A descendant of the Royal oak at Boscobel House

The Royal Oak is the English oak tree within which King Charles II of England hid to escape the Roundheads following the Battle of Worcester in 1651. The tree was located in Boscobel Wood, which was part of the park of Boscobel House. Charles confirmed to Samuel Pepys in 1680 that while he was hiding in the tree, a Parliamentarian soldier passed directly below it. The story was popular after the Restoration, and is remembered every year in the English traditions of Royal Oak Day. Numerous large dishes painted in slip with the Boscobel Oak, supported by the Lion and Unicorn, with the king's face peeping from the branches were made by the Staffordshire potter Thomas Toft.^[1]

History[link]

After the defeat of Charles's Royalist army at the hands of Cromwell's New Model Army, the King fled with Lord Derby, Lord Wilmot and other royalists, seeking shelter at the safe houses of White Ladies Priory and Boscobel House.

Initially, Charles was led to White Ladies Priory by Charles Giffard, a cousin of the owner, and his servant Francis Yates, the only man subsequently executed for his part in the escape. There, the Penderel (Pendrell or Pendrill) family, tenants and servants of the Giffard family began to play important roles in guiding and caring for him. The King was disguised as a woodman by Charles Giffard and the Penderel family. From White Ladies, Richard Penderel led Charles in an unsuccessful attempt to cross the Severn near Madeley, Shropshire. They were forced to retrace their steps and Charles took refuge at Boscobel. On the 6th September 1651, he there met with William Careless (or Carlis), a native of nearby Brewood,^[2] one of the last royalists to escape the battlefield. Careless's rank is variously reported as Captain, Major and Colonel.

Coat of arms granted to Carlos

Careless suggested that the house was unsafe and recommended that the king hide in an oak tree in the woodlands surrounding Boscobel House. The king and Careless took some food and drink and they spent all day hiding in a pollarded oak tree which became known as the Royal Oak. From the oak they could see patrols of Parliamentary soldiers searching for the king. Later Charles spent the night hiding in one of Boscobel’s Priest holes.^[3] He was then moved from Boscobel to Moseley Old Hall, another Catholic redoubt near Wolverhampton, and ultimately escaped the region posing as the servant of Jane Lane of Bentley, whose family were also landowners at Broom Hall and the Hyde in Brewood.

After the Restoration in 1660 Charles granted annuities to the Penderels for their services (still paid to their descendants to this day) and for Careless's help during the escape from Worcester and for other services he was made a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, and Charles, by letters patent, granted Careless the new surname of Carlos (Spanish for Charles) and a new "appropriate" coat of arms.^[4] The Penderels and Colonel Careless employed coats of arms depicting an oak tree and three royal crowns, differentiated by colour.^[5]

The daughter tree of the original Royal Oak as it appeared in 2011. It was further distanced from visitors after serious cracks were discovered in autumn, 2010.

Current situation[link]

'Royal Oak' is a common name for British pubs, such as this one in Fishguard, Wales

The site of the tree is adjacent to Boscobel House, but is not owned by English Heritage, as the house is: the surrounding land is actually owned and farmed by Francis Yates Partners, who allow the public access along a path from the garden of the house. The tree standing on the site today is not the original Royal Oak, which is recorded to have been destroyed during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by tourists who cut off branches and chunks as souvenirs. The present day tree is believed to be a two or three hundred-year old descendant of the original and is thus known as 'Son of Royal Oak'.

In 2000, Son of Royal Oak was badly injured during a violent storm and lost many branches. In September 2010, it was found to have developed large and dangerous cracks. The 2011 season opened with the tree surrounded by a wooden outer perimeter fence to ensure the safety of visitors.

A number of other trees have been ceremonially planted nearby as daughters or descendants of the Royal Oak. In 1897, a tree was planted on the western edge of the garden of Boscobel House by Augustus Legge, then bishop of Lichfield, to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. A daughter tree was planted ceremonially in 1951 near the site of the original Royal Oak by the Orlando Bridgeman, 5th Earl of Bradford, who was the owner of Boscobel House at the time, to mark the tercentenary of Charles II's escape. Another oak sapling was planted in 2001 by Prince Charles; it was grown from one of the Son's acorns and is thus a grandson of the Royal Oak. Saplings, certified as grown from the tree's acorns are actually available from the English Heritage shop at Boscobel House.

In commemoration of the tree's significance in British history, a number of places and things have been named after the Royal Oak: see Royal Oak (disambiguation). The Royal Oak is the third most common pub name in Britain.^[6]

See also[link]

• Knights of the Royal Oak
• Oak
• English oak
• Robur Carolinum, "Charles' Oak", a now-defunct constellation
• Oak Apple Day
• List of famous trees
• There have been eight warships of the Royal Navy named HMS Royal Oak.
• The Royal Oak is the third most popular pub name in Britain (541 in 2007)

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Carlisle, Nicholas (1829). An inquiry into the place and quality of the Gentlemen of His Majesty's ... privy chamber ..., Payne and Foss, 1829
• Fraser, Antonia (1979) King Charles II, Weidenfeld and Nicholson.

External links[link]

• [http://images.vam.ac.uk/item/O72970/locket/ The Victoria and Albert Museum has a locket engraved with the arms and motto that were granted to Major William Careless. Inside the locket is a portrait of Careless.
• First Foot Guards: The Royal Oak
• The Fugitive King
• The Leaking Wreck of H.M.S. Royal Oak
• Royal Oak Day

Coordinates: 52°40′12″N 2°14′30″W / 52.66999°N 2.24179°W / 52.66999; -2.24179