copies in its first week of release.[72]
In late 2011, Bieber began recording his third studio album, entitled Believe. Kanye West and Drake are confirmed to be featured on the album.[73] On February 22, 2012, Bieber announced via Twitter that the first single off Believe will be released in March 2012.[74] The following week, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to announce that the first single will be called "Boyfriend" and was released on March 26, 2012.[75] The song was co-written by Mike Posner.[76] The second single, Die In Your Arms, was released on May 29th, 2012. [77]
Image[link]
Justin Bieber has a higher score on the Klout online "influence" scale than Barack Obama or The Dalai Lama.[78] According to Jan Hoffman of The New York Times, part of Bieber's appeal stems from his YouTube channel. Long before he released his EP, My World, in mid-November, the YouTube videos attracted millions of views.[18] Braun recognized the appeal. Prior to flying him to Atlanta, Braun wanted to "build him up more on YouTube first" and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel. "I said: 'Justin, sing like there’s no one in the room. But let's not use expensive cameras.' We'll give it to kids, let them do the work, so that they feel like it's theirs", recalled Braun.[18] Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account, from which he interacts with fans regularly;[10] his account was reported in November 2010 to have over 6 million followers.[79] Since then he has been consistently gaining followers at an average of 24,000 per day.[80] The accounts also serve marketing purposes; for example, Bieber's music video for "One Time" only began selling quickly after it was uploaded to YouTube.[81]
Usher comments that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age, "I had the chance to ramp up my success, where this has happened to Bieber abruptly." As a result, Usher, Braun, Bieber's bodyguard Kenny, and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coach him on handling fame and his public image.[18] After signing Bieber, Usher appointed one of his former assistants, Ryan Good, to be Bieber's road manager and stylist. Good, once nicknamed Bieber's "swagger coach", created a "streetwise look" for the singer which consisted of baseball caps, hoodies, dog chains and flashy sneakers. Amy Kaufman of The Los Angeles Times comments, "Though a product of a middle-class suburban upbringing in Stratford, Ontario, Bieber's manner of dress and speech ("Wassup man, how you doin'?" or "It's like, you know, whateva' ") suggest he's mimicking his favorite rappers."[82]
Bieber is often featured in teen magazines such as Tiger Beat,[18] and has been labeled as a "teen heartthrob".[83] Bieber has released a collection of nail varnishes to raise awareness for charity.[84] Wax statues of Bieber are on display at Madame Tussauds wax museums in New York, Amsterdam and London.[85] His change of hairstyle in 2010, and the consequent alterations to Bieber products, led to it being called 'the most expensive musical haircut of all time;[86] one company spent $100,000 to fix its dolls for the 2011 Christmas season.[87]
Bieber has been criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age, his teen-pop music, image, and frequent media attention.[88] He has been a frequent target of Internet bloggers and message board posters, notably by users of Internet message board 4chan and users of YouTube.[89] Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph speculated that "Bieber's character also appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics, with many remarks commenting on his youthful appearance, his teen-pop songs, his image as a heart-throb to young teenage girls and his manner of speech".[90]
Personal views and life[link]
Bieber is a Christian,[91] and said he has a relationship with Jesus, talks to him and that "he's the reason I'm here".[92]
Bieber's comments in a February 2011 profile in Rolling Stone sparked controversy.[93] Asked about abstinence, Bieber responded, "I don't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them." He said he does not "believe in abortion" and that it is "like killing a baby".[94] He described sexual orientation as "everyone's own decision."[95] Bieber has contributed to the It Gets Better Project,[96] which aims to prevent suicide among LGBT youth.[97]
Bieber has said he is not interested in obtaining United States citizenship and has criticized America's health care system. Praising Canada as being "the best country in the world", he cited its health care system as a model example.[94]
In May 2012, Bieber purchased a 10,000 square-foot mansion on 1.3 acres of land, located in the community of Calabasas, California, a suburb of Los Angeles.[98]
Twitter[link]
Main article: Justin Bieber on Twitter
As of April 2012[update], Bieber's Twitter account (@justinbieber) is the second most popular celebrity account behind that of Lady Gaga.[99] By mid-April 2012, he had over 20 million followers.[100][101] His follower acquisition is one new follower every other second.[102][103] His popularity on Twitter at one point accounted for three percent of all Twitter related traffic, with a Twitter employee commenting that "racks of servers are dedicated" to Bieber.[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112] This resulted in over 180 million page views for the service each month.[105] Bieber was frequently a trending topic on Twitter when the feature first launched[105] because his fans frequently discussed him on the network. [113] and was named the top trending star on Twitter in 2010;[114] Klout gave his account a score of 100.[115][116]
The size of Bieber's and Gaga's follower bases are cited as a reason why marketers should pay attention to Twitter:[117] with an ability to reach millions of people with a single tweet.[117] 8.3% of tweets mentioning "bieber" were semi-automated and probably Twitter related spam.[118] Research done about Twitter and the 2011 Egyptian revolution includes Bieber as he made tweets about the topic at a time when he had roughly 8 million followers. His multiple tweets resulted in 32,000 responses each, which made Bieber's Twitter account one of the single largest nodes for discussion about the uprising one of the largest on Twitter.[119][120]
In March 2012, Bieber fans launched an unsuccessful attempt to unseat Lady Gaga as the most popular celebrity on Twitter. Neither Bieber nor Lady Gaga discussed their mutual fanbase's campaigns on Twitter.[121]
Discography[link]
Main article: Justin Bieber discography
- My World 2.0 (2010)
- Under the Mistletoe (2011)
- Believe (2012)
Tours[link]
- 2009: Urban Behavior Tour
- 2010–2011: My World Tour
- 2012-2013: Believe Tour
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | True Jackson, VP | Himself | Guest star |
| My Date With... | |||
| 2010 | Silent Library | ||
| School Gyrls | Cameo | ||
| Saturday Night Live | Guest star/performer | Ep 35.18 | |
| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | Jason McCann | Shock Waves (Season 11, Episode 1) | |
| Hubworld | Guest star | Season 1, Episode 1 | |
| The X Factor (UK) | Performer | Series 7, Week 8 | |
| 2011 | Extreme Makeover: Home Edition | Guest star[122] | |
| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | Jason McCann | Targets of Obsession (Season 11, Episode 15). | |
| Khloé & Lamar | Himself | Episode:The Father In Law (uncredited) Himself playing the NBA Celebrity All Star Game | |
| Saturday Night Live | Guest star | Ep. 36.14 | |
| Justin Bieber: Never Say Never[123] | Himself | Film produced by MTV Films and distributed by Paramount Pictures released February 2011 in United States; and March to April worldwide[124] The official movie trailer was released on October 26[125] | |
| Dancing With The Stars | Guest star | Week 7 Result Show | |
| So Random! | Himself | He performed in December 2011. | |
| Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade | Guest star | Performed at Walt Disney World Resort | |
| The X Factor (UK) | Performer | Series 8, Week 9 | |
| 2012 | Men in Black 3 | Baby Alien |
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Justin Bieber
References[link]
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- ^ a b London, Ontario, CanadaAnderson, Kyle (February 22, 2010). "Justin Bieber Joins The Ranks Of Youngest 'SNL' Performers". MTV Newsroom. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/02/22/justin-bieber-saturday-night-live/. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ^ a b "Justin Bieber Biography & Awards". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/artist/justin-bieber/bio/1099520. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
- ^ Farber, Jim (March 23, 2010). "Justin Bieber, 'My World 2.0'". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2010/03/23/2010-03-23_rbpop_mix_on_my_world_20_cant_beef_up_justin_biebers_young_tone.html. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ a b Collar, Matt; Leahey, Andrew. "allmusic ((( Justin Bieber > Overview )))". Macrovision Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1152032. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ a b c d Mitchell, Gail (April 28, 2009). "Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber". Billboard. e5 Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story#/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
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- ^ Konjicanin, Anja (December 24, 2010). "Justin Bieber makes them proud. But why?". Vancouver Observer. http://www.vancouverobserver.com/politics/news/2010/12/24/justin-bieber-makes-them-proud-why. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ a b c d e Herrera, Monica (March 19, 2010). "Justin Bieber – The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard. e5 Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story-1004074692.story#/news/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story-1004074692.story. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
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- ^ "Justin Bieber Fever Hits Miami". CBS News (CBS Interactive). February 5, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/05/earlyshow/leisure/music/main6177327.shtml. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
- ^ "Top 10 YouTube Videos of All Time". Readwriteweb.com. February 9, 2011. http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/top_10_youtube_videos_of_all_time.php. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ "Justin Bieber, Venture Capitalist: The Forbes Cover Story". Fobes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2012/05/16/justin-bieber-venture-capitalist-the-forbes-cover-story/. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- ^ "Justin Bieber's Mom Joins Fight to Keep Canadian Pregnant Teen Shelter Open". The Hollywood Reporter. 2012-02-28. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/justin-biebers-mom-joins-fight-295774. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "Bieber – Birth Certificate" (PDF). TMZ.com. 2010. http://tmz.vo.llnwd.net/o28/newsdesk/tmz_documents/0816_bieber_wm_TMZ.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- ^ a b Parvis, Sarah E (2010). Justin Bieber. Kansas, Mo. : Andrews McMeel ; London : Simon & Schuster. pp. 13–17. ISBN 978-1-4494-0181-8. http://books.google.ca/books?id=XQ8YQQv45GkC&lpg=PA40&dq=Justin%20Bieber%20%20Stratford%2C%20Ontario&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
- ^ a b Infantry, Ashante (May 14, 2010). "Justin Bieber guide added to hometown of Stratford's tourism website". Toronto Star (Toronto). http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/article/809366--justin-bieber-guide-added-to-hometown-of-stratford-s-tourism-website. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hoffman, Jan (December 31, 2009). "Justin Bieber is Living the Tween Idol Dream". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/fashion/03bieber.html.
- ^ Bartolomeo, Joey (June 20, 2010). "Meet Justin Bieber's Rockin' Dad". People (Time Inc.). http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20395400,00.html.
- ^ Holloway, Katya (October 14, 2010). "Bieber fever heats up: Justin Bieber spotted in Vancouver". Vancouver Sun. http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/Bieber+fever+heats+Justin+Bieber+spotted+Vancouver/3674168/story.html. Retrieved 2011-02-24. [dead link]
- ^ Robertson, Lindsay (2010-05-05). "Justin Bieber Ridiculed for ‘German’ Mistake | Stop The Presses! – Archives – Yahoo! Music". Music.yahoo.com. http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/stop-the-presses/justin-bieber-ridiculed-for-german-mistake.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ Bieber, Justin (2010). Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever (100% Official). HarperCollins. pp. 22, 23. ISBN 0-06-203974-1.
- ^ a b Colurso, Mary (December 17, 2010). "Temperature's rising as Justin brings Bieber fever to Birmingham". http://blog.al.com/mcolurso/2010/12/temperatures_rising_as_justin.html. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ a b c "Interview with Chris Hicks". HitQuarters. August 23, 2011. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_CH.html. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ TJ (August 11, 2009). "Neon Limelight Interviews: Usher Protegé Justin Bieber: Accidental Star". Neon Limelight. http://neonlimelight.com/2009/08/11/neon-limelight-interviews-usher-protege-justin-bieber-accidental-star/. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ Vena, Jocleyn; Kos, Saimon (September 12, 2009). "Usher And Justin Timberlake Battled It Out For Justin Bieber". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621324/usher-justin-timberlake-battled-it-out-justin-bieber.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ Mitchell, Gail (April 28, 2009). "Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber". Billboard (e5 Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/#/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story.
- ^ a b c d e f "Justin Bieber Chart History". Billboard. e5 Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/justin-bieber/chart-history/1099520. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ^ "Justin Bieber AIRA Singles Certification". ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
- ^ "The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp. Retrieved 2010-03-31. "Note: Week commence on Monday, March 29, 2010"
- ^ a b "RIAA – Gold and Platinum – June 15, 2010". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Justin%20Bieber&format=SINGLE&go=Search&perPage=50. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
- ^ "Certified Awards Search". BPI. http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/Search.aspx. Retrieved 2010-12-20. "Note: Search for Justin Bieber."
- ^ "November 2010 – Gold & Platinum Certifications". Canadian Recording Industry Association. http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php#album. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ "The Today Show + Justin Bieber = Awesome". Island Def Jam (Universal Music Group). September 11, 2009. http://www.islanddefjam.com/artist/news_single.aspx?nid=5118&artistID=7342. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- ^ "MTVU VMA Tour live performances". MTV. September 9, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/434200/one-time-live.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ Cheung, Nadine (October 2, 2009). "Justin Bieber to Guest Star on True Jackson VP!". JSYK (AOL Inc). http://www.jsyk.com/2009/10/02/justin-bieber-to-guest-star-on-true-jackson-vp/.
- ^ Ram, Archana (December 2, 2009). "Justin Bieber joins Mary J Blige and others for 'Christmas In Washington'". Entertainment Weekly. http://news-briefs.ew.com/2009/12/02/justin-bieber-joins-mary-j-blige-and-others-for-christmas-in-washington/.
- ^ "Fergie to host New Year's celebration with Dick Clark and Ryan Seacrest" (Press release). NBC Universal. December 7, 2009. http://www.nbcmiami.com/entertainment/television/Fergie_Joins_Dick_Clark__Ryan_Seacrest_As_West_Coast_Host_Of_Annual__New_Year_s_Rockin__Eve_-78714997.html.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (February 2, 2010). "'We Are The World' Remake Brings Lil Wayne, Kanye West, Pink, Usher, More Together For Haiti". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1631018/20100202/lil_wayne.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
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- ^ "Justin Bieber Tops Billboard 200 With 'My World 2.0'". Billboard. e5 Global Media. March 31, 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/justin-bieber-tops-billboard-200-with-my-1004079496.story?tag=hpfeed.
- ^ "Justin Bieber – My World – Music Charts". αCharts. http://acharts.us/album/52011. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ "Justin Bieber – My World 2.0 – Music Charts". αCharts. http://acharts.us/album/54188. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ Cheung, Nadine (March 23, 2010). "Justin Bieber Makes Millions Happy With the Release of 'My World 2.0'". JSYK. AOL. http://www.jsyk.com/2010/03/23/justin-bieber-makes-millions-happy-with-the-release-of-my-world/. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ "Justin Bieber Coming Back To NY For Saturday Night Live". Long Island Press. February 21, 2010. http://www.longislandpress.com/2010/02/21/justin-bieber-coming-back-to-ny-for-saturday-night-live/. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
- ^ Beja, Marc (July 4, 2010). "Fireworks follow sun-scorched July 4 festivals". The Associated Press. Hosted by Google News. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ikBY9CwvRqvB7M_GA8M9NJbrK35wD9GOJFEG0. Retrieved 2010-07-04. [dead link]
- ^ "Justin Bieber's 2010 North American summer tour dates: 'My World' to hit New York in August". New York Daily News. March 17, 2010.
- ^ Bieber the king of the Internet Toronto Sun July 7, 2010
- ^ "Justin Bieber is Officially King of YouTube". The Wall Street Journal (staff blog). July 15, 2010. http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/07/15/justin-bieber-is-officially-king-of-youtube/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Justin Bieber Accounts for 3 Percent of All Twitter Traffic". TVGuide.com. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Justin-Bieber-Twitter-1022684.aspx. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
- ^ Reth, Jerry (May 8, 2010). "Justin Bieber New Album To Be Recorded In New York". Newsopi. http://www.newsopi.com/showbiz/justin-bieber-new-album-to-be-recorded-in-new-york/1598/. [unreliable source?]
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Further reading[link]
- Justin Bieber (October 12, 2010). Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-203974-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=a2iAh-KFdIgC&pg=PP1.
- Ronny Bloom (April 15, 2010). Justin Bieber. Penguin Group USA. ISBN 978-0-8431-9903-1.
- Chas Newkey-Burden (September 1, 2010). Justin Bieber: The Unauthorized Biography. Michael O'Mara. ISBN 978-1-84317-523-0.
- Sarah Oliver (October 1, 2011). Justin Bieber A-Z. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84358-379-0.
- Sarah Parvis; Gail Herman (February 8, 2011). Superstars! Justin Bieber: In the Spotlight and Behind the Scenes. Time Home Entertainment. ISBN 978-1-60320-902-1.
- Marc Shapiro (August 17, 2010). Justin Bieber: The Fever!. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-67878-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=LyrqE1c66mwC&pg=PP1.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Justin Bieber |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Justin Bieber |
- Official website
- Justin Bieber at the Internet Movie Database
- Justin Bieber at the Open Directory Project
- Justin Bieber on Twitter
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bieber, Justin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian singer |
| Date of birth | March 1, 1994 |
| Place of birth | Stratford, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
