Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. Mammals during pregnancy can have one or more gestations at the same time (multiple gestations).

The time interval of a gestation is called the gestation period. In human obstetrics, gestational age refers to the embryonic or fetal age plus two weeks. This is approximately the duration since the woman's last menstrual period (LMP) began.

Humans[link]

Human pregnancy can be divided into three trimesters, each three months long. The first trimester is from the last period to the 13th week, the second trimester is from the 14th to 27th week, and the third trimester is from the 28th week to 42 weeks.^[1]

In humans, birth normally occurs at a gestational age of about 40 weeks, though a normal range is from 37 to 42 weeks. (about 9 months)

Mammals[link]

In mammals, pregnancy begins when a fertilized zygote implants in the female's uterus and ends once the fetus leaves the uterus.

Below are average and approximate values ordered by gestation period (note for humans gestational age is counted from the LMP, for other animals the counting method varies, so these figures could be 14 days off):

Non-mammals[link]

A viviparous animal is an animal employing vivipary: the embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as opposed to outside in an egg (ovipary). The mother then gives live birth. The less developed form of vivipary is called ovoviviparity, which, for instance, occurs in most vipers. The more developed form of vivipary is called placental viviparity; mammals are the best example, but it has also evolved independently in other animals, such as in scorpions, some sharks, and in velvet worms. Viviparous offspring live independently and require an external food supply from birth. Certain lizards also employ this method such as the genera Tiliqua and Corucia. The placenta is attached directly to the mother in these lizards which is called viviparous matrotrophy.

Ovoviviparous animals develop within eggs that remain within the mother's body up until they hatch or are about to hatch. This strategy of birth is known as ovoviviparity. It is similar to vivipary in that the embryo develops within the mother's body. Unlike the embryos of viviparous species, ovoviviparous embryos are nourished by the egg yolk rather than by the mother's body. However, the mother's body does provide gas exchange. Ovoviviparity is employed by many aquatic life forms such as fish and some sharks, reptiles, and invertebrates. The young of ovoviviparous amphibians are sometimes born as larvae, and undergo metamorphosis outside the body of the mother.

The Syngnathidae family of fish has the unique characteristic whereby females lay their eggs in a brood pouch on the male's chest, and the male incubates the eggs. Fertilization may take place in the pouch or before implantation in the water. Included in Syngnathidae are seahorses, the pipefish, and the weedy and leafy sea dragons. Syngnathidae is the only family in the animal kingdom to which the term "male pregnancy" has been applied.^[2]

See also[link]

• Evolution of mammals (for the evolution of gestation-related features in humans and other mammals)
• Male Pregnancy
• Nesting instinct
• Pregnancy
• Prenatal development
• Prenatal nutrition and birth weight

References[link]

• Infoplease.com
• Gestation periods
• NSRL.ttu.edu

External links[link]

• Support Forum for Labour
• Table listing average animal gestation periods
• Pregnancy Due Date

Rick Santelli is an American on-air editor for the CNBC Business News network.^[1] He joined CNBC as an on-air editor on June 14, 1999, reporting primarily from the floor of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was formerly the vice president for an institutional trading and hedge fund account for futures-related products. He is also credited with being a catalyst in the early formation of the Tea Party movement via a statement he made on February 19, 2009.^[2]

In the course of his normal production schedule at CNBC Business, Santelli appears on-air approximately 12 to 16 times a day.^[3]

Early life[link]

The grandson of four Italian immigrants, Santelli was born near Taylor Street in Chicago's old Italian neighborhood and at age 6 moved with his family to Lombard, Illinois.^[4] After graduating from Willowbrook High School in Villa Park, Illinois,^[4] Santelli graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and has been a member of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade. He began his career in 1979 as a trader and order filler at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in markets that included gold, lumber, CD's, T-bills, foreign currencies, and livestock. While at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Santelli joined Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity.

Career[link]

Financial[link]

After college, Santelli began trading in 1979 at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in various markets, including commodities, CD's, Treasuries, and currencies.^[1]

During the time he spent as a financial trader and executive, Santelli worked for Drexel Burnham Lambert as the Vice President of Interest Rate Futures and Options.^[1]

Media[link]

In the 1990s, Santelli felt that the financial industry was changing in a way "not beneficial to me and my family",^[5] and in 1999, accepted a full-time job with CNBC.^[1]

Criticism of government Homeowners Affordability and Stability Plan[link]

Santelli drew attention for his remarks made on February 19, 2009, about the Homeowners Affordability and Stability Plan. While broadcasting from the floor of the CME Group during pre-market hours, Santelli accused the government of "promoting bad behavior", and raised the possibility of a "Chicago Tea Party". He also suggested that individuals who knowingly purchased high-risk mortgages (and faced impending foreclosure as a consequence) were "losers".

Scattered cheers, whistles, and applause could be heard from some of the personnel around the floor.^[6] Some subsequent protests in American cities, dubbed Tea Parties, may have drawn inspiration from Santelli's outburst, but were not directly associated with him.^{[citation needed]} During a White House press briefing, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs was asked about Santelli's comments and expressed skepticism over whether Santelli had actually read the government's plan.^[6][7]

Santelli later clarified his comments and addressed concerns that the event was staged.^[8][9]

CNN.com reported that some compared Santelli to fictional reporter Howard Beale, the protagonist of the 1976 satirical film Network.^[10] Santelli has said, "I think that this tea party phenomenon is steeped in American culture and steeped in the American notion to get involved with what’s going on with our government. I haven’t organized. I’m going to have to work to pay my taxes, so I’m not going to be able to get away today. But, I have to tell you — I’m pretty proud of this."^[11]

On April 20, 2009, Santelli participated as a panel member in an Economic Leadership Forum hosted by the George Bush Presidential Library Foundation at Texas A&M University.^[12]

Praise and criticism[link]

On November 4, 2010, the Tea Party Patriots organization confirmed in an email to their members that Santelli's comments did in fact start the Tea Party movement:^{[citation needed]}

"Tea Party Patriots wishes to extend a special thank you to Rick Santelli for his rant on February 19, 2009, which started this entire movement. Without Rick's rant, this movement would never have started. Many others will try to take credit but don't be fooled. He was the spark that began this fire."

In addition to this acclaim from the Tea Party movement, Santelli has also garnered some praise from libertarians:^[13]

In the world of financial "journalism," CNBC's Rick Santelli stands out as a refreshing and intelligent antidote to the hoards of perma-bulls, fed apologists, and chart sorcerers that otherwise pollute the financial airwaves. ... The trouble with Santelli, however, is that his political and economic philosophy is inconsistent and incomplete, and does not offer a viable alternative to that being peddled by his Keynesian opponents.

Santelli has also been heavily criticized from the left, for example from George Monbiot:^[14]

it is the most alarming example of cheap demagoguery you are likely to have seen.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Rick Santelli bio on CNBC.com
• Original speech by Rick Santelli on CNBC.com
• Santelli's speech and White House response

v t e Tea Party movement Issues Constitutional conservatism Constitutional economics Contract from America Opposition to taxation Originalism American exceptionalism 9–9–9 Plan History Right America: Feeling Wronged - Some Voices from the Campaign Trail Tea Party protests List of Tea Party protests, 2009 Taxpayer March on Washington List of Tea Party protests, 2010 Restoring Honor rally People Dick Armey Michele Bachmann Glenn Beck Herman Cain Keli Carender Jim DeMint Karl Denninger Matt Kibbe Amy Kremer Rush Limbaugh Mark Levin Sarah Palin Ron Paul List of Tea Party politicians Organizations Tea Party Patriots Americans For Prosperity FreedomWorks Tea Party Express Tea Party Nation National Tea Party Federation Related topics Tea Party Caucus DontGo Conservatism Portal

This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (December 2008) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|fr|Aurélie Filippetti}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Aurélie Filippetti
Minister of Culture and Communications
Incumbent
Assumed office 16 May 2012
President	François Hollande
Prime Minister	Jean-Marc Ayrault
Preceded by	Frédéric Mitterand
Personal details
Born	(1973-06-17) 17 June 1973 (age 39) Villerupt, France
Political party	Les Verts then Socialist Party

Aurélie Filippetti (born June 17, 1973, in Villerupt) is a French politician and novelist of Italian descent. Her family originates from Gualdo, Umbria.^[1] Since 16 May 2012, she is Minister of Culture and Communication in the government of François Hollande.^[2]

Her first novel Les derniers jours de la classe Ouvrière (The Lasts Days of the Working Class), published by Stock in 2003, has been translated into several languages. In 2003, Filippetti wrote the script for the theatre production Fragments d'humanité. She was a delegate of the French Greens for the Paris municipality and acted as the technical adviser for the Minister of the Environment, Yves Cochet, from 2001 to 2002.

In 2008, Filippetti said she was groped by International Monetary Fund chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn and stated she would “forever make sure” she was never “alone in a room with him.” ^[3]

She is member of the National Assembly of France, representing the Moselle département, and is a member of the Socialist Party.

She is an alumnus of the elite École normale supérieure de Fontenay–Saint-Cloud, she received an agrégation in Classic Literature.

Bibliography[link]

• Les Derniers Jours de la Classe ouvrière, Stock, 2003, Réédité en Livre de Poche (ISBN 2253108596)
• Un homme dans la poche, Stock, 2006

See also[link]

• Audun-le-Tiche#Historical association with mining

External links[link]

• Blog of Aurélie Filippetti (in French)

References[link]

This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the French Wikipedia.

v t e Ayrault Cabinet Jean-Marc Ayrault Laurent Fabius Vincent Peillon Christiane Taubira Pierre Moscovici Marisol Touraine Cécile Duflot Manuel Valls Nicole Bricq Arnaud Montebourg Michel Sapin Jean-Yves Le Drian Aurélie Filippetti Geneviève Fioraso Najat Vallaud-Belkacem Stéphane Le Foll Marylise Lebranchu Victorin Lurel Valérie Fourneyron

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