Some writers have proposed that intelligent extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth in antiquity or prehistory and made contact with humans. Such visitors are called ancient astronauts or ancient aliens. Proponents suggest that this contact influenced the development of human cultures, technologies and religions. A common variant of the idea is that deities from most, if not all, religions are actually extraterrestrials, and their advanced technologies were wrongly understood by primitive men as evidence of their divine status.[1][2]
These proposals have been popularized, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century, by writers such as Erich von Däniken, Giorgio A. Tsoukalos, Zecharia Sitchin, Robert K. G. Temple, David Icke and Peter Kolosimo,[3] but the idea that ancient astronauts actually existed is not taken seriously by most academics, and has received little or no credible attention in peer reviewed studies.[4] Ancient astronauts have been widely used as a plot device in science fiction.
Proponents of ancient astronaut theories often maintain that humans are either descendants or creations of extraterrestrial beings who landed on Earth thousands of years ago. An associated idea is that much of human knowledge, religion, and culture came from extraterrestrial visitors in ancient times, in that ancient astronauts acted as a "mother culture". Ancient astronaut proponents also believe that travelers from outer space known as "astronauts" or "spacemen" built many of the structures on earth such as the pyramids in Egypt and the Moai stone heads of Easter Island or aided humans in building them.[5][6]
Proponents argue that the evidence for ancient astronauts comes from supposed gaps in historical and archaeological records, and they also maintain that absent or incomplete explanations of historical or archaeological data point to the existence of ancient astronauts. The evidence is said to include archaeological artifacts that they argue are anachronistic or beyond the presumed technical capabilities of the historical cultures with which they are associated (sometimes referred to as "Out-of-place artifacts"); and artwork and legends which are interpreted as depicting extraterrestrial contact or technologies.
Certain mainstream academics have responded that gaps in contemporary knowledge of the past need not demonstrate that such speculative ancient astronaut ideas are a necessary conclusion to draw.[7] Francis Crick, the co-discoverer of the double helix structure of DNA, however strongly believed in what he called panspermia, the concept that earth was 'seeded' with life, probably in the form of bluegreen algae, by intelligent extraterrestrial species, for the purpose of ensuring life's continuity. He believed that this could have been done on any number of planets of this class, possibly using unmanned shuttles. He talks at length about this theory in his book Life Itself.[8]
Thomas Gold, a professor of astronomy, suggested a "garbage theory" for the origin of life, proposing that life on earth might have spread from a pile of waste products accidentally dumped on Earth long ago by extraterrestrials.[9]
The television series Ancient Aliens on the History channel features the main proponents in the ancient astronaut theory, and includes interviews with Giorgio A. Tsoukalos, David Childress, Erich von Däniken, Steven Greer and Nick Pope.[10]
Paleocontact or "ancient astronaut" narratives first appear in early science fiction of the late 19th to early 20th century. The idea was proposed in earnest by Harold T. Wilkins (1954) and it received some consideration as a serious hypothesis during the 1960s, and has been mostly confined to the field of pseudoscience and pop culture since the 1970s. Ancient astronauts appear as a feature of UFO religions beginning with the Space opera in Scientology scripture (1967), followed by Raelism (1974).
Sarcophagus lid of
Pakal the great, which according to Von Däniken represents an "ancient astronaut" ascending to the stars in his spaceship.
Erich von Däniken was a leading proponent of this theory in the late 1960s and early 1970s, gaining a large audience through the 1968 publication of his best-selling book Chariots of the Gods? and its sequels.
Certain artifacts and monumental constructions are claimed by von Däniken to have required a more sophisticated technological ability in their construction than that which was available to the ancient cultures who constructed them. Von Däniken maintains that these artifacts were constructed either directly by extraterrestrial visitors or by humans who learned the necessary knowledge from said visitors. These include Stonehenge, Pumapunku, the Moai of Easter Island, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and the ancient Baghdad electric batteries.
Von Däniken claims that ancient art and iconography throughout the world illustrates air and space vehicles, non-human but intelligent creatures, ancient astronauts, and artifacts of an anachronistically advanced technology. Von Däniken also claims that geographically separated historical cultures share artistic themes, which he argues imply a common origin. One such example is von Däniken's interpretation of the sarcophagus lid recovered from the tomb of the Classic-era Maya ruler of Palenque, Pacal the Great. Von Däniken claimed the design represented a seated astronaut, whereas the iconography and accompanying Maya text identifies it as a portrait of the ruler himself with the World Tree of Maya mythology.
The origins of many religions are interpreted by von Däniken as reactions to encounters with an alien race. According to his view, humans considered the technology of the aliens to be supernatural and the aliens themselves to be gods. Von Däniken claims that the oral and written traditions of most religions contain references to alien visitors in the way of descriptions of stars and vehicular objects travelling through air and space. One such is Ezekiel's revelation in the Old Testament, which Däniken interprets as a detailed description of a landing spacecraft.
Von Däniken's theories became popularized in the U.S. after the NBC-TV documentary In Search Of Ancient Astronauts hosted by Rod Serling and the movie Chariots of the Gods.
Critics argue that von Däniken misrepresented data, that many of his claims were unfounded, and that none of his core claims have been validated.[11]
Zecharia Sitchin's series The Earth Chronicles, beginning with The 12th Planet, revolves around Sitchin's interpretation of ancient Sumerian and Middle Eastern texts, megalithic sites, and artifacts from around the world. He theorizes the gods of old Mesopotamia were actually astronauts from the planet "Nibiru", which Sitchin claims the Sumerians believed to be a remote "12th planet" (counting the Sun, Moon, and Pluto as planets) associated with the god Marduk. According to Sitchin, Nibiru continues to orbit our sun on a 3,600-year elongated orbit. Sitchin also suggests that the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter is the shattered remains of the ancient planet "Tiamat", which he claims was destroyed in one of Niburu's orbits through the solar system. Modern astronomy has found no evidence to support Sitchin's claims.
Sitchin claimed there are Sumerian texts which tell the story that 50 Anunnaki, inhabitants of a planet named Nibiru, came to Earth approximately 400,000 years ago with the intent of mining raw materials, especially gold, for transport back to Nibiru. With their small numbers they soon tired of the task and set out to genetically engineer laborers to work the mines. After much trial and error they eventually created homo sapiens sapiens: the "Adapa" (model man) or Adam of later mythology. Sitchin contended the Anunnaki were active in human affairs until their culture was destroyed by global catastrophes caused by the abrupt end of the last ice age some 12,000 years ago. Seeing that humans survived and all they had built was destroyed, the Anunnaki left Earth after giving humans the opportunity and means to govern themselves. Modern archaeologists and experts in the ancient Sumerian culture and language reject every one of these claims insisting Sitchin had simply invented a non-existent Sumerian mythology, that the texts and tablets which Sitchin described do not actually exist, and that the texts of ancient Sumer, Akkad, and Ugarit do not contain any of these stories or even variations on them.[12][13] It has also been pointed out that many of Sitchin's translations of Sumerian and Mesopotamian words are not consistent with Mesopotamian cuneiform bilingual dictionaries, produced by ancient Akkadian scribes.[14] The Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford has made available an online searchable database with English translations of the entire body of Sumerian literature for comparison.[15]
Robert K. G. Temple's 1976 book, The Sirius Mystery argues that the Dogon people of northwestern Mali preserved an account of extraterrestrial visitation from around 5,000 years ago. He quotes various lines of evidence, including supposed advanced astronomical knowledge inherited by the tribe, descriptions, and comparative belief systems with ancient civilizations such as ancient Egypt and Sumer. His work draws heavily on the studies of cultural anthropologists Marcel Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen.[16]
His conclusions have been criticized by scientists, who point out discrepancies within Temple's account, and suggested that the Dogon may have received some of their astronomical information recently, probably from European sources, and may have misrepresented Dogon ethnography.[17][18][19]
A
Dogū figurine from
Japan (dated 1000–400 BCE). Ancient astronaut theorists suggest that these may represent extraterrestrial visitors.
In their 1966 book Intelligent Life in the Universe[20] astrophysicists I.S. Shklovski and Carl Sagan devote a chapter[21] to arguments that scientists and historians should seriously consider the possibility that extraterrestrial contact occurred during recorded history. However, Shklovski and Sagan stressed that these ideas were speculative and unproven.
Shklovski and Sagan argued that sub-lightspeed interstellar travel by extraterrestrial life was a certainty when considering technologies that were established or feasible in the late '60s;[22] that repeated instances of extraterrestrial visitation to Earth were plausible;[23] and that pre-scientific narratives can offer a potentially reliable means of describing contact with outsiders.[24] Additionally, Shklovski and Sagan cited tales of Oannes, a fishlike being attributed with teaching agriculture, mathematics, and the arts to early Sumerians, as deserving closer scrutiny as a possible instance of paleocontact due to its consistency and detail.[25]
In his 1979 book Broca's Brain, Sagan[26] suggested that he and Shklovski might have inspired the wave of '70s ancient astronaut books, expressing disapproval of "von Däniken and other uncritical writers" who seemingly built on these ideas not as guarded speculations but as "valid evidence of extraterrestrial contact." Sagan argued that while many legends, artifacts, and purported out-of-place artifacts were cited in support of ancient astronaut theories, "very few require more than passing mention" and could be easily explained with more conventional theories. Sagan also reiterated his earlier conclusion that extraterrestrial visits to Earth were possible but unproven, and perhaps improbable.
Main article:
UFO religionVarious new religious movements including theosophy, Nation of Islam, Scientology, The Urantia Book, Raëlism, and Heaven's Gate believe in ancient and present-day contact with extraterrestrial intelligence. Many of these faiths see both ancient scriptures and recent revelations as connected with the action of aliens from other planetary systems. Sociologists and psychologists have found that UFO religions have similarities which suggest that members of these groups consciously or subliminally associate enchantment with the memes of science fiction.[27]
Proponents cite ancient mythologies to support their viewpoints based on the idea that ancient creation myths of gods who descend from the heavens to Earth to create or instruct humanity are actually representations of alien visitors, whose superior technology accounts for their reception as gods. Proponents attempt to draw an analogy to occurrences in modern times when isolated cultures are exposed to Western technology, such as when, in the early 20th century, "cargo cults" were discovered in the South Pacific: cultures who believed various Western ships and their cargo to be sent from the gods as fulfillment of prophecies concerning their return.[28]
[edit] Ramayana
Rama being welcomed back to
Ayodhya in his "flying car"; some ancient astronauts theorists claim as evidence for flying vehicles in ancient antiquity
In Hindu mythology, the gods and their avatars travel from place to place in flying vehicles (variously called "flying chariots", "flying cars" or Vimanas). There are many mentions of these flying machines in the Ramayana, which dates to the 5th or 4th century BCE. Below are some examples:
From Book 6, Canto CXXIII: The Magic Car:[29]
Is not the wondrous chariot mine,
Named Pushpak, wrought by hands divine.
…
This chariot, kept with utmost care,
Will waft thee through the fields of air,
And thou shalt light unwearied down
In fair Ayodhyá's royal town.
From Book 6, Canto CXXIV: The Departure:[29]
Swift through the air, as Ráma chose,
The wondrous car from earth arose.
And decked with swans and silver wings
Bore through the clouds its freight of kings.
Erich von Däniken discusses the Ramayana and the vimanas in Chariots of the Gods? chapter 6, suggesting that they were "space vehicles". To support his theory, he also offers a quotation which he says is from an 1889 translation of the Mahabharata by C. Roy: "Bhima flew with his Vimana on an enormous ray which was as brilliant as the sun and made a noise like the thunder of a storm".[30]
See also Vaimanika Shastra, a text on Vimanas supposedly "channeled" in the early 20th century.[31]
[edit] Book of Genesis and Book of Enoch
The Book of Genesis, chapter 6 verses 1–4, states:
When human beings began to increase in number on the earth and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of humans were beautiful, and they married any of them they chose.
...
The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—and also afterward—when the sons of God went to the daughters of humans and had children by them.
— Genesis 6:1–4 (New International Version)
One interpretation is that the Nephilim are the children of the "sons of God" and "daughters of humans", although scholars are uncertain.[32] The King James Version replaces the term "Nephilim" with "giants".
The first part of the apocryphal Book of Enoch expands and interprets Genesis 6:1. It explains that the "sons of God" were a group of 200 "angels" called "Watchers". Against God's wishes, these Watchers descended to Earth to breed with humans. Their offspring are the Nephilim, "giants" who "consumed all the acquisitions of men". When humans could no longer sustain the Nephilim, they turned against humanity. The Watchers also instructed humans in metallurgy and metalworking, cosmetics, sorcery, astrology, astronomy and meteorology. God then ordered the Watchers to be imprisoned in the ground. He created the Great Flood to rid Earth of the Nephilim and of the humans who had been given knowledge by the Watchers. However, to ensure humanity's survival, Noah is forewarned of the oncoming destruction. Because they disobeyed God, the book also describes the Watchers as "fallen angels".[33]
Some ancient astronaut theorists believe that this story is a historical account of extraterrestrials visiting Earth. In their interpretation, the "angels" are extraterrestrials and were called Watchers because their mission was to observe humanity. Some of the extraterrestrials disobeyed orders; they made contact with humans, cross-bred with human females and shared knowledge with them. The Nephilim were thus half-human-half-extraterrestrial hybrids.[34]
Chuck Missler and Mark Eastman argue that modern UFOs carry the fallen angels, or offspring of fallen angels: the Nephilim of Genesis, who have now returned. They believe it was this interbreeding between the angels and humans that led to what they call "the gene pool problem." Noah was perfect in his "generations," that is "Noah's genealogy was not tarnished by the intrusion of fallen angels. It seems that this adulteration of the human gene pool was a major problem on the planet earth."[35]
Von Däniken also suggests that the two angels who visited Lot in Genesis 19 were not angels, but ancient astronauts. They may have used atomic weapons to destroy the city of Sodom. In any case, the otherworldly beings acted as if there was a time set for Sodom's destruction. Von Däniken questioned why God would work on a timetable and why an "infinitely good Father" would give "preference to 'favorite children,' such as Lot's family, over countless others."[36]
Marc Dem completely reinterprets Genesis by claiming humanity started on another planet and that the God of the Bible is an extraterrestrial.[37]
[edit] Book of Ezekiel
An engraved illustration of Ezekiel's 'vision' (1670)
In the Biblical Old Testament, chapter 1 of the Book of Ezekiel recounts a vision in which Ezekiel sees "an immense cloud" that contains fire and emits lightning and "brilliant light". It continues: "The center of the fire looked like glowing metal, and in the fire was what looked like four living creatures". These creatures are described as winged and humanoid, they "sped back and forth like flashes of lightning" and "fire moved back and forth among the creatures". The passage goes on to describe four shiny objects, each appearing "like a wheel intersecting a wheel". These objects could fly and they moved with the creatures: "When the living creatures moved, the wheels beside them moved; and when the living creatures rose from the ground, the wheels also rose".[38]
In chapter 4 of Chariots of the Gods?, entitled "Was God an Astronaut?", von Däniken suggests that Ezekiel had seen a spaceship or spaceships; this hypothesis had been put forward by Morris Jessup in 1956[39] and by Arthur W. Orton in 1961.[40] A detailed version of this hypothesis was described by Josef F. Blumrich in his book The Spaceships of Ezekiel (1974).[41]
The characteristics of the Ark of the Covenant and the Urim and Thummim have been said to suggest high technology, perhaps from alien origins.[42]
Robert Dione and Paul Misraki published books in the 1960s claiming the events in the Bible were caused by alien technology.[43][44] Barry Downing, a Presbyterian minister wrote a book in 1968 claiming that Jesus was an extraterrestrial, citing (John 8: 23) and other biblical verses as evidence.[45]
Some ancient astronaut proponents such as Von Däniken and Barry Downing believe that the concept of hell in the Bible could be a real description of the planet Venus brought to earth by extraterrestrials showing photos of the hot surface on Venus to humans.[46]
Comparison of some
Ural pictograms to modern structural formulas of several chemical compounds (according to Russian researcher Vladimir Avinsky)
Other artistic support for the ancient astronaut theory has been sought in Palaeolithic cave paintings. Wondjina in Australia and Val Camonica in Italy (seen above) are claimed to bear a resemblance to present day astronauts.[47] Supporters of the ancient astronaut theory sometimes claim that similarities such as dome shaped heads, interpreted as beings wearing space helmets, prove that early man was visited by an extraterrestrial race.[48]
More support of this theory draws upon what are claimed to be representations of flying saucers in medieval and renaissance art.[49] This is used to support the ancient astronaut theory by attempting to show that the creators of humanity return to check up on their creation throughout time.
"The Astronaut" - a large
geoglyph near the Nazca Lines
The ancient Nazca Lines comprise hundreds of enormous ground drawings etched into the high desert landscape of Peru, which consist primarily of geometric shapes, but also include depictions of a variety of animals and at least one human figure. Many believers in ancient astronauts cite the Nazca lines as evidence because the figures created by the lines are most clearly depicted or only able to be seen when viewed from the air. Writing professor Joe Nickell of the University of Kentucky, using only technology he believed to be available to people of the time, was able to recreate one of the larger figures with a reasonable degree of accuracy.[50]
Alleged physical evidence includes the discovery of artifacts in Egypt (the Saqqara Bird) and Colombia-Ecuador, which are claimed to be similar to modern planes and gliders,[51] although these have been interpreted by archaeologists as stylized representations of birds and insects.
Ahu Tongariki near
Rano Raraku; some ancient astronaut theorists claim the stone structures were built by (or with the help of) extraterrestrials
Evidence for ancient astronauts is claimed to include the existence of ancient monuments and megalithic ruins such as the Giza pyramids of Egypt, Machu Picchu in Peru, or Baalbek in Lebanon, the Moai of Easter Island and Stonehenge of England.[52] Supporters contend these stone structures could not have been built with the technical abilities and tools of the people of the time and further argue that many could not be duplicated even today. They suggest that the large size of the building stones, the precision with which they were laid, and the distances many were transported leaves the question open as to who constructed these sites. These contentions are categorically rejected by mainstream archeology. Some mainstream archeologists have participated in experiments to move large megaliths. These experiments have succeeded in moving megaliths up to at least 40 tons,[53][54] and they have speculated that with a larger workforce larger megaliths could be towed with ancient technology.[55] Such allegations are not unique in history, however, as similar reasoning lay behind the wonder of the Cyclopean masonry walling at Mycenaean cities in the eyes of Greeks of the following "Dark Age," who believed that the giant Cyclopes had built the walls.
An artificially lengthened
Nazca skull at the
Museo Regional de Ica in
Peru
A number of ancient cultures, such as the Ancient Egyptians and some Native Americans, artificially lengthened the skulls of their children. Some ancient astronaut theorists propose that this was done to emulate extraterrestrial visitors, whom they saw as gods.[56][57] Among the ancient rulers depicted with elongated skulls are pharaoh Akhenaten and Nefertiti. It has been pointed out that the Grey aliens described by many alien abductees have similarly shaped heads.[56] In the program Ancient Aliens it was suggested that the owners of the biggest of the lengthened skulls may be human-extraterrestrial hybrids.[56]
Despite the proponents' own interpretations of ancient writings and artifacts, there has yet to be found any evidence to support the ancient astronaut hypothesis.
Alan F. Alford, author of Gods of the New Millennium (1996), was an adherent of the ancient astronaut theory. Much of his work draws on Sitchin's theories. However, he now finds fault with Sitchin's theory after deeper analysis, stating that: "I am now firmly of the opinion that these gods personified the falling sky; in other words, the descent of the gods was a poetic rendition of the cataclysm myth which stood at the heart of ancient Near Eastern religions."[58]
The Christian creationist community is highly critical of many of the ancient astronaut ideas, the young earth creationist author Clifford A. Wilson published Crash Go the Chariots in 1972 in which he attempted to discredit all claims made in Von Daniken's book Chariots of the Gods.[59]
In a 2004 article in Skeptic magazine,[60] Jason Colavito claims that von Däniken plagiarized many of the book's concepts from Le Matin des Magiciens (Morning of the Magicians), that this book in turn was heavily influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos, and that the core of the ancient astronaut theory originates in H. P. Lovecraft's short stories "The Call of Cthulhu" and "At the Mountains of Madness".
Ancient astronaut theory has been used as background or main topic in many fictional works such as Lovecraft's short story The Call of Cthulhu (1926), the movie Stargate (1994), the TV show Earth: Final Conflict, and innumerable comic books, manga books and video games.
Many publications have argued for some variant of ancient astronaut theory. Notable examples include:
- 1919: Charles Fort (book, The Book of the Damned)
- 1954: Harold T. Wilkins (book, Flying Saucers from the Moon)
- 1956: Morris K. Jessup (book, UFOs and the Bible)
- 1957: Peter Kolosimo (book, Il pianeta sconosciuto (The Unknown Planet))
- 1958: George Hunt Williamson (book, Secret Places of the Lion)
- 1958: Henri Lhote[61] (book, The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: The story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara)
- 1959: Matest M. Agrest
- 1959: Jacques Bergier and Louis Pauwels (book, The Morning of the Magicians)
- 1960: Brinsley Le Poer Trench (book, The Sky People)
- 1963: Robert Charroux (book, One Hundred Thousand Years of Man's Unknown History)
- 1964: W. Raymond Drake (book, Gods or Spacemen?)
- 1965: Paul Misraki (book, Flying Saucers Through The Ages)
- 1966: Iosif Shklovsky and Carl Sagan (book, Intelligent Life in the Universe)
- 1967: Brad Steiger (book, The Flying Saucer Menace)
- 1967: John Michell (book, The Flying Saucer Vision)
- 1968: Erich von Däniken (book, Chariots of the Gods?)
- 1968: Barry Downing (book, The Bible and Flying Saucers)
- 1969: Robert Dione (book, God Drives a Flying Saucer)
- 1969: Jean Sendy (book, Those Gods Who Made Heaven and Earth; the novel of the Bible)
- 1971: Andrew Tomas (book, We are not the first: riddles of ancient science)
- 1972: Thomas Charles Lethbridge (book, The Legend of the Sons of God: A Fantasy?)
- 1974: Charles Berlitz (book, The Bermuda Triangle)
- 1974: Josef F. Blumrich (book, The Spaceships of Ezekiel)
- 1974: Claude Vorilhon aka Rael (book, Le Livre Qui Dit La Vérité (The Book Which Tells the Truth))
- 1974: Robin Collyns (book, Did Spacemen Colonise the Earth?)
- 1975: Graham Cairns-Smith (a biochemist who suggested that the ancestors of humans might have had alien biochemistries and presented some evidence to support this possibility in a biological research journal)[62][63]
- 1975: Serge Hutin (book, Alien Races and Fantastic Civilizations)
- 1976: Robert K. G. Temple (book, The Sirius Mystery)
- 1976: John Baxter, Thomas Atkins (book The Fire Came By: The Riddle of the Great Siberian Explosion)
- 1977: John Philip Cohane (book, Paradox: The Case for the Extraterrestrial Origin of Man)
- 1977: Warren Smith (book, UFO Trek)
- 1978: George Sassoon and Rodney Dale (book, Manna Machine)
- 1978: Zecharia Sitchin (book, The 12th planet)
- 1984: Don Elkins, James McCarthy, Carla Rueckert (book, The Ra Material: An Ancient Astronaut Speaks (The Law of One, No 1))
- 1988: Riley Martin (book, The Coming of Tan)
- 1993: David Icke (book, --and the truth shall set you free)
- 1996: Alan F. Alford (book, Gods of the New Millennium)
- 1996: Murry Hope (book, The Sirius Connection: Unlocking the Secrets of Ancient Egypt)
- 1996: Richard C. Hoagland (book, The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever)
- 1998: Lloyd Pye (book, Everything You Know is Wrong — Book One: Human Evolution)
- 1998: James Herbert Brennan (book, Martian Genesis)
- 1999: David Hatcher Childress (book, Technology of the Gods, The Incredible Science of the Ancients)
- 1999: Laurence Gardner (book, Genesis of the Grail Kings: The Explosive Story of Genetic Cloning)
- 2003: Burak Eldem
- ^ Lieb, Michael (1998). Children of Ezekiel: Aliens, Ufos, the Crisis of Race, and the Advent of End Time. Duke University Press. p. 250. ISBN 0-8223-2268-4.
- ^ Cithara. St. Bonaventure University. 1961. p. 12.
- ^ Von Däniken, Erich (1984). Chariots of the Gods. Berkley Pub Group. ISBN 0-425-07481-1.
- ^ Harrold,. Noah's ark and ancient astronauts: Pseudoscientific beliefs about the past among a sample of college students. The Skeptical inquirer 11.1 1986: 61. Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. 13 Dec 2010.
- ^ See section on Ancient Astronauts in The human myth: an introduction to anthropology by Michael D. Olien, Harper & Row, 1978
- ^ [1] Article on Ancient astronauts in Weekly World News Apr 3, 2001
- ^ Sagan, Carl. Broca's Brain. 1979
- ^ Joseph A. Angelo, Encyclopedia of space and astronomy, 2006 p. 444
- ^ Gold, T. "Cosmic Garbage," Air Force and Space Digest, 65 (May 1960).
- ^ "Ancient Aliens". History.com. 2011-06-14. http://www.history.com/shows/ancient-aliens. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ "Erich von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods: Science or Charlatanism?", Robert Sheaffer. First published in the "NICAP UFO Investigator", October/November, 1974. http://www.debunker.com/texts/vondanik.html
- ^ Sitchin's Nibiru Hypothesis
- ^ Sumerian Lexical Lists and Sitchin's "Translations"
- ^ Open Letter to Zecariah Sitchin
- ^ Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL) maintained by Oxford University
- ^ Temple, Robert K. G., The Sirius Mystery, 1976. ISBN 0-09-925744-0
- ^ Sagan, Carl, Broca's Brain, published by Random House, Inc. in 1974
- ^ Investigating the Sirius "Mystery" - Skeptical Inquirer (1978) Ian Ridpath
- ^ Walter E. A. van Beek: "Dogon Restudied: A Field Evaluation of the Work of Marcel Griaule." Current Anthropology, 32 (1991): 139-167.
- ^ Shklovski, I.S and Carl Sagan. Intelligent Life in the Universe. San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1966
- ^ "The Possible Consequences of Direct Contact," authored mostly by Sagan, according to line-by-line indications of individual or collaborative sections.
- ^ "civilizations, aeons more advanced than ours, must be plying the spaces between stars." Shklovski and Sagan, p. 464
- ^ Even allowing for millions of years between visits from a hypothetical "Galactic survey ship", Sagan calculated ~10ˆ4 such visits could have occurred "during [Earth's] geologic time". Shklovski and Sagan, p. 461;
- ^ Sagan cites the 1786 expedition of French explorer Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse, which made the earliest contact between European and Tlingit cultures. This contact story was preserved as an oral tradition by the preliterate Tlingit, and was first recorded by anthropologist George T. Emmons over a century after its occurrence. Though framed in a Tlingit cultural and spiritual paradigm, the story remained an accurate telling of the 1786 encounter. According to Sagan, this proved how "under certain circumstances, a brief contact with an alien civilization will be recorded in a reconstructable manner. The reconstruction will be greatly aided if (1) the account is committed to written record soon after the event; (2) a major change is effected in the contacted society; and (3) no attempt is made by the contacting civilization to disguise its exogenous nature." Shklovski and Sagan, p. 453
- ^ "stories like the Oannes legend, and representations especially of the earliest civilizations on Earth, deserve much more critical studies than have been performed heretofore, with the possibility of direct contact with an extraterrestrial civilization as one of many possible alternative explanations". Shklovski and Sagan, p. 461
- ^ Sagan, Broca's Brain, p. 67
- ^ Partridge, C.H. (2003). UFO religions. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26324-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=zHT8CeeiWlIC.
- ^ "http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cargocult.htm"
- ^ a b Sacred Texts: RÁMÁYAN OF VÁLMÍKI translated by Ralph T H Griffith
- ^ Erich von Däniken, Chariots of the Gods? ("Chapter 6: Ancient Imagination and Legends or Ancient Facts?"), 1968
- ^ "http://www.main.org/polycosmos/glxywest/vimanas.htm"
- ^ James Orr says "it is not easy to be certain of the interpretation of this strange passage." "Nephilim," The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, James Orr, ed., (Chicago: Howard-Severance, 1930), Vol. IV, p. 2133.
- ^ Book of Enoch (English and Swedish translations)
- ^ Ancient Aliens, Series 2 Episode 7: Angels and Aliens
- ^ Missler, Chuck, and Mark Eastman, Alien Encounters: The Secret Behind the UFO Phenomenon (Coeur d'Alene, ID: Koinonia House, 1997), 207.
- ^ von Däniken, 37. Le Poer Trench had previously speculated that a space vehicle had used nuclear weapons to destroy Sodom; Brinsley Le Poer Trench, The Sky People (New York: Award Books, 1970; copyright 1960, London) 64-5.
- ^ Gordon Stein, The encyclopedia of the paranormal, Prometheus Books, 1996 p. 29
- ^ Ezekiel 1, New International Version
- ^ von Daniken, 38-9. Morris K. Jessup, UFO and the Bible (New York: Citadel Press, 1956) 56-59.
- ^ Arthur W. Orton: "The Four-Faced Visitors of Ezekiel", Analog Science Fact & Fiction, March 1961, p. 99 (e-text at Project Gutenberg: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30252).
- ^ Josef F. Blumrich: The Spaceships of Ezekiel, Corgi Books, 1974.
- ^ "AncientDimensions Mysteries: De-Coded: The Ark Of The Covenant". Farshores.org. http://farshores.org/a06ark.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ Profile of Paul Misraki in UFOs in the 1980s by Jerome Clark, Apogee Books, 1990
- ^ Philip H. Melling, Fundamentalism in America: millennialism, identity and militant religion, 1999, p. 183
- ^ The Bible and Flying Saucers First Edition 1968. Second edition published in 1997 ISBN 1-56924-745-5
- ^ "Hell is on the planet Venus" Weekly World News Aug 31, 1993. Books.google.com. 1993-08-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=QO0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35&dq=venus+hell&hl=en&ei=38L0TZ6NKdG38gO--ZCaBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQuwUwAg#v=onepage&q=venus%20hell&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ Cave paintings and locations such as Wondinja and are discussed in the book UFO: the continuing enigma, Reader's Digest Association, 1991
- ^ UFO Evidence
- ^ "Art and UFO - Part 5". Sprezzatura.it. 2002-11-23. http://sprezzatura.it/Arte/Arte_UFO_5_eng.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ "The Mysterious Nazca Lines". Onagocag.com. 1982-08-07. http://www.onagocag.com/nazca.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ "Strange Artifacts, Ancient Flying Machines". World Mysteries. 1903-12-17. http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_7.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ Christopher Penczak, Ascension Magick: Ritual, Myth & Healing for the New Aeon, 2007, p. 226
- ^ "NOVA | Transcripts | Secrets of Lost Empires | Stonehenge". PBS. 1997-02-11. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2403stone.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ "NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile | August 27, 1999: The Third Attempt". Pbs.org. 1999-08-27. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990827.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ History Channel "Mega Movers: Ancient Mystery Moves"
- ^ a b c Kevin Burns (executive producer) (2011). Ancient Aliens, Series 3, Episode 8: Aliens and Lost Worlds (motion picture). A+E Networks.
- ^ David Hatcher Childress, Renato Vesco. Man-Made UFOs. 2007. p.179
- ^ "Ancient Astronauts". Eridu.co.uk. http://www.eridu.co.uk/Author/human_origins/ancient_astronauts.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ Clifford Wilson, Crash Go the Chariots, Lancer Books, 1972
- ^ "Charioteer of the Gods". Jcolavito.tripod.com. 2001-03-10. http://jcolavito.tripod.com/lostcivilizations/id26.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ "Lhote, Henri (1903-1991)". Daviddarling.info. 2007-02-01. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/Lhote.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ A case for an alien ancestry, A. G. Cairns-Smith, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 189, 249-74, 1975
- ^ "A Case for an Alien Ancestry". Adsabs.harvard.edu. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975RSPSB.189..249C. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- Avalos, Hector (2002) "The Ancient Near East in Modern Science Fiction: Zechariah Sitchin's The 12th Planet as Case Study." Journal of Higher Criticism, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 49–70.
- Harris, Christie (1975) Sky Man on the Totem Pole? New York: Atheneum.
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