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Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Abkhaz: Аҧсны́ Apsny, IPA /apʰsˈnɨ/; Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti; Russian: Абхазия Abkhaziya) is a disputed territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus.
Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Apsny. This status is recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, Tuvalu and Vanuatu and also by the partially recognised states of South Ossetia, Transnistria and Nagorno-Karabakh.
The Georgian government and the majority of the world's governments consider Abkhazia a part of Georgia's territory. Under Georgia's official designation it is an autonomous republic, called the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, whose government sits in exile in Tbilisi. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a "Russian-occupied territory".
The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict. The wider region formed part of the Soviet Union until 1991. As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate towards the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. This led to the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia that resulted in a Georgian military defeat, de facto independence of Abkhazia and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia. In spite of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the status dispute has not been resolved, and despite the long-term presence of a United Nations monitoring force and a Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping operation, the conflict has flared up on several occasions. In August 2008, the sides again fought during the South Ossetia War, which was followed by the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 cease fire agreement and the termination of the UN and CIS missions.[citation needed]
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Anenii Noi District
Anenii Noi district (Romanian: Raionul Anenii Noi) is a district (raion) in the central part of Moldova. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 83,100. Its seat is the city of Anenii Noi.
Localities with the oldest documentary attestation are Gura Bîcului, Teliţa, Mereni localities documented for the first time in 1443-1475. In the following centuries to develop the economy (trade, agriculture, customs duties), and shows a significant demographic growth. The first documentary of the city Anenii Noi is June 27, 1731 with the name Pascani pe Bîc. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812-1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918-1940, 1941-1944), the district is part of the Chişinău County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Chişinău County (1991-2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Balta, Ukraine
Balta (Ukrainian: Балта) (Romanian: Balta) is a small city in the Odessa Oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Balta Raion (district), and located approximately 200 kilometers from the oblast capital, Odessa. The town was founded in the 16th century.
The current estimated population is around 20,000.
According to the archaeological findings, the first settlements on this territory existed 5-6 thousand years ago.
In the 17th and 18th century, there were two separate towns located on the opposite banks of Kodyma River. The first one was an Ottoman frontier settlement and fortress named Balta. The second one was Polish town of Józefgród (other variants of transliteration are Yuzefgrod and Yusefgrod) named after prince Józef Lubomirski, the founder of the local fortress. The burning of the city by the Russian general Mikhail Krechetnikov in pursuit of the Polish confederalists in March 1768 and the murdering of the mainly local Jewish population by the Cossack Haidamakas, formed one of the reasons for the start of the Russo–Turkish War, 1768–1774. Józefgród and Balta were joined in 1797, when this land became the territory of the Russian Empire. At 19th century Balta takes place as trade center of Odessa region, precisely because of this has built first in Ukraine railroad "Odessa-Balta"(has built at 1865).
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Bender, Moldova
Bender (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbender]), also known as Bendery (Russian: Бендеры, tr. Bendery; IPA: [bʲɪnˈdɛrɨ]; Ukrainian: Бендери, Bendery) and Tighina (Romanian pronunciation: [tiˈɡina]), is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under de facto control of the unrecognized Transnistria Republic (PMR) since 1992. Located on the right (western) bank of the river Dniester in the historical region of Bessarabia, together with its suburb Proteagailovca, the city forms a municipality, which is separate from Transnistria according to the Moldovan law. Bender is located in the buffer zone established at the end of the 1992 War of Transnistria.
While the Joint Control Commission has overriding powers in the city, Transnistria has de facto administrative control.
First mentioned in 1408 as Тягянякяча (Tyagyanyakyacha) in a document in Old Slavonic (the term is of Cuman origin), the town was known in the Middle Ages as Tighina in Moldavian sources and later as Bender in Ottoman sources. The fortress and the city were called Bender for the most part of the time they were a rayah of the Ottomans (1538–1812), and during most of the time they belonged to the Russian Empire (1828–1917). They were known as Tighina (Тигина) in the Principality of Moldavia, in the early part of the Russian Empire period (1812–1828), and during the time the city belonged to Romania (1918–1940; 1941–1944).
wn.com/Bender,_Moldova -
Bendery
Bender (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbender]), also known as Bendery (Russian: Бендеры, tr. Bendery; IPA: [bʲɪnˈdɛrɨ]; Ukrainian: Бендери, Bendery) and Tighina (Romanian pronunciation: [tiˈɡina]), is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under de facto control of the unrecognized Transnistria Republic (PMR) since 1992. Located on the right (western) bank of the river Dniester in the historical region of Bessarabia, together with its suburb Proteagailovca, the city forms a municipality, which is separate from Transnistria according to the Moldovan law. Bender is located in the buffer zone established at the end of the 1992 War of Transnistria.
While the Joint Control Commission has overriding powers in the city, Transnistria has de facto administrative control.
First mentioned in 1408 as Тягянякяча (Tyagyanyakyacha) in a document in Old Slavonic (the term is of Cuman origin), the town was known in the Middle Ages as Tighina in Moldavian sources and later as Bender in Ottoman sources. The fortress and the city were called Bender for the most part of the time they were a rayah of the Ottomans (1538–1812), and during most of the time they belonged to the Russian Empire (1828–1917). They were known as Tighina (Тигина) in the Principality of Moldavia, in the early part of the Russian Empire period (1812–1828), and during the time the city belonged to Romania (1918–1940; 1941–1944).
wn.com/Bendery -
Bertelsmann
Bertelsmann AG is a multinational media corporation founded in 1835, based in Gütersloh, Germany. The company operates in 63 countries and employs 102,983 workers (as of December 31, 2009). In 2008 the company reported a €16.118 billion consolidated revenue and an operating EBIT of €1.568 billion. Among its some 2000 subdivisions, subsidiaries, and branches are Random House, RTL Group, Gruner + Jahr, Arvato, and BMG Rights Management.
Bertelsmann is majority owned (77.4%) by the Bertelsmann Foundation, a non-profit organisation and political think tank founded by the Mohn family. The Mohn family owns the remaining 22.6% of the company.
The C. Bertelsmann Verlag was founded as a publishing house and print shop in July 1835 by Carl Bertelsmann. At first Bertelsmann concentrated on Christian songs and books. In 1851, led by Carl Bertelsmann's son Heinrich, the company began publishing novels. During the following years Bertelsmann expanded steadily. By 1939 the publishing house employed 401 people. During World War II, Bertelsmann was the biggest single producer of Nazi propaganda. Its owner, Heinrich Mohn, is said to have belonged to a group that donated money to the Nazi squadron SS. At the end of World War II, the publishing house was closed for some time because of illegal paper-trading. During the Nazi period, it published books by Nazi authors such as Will Vesper (who did the commemorative speech at the 1933 book burning) and Hans Grimm. In 1947, the company was re-founded by Reinhard Mohn, fifth generation of the Bertelsmann family. In 2002 a commission appointed by the company itself found that it had co-operated closely with the Nazis during the war and used Jews as cheap labour.
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Bessarabia
Bessarabia (Romanian: Basarabia; Russian: Бессарабия Bessarabiya, Ukrainian: Бессарабія Bessarabiya) is a historical term for the geographic region in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west.
In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812, and ensuing Peace of Bucharest, the eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia, an Ottoman vassal, was ceded to Imperial Russia and designated "Bessarabia". While this eastern part became the Governorate of Bessarabia, the western part of Moldavia united, in 1859, with Wallachia in what would become the Kingdom of Romania. For a short period between 1856 and 1878, two of the nine traditional counties of Bessarabia were also part of Moldavia and then Romania.
Three months after declaring its independence from Russia, in 1918, as the Moldavian Democratic Republic (shortly before the end of World War I); it united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia was occupied by the USSR in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. Subsequently, Romania joined the Axis Powers and recaptured it in 1941 and lost again in 1944. In 1947, the Soviet-Romanian border set along the Prut River was internationally recognised by the Paris Treaty that ended World War II. The core part of Bessarabia was joined with parts of the Moldavian ASSR (Transnistria) to form the Moldavian SSR. At the same time, smaller parts of Bessarabia, in the south (two traditional counties; Budjak) and north (half of one county), were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.
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Briceni District
Briceni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Briceni. The other major city is Lipcani. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 75,300.
The first documentary attestation dates back to district towns June 17, 1429. Such localities: Lipcani, Larga, Mihăileni, Şirăuţi are mentioned first in the period 1429–1433. In July 1429, reign of Moldova Alexander the Good Dan Uncleata had established him several villages in the region of the district today. In 1562 is first attested Briceni city under the name of the land Adicăuţi, Hotin, which gave him his Despot Voda to Vartic. Lipcani Tatars in 1699 are displaced living in the city which they called, being displaced to Kamianets-Podilskyi. In 1788 Austrian military administration Briceni found in 56 households. In 1812 after the Treaty of Bucharest, Moldova is occupied by Russian Empire in the period 1812-1918 as the district is under Russian administration. In 1877 the region is experiencing an epidemic of plague. In 1882 a drought strikes the district. In 1897 the city population Briceni of 7446, 96.5% were Hebrew. In 1918 with the Union of Bessarabia with Romania entering the land Hotin district region. In 1940 the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Bessarabia Briceni is occupied by the USSR. In 2004 the population was 78.400 inhabitants of the district.
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Brăila
Brăila (Romanian pronunciation: [brəˈila] (
listen); Greek: Μπράιλα; Turkish: İbrail) is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and the capital of Brăila County, in the close vicinity of Galaţi.
According to the 2011 Romanian census there were 168,389 people living within the city of Brăila, making it the 11th most populous city in Romania.
A settlement at this location on the left bank of the Danube, in Wallachia, was mentioned with the name Drinago in a Spanish Libro de conoscimiento ("Book of knowledge", circa 1350) and in several Catalan portolan charts (Angelino de Dalorto, 1325/1330 and Angelino Dulcert, 1339). This may have been an erroneous transcription of Brillago. In Greek documents of roughly that time, the city is referred to as Proilabum or Proilava, a Greek language adaptation of its Slavic name, Brailov. In German language sources, it is mentioned as Uebereyl. The origin and meaning of the name is unknown.
As a kaza, the town and its surrounding area was controlled by Ottoman Turks from 1538–1540 until 1829 (it was restored to Wallachia through the Akkerman Convention); the Ottomans called it Ibrail or Ibraila.
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Butuceni
Butuceni (Ukrainian: Бутучани, Butuchany, Russian: Бутучаны, previously Ботушаны, Botushany) is a commune in the Rîbniţa sub-district of Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Butuceni. It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.
Coordinates: 47°32′00″N 29°01′33″E / 47.5334°N 29.0257°E / 47.5334; 29.0257
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Bălţi
Bălți (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbəlt͡sʲ] ( listen); Polish: Bielce, Russian: Бельцы, [Byel’tsy] and Бэлць, [Bėlts’], Ukrainian: Бєльці, [Bel’tsi], Yiddish: בעלץ [Belts]) is a city in Moldova. It is the second largest in terms of area and economic importance after Chișinău, and the third largest in terms of population after Chișinău and Tiraspol. The city is one of the five Moldovan municipalities. Sometimes also called "the northern capital", it is a major industrial, cultural and commercial centre and transportation hub in the north of the country. It is situated 127 kilometres (79 mi) north of the capital Chișinău, and is located on the river Răut, a tributary of the Dniester, on a hilly landscape in the Bălți steppe.
The word "bălți" (pl. of Romanian sing. "baltă") in direct translation means "sloughs". It is believed that the city had been named thus because it was founded on a hill dominating the wetland formed where the creek Răuțel ("Little Răut") falls into the river Răut.
In addition to the official name Bălți and the Russian name Бельцы (Beltsy), between 1940-1989 in Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet, and after 1989 in Russian, the name was/is also rendered in Cyrillic as Бэлць (Russian pronunciation: [ˈbeltsʲ]).
wn.com/Bălţi -
Cahul District
Cahul is a district (Romanian: raion) in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cahul. According to the GeoNames geographical database, the population of Cahul is 34,492.
The district has been inhabited since the Stone Age (50-45.000 BC). Two ancient settlements were founded around 1300 BC; archaeologists have found items belonging to the Bronze Age (XV-XIII century). According to estimates of specialists, another village was established here around 300-400 BC. That has been confirmed by the remains of houses burned and the fragments of clay pots. Archaeological monuments recorded a settlement arising from employment of Dacia in the Roman Empire and devastated by the Huns in 376. The presence of nomads in these places is attested by the four burial mounds.
Localities with the earliest documented attestation are Crihana Veche, Manta, Valeni, Slobozia Mare, and Larga Veche; they were documented for the first time in 1425-1447. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the economy developed in agriculture, winery, and trade, along with an increase in population. On August 1, 1770, near Cahul lake, the Battle of Cahul took place (Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774). It was the most important land battle of the Russo-Turkish War and one of the largest battles of the 18th century. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War, there was an intense russification of the native population during the occupation of Basarabia by the Russian Empire during this period (1812–1856, 1878–1917). Between 1813 and 1850, the Tsarist government colonized some of the region with Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, and Gagauz. These ethnic groups now constitute 21% of the population of the district.
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Camenca sub-district
Camenca sub-district is an administrative sub-region of Transnistria, Moldova. Its seat is the town of Camenca (Romanian: Camenca; Russian: Каменка, Kamenka, Ukrainian: Kamianka, Polish: Kamionka). The district contains this town and 12 communes (a total of 23 localities, including the small villages/hamlets):
Camenca is located along the river Dniester. It is the northernmost sub-district of Transnistria. According to the 2004 Census in Transnistria, the population of the sub-district is 27,284 people, including 13,048 (47.82%) Moldovans (Romanians), 11,610 (42.55%) Ukrainians, 1,880 (6.89%) Russians, 43 (0.16%) Gagauzians, 59 (0.22%) Bulgarians, 9 (0.03%) Romas, 10 (0.04%) Jews, 447 (1.64%) Poles, 85 (0.31%) Belarussians, 26 (0.10%) Germans, 16 (0.06%) Armenians, and 51 (0.19%) others.
The sub-district is home to the Dniester Sanatorium, the oldest health resort in Transnistria. In 2001, election officials for the Transnitrian presidential election announced that sitting president Igor Smirnov received 103.6 percent of the vote in this region.
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Cantemir District
Cantemir is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cantemir. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 62,800.
Localities with the earliest documentary attestation of the district are: Haragîș, Stoianeuca, Lărguța, Cîrpești localities approved for the first time in the period 1443-1489. In the 16th and 17th centuries, most of all to develop trade, agriculture and there is a significant population increase. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812–1856, 1878–1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1856-1878, after the Crimean War district is part of the Romania. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944), the district is part of the Ismail County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Cahul County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Chişinău
Chișinău (Romanian pronunciation: [kiʃiˈnəw]; historically also known as Kishinev, from Russian: Кишинёв) is the capital and largest city of Moldova. It is also its main industrial and commercial centre, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bîc. According to January 2012 official estimates, Chișinău proper has a population of 723,500 and the municipality of Chișinău is home to 794,800 residents.
Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova, and its largest transportation hub. As the most economically and socially important municipality in Moldova, the city has a broad range of educational facilities.
The origin of the city's name is unclear. In one version, the name comes from the archaic Romanian word chișla (meaning "spring", "source of water") and nouă ("new"), because it was built around a small spring, located at the corner of Pushkin and Albișoara streets.
An alternative version, by Ștefan Ciobanu, Romanian historian and academician, holds that the name was formed the same way as the name of Chișineu (alternative spelling: Chișinău) in Western Romania, near the border with Hungary. Its Hungarian name is Kisjenő, from which the Romanian name originates. Kisjenő in turn comes from kis "small" + the "Jenő" tribe, one of the seven Hungarian tribes that entered the Carpathian Basin in 896 and gave the name of 21 settlements.
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Chiţcani, Moldova
Chiţcani (Romanian: Kitskany; Russian: Кицканы) is a commune in Căuşeni district, Moldova. It consists of the village Chiţcani and two small villages (hamlets), Mereneşti and Zahorna. Chiţcani is situated to the south-east of the city of Tighina (Bender). The locality, although situated on the right (western) bank of the river Dniester, is under the control of the breakaway Transnistrian authorities. On the opposite side of the river lies the city of Tiraspol.
Chiţcani is one of the oldest recorded villages in Moldova, its history dating back to 1367. The name of the village means "shrews" in Romanian language.
The village is also well-known as the home of the Noul Neamţ Monastery. The monastery was closed when Moldova was under the Soviet Union. It was then used as a hospital, a storehouse, then as a makeshift museum.
Official data for the present population of the commune are not available. Estimates appreciate the current population at ca. 9,000 people, of which ca. 4,800 ethnic Russians, ca. 3,100 ethnic Moldovans (Romanians), ca. 900 ethnic Ukrainians, and ca. 200 other. This data, however, is not reliable.
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Cimişlia District
Cimișlia is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cimișlia. On January 1, 2011, its population was 61,700.[citation needed]
Localities with the earliest documentary attestation are Sagaidac, Javgur, Gura Galbenei localities approved for the first time in years from 1605-1670 period. Present territory of the district was populated populated later with Moldovans, unlike Leova District (west). 17th-18th centuries, grow primarily agriculture, wine-making industries, but attest to a significant demographic growth. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812–1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944), the district is part of the Lăpușna County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991, as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Lăpușna County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Cobasna
Cobasna (Romanian; Ukrainian and Russian: Колбасна, Kolbasna) is a commune consisting of three villages - Cobasna, Suhaia Rîbniţa (Сухая Рыбница), and Cobasna station - situated in northern Transnistria, Moldova. It is controlled by the authorities of Transnistria. It is located 2 km from the Ukrainian border, in the Rîbniţa sub-district. Cobasna is the site of a Russian, and formerly Soviet ammunition depot, one of the largest of the kind in Europe.
The majority of the original ammunition has either disappeared or has been removed from Cobasna under Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) supervision. Military equipment which was unpractical to remove has undergone on-site destruction as per Moldovan demands that the "weapons dump" of Transnistria be removed.[citation needed] Transnistrian sources claim that the U.S. State Department recognizes that the process of removal of Russian munitions and equipment has been carried out with efficiency during 2003.
Today, around 22,000 tons of military equipment and ammunition remain there, guarded by Russian troops.[citation needed]
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Cocieri
Cocieri is a commune in the Republic of Moldova, and the administrative center of Dubăsari District. It is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River, consisting of two villages, Cocieri and Vasilievca.
During 1992 War of Transnistria inhabitants of this village rebelled against the separatist authorities of Transnistria. The military unit of the 14th former Soviet Army which was located in the village was attacked by local inhabitants who armed themselves and opposed the forces of Transnistria. As result, after the war, Cocieri remained in the area controlled by the Republic of Moldova.
According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, the commune had a population of 4,336, 4,151 in Cocieri and 185 in Vasilievca. 4,011 of these (3,823 in Cocieri, and 184 in Vasilievca) were ethnic Moldavians/Romanians, 308 (307 in Cocieri and 1 in Vasilievca) were from ethnic minorities, and 17 were other or undeclared. Due to the economic situation around 800 inhabitants work abroad.
In the village is a Romanian language school with 560 pupils and a kindergarten with 100 children. Since Cocieri is in a Republic of Moldova controlled area the school uses the Latin script.
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Copanca
Copanca is a commune in Căuşeni district, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Copanca.
Coordinates: 46°43′N 29°37′E / 46.717°N 29.617°E / 46.717; 29.617
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Corjova, Dubăsari
Corjova is a commune in Dubăsari district, Moldova. Located on the eastern bank of the River Dniester, it consists of two villages, Corjova and Mahala, with a total population of 3,231.
During the Soviet period, it was considered a suburb of the nearby city of Dubăsari, but has since separated from the city and elects its own mayor. During the 1992 War of Transnistria the village was the scene of heavy fighting. After the war it was divided between a part controlled by the government of Moldova and a part controlled by the secessionist government of Transnistria.
On 13 May 2007, Transnistrian separatist authorities shortly detained Valeriu Miţul, the mayor of Corjova, and Iurie Coţofan, a Dubăsari district councillor. On 3 June 2007, Iurie Coţofan was again detained. Transnistrian militsiya (police force) did not allow the inhabitants to participate in Moldovan elections. Valentin Besleag, a candidate for mayoral office, was also detained by the separatist authorities on 2 June.
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Coşniţa
Coşniţa is a commune located in Dubăsari district of the Republic of Moldova, on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. It consists of two villages, Coşniţa and Pohrebea (Romanian: Pohrebea; Russian: Погребя, Pogrebya).
During the 1992 War of Transnistria, the commune was the center of some of the heaviest fighting between the local inhabitants and the government of the Republic of Moldova on one side, and the secessionist government of Transnistria and the Russian 14th Army, on the other. As a legacy of that war, Pogrebea today hosts one of the largest areas of unremoved landmines in the region.[1]
Coordinates: 47°11′N 29°10′E / 47.183°N 29.167°E / 47.183; 29.167
According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, the commune had a population of 5,699 people, of which Coşniţa 4,996, and Pohrebea 703. Of these, 5,524 (4,829 in Coşniţa, and 695 in Pohrebea) were ethnic Moldavians, 167 (160 in Coşniţa, and 7 in Pohrebea) were ethnic minorities, and 9 other/undeclared.
In Romanian language, Pogrebă means "a basement", and -ea is a specific ending in Romanian; the addition of which means that Pogrebea signifies "the basement", while Coşniţa is derived from the Bulgarian word for "basket" - "кошница"/"koshnitsa".
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Crasnoe
Crasnoe (Russian: Красное, Krasnoye, Ukrainian: Красне, Krasne) is a town in the Slobozia sub-district of Transnistria, Moldova. It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.
Coordinates: 46°39′05″N 29°48′17″E / 46.6513888989°N 29.8047222322°E / 46.6513888989; 29.8047222322
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Cremenciug, Căuşeni
This article is about a town in Moldova. For the Ukrainian industrial city on the Dnieper river, see Kremenchuk.
Cremenciug is a commune in Căușeni district, Moldova, composed of a single village with the same name, population 1,094 at the 2004 Census. The locality, although situated on the right (western) bank of the river Dniester, is under the control of the breakaway Transnistrian authorities. On the opposite side of the river lies the city of Slobozia. Of the 1,094 inhabitants of Cremenciug, 465 (42.50%) are Moldovans (Romanians), 353 (32.27%) Russians, 203 (18.56%) Ukrainians, 22 (2.01%) Germans, 15 (1.37%) Belorussians, 11 (1.01%) Bulgarians, 7 (0.64%) Gagauzians, 6 (0.55%) Armenians, 2 (0.18%) Gypsies, and 10 (0.91%) others and non-declared.
Coordinates: 46°42′31″N 29°40′26″E / 46.70861°N 29.67389°E / 46.70861; 29.67389
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Criuleni District
Criuleni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Criuleni. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 73,100.
The history of love of two young Criu and Lenuţa - from neighboring towns, and whose parents forbade them to marry, had a tragic end. Finding no other solution, they were thrown into the river Nistru. In there came two young parents and relatives, and he wept, understanding the tragedy they have committed. Some time passed parents and relatives living on the Nistru river, wanting to be closer to loved ones and the city have called Crio-Lean. Over several years the name was changed in Criuleni.
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Călăraşi District
Călăraşi is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Călăraşi. This region is very popular for its red wine, white wine, cognac. While Republic of Moldova were a part of Soviet Union, its wine were known far in all USSR. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 78,800.
The district territory is inhabited since Paleolithic, 50-40.000 years ago. Settlements with the earliest documentary attestation of the district are: Horodiste, Pituşca, and Sadova, they are certified in 1420. During the component was in the Principality of Moldova (1359-1812), the current Călăraşi territory held by the Orhei - Lăpuşna County. After dividing the land Orhei - Lapusna in two separate counties, some localities have passed Orhei County and the other part Lăpuşna County. In the XVI-XVIII century, the district is developing economic (trade, wine), cultural (to build monasteries, Frumoasa, Hârbovăţ and Răciula) and showed an important increase in population. After the Treaty of Bucharest, Basarabia is occupied by the Russian Empire at this time there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia united with the motherland Romania but for a short time (1918-1940, 1941-1944). In 1940 after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, the territory between the Prut and Nistru is busy again this time the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part of the Ungheni County (1991-2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Căuşeni District
Căuşeni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Căuşeni. The other major city is Căinari. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 92,300.
Location of the earliest documentary attestation, the district is Căuşeni, first attested in 1455. Other localities with the earliest documentary attestation are: Zaim, Cîrnăţeni, Fîrlădeni, localities approved for the first time in the period 1535-1573. In the 16th-18th centuries, develop intense agriculture, an important wine-making industries and population growth attests. In 1761 is built in Căuşeni city, Assumption Church, inside painted frescoes on the walls. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812-1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918-1940, 1941-1944), the district is part of the Tighina County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Tighina County (1991-2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Dnestrovsc
Dnestrovsc (Romanian: Dnestrovsc; Russian: Днестрóвск, Dnestrovsk; Ukrainian: Дністровськ, Dnistrovs'k) is a town in southern Transnistria, Moldova, near the border with Ukraine. It is located at the shores of the Cuciurgan Reservoir and is home to the Kuchurgan power station, also known as Moldavskaya GRES.
It is a company town which was founded in early Soviet times by the establishment of a large power plant, Moldavskaya GRES, today owned by Inter RAO UES.
At the 1989 census, Dnestrovsc has a populaiton of 14,876. At the 2004 census it had ca. 11,200 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 46°37′N 29°55′E / 46.617°N 29.917°E / 46.617; 29.917
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Dniester River
The Dniester (
/ˈniːstər/ NEES-tər;Romanian: Nistru, Ukrainian: Дністе́р translit. Dnister; Russian: Днестр) is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs through Ukraine and Moldova and separates most of Moldova's territory from the breakaway territory of Transnistria.
The name Dniester derives from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu nazdya "the close river." The Dnieper River also derives from the same Sarmatian Iranic meaning, "the river on the far side.") The older name, Tyras, is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid." The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Proto Indo-European word *dānu - river.
In Russian, it is known as Днестр, translit. Dnestr, in Yiddish: Nester נעסטער; in Turkish, Turla and during antiquity, it was called Tyras in Latin and Danastris in Greek. Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster.
The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Drohobych, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for 398 kilometres (247 mi), separating the bulk of Moldova's territory from Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.
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Donduşeni District
Dondușeni District is a district (raion) in the north of Moldova. Its administrative center is the city of Dondușeni. As of 2011, its population was 45,100.
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Doroţcaia
Doroţcaia is a commune in the Republic of Moldova, situated on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. It is composed of a single village, Doroţcaia.
The village was a place of fighting during 1992 War of Transnistria. It is now under the control of the central authorities from Chişinău.
The Grigoriopol Romanian-language school which was not allowed to function by the authorities of Transnistria was moved to the village in 2002.
According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, the village had a population of 3,206, of whom 3,160 were ethnic Moldovans/Romanians, 39 were from ethnic minorities, and 7 were undeclared.
On the eastern edge of Doroţcaia passes the strategic road linking Tiraspol and Rîbniţa, and separatist authorities from Tiraspol want to control this road. 85% of Doroţcaia's farmland is across the road. From 2003 Transnistrian authorities tried to prevent farmers from accessing their land. Unable to harvest their crops, the farmers suffered serious losses.
This situation lead to an escalation of conflict between farmers and Transnistrian guards. An Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe mission was formed to find a temporary solution that allows farmers to access their land.
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Drochia District
Drochia district is a district in the north of Moldova. Its administrative center is the city of Drochia. As of 2011, its population was 90,100.
The oldest historical attestations about the settlements in the district from the period 1443-1470 when the mentioned villages Cotova, Hasnasenii Mari, Mindic. In the next century of growth followed both economic, cultural and demographic explosion, shown by the fact that 11 villages in the district had 3,000 inhabitants. After the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, Bessarabia as Drochia district are occupied by the Russian Empire at this time there is a massive colonization by Ukrainians and Russians. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with the motherland Romania. And in 1940, Bessarabia is again occupied by the USSR on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty. After the 2004 census the population was 94.500 inhabitants of the district.
Drochia district is located in the north of Moldova, has Donduseni District neighborhood in north, east Floresti and Soroca district, south Singerei District and Riscani District in the southwest. In the northern district they learn remains of Plateau Moldova, while most of the district is located in Balti Steppe. The relief is poorly fractured, weak erogenous processes. Chernozems occupy about 80% of the district.
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Dubăsari District
Dubăsari district is a district in the east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cocieri. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 35,200. This does not include the 715 people that live in the village of Roghi, which is controlled by the breakaway Tiraspol authorities. Dubăsari means ferry-arks (see coat of arms).
The territory which today is part of Dubăsari district is inhabited since the Stone Age (50–30000 years BC). Location of the earliest documentary attestation of the district is Corjova, first attested in 1362. Other town with old certificate is Holercani village certified in 1464. This region is part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during 1386-1434. In 1393-1812 the part of district, situated on the right, of the Nistru is part of the Principality of Moldova. In this period to develop the economy (trade, agriculture), as population increases. In 1790, the part of district, situated on the left of Nistru is occupied by the Russian Empire had the same fate of Basarabia in 1812. In 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia united with Romania, but the part of district on the left of Nistru, is part of the Moldavian ASSR, part of Ukrainian SSR. In 1940 after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, district is part of Moldova. In 1992, the district is the focus, the Moldovan-Russian War of Transnistria. Following the war, the district is divided into two: one controlled by the Republic of Moldova and the separatist-controlled part of the authorities in Tiraspol, which includes Dubăsari. District is part of the Chişinău County (1991-2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Dubăsari district
Dubăsari district is a district in the east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cocieri. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 35,200. This does not include the 715 people that live in the village of Roghi, which is controlled by the breakaway Tiraspol authorities. Dubăsari means ferry-arks (see coat of arms).
The territory which today is part of Dubăsari district is inhabited since the Stone Age (50–30000 years BC). Location of the earliest documentary attestation of the district is Corjova, first attested in 1362. Other town with old certificate is Holercani village certified in 1464. This region is part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during 1386-1434. In 1393-1812 the part of district, situated on the right, of the Nistru is part of the Principality of Moldova. In this period to develop the economy (trade, agriculture), as population increases. In 1790, the part of district, situated on the left of Nistru is occupied by the Russian Empire had the same fate of Basarabia in 1812. In 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia united with Romania, but the part of district on the left of Nistru, is part of the Moldavian ASSR, part of Ukrainian SSR. In 1940 after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, district is part of Moldova. In 1992, the district is the focus, the Moldovan-Russian War of Transnistria. Following the war, the district is divided into two: one controlled by the Republic of Moldova and the separatist-controlled part of the authorities in Tiraspol, which includes Dubăsari. District is part of the Chişinău County (1991-2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Edineţ District
Edineț is a district (Romanian: raion) in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Edineț. The other major city is Cupcini. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 82,900.[citation needed]
The first news about the settlements of the district down to 15 July 1431 of the reign Alexander the Good, who gives his magistrate Ivan Cupcea three kids for the establishment of new villages. In 1439, the cornerstone was laid July 15 Veadineț settlement. August 18, 1690, the time of Constantin Movilă gramota Cozma's Poplar therefore toponymical transformation that takes place from Iadineți in Viadineți. Edineţ name is documented in 1663, remaining stable until now. According to the census years 1772 to 1774, there were only 15 households in Edineț large farmers. In 1793 the first church is confirmed. In 1812 after the Treaty of Bucharest, Moldova is occupied by Russian Empire in the period 1812-1918 as the district is under Russian administration. In 1866 the district is facing a major epidemic of plague. In 1918 with the Union of Bessarabia with Romania entering the land Hotin district region. In 1940 the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Bessarabia and Edineț is occupied by the USSR. In 2004 the population was 86.100 inhabitants of the district.
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Einsatzgruppen
Einsatzgruppen (German: "task forces"; singular Einsatzgruppe; official full name Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD) were SS paramilitary death squads that were responsible for mass killings, typically by shooting, of Jews in particular, but also significant numbers of other population groups and political categories. The Einsatzgruppen operated throughout the territory occupied by the German armed forces following the German invasions of Poland, in September, 1939, and later, of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. The Einsatzgruppen carried out operations ranging from the murder of a few people to operations which lasted over two or more days, such as the massacres at Babi Yar (33,771 killed in two days) and Rumbula (25,000 killed in two days). The Einsatzgruppen were responsible for the murders of over 1,000,000 people, and they were the first Nazi organizations to commence mass killing of Jews as an organized policy.
The Einsatzgruppen were formed under the direction of SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich (deputy to Heinrich Himmler) and operated by the Schutzstaffel (SS) before and during World War II. From September 1939 forward the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA - Reich Main Security Office) had overall command of the Einsatzgruppen. Their principal task during the war (according to SS General Erich von dem Bach at the Nuremberg Trials) "... was the annihilation of the Jews, Gypsies, and Soviet political commissars". The Einsatzgruppen had a leading role in the implementation of the final solution of the Jewish question (Die Endlösung der Judenfrage) in the conquered territories.
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Floreşti District
Florești is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the north-east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Florești. The other major cities are Ghindeşti and Mărculeşti. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 90,000.
Localities with the oldest documentary attestation of the district are: Cuhureștii de Sus, Cuhureștii de Jos, Cunicea documented on 20 December 1437. In XV-XVII region continue to develop trade and economic, and been there has to significant increase of population. Floresti Center is documented on August 20, 1588. 18th century is marked by economic decline of the region because of the constant wars waged by the powers in the region to influence: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire. In 1812 the region has been occupied by Russian Empire, and besides the local Population of Moldovans, many have settled here Ukrainian and Russian. In 1870 is certified as fair Floresti voloste center. After the collapse of Russian Empire in 1917, Basarabia decide union with the motherland Romania. In 1940 Basarabia it is again occupied by the USSR after the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. In 1944-1991 Glodeni district in the center became the composition of the MSSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part of the Soroca County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Făleşti District
Fălești is a district (Romanian: raion) in the north of Moldova, with the administrative center at Fălești. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 92,600.
It borders Romania, in Western Moldova.
District towns, with the earliest historical attestation are Fălești, Scumpia, Călugăr, Horești first attested in the period 1429-1437. In the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, especially this region develop economically (trade) and cultural, as there was a significant increase in population. In the 18th century as a result of the constant wars waged by the Principality of Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire, later more frequent interventions of the Russian army, led to the demise of the region. In 1812, following the Treaty of Bucharest, the Russian Empire occupied Basarabia at the expense of the Principality of Moldavia. During this period czarist government policy is one of Russification of the native population, many Ukrainians and Russians are brought which is currently 15% of the population of the district. In 1918 after the collapse of Russian Empire, Basarabia decide union with the motherland Romania. In 1940, following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia again is busy this time of USSR. In period 1944-1991 Falesti district center is in part MSSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part of the Ungheni County (1991-2003), and in 2003 administrative unit of Moldova.
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Gagauzia
Gagauzia (Gagauz: Gagauziya or Gagauz Yeri; Romanian: Găgăuzia; Russian: Гагаузия ), formally known as the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Găgăuzia (Gagauz Yeri) (Gagauz: Avtonom Territorial Bölümlüü Gagauz Yeri, Romanian: Unitatea Teritorială Autonomă Găgăuzia, Russian: Автономное территориальное образование Гагаузия / Avtonomnoe territorial'noe obrazovanie Gagauziya), is an autonomous region of Moldova. Its name comes from the word, "Gagauz", which in turn most likely comes from the name, Gok-oguz, which refers to descendants of the Oghuz tribe of Turkey.
According to some theories the Gagauz people descend from the Seljuq Turks that settled in Dobruja, or from Pechenegs, Uz (Oghuz) and Cuman (Kipchak) people that followed the Anatolian Seljuq Sultan Izzeddin Keykavus II (1236–1276). More specifically, one clan of Oghuz Turks migrated to the Balkans during the inter-tribal conflicts with other Turks. This Oghuz Turk clan converted from Islam to Orthodox Christianity after settling in the Eastern Balkans (in Bulgaria) and were called Gagauz Turks.[citation needed] A large group of the Gagauz later left Bulgaria and settled in southern Bessarabia, along with a group of ethnic Bulgarians.
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Glodeni District
Glodeni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the north of Moldova, with the administrative center at Glodeni. As of 1 January 2011 (2011 -01-01)[update], its population was 61,900. The administrative-territorial division - 35 localities grouped in 18 comune and 1 town.
One of most beautiful localities is Bisericani, a small village situated on the river of Prut, in Pădurea Domnească natural reservation.
Place the oldest attestation of the district is the Cobani remembered for the first time June 3, 1374. Other old localities but with a late certification in May are: Balatina, Camenca, Cuhnesti, Iabloana mentioned historical period from 1429-1442. In 15th-17th centuries continue to develop trade and economic region, and there has been a significant increase of population. In 1616 is documented Glodeni district center. Since the 17th-18th centuries, the region fueled by the constant wars waged hinder Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire. In 1812 the region has been occupied by Russian Empire, and besides the local Population of Moldovans, many have settled here Ukrainian and Russian, which currently constitutes 22% of the population district. After the collapse of Russian Empire in 1917, Basarabia decide union with the motherland Romania. In 1940 Bessarabia it is again occupied by the USSR after the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. In 1944-1991 Glodeni district in the center became the composition of the MSSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of independence of Moldova, part of the Balti County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Goian, Transnistria
Goian (Ukrainian: Гояни, Hoiany, Russian: Гояны, Goiany) is a commune in Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Goian and Iagorlîc (Ягорлик, Ягорлык). It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.
Coordinates: 47°22′40″N 29°09′47″E / 47.3778°N 29.1631°E / 47.3778; 29.1631
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Gîsca
Gîsca (meaning "goose" in Romanian; Russian: Гиска, Giska) is a commune near in Căuşeni district, Moldova, composed of a single village with the same name, population 4,841 at the 2004 Census. The locality, although situated on the right (western) bank of the river Dniester, immediately to the south-west of the city of Tighina (Bender), in the Bessarabian, not Transnistrian part of Moldova, is under the control of the breakaway Transnistrian authorities.
The village is historically located around a creek named Gârla, which flows into the Dniester. The creek is small and not navigable, but apparently is used extensively by local ducks and geese, which gave the name to the locality. The road south-west from the city of Tighina (Bender) follows into the Moldovan-controlled area immediately as the village of Gîsca ends, and the next village of Fîrlădeni starts.
At the census organized by the Transnistrian authorities in 2004, there were 4,841 inhabitants in Gîsca, including 819 to 824 (16.98%) ethnic Moldovans (Romanians), 2,956 (61.06%) ethnic Russians, 719 (14.85%) ethnic Ukrainians, 168 (3.47%) ethnic Bulgarians, 91 (1.88%) ethnic Gagauzians, 22 (0.45%) ethnic Germans, 8 (0.17%) ethnic Belorussians, 7 (0.14%) ethnic Jews, 0 to 16 (0.17%) Armenians, 0 to 12 (0.12%) Poles, 0 to 5 (0.04%) Gypsies, and 13 to 44 (0.60%) others and non-declared.
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Hristoforovca
Hristoforovca (Ukrainian: Христофорівка, Khrystoforivka) is a commune in Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Hristoforovca. It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.
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Hînceşti District
Hîncești is a district (Moldovan: raion) of Moldova, with the administrative center at Hîncești. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 122,000.
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Ialoveni District
Ialoveni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Ialoveni. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 99,100.
Localities with the oldest documentary attestation of the district are: Bardar, Puhoi, Molesti, Razeni, localities approved for the first time in the period 1443-1485. 16th-18th centuries, grow the economy (agriculture and winery), cultural (the built monasteries), as the region's population grows. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812–1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944), the district is part of the Chisinau County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Chisinau County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (
i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Khotin
Khotyn (Ukrainian: Хотин; see other names) is a city in Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine, and is the administrative center of Khotyn Raion within the oblast, and is located south-west of Kamianets-Podilskyi. According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, it has a population of 11,124. In earlier times, the town was part of the Principality of Moldavia (1359–1812), although because of its fortress, at times it was in Polish, Turkish and Austrian hands, then it was part of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (1812–1917), Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918), Romania (1918–1940, 1941–1944), and the USSR (1940–1941, 1944–1991).
Khotyn, first chronicled in 1001, is located on the right (southwestern) bank of the Dniester River, and is part of the historical region Bessarabia. Important architectural landmarks within the city include the Khotyn Fortress, constructed in the 13-15th centuries (new fortress started in 1325, major improvements in 1380s and 1460s), and two 15th century constructions by Moldavia's ruler Stephen the Great: the Prince's Palace (Palatul Domnesc) and the city's clock tower.
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Leova District
Leova is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova, bordering Romania, with the administrative center at Leova. The other major city is Leova. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 53,800.
Localities with the oldest documentary attestation of the district are: Tigheci, Tochile Raducani, Leova, they are first attested in the years 1436-1489 period. In the 16th and 17th centuries, most of all to develop trade, agriculture and there is a significant population increase. During this period the Tirgul Sarata (Leova today), is developing intensively. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812–1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944), the district is part of the Lapusna County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Lapusna County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Lunga, Transnistria
Lunga (Ukrainian and Russian: Лунга), traditionally Lunca (everglade), is a commune in the Dubăsari sub-district of Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Lunga. It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.
Coordinates: 47°14′56″N 29°10′23″E / 47.24889°N 29.17306°E / 47.24889; 29.17306
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Maiac
Maiac (Ukrainian and Russian: Маяк, Mayak) is an urban settlement (according to Transnistrian authorities[citation needed]), or city (according to the Moldovan legislation) in the Grigoriopol sub-district, Transnistria, Moldova, 13 km east of Grigoriopol, on the Ukrainian border.
The Transnistrian Radio and Television Center (TRTC) is located in Maiac. It is a large broadcasting centre for short- and mediumwave, which was built up in the years between 1968 and 1975. It covers an area of 9.5 km2., and housed at the end of 1980s 20 transmitters. In 1997, a 350 meters, and a 250 meters mast of the facility used for medium wave broadcasting collapsed as a result of icing.
In October 2007 the Russian unitary enterprize Russian Television and Radio Networks acquired 100% of shares of the TRTC for $3,314,388.
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Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
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Molovata Nouă
Molovata Nouă is a commune located in Dubăsari district of the Republic of Moldova, on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. It consists of two villages, Molovata Nouă and Roghi.
During the 1992 War of Transnistria, the commune was located in the immediate vicinity of heavy fighting. Since the war Molovata Nouă has been controlled by the government of the Republic of Moldova, while Roghi is partly controlled by the secessionist government of Transnistria.
According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, the village Molovata Nouă had a population of 1,851, of which 1,824 were ethnic Moldavians, 23 were from ethnic minorities, and 4 were other or undeclared.
Coordinates: 47°21′N 29°05′E / 47.35°N 29.083°E / 47.35; 29.083
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NATO
Coordinates: 50°52′34.16″N 4°25′19.24″E / 50.8761556°N 4.4220111°E / 50.8761556; 4.4220111
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( /ˈneɪtoʊ/ NAY-toh; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN)), also called the (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the world's defence spending.
For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However, the Korean War galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, which formed in 1955. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down." Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion—doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of the French from NATO's military structure in 1966.
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Nisporeni District
Nisporeni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the west-central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Nisporeni.
As of 1 January 2011 (2011 -01-01)[update], its population was 66,800. Most of the people (97.2%) are Moldovans (Romanians).
On 25 April 1420 is first attested Vărzărești monastery. Localities with the oldest historical attestation of the district are: Bălăurești, Ciutești, Seliște, Nisporeni and Vărzărești they are approved for the first time in 1420-1425. 15th-18th centuries, continued economic development (trade and agriculture), cultural (monasteries and churches are built), just showed an important increase in population. Nisporeni city was first documented by Gaspar Graziani in his book, at 4 January 1618. According to him, the city was at that time ruled by Farima Nicolae II, descendant of the great Farima dynasty and cousin to Michael the Brave. He is regarded as one of Moldova's greatest national heroes. Locals where mainly involved in farming, hunting and cultivation of wines and fruit. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812–1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944), the district is part of the Chisinau County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991, as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Ungheni County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Ocniţa District
Ocniţa is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the north of Moldova, with the administrative center at Ocniţa. The other major cities are Otaci and Frunză. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 56,100.
The first evidence of a locality in the district comes from 1419, when is attested the city Otaci, called Stânca Vămii. Other historical attestations of district towns down to the period 1422-1431 when the localities are listed first: Hădărăuţi, Mihălăşeni, Ocniţa, Lipnic, Naslavcea and others. August 20, 1470, at Lipnic (Lipinţi) was famous Battle of Lipnic, the river, where the Moldavian military, led by Stephen the Great, defeated the armies of the Crimean Khanate led by Murtada. After the fight Khan son and his brother Eminec are captured and taken as prisoners. In the following centuries the territory adjacent to the boundary of the district today is the Principality of Moldavia: Grand Duchy of Lithuania later the Polish-Lithuanian Union and Russian Empire. In 1812 the district as a whole is occupied Bessarabia by the Russian Empire after the Treaty of Bucharest. In 1918 with the Union of Bessarabia with Romania entering the land Hotin district region. In 1940, following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Bessarabia again this time is occupied by the USSR. In 2004 the population was 56.500 inhabitants of the district.
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Odessa
Odessa (Russian: Одесса, pronounced [ɐˈdʲesːə]) or Odesa (Ukrainian: Одеса, pronounced [ɔˈdɛsɑ]) is the third largest city in Ukraine, with a population of 1,003,705. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast.
The predecessor of Odessa, a small Tatar settlement, was founded by Hacı I Giray, the Khan of Crimea, in 1240 and originally named after him as "Hacıbey"[citation needed]. After a period of Lithuanian control, it passed into the domain of the Ottoman Sultan in 1529 and remained in Ottoman hands until the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1792. The city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Empress Catherine the Great in 1794. From 1819 to 1858 Odessa was a free port. During the Soviet period it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base. On 1 January 2000 the Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a term of 25 years.
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Ofatinţi
Ofatinţi (Romanian; Ukrainian: Вихватинці, Vykhvatyntsi; Russian: Выхватинцы, Vykhvatintsy), is a commune consisting of two villages - Ofatinţi and Novaia Jizni (Ukrainian: Нове Життя, Nove Zhyttia; Russian: Новая Жизнь, Novaya Zhyzn')- in Transnistria, Moldova. It is located 15 km south of Râbniţa.
Historically, a small trading port on the Dniester river, during the 19th century, it was part of the Podolsk district of the Russian Empire. The famous Russian composer Anton Rubinstein was born in Ofatinţi.
Coordinates: 47°40′N 29°00′E / 47.667°N 29°E / 47.667; 29
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Orhei District
Orhei is a district (Romanian: raion) in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Orhei. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 125,900.
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Pohrebea
Coşniţa is a commune located in Dubăsari district of the Republic of Moldova, on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. It consists of two villages, Coşniţa and Pohrebea (Romanian: Pohrebea; Russian: Погребя, Pogrebya).
During the 1992 War of Transnistria, the commune was the center of some of the heaviest fighting between the local inhabitants and the government of the Republic of Moldova on one side, and the secessionist government of Transnistria and the Russian 14th Army, on the other. As a legacy of that war, Pogrebea today hosts one of the largest areas of unremoved landmines in the region.[1]
Coordinates: 47°11′N 29°10′E / 47.183°N 29.167°E / 47.183; 29.167
According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, the commune had a population of 5,699 people, of which Coşniţa 4,996, and Pohrebea 703. Of these, 5,524 (4,829 in Coşniţa, and 695 in Pohrebea) were ethnic Moldavians, 167 (160 in Coşniţa, and 7 in Pohrebea) were ethnic minorities, and 9 other/undeclared.
In Romanian language, Pogrebă means "a basement", and -ea is a specific ending in Romanian; the addition of which means that Pogrebea signifies "the basement", while Coşniţa is derived from the Bulgarian word for "basket" - "кошница"/"koshnitsa".
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Popencu
Popencu (Ukrainian: Попенки, Popenky, Russian: Попенки, Popenki) is a commune in the north of Transnistria, Moldova. It consists of four villages: Popencu, Chirov (Кірове, Кирово), Vladimirovca (Володимирівка, Владимировка), and Zăzuleni (Зозуляни, Зозуляны), and is part of the Rîbniţa sub-district, Transnistria.
The village of Zăzuleni is the site of the Church of Paraskeva the Serbian, a Russian Orthodox church.
Coordinates: 47°36′N 29°01′E / 47.6°N 29.017°E / 47.6; 29.017
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Proteagailovca
Proteagailovca is a commune in the municipality of Tighina (Bender), Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Proteagailovca, and had a population of 3,142 at the 2004 Census. The locality, although situated on the right (western) bank of the river Dniester, is under the control of the breakaway Transnistrian authorities. Proteagailovca is located immediately to the west of the city, and is the only other locality in the municipality, except the city of Tighina itself.
Of the 3,142 inhabitants of Cremenciug, 756 to 761 (24.12%) are Moldovans (Romanians), 1,482 (47.17%) Russians, 658 (20.94%) Ukrainians, 163 (5.19%) Bulgarians, 25 (0.80%) Gagauzians, 19 (0.60%) Belorussians, 6 (0.19%) Germans, 2 (0.06%) Jews, 0 to 16 (0.25%) Armenians, 0 to 12 (0.19%) Poles, 0 to 5 (0.06%) Gypsies, and 0 to 31 (0.48%) others and non-declared.
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Pârâta
Pîrîta is a commune in Dubăsari district, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Pîrîta.
Coordinates: 47°06′N 29°07′E / 47.1°N 29.117°E / 47.1; 29.117
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Pîrîta
Pîrîta is a commune in Dubăsari district, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Pîrîta.
Coordinates: 47°06′N 29°07′E / 47.1°N 29.117°E / 47.1; 29.117
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Raionul Căuşeni
Căuşeni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Căuşeni. The other major city is Căinari. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 92,300.
Location of the earliest documentary attestation, the district is Căuşeni, first attested in 1455. Other localities with the earliest documentary attestation are: Zaim, Cîrnăţeni, Fîrlădeni, localities approved for the first time in the period 1535-1573. In the 16th-18th centuries, develop intense agriculture, an important wine-making industries and population growth attests. In 1761 is built in Căuşeni city, Assumption Church, inside painted frescoes on the walls. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812-1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918-1940, 1941-1944), the district is part of the Tighina County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Tighina County (1991-2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Raionul Dubăsari
Dubăsari district is a district in the east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cocieri. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 35,200. This does not include the 715 people that live in the village of Roghi, which is controlled by the breakaway Tiraspol authorities. Dubăsari means ferry-arks (see coat of arms).
The territory which today is part of Dubăsari district is inhabited since the Stone Age (50–30000 years BC). Location of the earliest documentary attestation of the district is Corjova, first attested in 1362. Other town with old certificate is Holercani village certified in 1464. This region is part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during 1386-1434. In 1393-1812 the part of district, situated on the right, of the Nistru is part of the Principality of Moldova. In this period to develop the economy (trade, agriculture), as population increases. In 1790, the part of district, situated on the left of Nistru is occupied by the Russian Empire had the same fate of Basarabia in 1812. In 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia united with Romania, but the part of district on the left of Nistru, is part of the Moldavian ASSR, part of Ukrainian SSR. In 1940 after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, district is part of Moldova. In 1992, the district is the focus, the Moldovan-Russian War of Transnistria. Following the war, the district is divided into two: one controlled by the Republic of Moldova and the separatist-controlled part of the authorities in Tiraspol, which includes Dubăsari. District is part of the Chişinău County (1991-2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Raşcov
Raşcov (Romanian; alternative names Râşcov, Raşcu; in Ukrainian: Рашків, Rashkiv, Russian: Рашково, Rashkovo, Polish Raszków) is one of the oldest communes of Transnistria. It is located in its the northern part, between Rîbniţa and Camenca. It is composed of two villages, Raşcov and Iantarnoe (Янтарне, Янтарное).
It was founded in 1402 as a trading post on the Dniester river. The name means a species of mushroom, Lactarius deliciosus, in Romanian. During Middle Ages, the village was one of seven major fairs for the Dniester-Southern Bug area (the others being Mohuliv, Dubăsari, Silibria, Yampil, Yaruga, and Vasilcău). It was also the place of residence of the Rabbi Jacob Joseph of Polonne, a leading Jewish Hasidic zaddik, after his exile from Sharogrod.
Raşcov and the surrounding area is home to numerous historic monuments and architecture, among them the Polish Catholic church Sacred Kaatan, considered a historical heritage. It has recently undergone extensive renovation. The church was built when this part of Transnistria was a part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, with generous contributions by the Moldavian prince Petru Rareş.
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Republic of Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
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Rezina District
Rezina is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Rezina. Rezina is situated on the western bank of the Nistru river. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 52,600.
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Roghi
Molovata Nouă is a commune located in Dubăsari district of the Republic of Moldova, on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. It consists of two villages, Molovata Nouă and Roghi.
During the 1992 War of Transnistria, the commune was located in the immediate vicinity of heavy fighting. Since the war Molovata Nouă has been controlled by the government of the Republic of Moldova, while Roghi is partly controlled by the secessionist government of Transnistria.
According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, the village Molovata Nouă had a population of 1,851, of which 1,824 were ethnic Moldavians, 23 were from ethnic minorities, and 4 were other or undeclared.
Coordinates: 47°21′N 29°05′E / 47.35°N 29.083°E / 47.35; 29.083
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Rîşcani District
Rîșcani is a district (Romanian: raion) in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Rîșcani. The other major city is Costești. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 70,000.
Near the town Costești there are traces of a town which belonged to the Golden Horde, but was abandoned in 1360. Cities with the oldest historical attestation are Horodiște, Recea Șaptebani being mentioned historical period from 1429-1437. In the following centuries district is develop economically and cultural. In 1812 after the Treaty of Bucharest, both Basarabia, and the district come under Russian occupation (1812–1918), this time the district is actively colonized with Ukrainian, Russian, Germans and Hebrew these nationalities formed their own villages. On 27 March 1918 expressing the will of the people, countries, by virtue of history and nation, decide by unanimous vote the Union of Bessarabia with Romania. Following the pact between Hitler and Stalin from June 26, 1940 the fate of Bessarabia was determined by military force. On 22 June 1941 include the start of 1418 days and nights of fierce and bloody fights between the Germans and Soviets. After the 2004 census the population of the district was 72.400 inhabitants.
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Saratov
Saratov (Russian: Сара́тов; IPA: [sɐˈratəf] ( listen)) is a major city in southern Russia. It is the administrative center of Saratov Oblast and a major port on the Volga River. Population: 837,831 (2010 Census preliminary results); 873,055 (2002 Census); 904,643 (1989 Census). In addition to ethnic Russians, the city also has many Tatar, Ukrainian, Jewish, and German residents.
Ukek, a city of the Golden Horde, was situated near the site of the modern city of Saratov from the mid 13th century until its destruction in 1395.
The modern city was founded in 1590. It traces its history to the reign of Tsar Feodor Ivanovich, who constructed several settlements along the Volga River in order to secure the southeastern boundary of his state. During the summer of 1586, the fortress of Samara was founded, followed by Tsaritsyn in 1589 and finally Saratov, located midway between Samara and Tsaritsyn, in 1590. Saratov was built at the insistence of count Grigory Zasekin. All three forts were located in a region where the Volga and the Don flow nearest one another, which allowed the Duchy of Moscovy to secure both rivers and to ensure control over the recently annexed khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan in the years following the Livonian War. The future town's buildings were first constructed in the upper reaches of the Volga, a full year prior to the in situ foundation of Saratov. In the spring of 1590, workers disassembled the constructions, marked each log, and delivered the "town" to its destination via the river. This method allowed the buildings to be rapidly erected in just a few weeks.
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Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
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Sofia
Sofia (Bulgarian: София, pronounced [ˈsɔfijɐ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 15th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.2 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.
Prehistoric settlements were excavated in the centre of the present city, near the royal palace, as well as in outer districts Slatina and Obelya. The well-preserved town walls (especially their substructures) date back before the 7th century BC, when Thracians established their city around a mineral spring, which exists to the present day. Sofia has had several names in the different periods of its existence. Its ancient name, Serdika or Serdica, derives from the local Celtic tribe of the serdi who inhabited the region since the 1st century BC. Serdica was a Roman capital during the tetrarchic system of government. During the Middle Ages, it was one of the major commercial centres of the Bulgarian Empire, along with Tarnovo. Sofia's population remained small until 1879, when it was declared a capital of the Principality of Bulgaria after the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.
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Soroca District
Soroca is a district in north-east Moldova. Its administrative center is the town of Soroca. At 1 January 2011, the population of the region was 100400.
Archeological evidence of prehistoric occupation dating to 35000 to 50000 years ago has been found in the Soroco region near the village of Rudi. In about 400 to 300 BCE, ancient defensive walls were constructed. From the 800s to the 1100s AD, two cities developed. They were called "Farfuria Turceasca" and "Germanariul". In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries a genoese fortress appeared at Alchiona. In the period 1439-1457 villages are mentioned: Visoca, Vasilcău, Rudi and Pirlita.
In the second half of the 16th century Stephan the Great built a wooden fortress on the former Alchiona mount. The fortress was transformed into its present form between 1543-1546 during the reign of Peter IV Rareş. The creation of the town allowed for trade along the Nistru while providing protection from foreign invasion. For many years Soroca was a centre for arts and agricultural markets for the Principality of Moldova. At various points in time, Soroca was affected by wars with Tartars, Cossacks, Poles and Russians. Between 1684-1699, under control of the Poles, changes in Soroca were made. A deep moat was dug; a well was dug in the courtyard. 14 stone casemates inside[clarification needed]. Gradually over time, with more stable rule, the town and its region lost military importance.
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South Ossetia
South Ossetia ( /əˈsɛtiə/ə-SET-ee-ə or /ɒˈsiːʃə/o-SEE-shə; Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон, Xussar Iryston; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, Samxret Oseti; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya) or Tskhinvali Region (Georgian: ცხინვალის რეგიონი, Tsxinvalis regioni; Russian: Цхинвальский регион, Tskhinvalskiy region) is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
South Ossetians declared independence from Georgia in 1990, calling themselves the Republic of South Ossetia. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to retake the region by force. This led to the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War. Georgian fighting against those controlling South Ossetia occurred on two other occasions, in 2004 and 2008. The last conflict led to the 2008 South Ossetia war, during which Ossetian and Russian forces gained full, de facto control of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Străşeni District
Strășeni is an administrative district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova. Its administrative center and leading city is Strășeni. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 91,100. The other principal town is Bucovăț, 26 km (16 mi) to the north of the Moldovan capital. Otherwise the district is divided between rural communities.
Strășeni is a toponym, of origin polysemantic as legends show in time, the name derived from the word "horrible" (in Romanian "strașnic") and the echo of these events materialize. In name of a hamlet of the forest Codri. Or in another version, outlaws hope nobleman, who travels on the road to Chișinău (XIX century), so places were Scary. Another treatment of the toponym, as the traditional occupations linked to the natives. The parties were of Strășeni craftsmen, carpenters, just like a great eaves (in Romanian stresina).
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Sîngerei District
Sîngerei is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the north of Moldova, with the administrative center at Sîngerei. The other major city is Biruinţa. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 93,400.
Between 1944 and 1991, Sîngerei district was called Lazovsky District.
Localities with the earliest documentary attestation are Coşcodeni, Drăgăneşti, Tăura Veche, these being attested for the first time during 1508-1536. District administrative center Sîngerei is first documented on 17 May 1586. In the following centuries there is a development of trade, culture and an important increase in population. In 1812 the Treaty of Bucharest, Basarabia is occupied by the Russian Empire for a period of a century (1812-1917). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, in 1918 Basarabia decide union with the motherland Romania, so the region today forming part of the Bălţi County (1918-1944). Is again occupied Basarabia in 1940 after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, this time the USSR. The territorial-administrative, certified as the district Lazovsky District (Sîngerei), was established on 11 November 1940 following a decision by the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR, a few months after Russian troops entered the area between the Prut and Nistru. Initially, the entering only a part of current locations, the other belonging Chişcăreni district, which later merged Singerei district. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part of the Balti County (1991-2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Taraclia District
Taraclia (Bulgarian: Тараклия) is a district (Romanian: raion) in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Taraclia.
As of 1 January 2012, its population was 44,100, 65.6% of whom were ethnic Bulgarians. The county covers an area of 1,022 km² and has the lowest population density of all districts of Moldova.
Traditional Taraclia district, political and electoral support PCRM unlike the south part of Moldova. Communists have the largest percentage of the Moldova in this district. But the last three elections communists is a continuous fall in percentage.
During the last three elections AEI had an increase of 147.1%
Coordinates: 45°55′N 28°35′E / 45.917°N 28.583°E / 45.917; 28.583
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Taşlîc
Taşlîc (Romanian; Ukrainian: Ташлик, Tashlyk, Russian: Ташлык, Tashlyk) is a commune and village in Transnistria, Moldova, the second largest commune in the Grigoriopol sub-district. Its name is derived from the Turkic word taşlık, meaning "stony place". The majority of the population of the town is Moldovan, while an important part of the population is of Russian descent.
Coordinates: 47°04′N 29°24′E / 47.067°N 29.4°E / 47.067; 29.4
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Teleneşti District
Telenești is a district (Moldovan: raion) in central Moldova, with the administrative center at Telenești.
Localities with the oldest documentary attestation of the district are: Banesti, Peciste and Telenesti they are certified in 1437. At first settlements were many landowners. They had the right to sell the estate, in parts or entirely. In the 16th and 17th centuries, continued economic development of the region (trade, agriculture, winery) and a significant increase in population. In 1812, after the Treaty of Bucharest, Basarabia is occupied by Russian Empire in this period (1812–1917), there is an intense process of russification of the native population. In 1918, as a result of the Great Union in areas between the Prut and Nistru were made administrative reforms, agrarian. Telenesti becomes the center of the net in Orhei County. In place Teleneşti between 45 villages. The center opened institutions net of county importance, opened a court was held a post office, telegraph, telephone. Basarabia land reform was carried out by a control system called "Our House" as it was expropriated and Helen Gore estate. Romanian land reform (as opposed to the Bolshevik) provide monetary reward. After the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is again busy this time of the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part of the Orhei County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Tiraspol
Tiraspol ( /tɪˈræspəl/, Romanian pronunciation: [tiˈraspol]; Russian and Ukrainian: Тирасполь) is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria). The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production.
The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian generalissimo Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups. The city celebrates its anniversary every year on October 14.
The toponym consists of two words: Τύρας, Tyras — the ancient Greek name for the Dniester River, and polis, i.e., a city.[citation needed]
Tyras, also spelled Tiras, was a colony of the Greek city Miletus, probably founded about 600 BCE, situated some 10 km. from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times in the 2nd century BCE, it fell under the dominion of indigenous kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the Getae about 50 BCE.
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Tiraspolul Nou
Tiraspolul Nou (Ukrainian: Новотираспольський, Novotyraspolskyi, Russian: Новотираспольский, Novotiraspolskiy) is a town in Transnistria, Moldova. It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.
Coordinates: 46°49′55″N 29°34′36″E / 46.8319444544°N 29.5766666767°E / 46.8319444544; 29.5766666767
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Transnistria
Transnistria (also called "Trans-Dniestr" or "Transdniestria") is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine. Since its declaration of independence in 1990, and especially after the War of Transnistria in 1992, it is governed as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as "Pridnestrovie"), a state with limited recognition which claims the territory to the east of the river Dniester, the city of Bender and its surrounding localities located on the west bank. The Republic of Moldova does not recognize the secession and considers the territories controlled by the PMR to be part of Moldova's autonomous region of Stînga Nistrului ("Left Bank of the Dniester").
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Tîrnauca
Tîrnauca (Romanian; Ukrainian: Тернівка, Ternivka, Russian: Терновка, Ternovka) is a commune and village in the Slobozia sub-district of Transnistria, Moldova, situated on the east bank of the river Dniester, between Tighina and Tiraspol. It is notable for being home to the largest bottle-shaped building in the world, the Butylka hotel and museum.
Coordinates: 46°49′N 29°33′E / 46.817°N 29.55°E / 46.817; 29.55
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Ukrainian SSR
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or in short, the Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian: Українська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка, Українська РСР; Russian: Украинская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Украинская ССР; See Name section) or Soviet Ukraine was a sovereign Soviet Socialist state (Article 68, Constitution of Ukraine 1978) and one of the fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union lasting from its inception in 1922 (the Ukrainian SSR was formally established in 1919) to the breakup in 1991.
Although the Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations formed after the end of World War II, it practically had no say in its foreign affairs, which was tightly controlled by Moscow authorities. Upon the Soviet Union's dissolution and perestroika, the Ukrainian SSR was transformed into the modern nation-state of Ukraine, although Ukraine's new constitution was only ratified on June 28, 1996.
Throughout its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times, with a significant portion of what is now Western Ukraine being annexed by Soviet forces in 1939 and the addition of formerly Russian Crimea in 1954. From the start, the eastern city of Kharkiv served as the republic's capital. However, in 1934, the seat of government was subsequently moved to the city of Kiev, which remained the capital of newly-independent Ukraine.
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Ungheni District
Ungheni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova, bordering Romania, with the administrative center at Ungheni. The other major city is Corneşti. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 117,400.
Villages with ancient historical credentials are Buciumeni, Busila and Ungheni, they are documented in the period 1428-1430. About noble families who ruled the territory known as follows: the 1462 Pan Bratul, Procelnic's son, reigned here. This Procelnic was Stoian, advice nobleman in the reign of Alexander the Good, and participant in the Battle of Grunwald in 1422. Other relatives of the warrior, master settlement in 1490, until the 17th century. Beginning with the reign of Vasile Lupu, his cousin, marshal Iorga, buy here parts of estates. After his death he bequeathed to the village of his sisters Alexandra and Creata. Their life in Ungheni died in the late 18th century. In 1812 the Treaty of Bucharest, Basarabia is occupied by the Russian Empire at this time (1812–1917), has an intense russification of the native population. In 1876-1877 is built spotted Prut between Ungheni (Moldova) and common Ungheni (Romania) Eiffel Bridge, designed by Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, Gustave Eiffel in this period, visit Ungheni. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia joins the motherland Romania, in this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944) is part of the Iasi County. In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Bessarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Ungheni County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vadul Turcului
Vadul Turcului (Romanian; Ukrainian and Russian: Вадул-Туркулуй, Vadul-Turkului) is a commune in Transnistria, Moldova. Its name means "Turk's ford" in Romanian. It is composed of two villages, Vadul Turcului and Molochişul Mic (Малий Молокіш, Малый Молокиш).
It is also the site of the Church of the Blessed Virgin's Birth, a Russian Orthodox church featured on gold and silver coins issued in the series of Orthodox Temples (Transnistria) by Transnistria's Central Bank.
Coordinates: 47°56′N 28°59′E / 47.933°N 28.983°E / 47.933; 28.983
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Valea Adîncă
Valea Adîncă (in Romanian; Ukrainian: Валя-Адинке, Valia-Adynke, Волядинка, Voliadynka; Russian: Валя-Адынка, Valia-Adynka; Polish: Waładynka) is a commune in Camenca sub-district, in the northern part of Transnistria, Moldova. The name in Romanian means "deep valley". It is composed of two villages, Valea Adîncă and Constantinovca.
It is also the site of the Church of the Blessed Virgin's Protection, a Russian Orthodox church.
Coordinates: 48°00′N 28°50′E / 48°N 28.833°E / 48; 28.833
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Varna
Coordinates: 43°13′N 27°55′E / 43.217°N 27.917°E / 43.217; 27.917
Varna (Bulgarian: Варна, pronounced [ˈvarnɐ]) is the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and the third-largest city in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv with a population of 334,870 inhabitants as of February, 2011. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous province and Varna Municipality. It is the eleventh-largest city in the Balkans after Istanbul, Athens, Bucharest, Sofia, Belgrade, Thessaloniki, Zagreb, Skopje, Tirana and Plovdiv.
Commonly referred to as the marine (or summer) capital of Bulgaria, Varna is a major tourist destination, business and university centre, seaport, and headquarters of the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine, as well as the centre of Varna Province and Bulgaria's North-Eastern planning region (NUTS II), comprising also the provinces of Dobrich, Shumen, and Targovishte. The Varna Airport with its mainly tourist 1,181,830 passangers (2011) rank third in Bulgaria after the Burgas and Sofia Airport.
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Varniţa, Anenii Noi
Varniţa is a commune and village in the Anenii Noi District, Moldova, located near Bendery (Tighina). It is also considered a suburb of Bendery. After the 1992 War of Transnistria, Varniţa remained controlled by the government of the Republic of Moldova, while the city of Bendery is controlled by the separatist authorities of Transnistria.
According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, there were 4,210 inhabitants, 3,390 of which were ethnic Romanians, 228 Ukrainians, 454 Russians, 15 Gagauzes, 35 Bulgarians, 1 Jew, 1 Pole, 50 Gypsies, and 36 other/undeclared.
The leaders of Transnistria mention Varniţa as being part of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, but the attempts of Transnistrian authorities to take control of the town failed.
Coordinates: 46°52′N 29°28′E / 46.867°N 29.467°E / 46.867; 29.467
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Vasilcău
Vasilcău is a commune in Soroca district, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Vasilcău, Inundeni and Ruslanovca.
Vasilcău's official website is http://www.vasilcau.info.md
Coordinates: 48°08′N 28°25′E / 48.133°N 28.417°E / 48.133; 28.417
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Vienna
Vienna ( /viːˈɛnə/; German: Wien (help·info) [viːn]) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million (2.4 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 9th-largest city by population in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian empire the city had 2 million inhabitants. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Şoldăneşti District
Șoldănești is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the north-east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Șoldănești. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 43,300.
Localities with the earliest documentary attestation are Dobrusa, Olişcani, Răspopeni, Salcia are certified in period 1437-1448. In the 16th-18th centuries, continued economic development (trade, crafts), cultural (build churches, monasteries) and has been a marked increase in the population. Since late 18th and early 19th century, the region's economic decay occurs as a result of the constant wars led by Poland, the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire for influence in the region. In 1812 Treaty of Bucharest divides Basarabia from the Principality of Moldova, the first being ceded to Russia. In 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia decide union with the motherland Romania, during this period (1918–1944) district, is part of Soroca County. Basarabia is again busy this time of the USSR after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part of the Soroca County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Ştefan Vodă District
Ştefan Vodă is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the south-east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Ştefan Vodă. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 71,900. The city situated 100 km from Chişinău and 100 km from Odessa, Ukraine.
Localities with the earliest documentary attestation are: Cioburciu, Olanesti, Carahasani, hardcore first certified locations in 1405-1456. In the 16th-18th centuries, develop intense agriculture, an important wine-making industries and population growth attests. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), is the occupation of Basarabia, Russian Empire during this period (1812–1917), there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania in this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944), the district is part of the Cetatea-Albă County. In 1940, after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia is occupied by the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Tighina County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
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Alexander Severus
Severus Alexander (Latin: Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus; 1 October 208 – 18 or 19 March 235) was Roman Emperor from 222 to 235. Alexander was the last emperor of the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his cousin Elagabalus upon the latter's assassination in 222, and was ultimately assassinated himself, marking the epoch event for the Crisis of the Third Century — nearly fifty years of civil wars, foreign invasion, and collapse of the monetary economy.
Alexander was the heir apparent to his cousin, the eighteen-year-old Emperor who had been murdered along with his mother by his own guards, who, as a mark of contempt, had their remains cast into the Tiber river. He and his cousin were both grandsons of the influential and powerful Julia Maesa, who had arranged for Elagabalus' acclamation as emperor by the famed Third Gallic Legion. It was the rumor of Alexander's death that triggered the assassination of Elagabalus and his mother .
As emperor, Alexander's peace time reign was prosperous. In military conflict against the rising Sassanid Empire, there are mixed accounts, though the Sassanid threat was checked; however, when campaigning against Germanic tribes of Germania, Alexander apparently alienated his legions by engaging in diplomacy and bribery, and they assassinated him.
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Alexander Suvorov
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров) (transliteration: Aleksandr Vasil'evič Suvorov; sometimes rendered as Aleksandr, Aleksander and Suvarov), Count Suvorov of Rymnik, Prince in Italy, Count of the Holy Roman Empire (граф Рымникский, князь Италийский) (24 November [O.S. 13 November] 1729 or 1730 – 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1800), was the fourth and last generalissimo[citation needed] of the Russian Empire.
Suvorov is one of the few generals in history (along with Alexander the Great, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and Genghis Khan) who never lost a battle. He was famed for his military manual The Science of Victory, and noted for several of his sayings, including "What is difficult in training will become easy in a battle", "The bullet is a mad thing, only the bayonet knows what it is about", and "Perish yourself but rescue your comrade!". He taught his soldiers to attack instantly and decisively: "attack with the cold steel–push hard with the bayonet!" He joked with the men, called the common soldiers 'brother', and shrewdly presented the results of detailed planning and careful strategy as the work of inspiration.
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Alisher Usmanov
Alisher Burkhanovich Usmanov (Uzbek: Alisher Usmonov, Алишер Бурханович Усмонов) (born 9 September 1953, Chust, Namangan Province, Uzbek SSR, USSR) is an Uzbek-born Russian business magnate. According to the 2011 edition of Forbes magazine, the oligarch is one of Russia's richest men, with a fortune estimated at US$18.1 billion, and the world's 28th richest person.
He has accrued his wealth from mining, lumber and investment. He is the majority shareholder of Metalloinvest, a Russian industrial conglomerate, which he founded to manage Gazprom's metals interests.[dead link]
He is also a co-owner of the media holding which comprises 7TV and Muz-TV federal television channels and 33 regional TV broadcasting stations. Besides this, Alisher Usmanov personally owns the Kommersant and Sekret Firmy Publishing Houses, shares in the company SUP, which controls Internet website Livejournal.com and internet newspaper «Gazeta.ru». Mr.Usmanov is a co-owner of Russia's second-largest mobile telephone operator MegaFon and Russian investment fund Digital Sky Technologies (DST), which owns stakes in popular web portals like Mail.ru, Odnoklassniki.ru, Vkontakte.ru, Facebook.com and others.
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Andrei Stratan
Andrei Stratan (born September 3, 1966, Chişinău) is a Moldovan politician.
He was the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration in Vasile Tarlev Cabinet and Zinaida Greceanîi Cabinet.
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Andrey Safonov
Andrey Safonov (Aндрéй Сафóнов) is a politician from Transnistria. He lives in Bender, Transnistria's second largest city.
He ran for president against incumbent president Igor Smirnov in the election held on December 10, 2006, and came in third place with 3.9% of the vote.
He is a former teacher of literature and a former member of the parliament of the MSSR (Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic), within the USSR. After Transnistria's declaration of independence, September 2, 1990, he founded the official news agency Olvia Press. He was subsequently appointed Minister of Education, Science and Culture, a post he held until 1999 when he formed an opposition movement to Igor Smirnov and an opposition newspaper, founded in 2000, called Novaia Gazeta.
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Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (Russian: Дми́трий Анато́льевич Медве́дев, tr. Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev; IPA: [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj ɐnɐˈtolʲjɪvʲɪtɕ mʲɪˈdvʲedʲɪf] (
listen); born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician who has been Prime Minister of Russia since 2012. He previously served as President of Russia from 2008 to 2012.
Born to a family of academics, Medvedev graduated from the Law Department of Leningrad State University in 1987. He defended his dissertation in 1990 and worked as a docent at his alma mater, now renamed to Saint Petersburg State University, where he taught civil and Roman law until 1999. Medvedev's political career began as the election campaign manager and later an adviser of St. Petersburg Mayor Anatoly Sobchak. During this time, Medvedev befriended Vladimir Putin. In November 1999, Medvedev was hired in the Russian presidential administration, where he worked as deputy chief of staff. In the 2000 Presidential elections, Medvedev was Putin's campaign manager. On 14 November 2005, Medvedev was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister and was tasked with overseeing National Priority Projects. He also worked as the Chairman of Gazprom's board of directors, a post which he held until 2008.
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Domitian
Domitian (Latin: Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was Roman Emperor from 81 to 96. Domitian was the third and last emperor of the Flavian dynasty.
Domitian's youth and early career were largely spent in the shadow of his brother Titus, who gained military renown during the First Jewish-Roman War. This situation continued under the rule of his father Vespasian, who became emperor in 69 following the civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. While Titus effectually reigned as co-emperor with his father, Domitian was left with honours but no responsibilities. Vespasian died in 79 and was succeeded by Titus, whose own reign came to an unexpected end when he was struck by a fatal illness in 81. The following day Domitian was declared Emperor by the Praetorian Guard, commencing a reign which lasted fifteen years – longer than any man who had ruled since Tiberius.
As Emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage, expanded the border defenses of the Empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome. Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Caledonia (Scotland), and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory against king Decebalus. Domitian's government exhibited totalitarian characteristics; he saw himself as the new Augustus, an enlightened despot destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new era of brilliance. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality, and by nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate. According to Suetonius, he was the first Roman Emperor who had demanded to be addressed as dominus et deus (master and god).
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Gagauz people
The Gagauz people are a Turkic group living mostly in southern Moldova (Gagauzia), southwestern Ukraine (Budjak), south-eastern Romania (Dobrogea), northeastern Bulgaria, Greece, Brazil, America and Canada. Unlike most other Turkic speaking people, the Gagauz are predominantly Orthodox Christians. There is a related ethnic group also called Gagavuz (or Gajal) living in the European part of northwestern Turkey.
Today Gagauz people outside Moldova live mainly in the Ukrainian regions of Odesa and Zaporizhia, as well as in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Bulgaria, Romania, Brazil, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia, Turkey and the Russian region of Kabardino-Balkaria.
There are also nearly 20,000 descendants of Gagauzes living in the Balkan country of Bulgaria, as well as upwards of 2,000 living in the United States of America, Brazil and Canada. Most of Gagauz immigrants in the USA are Evangelical Christians, who left their homeland in Moldova as refugees. They were persecuted by the communist government of the Soviet Union. Gagauz immigrants live in Sacramento, California; Salem, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Broken Arrow, Oklahoma; Tacoma, Washington; Charlotte, North Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and in Massachusetts. The official figures in the latter group of countries cited in this article are much lower due to the loss of Gagauz identity during the last century.
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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Gheorghe Duca
Gheorghe Duca (born February 29, 1952, Copăceni) Moldovan academic and politician.
Gheorghe Duca has been the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova since February 5, 2004.
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Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes (Greek: Ἕλληνες, [ˈelines]), are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and other regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established in most corners of the Mediterranean, but Greeks have always been centered around the Aegean Sea, where the Greek language has been spoken since antiquity. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus and Constantinople; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek colonization.
In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined Christians from Turkey, except Constantinople (effectively ethnic Greeks) into the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. Other ethnic Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and in diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.
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Igor Smirnov
Igor Nikolaevich Smirnov (Russian: Игорь Николáевич Смирнóв), (born October 23, 1941) was the President of the internationally unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic, also known as Transnistria, from 1991 to 2011.
Igor Smirnov was born in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russian SFSR during World War II. He was the son of Nikolai Stepanovich Smirnov, a worker within the Soviet Communist Party apparatus and Zinaida Grigor’evna Smirnova, a journalist and newspaper editor. As the Party promoted Nikolai Stepanovich to ever more important positions, the family moved from Petropavlosk to the Ukrainian SSR, where the Red Army had recently expelled the Nazi German military. The Smirnovs initially benefited from Nikolai Stepanovich’s successes—he reached the position of First Secretary of the Golopristanskiy Raion (district) committee in Soviet Ukraine.
However, in the summer of 1952 Nikolai Stepanovich was arrested for irregularities in supply distribution among the Raion’s collective farms. He was sentenced to fifteen years in the Soviet forced labor camps with a following period of five years’ internal exile. As the family of an enemy of the people, life was difficult for Zinaida Grigor’evna and her three sons, Vladimir, Oleg, and Igor. In the wake of Joseph Stalin’s death in 1953, Nikolai Stepanovich was released together with many Soviet inmates. The Smirnov family was reunited in central Russia near the Ural Mountains, where Nikolai Stepanovich directed a primary school and Zinaida Grigor’evna worked as the editor of a local Komsomol newspaper.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв, tr. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov; IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejəvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕof] ( listen); born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the Soviet Union, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born during the Communist rule.
Gorbachev was born in Stavropol Krai into a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family, and in his teens operated combine harvesters on collective farms. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law. While he was at the university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and soon became very active within it. In 1970, he was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, and appointed a member of the Politburo in 1979. Within three years of the deaths of Soviet Leaders Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo in 1985. Before he reached the post, he had occasionally been mentioned in western newspapers as a likely next leader and a man of the younger generation at the top level.
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Navanethem Pillay
Navanethem "Navi" Pillay (Tamil: நவநீதம் பிள்ளை; born 23 September 1941) is the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A South African of Indian origin, she was the first non-white woman on the High Court of South Africa, and she has also served as a judge of the International Criminal Court and President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Her four-year term as High Commissioner for Human Rights began on 1 September 2008.
Pillay was born in 1941 in a poor neighborhood of Durban, South Africa. She is of Tamil descent and her father was a bus driver. She married Gaby Pillay, a lawyer, in January 1965.
Supported by her local Indian community with donations, she graduated from the University of Natal with a BA in 1963 and an LLB in 1965. She later attended Harvard Law School, obtaining an LLM in 1982 and a Doctor of Juridical Science degree in 1988. Pillay is the first South African to obtain a doctorate in law from Harvard Law School.
In 1967, Pillay became the first non-white woman to open her own law practice in Natal Province. She says she had no other alternative: "No law firm would employ me because they said they could not have white employees taking instructions from a coloured person". As a non-white lawyer under the Apartheid regime, she was not allowed to enter a judge's chambers.
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Petchenegs
The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (Russian: Печенег(и), Turkish: Peçenek(ler), Hungarian: Besenyő(k), Croatian: Pečenezi, Greek: Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, Georgian: პაჭანიკი, Bulgarian: печенеги, pechenegi or печенези, pechenezi; Serbian: Печенези, Latin: Pacinacae, Bisseni) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.
In Mahmud Kashgari's 11th-century work Dīwānu Lughati t-Turk (Arabic: ديوان لغات الترك), the name Beçenek is given two meanings. The first is "a Turkish nation living around the country of the Rum", where Rum was the Turkish word for the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire. Kashgari's second definition of Beçenek is "a branch of Oghuz Turks"; he subsequently described the Oghuz as being formed of 22 branches, of which the 19th branch was named Beçenek. Max Vasmer derives this name from the Turkic word for "brother-in-law, relative" (Turkmen: bacanak and Turkish: bacanak). According to Kashgari, Pechenegs are one of Üçok tribes of the Oghuz.
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Petru Lucinschi
Petru Chiril Lucinschi (born January 27, 1940) was Moldova's second President (1997–2001).
Petru Chiril Lucinschi (Russian: Пётр Кириллович Лучинский, Pyotr Kirillovich Luchinsky; Ukrainian: Петро Кирилович Лучинський, Petro Kyrylovych Luchynsky) was born on January 27, 1940 in Rădulenii Vechi village, Soroca County, Romania (now Floreşti district). He has a PhD in Philosophy (1977).
From 1971, Lucinschi was a member of the Executive Committee (Politburo) of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Moldavian SSR. He was the only native Moldovan in the leadership of Communist Party of Moldova at that time, when the leadership of Moldavian SSR was almost completely in the hands of people from outside the republic or Transnistrians.
From 1978 to 1989, he was first secretary of Chişinău branch of the Communist Party of Moldova. In 1978, Ivan Bodiul sent him to work for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow, where Lucinschi remained until 1986. From 1986 to 1989, Lucinschi was second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Upon his return to Moldavian SSR in 1989, he became first secretary of the Communist Party of Moldova.
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Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.
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Romani people
The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to the Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym Gypsies (or Gipsies).
They are known collectively in the Romani language as Romane or Rromane (depending on the dialect concerned) and also as Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms.
Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Kale of Iberia and Southern France.
The Americas are also home to large numbers of Romani. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States; 800,000 in Brazil, to which Kale were deported by the government of Portugal during the colonial era; and in more recent migrations, Romani have also moved to other parts of the New World.
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two.
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Romanianization
Romanianization or Rumanization is the term used to describe a number of ethnic assimilation policies implemented by the Romanian authorities during the 20th century. The term particularly refers to Romanian government policy in several periods toward the Hungarian minority in Romania as well as the Ukrainian minority in Bukovina or Bessarabia.
At the end of World War I, Transylvania, at the time a territory of the Austro-Hungarian empire, was occupied by the Romanian army. Shortly before, the Romanian National Council (representing the majoritary Romanian population) and representatives of the German population had taken the decision of unifying the province with Romania. The decision was contested by the Hungarian minority. The Treaty of Trianon established the Romanian border with the new Hungarian state. However, Transylvania had a large Hungarian minority, of 25.5% according to the 1920 census. A portion of them fled to Hungary after the union; however, most of them remained in Romania and in the 1930s their number increased to 26.7% of the whole Transylvanian population. While Romania included large national minorities, the 1923 Constitution declared the country to be a nation-state, following the French model which was popular in many European nations at that time.
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Scythians
The Scythians (/ˈsɪθi.ən/ or /ˈsɪði.ən/; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), or Scyths /ˈsɪθ/, were an ethnolinguistic group of ancient Iranian nomadic tribal cultures who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. By Late Antiquity the closely related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in this area. Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
The name "Scythian" has also been used to refer to various peoples seen as similar to the Scythians, or who lived anywhere in the area known as Scythia,
Sulimirski views the Histories of Herodotus as the most important literary source relating to ancient Scyths. Herodotus provides a depiction that can be related to the results of archaeological research, but apparently knew little of the eastern part of Scythia. He did say that the ancient Persians called all the Scyths Σάκαι (Sacae, Herodotus 7.64). Their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths", ruled the vast lands occupied by the nation as a whole (Herodotus 4.20), calling themselves Σκώλοτοι (Scōloti, Herodotus 4.6). Oswald Szemerényi devotes a thorough discussion to the etymologies of ancient ethnic words for the Scythians in his work "Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka". In it the names of Herodotus and the names of his title, except Saka, as well as many other words for "Scythian," such as Assyrian Aškuz and Greek Skuthēs, descend from *skeud-, an ancient Indo-European root meaning "propel, shoot" (cf. English shoot). *skud- is the zero-grade; that is, a variant in which the -e- is not present. The restored Scythian name is *Skuda (archer), which among the Pontic or Royal Scythians became *Skula, in which the d has been regularly replaced by an l.
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Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, central and western Asia, northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Göktürks, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Bulgars, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids and possibly Huns and the Xiongnu.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, East Turkistan region of western China, northern Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
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Ukrainians
Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus', reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.
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Valeriu Miţul
Valeriu Miţul is a Transnistrian Moldovan politician, opponent of the separatist regime actually in power in Transnistria.
He is a participant in the 1992 War of Transnistria on behalf of Moldovan governmental forces and currently is the mayor of Corjova village, considered by separatist authorities as a suburb of Dubăsari.
As result of his opposition against authorities from Tiraspol, he was arrested several times by Transnistrian police, last time in 13 May 2007.
He was elected mayor of Corjova at Moldovan local election, 2003, when was a candidate for the mayor of commune function from the ASLMN part. Valeriu Miţul was in the same time president of an association of disabled war veterans from the Nistru river. The members of this association decided to organize a Sunday concert. Shortly after the start of the concert the police arrived, which obeyed the proceeding of manifestation until after elections, the local being sealed up. Also about this case was stated the mission Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. A representative of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe went in one Sunday to the Corjova commune and was witness of one new interdiction of concert proceeding. It was a violation of the right of free assembly, provided by art. 40 of constitution and the right to campaign for election of Valeriu Miţul provided by art. 47, paragraph 1, in Electoral Code.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ленин; IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɪlʲˈjitɕ ˈlʲenʲɪn] ( listen); 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, intellectual and politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.
As a politician, Lenin was a persuasive and charismatic orator. As an intellectual his extensive theoretic and philosophical developments of Marxism produced Marxism–Leninism, a pragmatic Russian application of Marxism that emphasized the critical role played by a committed and disciplined political vanguard in the revolutionary process, while defending the possibility of a socialist revolution in less advanced capitalist countries through an alliance of the proletarians with the rural peasantry.
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ульянов) on 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 in the town of Simbirsk in the Russian Empire. Simbirsk, a rural town on the River Volga nearly 1,500 miles from the capital Saint Petersburg, would be renamed upon Ulyanov's death fifty-four years later as "Ulyanovsk" in his honour. That same year, Saint Petersburg itself would be renamed Leningrad after Ulyanov's better-known cadre name.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин; IPA: [vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn] ( listen); born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician who has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012. Putin previously served as President from 2000 to 2008 and as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000, and again from 2008 to 2012. Putin also serves as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move. Putin won the 2000 presidential election; in 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive presidential term. After his successor Dmitry Medvedev won the 2008 presidential election, Putin was nominated by Medvedev to be Russia's Prime Minister; Putin took office on 8 May 2008 and a period of so-called "tandemocracy" followed. In September 2011, Putin and Medvedev agreed he should seek a third, non-consecutive term in the 2012 presidential election, which he won in the first round on 4 March 2012.
wn.com/Vladimir_Putin -
Vladimir Socor
Vladimir Socor (born 3 August 1945 in Bucharest) is a political analyst of East European affairs for the Jamestown Foundation and its Eurasia Daily Monitor, currently residing in Munich, Germany. Socor's main specialization focuses on the political affairs and the ethnic conflicts of the former Soviet republics and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
He is the son of Matei Socor, who, as head of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company-was involved in the communist regime's propaganda apparatus, according to the findings of the Tismăneanu Commission.
Vladimir Socor graduated from the Russian School in Bucharest, received a B.A. in History from the University of Bucharest, and after leaving Romania legally in 1972, he received a M.Phil. in East European History from Columbia University in 1977.
He worked as an analyst for the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute in Munich (1983–1994) and at the Jamestown Foundation in Washington, D.C. (1995–2002). Between 2002 and 2004, Socor worked as a senior fellow at the Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies in Washington, D.C. Since 2000, he has contributed articles to the European edition of The Wall Street Journal.
wn.com/Vladimir_Socor -
Vladimir Voronin
Vladimir Nicolaevici Voronin (Russian: Владимир Николаевич Воронин, Vladimir Nikolaevič Voronin; born May 25, 1941) is a Moldovan politician. He was the third President of Moldova from 2001 until 2009 and has been the First Secretary of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) since 1994. He was Europe's first democratically elected Communist Party head of state after the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc.
Vladimir Nicolaevici Voronin was born in the village of Corjova, Dubăsari District of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. Despite his Russified name, his ethnic origins are Moldovan.[citation needed] Although Voronin is a lifelong communist who pursued unfriendly policies towards Romania at various times during the 2000s, his grandfather Isidor Sârbu was an anticommunist fighter in Romania after 1944. Voronin's mother, Pelagheia Bujeniţă, died on July 2, 2005.
Voronin graduated from the Cooperation College (Kooperativny technikum) of Chişinău (1961), the All-Union Institute for Food Industry (1971), the Academy of Social Sciences of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1983), and the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union (1991).
wn.com/Vladimir_Voronin -
Yevgeny Shevchuk
Yevgeny Vasilyevich Shevchuk or Evgheni Vasilievici Şevciuk (Russian: Евгéний Васильевич Шевчýк, Ukrainian: Євген Васильович Шевчýк) (born 19 June 1968 in Rîbniţa, Moldavian SSR) is an ethnic Ukrainian and the President of Transnistria. He was a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of Transnistria from 2000 until his election as president in 2011. Furthermore, he was speaker of Pridnestrovian Supreme Soviet from 2005 to 2009, and the leader of the opposition party Renewal until 2010.
Yevgeny Shevchuk is a lawyer who has worked in government and private business. His biography profile describes him as "social democratic technocrat with a European outlook, and a man of profound democratic beliefs". As part of the minority opposition in parliament prior to December 2005, he spearheaded a reform drive by his party to introduce changes to Transnistria's electoral code. Among the changes were a requirement that purely technical qualifications be used as the basis for selecting polling station chairmen and a rule prohibiting state-owned media outlets (radio, TV, newspapers, etc.) from publishing results of polls and forecasts related to elections, so as to not influence free voter choice. This was reported in the United States State Department's Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005.
wn.com/Yevgeny_Shevchuk
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Europe's Black Hole - 31 minute documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:53
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
It's a criminal breakaway republic, recognised by no other nation and isolated from the rest of the world. Now dissident voices from Transnistria are speaking out against the nationalist regime. December 2006
http://wn.com/Europe's_Black_Hole_31_minute_documentary
It's a criminal breakaway republic, recognised by no other nation and isolated from the rest of the world. Now dissident voices from Transnistria are speaking out against the nationalist regime. December 2006
Transnistria Trafficking Arms _ 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
a story of a country that does not exist...
http://wn.com/Transnistria_Trafficking_Arms_1
The Other Moldova - Moldova
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:42
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
March 2004 The breakaway Republic of Transnistria looks set to be the cause of more tensions between Russia and Moldova. We bring back a report looking at the renegade province. When the Soviet Union collapsed, Eastern Moldova broke away from the rest of the country and moved closer to Russia. The self styled Republic of Transnisitria is recognised by no other nation. It relies on 1200 stationed Russian troops for protection and its criminal gangs have moved into Moldova. Now Moldova is pushing for a Russia withdrawal from Transnistria. "Transnistria is a festering criminal sore which is infecting all its neighbours," states expert Dr Galeotti. Produced by SBS/Dateline Distributed by Journeyman Pictures
http://wn.com/The_Other_Moldova_Moldova
March 2004 The breakaway Republic of Transnistria looks set to be the cause of more tensions between Russia and Moldova. We bring back a report looking at the renegade province. When the Soviet Union collapsed, Eastern Moldova broke away from the rest of the country and moved closer to Russia. The self styled Republic of Transnisitria is recognised by no other nation. It relies on 1200 stationed Russian troops for protection and its criminal gangs have moved into Moldova. Now Moldova is pushing for a Russia withdrawal from Transnistria. "Transnistria is a festering criminal sore which is infecting all its neighbours," states expert Dr Galeotti. Produced by SBS/Dateline Distributed by Journeyman Pictures
- published: 08 Jan 2008
- views: 172183
- author: journeymanpictures
Transnistria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:16
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Miles Atkinson, SRAS student and brave explorer, takes you to Transnistria, a nation that doesn't exist.
http://wn.com/Transnistria
Miles Atkinson, SRAS student and brave explorer, takes you to Transnistria, a nation that doesn't exist.
- published: 16 Aug 2012
- views: 694
- author: SRASinRussia
Transnistria - Europe's hotbed of smuggling | Journal Reporters
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:07
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
The beginning of this year saw a change of administration in Transnistria. It's trying to gradually open up to the international community. After 20 years of isolation, the region's economy is in tatters. Find out more: www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,15902388,00.html
http://wn.com/Transnistria_Europe's_hotbed_of_smuggling_|_Journal_Reporters
The beginning of this year saw a change of administration in Transnistria. It's trying to gradually open up to the international community. After 20 years of isolation, the region's economy is in tatters. Find out more: www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,15902388,00.html
- published: 23 Apr 2012
- views: 3421
- author: deutschewelleenglish
A Summer Day in Tiraspol, Transnistria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
This video shows us crossing the border between the Ukraine and Transnistria on our bikes (the camera-bike is a Ducati ST4S-ABS and the other bike is a Suzuki B-King). During our motorcycle tour through Eastern Europe in summer 2011, we spent two days and one night in Tiraspol, the capital of Transnistria. Transnistria (aka Приднестровье/Pridnestrovie) is a breakaway territory located between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border. Transnistria represents an autonomous, de facto independent state which is a part of the Commonwealth of Unrecognized States and a fascinating "time capsule" of the former Soviet Union. The statue shown between 2:13-2:15 is Lenin. The parade at the end of the video was the "last day of school celebration" (3:05-3:10 were recorded at the graduation ceremony)
http://wn.com/A_Summer_Day_in_Tiraspol,_Transnistria
This video shows us crossing the border between the Ukraine and Transnistria on our bikes (the camera-bike is a Ducati ST4S-ABS and the other bike is a Suzuki B-King). During our motorcycle tour through Eastern Europe in summer 2011, we spent two days and one night in Tiraspol, the capital of Transnistria. Transnistria (aka Приднестровье/Pridnestrovie) is a breakaway territory located between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border. Transnistria represents an autonomous, de facto independent state which is a part of the Commonwealth of Unrecognized States and a fascinating "time capsule" of the former Soviet Union. The statue shown between 2:13-2:15 is Lenin. The parade at the end of the video was the "last day of school celebration" (3:05-3:10 were recorded at the graduation ceremony)
- published: 07 Jul 2011
- views: 8060
- author: Linefader
Five Days in Transnistria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
I made video as a compilation of my extension trip to Transnistira in support of a small vegetable farmer. Check out the landscape, problems and solutions for agricultural development in this real farm example.
http://wn.com/Five_Days_in_Transnistria
I made video as a compilation of my extension trip to Transnistira in support of a small vegetable farmer. Check out the landscape, problems and solutions for agricultural development in this real farm example.
- published: 14 Feb 2012
- views: 1568
- author: Daniel L Schellenberg
Facts about Transnistria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Facts_about_Transnistria
Tiraspol Girls Runway Show Models of Transnistria Tiraspol Hostel Moldova Hostels
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
www.moldovahostels.com Tiraspol Hostel,tiraspolhostel@gmail.comTel. 373-68-571-472 Tiraspol, Moldova Transnistria! Tiraspol Hostel Str. Mira 36 Email: tiraspolhostel@gmail.com Directions: We are 5 minutes from the bus station. Right across the street from the large famous Pobedi Park. There is a big all night disco in the center of the park where our guest can party with locals. Take Marshrutka (mini bus) # 3 and ask the driver to drop you off at the gates to the park. We are across the street and will come get you. www.moldovahostels.com
http://wn.com/Tiraspol_Girls_Runway_Show_Models_of_Transnistria_Tiraspol_Hostel_Moldova_Hostels
www.moldovahostels.com Tiraspol Hostel,tiraspolhostel@gmail.comTel. 373-68-571-472 Tiraspol, Moldova Transnistria! Tiraspol Hostel Str. Mira 36 Email: tiraspolhostel@gmail.com Directions: We are 5 minutes from the bus station. Right across the street from the large famous Pobedi Park. There is a big all night disco in the center of the park where our guest can party with locals. Take Marshrutka (mini bus) # 3 and ask the driver to drop you off at the gates to the park. We are across the street and will come get you. www.moldovahostels.com
- published: 04 Nov 2012
- views: 119
- author: TiraspolHostel
New Bike Shoes & Cycling Through Moldova, Transnistria, Ukraine and Poland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Follow the adventure at www.bicycletouringpro.com
http://wn.com/New_Bike_Shoes_Cycling_Through_Moldova,_Transnistria,_Ukraine_and_Poland
Follow the adventure at www.bicycletouringpro.com
- published: 11 Nov 2012
- views: 366
- author: bicycletouringpro
Transnistria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
www.WANDERINGSOULS.be
http://wn.com/Transnistria
Group testimony of Holocaust survivors from Transnistria, 22.04.2010 (Part 8)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:16
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
Group testimony of Holocaust survivors from Transnistria, with participants: Chaim Kurt Sternschuss, Claire (Struna) Sternschuss, Iehuda Tenenhaus, Anita Medi (Kurtzberg) Fainaru, Bernard Shulman, Yisrael Zigfrid Shvartz and Chaim Koren, comparing the Bershad Ghetto and the Murafa Ghetto The purpose of the meeting was: A) To discuss and compare life in the two ghettos, which were located in different districts in Transnistria (the Balta district and the Mogilev district); because the purpose of each ghetto was different from the other, comparison was made regarding the public organization of the ghetto and the daily ghetto life; comparison was made, based on the historical circumstances surrounding the arrival of the deportees to each ghetto and on the different places from where the deportees arrived; B) Due to the different circumstances mentioned above, the group discussion also examined, from a public viewpoint, the ability of each ghetto to organize itself, and the influence of these circumstances upon daily ghetto life, combined with the aim to survive the stay in these ghettos during 1941-1944; C) The discussion included new insights, given the perspective of the passing of 64 years since the liberation. Subjects discussed at the meeting included: the differences between the deportation of the Jewish families and their travel en route, until their arrival to the Bershad Ghetto, compared with the deportation and travel en route of the other Jewish families, until ...
http://wn.com/Group_testimony_of_Holocaust_survivors_from_Transnistria,_22042010_Part_8
Group testimony of Holocaust survivors from Transnistria, with participants: Chaim Kurt Sternschuss, Claire (Struna) Sternschuss, Iehuda Tenenhaus, Anita Medi (Kurtzberg) Fainaru, Bernard Shulman, Yisrael Zigfrid Shvartz and Chaim Koren, comparing the Bershad Ghetto and the Murafa Ghetto The purpose of the meeting was: A) To discuss and compare life in the two ghettos, which were located in different districts in Transnistria (the Balta district and the Mogilev district); because the purpose of each ghetto was different from the other, comparison was made regarding the public organization of the ghetto and the daily ghetto life; comparison was made, based on the historical circumstances surrounding the arrival of the deportees to each ghetto and on the different places from where the deportees arrived; B) Due to the different circumstances mentioned above, the group discussion also examined, from a public viewpoint, the ability of each ghetto to organize itself, and the influence of these circumstances upon daily ghetto life, combined with the aim to survive the stay in these ghettos during 1941-1944; C) The discussion included new insights, given the perspective of the passing of 64 years since the liberation. Subjects discussed at the meeting included: the differences between the deportation of the Jewish families and their travel en route, until their arrival to the Bershad Ghetto, compared with the deportation and travel en route of the other Jewish families, until ...
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 116
- author: holocausttestimonies
Transnistria Pridniestrovie Tiraspol Independence Day Parade Soviet Army Tiraspol Hostel Hostels
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
www.moldovahostels.com Tiraspol Hostel,tiraspolhostel@gmail.comTel. 373-68-571-472 Tiraspol, Moldova Transnistria! Tiraspol Hostel Str. Mira 36 Email: tiraspolhostel@gmail.com Directions: We are 5 minutes from the bus station. Right across the street from the large famous Pobedi Park. There is a big all night disco in the center of the park where our guest can party with locals. Take Marshrutka (mini bus) # 3 and ask the driver to drop you off at the gates to the park. We are across the street and will come get you. www.moldovahostels.com
http://wn.com/Transnistria_Pridniestrovie_Tiraspol_Independence_Day_Parade_Soviet_Army_Tiraspol_Hostel_Hostels
www.moldovahostels.com Tiraspol Hostel,tiraspolhostel@gmail.comTel. 373-68-571-472 Tiraspol, Moldova Transnistria! Tiraspol Hostel Str. Mira 36 Email: tiraspolhostel@gmail.com Directions: We are 5 minutes from the bus station. Right across the street from the large famous Pobedi Park. There is a big all night disco in the center of the park where our guest can party with locals. Take Marshrutka (mini bus) # 3 and ask the driver to drop you off at the gates to the park. We are across the street and will come get you. www.moldovahostels.com
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 115
- author: TiraspolHostel
Big Night Out in Tiraspol, Transnistria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Night tour of Tiraspol, capital of the breakaway territory Transnistria Read more about it here: blonde-gypsy.com Music: North American Scum by LCD Soundsystem
http://wn.com/Big_Night_Out_in_Tiraspol,_Transnistria
Night tour of Tiraspol, capital of the breakaway territory Transnistria Read more about it here: blonde-gypsy.com Music: North American Scum by LCD Soundsystem
- published: 04 Aug 2012
- views: 236
- author: Theblondegypsy
Anthem of Transnistria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Recording session for a Naxos 10 CD set of Complete National Anthems of the World. State Philharmonic Orchestra Kosice, Slovakia Arranged and conducted by Peter Breiner Camera & edit: Juraj Bombala
http://wn.com/Anthem_of_Transnistria
Recording session for a Naxos 10 CD set of Complete National Anthems of the World. State Philharmonic Orchestra Kosice, Slovakia Arranged and conducted by Peter Breiner Camera & edit: Juraj Bombala
- published: 01 Jul 2012
- views: 508
- author: sympho111
Transnistria Pridniestrovie Tiraspol Independence Day Party Big Crowd Tiraspol Hostel Hostels
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
www.moldovahostels.com tiraspolhostel@gmail.comTel. 373-68-571-472 Tiraspol, Moldova Transnistria! Tiraspol Hostel Str. Mira 36 Email: tiraspolhostel@gmail.com Directions: We are 5 minutes from the bus station. Right across the street from the large famous Pobedi Park. There is a big all night disco in the center of the park where our guest can party with locals. Take Marshrutka (mini bus) # 3 and ask the driver to drop you off at the gates to the park. We are across the street and will come get you. www.moldovahostels.com
http://wn.com/Transnistria_Pridniestrovie_Tiraspol_Independence_Day_Party_Big_Crowd_Tiraspol_Hostel_Hostels
www.moldovahostels.com tiraspolhostel@gmail.comTel. 373-68-571-472 Tiraspol, Moldova Transnistria! Tiraspol Hostel Str. Mira 36 Email: tiraspolhostel@gmail.com Directions: We are 5 minutes from the bus station. Right across the street from the large famous Pobedi Park. There is a big all night disco in the center of the park where our guest can party with locals. Take Marshrutka (mini bus) # 3 and ask the driver to drop you off at the gates to the park. We are across the street and will come get you. www.moldovahostels.com
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 70
- author: TiraspolHostel
HORSE the band's EARTH TOUR: Excerpt #8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 21 Jul 2012
The eighth of ten highlight clips from HTB's 10.5-hour-long, 45-countries-in-90-days, round-the world "EARTH TOUR" documentary. Now available for download-by-donation at: www.horsethebandearthtour.com
http://wn.com/HORSE_the_band's_EARTH_TOUR_Excerpt_8
The eighth of ten highlight clips from HTB's 10.5-hour-long, 45-countries-in-90-days, round-the world "EARTH TOUR" documentary. Now available for download-by-donation at: www.horsethebandearthtour.com
- published: 17 Mar 2011
- views: 2453
- author: horsetheband1000000
TRANSNISTRIA- ACCES INTERZIS 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:43
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
istoricul conflictului transnistrean realizator: Sergiu Barbu Partea a doua a emisiunii: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/TRANSNISTRIA_ACCES_INTERZIS_1
istoricul conflictului transnistrean realizator: Sergiu Barbu Partea a doua a emisiunii: www.youtube.com
- published: 26 Oct 2011
- views: 17507
- author: 1992moldova
TRANSNISTRIA - DURERE SI SPERANTA (film complet)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:18
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
prin singe am aparat bucata aceasta de pamint! acum rusii neonazisti se dau mare patrioti ! Stergeau inscriptiile in limba româna, de pe indicatorele rutiere, fascistii, Trezire fratilor,altfel nu avem viitor!
http://wn.com/TRANSNISTRIA_DURERE_SI_SPERANTA_film_complet
prin singe am aparat bucata aceasta de pamint! acum rusii neonazisti se dau mare patrioti ! Stergeau inscriptiile in limba româna, de pe indicatorele rutiere, fascistii, Trezire fratilor,altfel nu avem viitor!
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 962
- author: Sergiu Scutaru
Walking down a street in Tiraspol, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Walking down a street in Tiraspol, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) filming accidentally the base for Russian red army and confronted....
http://wn.com/Walking_down_a_street_in_Tiraspol,_Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Republic_Transnistria
Walking down a street in Tiraspol, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) filming accidentally the base for Russian red army and confronted....
- published: 01 Oct 2012
- views: 144
- author: Brian L
GaM Care - Child Care team in Transnistria - BENDER Orphanage school.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
12 GaM Care volunteers visited Moldova and Transnistria. The BENDER Orphanage school ask GaM Care, to help with humanitarian goods, to start after 21 years a rehabilitation project in this instituut. As everything can go as we hope, in two weeks we bring the first trailer to Bender.
http://wn.com/GaM_Care_Child_Care_team_in_Transnistria_BENDER_Orphanage_school
12 GaM Care volunteers visited Moldova and Transnistria. The BENDER Orphanage school ask GaM Care, to help with humanitarian goods, to start after 21 years a rehabilitation project in this instituut. As everything can go as we hope, in two weeks we bring the first trailer to Bender.
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 93
- author: hugo kusters
Collective testimony, at a convention of Transnistria orphans, 2008 (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:38
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
Collective testimony, at a convention of Transnistria orphans, of Silvia Aharon, David Keisch, Chaia Klinghofer, Eliezer Kimel and Aron Kimel, Willy Pirogovski, Hana Meler, Silvia Harnik, Tali Seni, Clara Hershkovitz, Yochanan Lederman and Zipora Galai, regarding their experiences in orphanages in Transnistria, Shargorod, Kopaygorod, Mogilev-Podolski, Bershad and Balta Testimony regarding details which the witnesses did not tell during their personal interviews, including comparison of the various orphanages and insights obtained from different points of view over the course of many years. Subjects at the conference included: Concept of orphanhood; First day in the orphanage; Physical conditions in the orphanages; Female caretakers in the orphanages and the children's relations with the caretakers; Mutual help between the children; Daily life and way of life; Dreams and longings; Contribution of common life towards their survival; Interactions between the youths - adolescent males and females; Obligations toward younger family members and caring for them; Dreams that the children wove for the future and what materialized from the children's dreams.
http://wn.com/Collective_testimony,_at_a_convention_of_Transnistria_orphans,_2008_Part_1
Collective testimony, at a convention of Transnistria orphans, of Silvia Aharon, David Keisch, Chaia Klinghofer, Eliezer Kimel and Aron Kimel, Willy Pirogovski, Hana Meler, Silvia Harnik, Tali Seni, Clara Hershkovitz, Yochanan Lederman and Zipora Galai, regarding their experiences in orphanages in Transnistria, Shargorod, Kopaygorod, Mogilev-Podolski, Bershad and Balta Testimony regarding details which the witnesses did not tell during their personal interviews, including comparison of the various orphanages and insights obtained from different points of view over the course of many years. Subjects at the conference included: Concept of orphanhood; First day in the orphanage; Physical conditions in the orphanages; Female caretakers in the orphanages and the children's relations with the caretakers; Mutual help between the children; Daily life and way of life; Dreams and longings; Contribution of common life towards their survival; Interactions between the youths - adolescent males and females; Obligations toward younger family members and caring for them; Dreams that the children wove for the future and what materialized from the children's dreams.
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 200
- author: holocausttestimonies
Il TG1 alla scoperta della Transnistria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Al TG1 del 14/10/2012 si parla della Transnistria
http://wn.com/Il_TG1_alla_scoperta_della_Transnistria
Al TG1 del 14/10/2012 si parla della Transnistria
- published: 15 Oct 2012
- views: 1148
- author: moldweb
photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
19 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON. US President Barack Obama backs a new bill to revive an assault weapons ban and other new gun laws, the White House said Tuesday, fleshing out his nascent response to a shocking school massacre. Obama also called an ardently pro-gun senator who has shifted his position on firearms laws since Friday's carnage in Connecticut and has begun meeting top cabinet officials to consider his options, his spokesman Jay Carney said ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Krupa
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Most people reason dramatically, not quantitatively." -Oliver Wendell Holmes. On the same day that a 20-year-old, described as brilliant but remote, walked into an elementary school in Connecticut and massacred 26 children and adults, the school where I teach went on "lock-down." Four students with a handgun were arrested ... That morning before school, he had posted on Twitter and Facebook....(size: 14.0Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Joachim Huber
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When a Stanford geneticist, Gerald Crabtree, published a provocative and controversial new view on evolutionary change, namely that humans are actually getting dumber, he should have also added that humans are still developing an extermination gene ... Paleontologist Tim Flannery would more than likely agree with Crabtree ... Strange strings of gravel also overlaid some bones ... (1) Kane, Alex ... 195....(size: 9.4Kb)
photo: AP / Narciso Contreras
19 Dec 2012
GENEVA (Reuters) - The United Nations appealed on Wednesday for $1.5 billion (920.1 million pounds) to provide life-saving aid to Syrians suffering from a "dramatically deteriorating" humanitarian situation ... "The magnitude of this humanitarian crisis is indisputable," said Radhouane Nouicer, U.N ... Inside Syria, U.N ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
18 Dec 2012
An increasing number of US congressmen have called for a national dialogue about measures to curb gun violence following the shooting last week at a primary school in Connecticut that killed 26 people, including 20 children and six adults. White House officials have said that President Barack Obama would make preventing gun-related violence a priority in his second term in office and stricter laws would be part of the effort. ... ....(size: 19.2Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
(Source. European Commission). European Commission. Press release. Brussels, 19 December 2012 ... Leaders will also discuss Russia's G20 presidency as well as regional and international issues, with discussions expected to focus on the situation in Syria, the Middle East and North Africa, the Middle East Peace Process; the Iranian nuclear programme; Moldova/Transnistria, Georgia and Nagorno-Karabakh and the Western Balkans ... MEMO/12/1011....(size: 5.1Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
(Source. Council of the European Union). EUROPEAN COUNCIL THE PRESIDENT. Brussels, 18 December 2012 ... EN ... Leaders will also discuss Russia's G20 presidency as well as regional and international issues, with discussions expected to focus on the situation in Syria, the Middle East and North Africa, the Middle East Peace Process; the Iranian nuclear programme; Moldova/Transnistria, Georgia and Nagorno-Karabakh and the Western Balkans....(size: 5.1Kb)
PR Newswire
18 Dec 2012
Google. KYIV, Ukraine, December 18, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --. Ukraine sees its upcoming chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe as a powerful tool for solving long-lasting and frozen conflicts in the region ... ... Ukraine's agenda features facilitating the conflict resolution in Transnistria, a Moldovan breakaway territory on the south-western border of Ukraine, and South Caucasus ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
The Hollywood Reporter
13 Dec 2012
share. Ernesto Ruscio/Getty Images. Gabriele Salvatores appears likely to take over in Turin ... 28 ... Scott Graham's 'Shell' Wins Top Award at Turin Fest (Updated) ... 7-17 Berlin Film Festival. The film, based on a book by Russian-born and Italy-based writer Nicolai Lilin, stars John Malkovich in a coming-of-age story based in the semi-autonomous break-away Republic of Transnistria, located on a sliver of land wedged between Ukraine and Moldova....(size: 4.2Kb)
noodls
06 Dec 2012
EUROPEAN UNION Dublin, 6 December 2012. A 563/12. Mr. Chairman, ... P R E S S ... We continue to play a key role in the resolution of these conflicts, by co-chairing the Geneva talks and participating in the "5+2" negotiations on Transnistria ... 2 ... We look forward to working with Ukraine across all dimensions of the OSCE and would in particular like to encourage Ukraine to use its Chairmanship to advance the settlement of the Transnistria conflict....(size: 8.2Kb)
Commission welcomes decision to grant Moldova more time for energy legislation (European Commission)
noodls06 Dec 2012
European Commission. Press release. Brussels, 6 December 2012. Commission welcomes decision to grant Moldova more time for energy legislation ... This decision reflects the particular situation of Moldova's energy sector, which is 100% dependent on a single gas supplier ... In addition, key parts of the gas import and transport infrastructure are located in Transnistria, a territory over which there is an unsolved sovereignty conflict ... (noodl....(size: 4.9Kb)
noodls
30 Nov 2012
European Commission. José Manuel Durão Barroso. President of the European Commission. Speech by President Barroso. "European Union and Moldova. a journey to share". National Palace "Nicolae Sulac"/Chisinau. 30 November 2012. Mr President of the Republic of Moldova,. Mr Prime Minister,. Excellencies, ... the people ... Progress on the settlement of the Transnistria issue is one of the EU's foreign policy priorities for our Neighbourhood....(size: 12.7Kb)
noodls
30 Nov 2012
European Commission. José Manuel Durão Barroso. President of the European Commission. Speech by President Barroso. "European Union and Moldova. a journey to share". National Palace "Nicolae Sulac"/Chisinau. 30 November 2012. Mr President of the Republic of Moldova,. Mr Prime Minister,. Excellencies, ... the people ... Progress on the settlement of the Transnistria issue is one of the EU's foreign policy priorities for our Neighbourhood....(size: 12.8Kb)
noodls
27 Nov 2012
On November 16, Moldcell launched 4G services for the very first time in Moldova ... Moldcell's 4G coverage is expanding through a fast and continuous roll-out ... Facts. Moldcell SA was established in October 1999 and began its commercial operations as the second GSM operator in Moldova on April 28, 2000, Moldcell's 2G network covers over 97% of Moldova's territory and population (excluding the Transnistria region) ... (noodl....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
20 Nov 2012
The sides discussed the integration of national minorities into the society, the current situation of Moldova-run Transnistria-based schools and the optimisation of Moldovan education institutions ... Filat said that in compliance with the current practice, a part of the financial allocations for reintegration, will be used next year to modernise Moldova-run Transnistria-based schools....(size: 3.7Kb)
GroundReport
15 Nov 2012
As itâs known, Ukraine will preside in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) within 2013. It is still the largest project on participation of Ukraine in operation of the powerful international organization ... Activity on forestalling and frozen conflicts ... But nevertheless the Astana meeting, where questions regarding Transnistria and Nagorno-Karabah were considered, did not manage to become key one ... ....(size: 10.2Kb)
RBC News
09 Nov 2012
the year-earlier period ... Some 46% of Russia's trade turnover with Moldova goes to the breakaway republic of Transnistria. ....(size: 0.9Kb)
noodls
08 Nov 2012
Minister for Foreign Affairs Giulio Terzi met today in Rome with Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova, Iurie Leancă ... As for the question of Transnistria, Minister Terzi confirmed our country's full support for the negotiations under way and for efforts to achieve an agreement based on respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Moldova ... (noodl....(size: 3.1Kb)
For the region during the Second World War, see Transnistria Governorate.
| Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ (Moldovan)
Republica Moldovenească Nistreană Приднестрóвская Молдáвская Респýблика (Russian) Pridnestróvskaya Moldávskaya Respúblika Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Ukrainian) Prydnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Anthem: Мы славим тебя, Приднестровье (Russian)
My slavu pojem Pridněstrovju (transcription) |
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 |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Tiraspol 46°50′N 29°37′E / 46.833°N 29.617°E / 46.833; 29.617 |
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| Official language(s) | Russian1, Moldovan2 (Cyrillic), Ukrainian |
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| Ethnic groups (2005) | 32.1% Moldovans 30.4% Russians 28.8% Ukrainians 2.5% Bulgarians 6.2% others and unspecified |
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| Government | Presidential republic | |||||
| - | President | Yevgeny Shevchuk | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Pyotr Stepanov | ||||
| Legislature | Supreme Council | |||||
| Autonomous territory of the Republic of Moldova, de facto independent | ||||||
| - | Declaration of Independence | 2 September 1990 | ||||
| - | War of Transnistria | 2 March - 21 July 1992 | ||||
| - | Recognition | by 3 non-UN members only3 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 4,163 km2 1,607 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 2.35 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 estimate | 518,700[1] | ||||
| - | 2004 census | 555,347 | ||||
| - | Density | 124.6/km2 345/sq mi |
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| Currency | Transnistrian ruble4 (PRB) |
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| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
| Internet TLD | none5 | |||||
| Calling code | +373 spec. +373 5 and +373 2 | |||||
| 1 | Russian is the main official language and the lingua franca. | |||||
| 2 | Linguistically the same as Romanian. | |||||
| 3 | Limited to breakaway Abkhazia and South Ossetia, see Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations. | |||||
| 4 | Moldovan leu used in the localities under Moldovan control and in the security zone. | |||||
| 5 | .ru and .md sometimes used. | |||||
Transnistria (also called "Trans-Dniestr" or "Transdniestria") is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine. Since its declaration of independence in 1990, and especially after the War of Transnistria in 1992, it is governed as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as "Pridnestrovie"), a state with limited recognition which claims the territory to the east of the river Dniester, the city of Bender and its surrounding localities located on the west bank. The Republic of Moldova does not recognize the secession and considers the territories controlled by the PMR to be part of Moldova's autonomous region of Stînga Nistrului ("Left Bank of the Dniester").[2][3][4]
After the dissolution of the USSR, tensions between the Moldovan government and the breakaway unrecognized state's authorities in Tiraspol escalated into a military conflict that started in March 1992 and was concluded by a ceasefire in July 1992. As part of that agreement, a three-party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarized zone, comprising 20 localities on both sides of the river. Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved: though internationally unrecognized, Transnistria is, in effect, an independent state,[5][6][7][8] organized as a presidential republic, with its own government, parliament, military, police, postal system, and currency. Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, national anthem, and a coat of arms. However, following a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine, all Transnistrian companies seeking to export goods through the Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities.[9] This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) started its activity in 2005.[10] Most Transnistrians also have Moldovan citizenship,[11] but there are also many Transnistrians with Russian and Ukrainian citizenship.
Transnistria is sometimes compared with other post-Soviet frozen conflict zones such as Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia.[12][13] These four unrecognized states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.[14][15]
Contents |
Names[link]
Main article: Names of Transnistria
The region is also known in English as Trans-Dniestr[16] or Transdniestria.[17] Etymologically, these names are adaptations of the Romanian name of the region, "Transnistria" meaning "beyond the river Dniester".
The documents of the government of Moldova refer to the region as Stînga Nistrului (Unităţile Administrativ-Teritoriale din Stînga Nistrului), which means "Left Bank of the Dniester" ("Administrative-territorial unit(s) of the Left Bank of the Dniester"). Colloquially it is called "Transnistria".
The name of the region according to the Transnistrian authorities is Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, abbreviated PMR (Russian: Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, ПМР, Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, РМН, Romanian: Republica Moldovenească Nistreană; Ukrainian: Придністровська Молдавська Республіка, ПМР, Prydnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika). The short form of this name is Pridnestrovie (Russian: Приднестровье, Pridnestrovye; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Нистрения, Nistrenia; Ukrainian: Придністров'я, Prydnistrovya). Pridnestrovie is a transliteration of the Russian "Приднестровье", that means "[a land] by the [river] Dniester.
History[link]
Main article: History of Transnistria
Antiquity and Middle Ages[link]
The area where Transnistria is now located had been inhabited by Indo-European tribes for millennia, being a borderland between Dacia and Scythia. The Tyragetae (a Getae Thracian tribe) inhabited the area around the Dniester river (called "Tyras" in ancient documents), as well as the Scythians. Early Germanic and Turkish tribes were present in the area during their attacks and invasions of the Roman Empire.
Indeed in 56 AD the coastal area around the city of Tyras was occupied by the Romans, and henceforth formed part of the province of Lower Moesia, for nearly four centuries. Tyras enjoyed great development during Roman times: there is a series of its coins with heads of emperors from Domitian to Alexander Severus. But in the second half of the fourth century the area was continuously attacked by barbarians and the Roman legionaries left Tyras.
Migrating from the North, Slavs were present on the shores of the Dniester river from the second half of the 6th century.[citation needed] In the early Middle Ages, Slavic tribes of Tivertsi and Ulichs[18] populated larger areas, including Transnistria, followed by Turkic nomads such as the Petchenegs[19] and Cumans. Possibly an early part of Kievan Rus', after the Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241, the territory was briefly under Mongol control (yet probably without any permanent settlements), and later under the Crimean Khanate.
Early modern period[link]
From the 15th century, northern Transnistria (current districts of Camenca and Rîbniţa) belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,[20][21][22][23][24] and later to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793), which encouraged the migration of peasants into the territory from the neighboring populated areas (from north and from west). Prince of Moldavia Gheorghe Duca (1665–66, 1668–72, 1678–84) built a court at Ţicanova on the east bank of the Dniester, and one at Nimirov on the Southern Bug, last mentioned in Moldavian hands in 1765.[25][26] The localities Dubăsari, Raşcov, Vasilcău, as well as four other currently in Ukraine are mentioned in 17th-18th centuries as fairs for the Dniester-Bug region. In 1769 a document dated at Bendery mentions the then title of the Mitropolitan of Moldavia as Mitropolitan of Proilavia, of Tamarova, of Hotin, and of all the borders of the Danube, of the Dniester, and the Han's Ukraine,[27] the latter being a common reference to the then sparsely populated Dniester-Southern Bug-Dniepr area.
Before becoming part of the Russian Empire in 1792 (southern part) and 1793 (northern part), the largest groups living between the Dniester and the Bug rivers were Moldavian, Ruthenian (Ukrainian), and Tatar peasants.[28] The Russian census of 1793 of the Ochakov region (southern part of the Dniester-Bug area) mentions a totality of 67 villages, of which 49 are mentioned as Moldavian and 18 as Tatar.[29] The first candidate for the governor of the new Russian region was the Moldavian boyar of Greek ancestry Alexandru I. Mavrocordat.[30] The northern part of Transnistria had Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Moldavian villages.
Russian Empire[link]
In 1792, the region became part of the Russian Empire as a result of the sixth Russo-Turkish War. In that year, the general Alexander Suvorov founded modern Tiraspol as a Russian border fortress.[31] Until the Russian Revolution of 1917, the current Transnistria was divided between the imperial guberniyas of Podolia, Kherson, and Bessarabia. Most of the territory which now is Transnistria was part of the larger New Russia region,[32] hence it saw a strong colonization process, with a multitude of ethnicities being settled: lands were given to enserfed peasantry from Russia and Ukraine in Nova Serbia, and Jews and Germans were brought to facilitate economic development.
Soviet and Romanian administration[link]
Main articles: Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Moldavian SSR
Transnistria became an autonomous political entity in 1924 with the proclamation of the Moldavian ASSR, which included today's Transnistria (4,000 km2) as well as an adjacent area (9,000 km2) around the city of Balta in modern-day Ukraine, but nothing from Bessarabia, which at the time formed part of Romania. One of the reasons for the creation of the Moldavian ASSR was the desire of the Soviet Union at the time to eventually incorporate Bessarabia.[citation needed] The Moldavian SSR, organised by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 2 August 1940, was formed out of a part of Bessarabia (taken from Romania on 28 June, after the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact), and out of a part of the Moldavian ASSR roughly equivalent to present-day Transnistria.
In 1941, after Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union during the Second World War, they defeated the Soviet troops in the region and occupied it. Romania controlled the entire region between Dniester and Southern Bug rivers, including the city of Odessa as local capital.[33]
The Romanian-administered territory - called the Transnistria Governorate - with an area of 44.000 km2 and a population of 2,3 mln inhabitants, was divided into 13 counties: Ananiev, Balta, Berzovca, Dubasari, Golta, Jugastru, Movilau, Oceacov, Odessa, Ovidiopol, Ribnita, Tiraspol and Tulcin. There were in this enlarged Transnistria nearly 200,000 Romanian/Moldovian-speaking residents.
The Romanian administration of "Transnistria" attempted to stabilise the situation in the area under Romanian control, implementing a process of Romanianization.[34] By March 1943, a total of 185,000 Ukrainian and Romanian Jews had been deported and the majority were murdered or died from other causes in ghettos and concentration camps in an area immediately north and east of the current Transnistria, which as the latter was under Romanian and partly German occupation.
After the Red Army reconquered the area in 1944, Soviet authorities executed, exiled and/or imprisoned (in gulags) many thousands of Romanian/Moldavians in the following months and years: the only ones who survived[citation needed] were in the area of actual Transnistria (from 1945 again part of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic), just east of the Dniester river. Indeed a campaign was directed towards the rich Moldavian peasant families, which were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia as well. For instance, in just two days, July 6 and July 7, 1949, a plan named "Operation South" saw the deportation of over 11,342 Moldavian families by the order of the Moldovian Minister of State Security, I. L. Mordovets.[35]
Secession[link]
In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union allowed political liberalization at a regional level. This led to the creation of various informal movements in the Moldavian SSR, and the resurgence of pro-Romanian nationalism among ethnic Moldovans.[36] The most prominent of these movements was the Popular Front of Moldova. In the spring of 1988, PFM demanded that the Soviet authorities declare Moldovan the only state language, return to the use of the Latin alphabet, and recognize the shared ethnic identity of Moldovans and Romanians. The more radical factions of the Popular Front espoused extreme anti-minority, ethnocentric and chauvinist positions,[37][38] calling for minority populations, particularly the Slavs (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) and Gagauz, to leave or be expelled from Moldova.[39]
On 31 August 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR adopted Moldovan as the only official language with Russian retained only for secondary purposes, returned Moldovan to the Latin alphabet, and declared a shared Moldovan-Romanian linguistic identity. As plans for major cultural changes in Moldova were made public, tensions rose further. Ethnic minorities felt threatened by the prospects of removing Russian as the official language, the possible future reunification of Moldova and Romania, and the ethnocentric rhetoric of the Popular Front. The Yedinstvo (Unity) Movement, established by the Slavic population of Moldova, pressed for equal status to be given to both Russian and Moldovan.[40]
The nationalist Popular Front won the first free parliamentary elections in the Moldavian SSR in the spring of 1990,[41] and its agenda started slowly to be implemented. On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic by an ad hoc assembly, the Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Transnistria. Violence escalated when in October 1990 the Popular Front called for volunteers to form armed militias to stop a Gagauz autonomy referendum. In response, volunteer militias were formed in Transnistria. In April 1990, nationalist mobs attacked ethnic Russian members of parliament, while the Moldovan police refused to intervene or restore order.[42]
In the interest of preserving a unified Moldavian SSR within the USSR and preventing the situation escalating further, then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, while citing the restriction of civil rights of ethnic minorities by Moldova as the cause of the dispute, declared the Transnistria proclamation to be lacking legal basis and annulled it by presidential decree on 22 December 1990.[43][44] Nevertheless, no significant action was taken against Transnistria and the new authorities were slowly able to establish control of the region.
War of Transnistria[link]
The War of Transnistria followed armed clashes on a limited scale which broke out between Transnistrian separatists and Moldova as early as November 1990 at Dubăsari. Volunteers, including Cossacks, came from Russia and Ukraine to help the separatist side.[45] In mid-April 1992, under the agreements on the split of the military equipment of the former Soviet Union negotiated between the former 15 republics in the previous months, Moldova created its own Defense Ministry. According to the decree of its creation, most of the 14th Soviet Army's military equipment was to be retained by Moldova.[46] Starting from 2 March 1992, there was concerted military action between Moldova and Transnistria. Throughout early 1992 the fighting intensified. The former Soviet 14th Guards Army entered the conflict in its final stage, opening fire against Moldovan forces;[46] since then, Moldova has exercised no effective control or influence on Transnistrian authorities. A ceasefire agreement was signed on 21 July 1992 and has held to the present day.
Further negotiations[link]
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is trying to facilitate a negotiated settlement. Under OSCE auspices, on 8 May 1997, the Moldovan President Petru Lucinschi and the Transnistrian president Igor Smirnov, signed the "Memorandum on the principles of normalizations of the relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria", also known as the "Primakov Memorandum", sustaining the establishment of legal and state relations, although the memorandum's provisions were interpreted differently by the governments of Moldova and Transnistria.
In November 2003, Dmitry Kozak, a counselor of the Russian president Vladimir Putin, proposed a memorandum on the creation of an asymmetric federal Moldovan state, with Moldova holding a majority and Transnistria being a minority part of the federation.[47] Known as "the Kozak memorandum", it did not coincide with the Transnistrian position, which sought equal status between Transnistria and Moldova, but gave Transnistria veto powers over future constitutional changes; this encouraged Transnistria to sign it. Vladimir Voronin was initially supportive of the plan, but refused to sign it after internal opposition and international pressure from the OSCE and US, and after Russia had endorsed the Transnistrian demand to maintain a Russian military presence for the next 20 years as a guarantee for the intended federation.[48]
Talks were started in 2006 to deal with the problems, but without results for many years. In February 2011 the so called "5 + 2 Talks" (thus named because they were carried out by Transnistria, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and OSCE, plus the US and the EU as external observers) were started again in Vienna.[49]
Geography[link]
_river_in_Tiraspol.jpg)
Main article: List of places in Transnistria
Transnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (i.e., the rest of Moldova, for 411 km) to the West, and Ukraine (for 405 km) to the East. It is a narrow valley stretching in the North-South direction along the bank of the Dniester River, which forms a natural boundary along most of the border with (the rest of) Moldova. Tiraspol, the capital and largest city of Transnistria, has about 160,000 inhabitants.
The territory controlled by the PMR is mostly, but not completely, coincident with the left (eastern) bank of Dniester. It includes ten cities and towns, and 69 communes, with a totality of 147 localities (counting the unincorporated ones as well). Six communes on the left bank (Cocieri, Molovata Nouă, Corjova, Pîrîta, Coşniţa, and Doroţcaia) remained under the control of the Moldovan government after the War of Transnistria in 1992, as part of the Dubăsari district. They are situated north and south of the city of Dubăsari, which itself is under PMR control. The village of Roghi of Molovata Nouă Commune is also controlled by the PMR (Moldova controls the other nine of the ten villages of the six communes).
On the west bank, the city of Bender and four communes (containing a total of six villages) to its east, south-east, and south, on the opposite bank of the river Dniester from the city of Tiraspol (Proteagailovca, Gîsca, Chiţcani, and Cremenciug) are controlled by the PMR.
The localities controlled by Moldova on the eastern bank, the village of Roghi, and the city of Dubăsari (situated on the eastern bank and controlled by the PMR), the six villages and one city controlled by the PMR on the western bank, as well as two (Varniţa and Copanca) on the same west bank under Moldovan control, form a security zone. The security situation inside it is subject to the Joint Control Commission rulings.
The main transportation route in Transnistria is the road Tiraspol-Dubăsari-Rîbniţa. North and south of Dubăsari it passes through the lands of the villages controlled by Moldova (Doroţcaia, Cocieri, Roghi, while Vasilievca is entirely situated east of the road). Conflict erupted on several occasions when the PMR prevented the villagers from reaching their farmland east of the road.[50][51][52]
Transnistrians are able to travel (normally without difficulty) in and out of the territory under PMR control to neighbouring Moldovan-controlled territory, to Ukraine, and on to Russia, by road or (when service is not interrupted by political tensions) on two international trains, the year-round Moscow-Chişinău, and the seasonal Saratov-Varna. International air travellers rely on the airport in Chişinău, the Moldovan capital, or the airport in Odessa, in Ukraine.
Administrative subdivisions[link]
Transnistria is subdivided into five raions (Russian names are listed in parentheses):
- Camenca (Кáменка, Kamenka)
- Rîbniţa (Рыбница, Rybnitsa)
- Dubăsari (Дубоссáры, Dubossary)
- Grigoriopol (Григориóполь, Grigoriopol')
- Slobozia (Слободзéя, Slobodzeya)
and one municipality:
- Tiraspol (Тирáсполь)
Also, Bender (Tighina; Бендéры), situated on the western bank of the Dniester (in Bessarabia), geographically outside Transnistria, is not part of territorial unit Transnistria of Moldova as defined by the central authorities, but is controlled by the PMR authorities, which consider it part of PMR's administrative organization.
Political status[link]
Main article: Disputed status of Transnistria
Transnistria is recognised by the vast majority of countries as a legal part of the Republic of Moldova. Only the partially recognised states of South Ossetia and Abkhazia recognize it as a sovereign entity after it declared independence from Moldova in 1990 with Tiraspol as its declared capital.
Between 1929 and 1940, Tiraspol was the capital of the Moldavian ASSR, an autonomous republic within Ukrainian SSR, which existed from 1924 to 1940.
Although exercising no direct control over the territory, the Moldovan government passed the "Law on Basic Provisions of the Special Legal Status of Localities from the Left Bank of the Dniester" on 22 July 2005, which established Transnistria as an autonomous territorial unit within the Republic of Moldova. The law was passed without any prior consultation with Transnistrian authorities, which called it a provocation and has since ignored it.
Between 300,000 and 400,000 Transnistrians (the majority of the population) acquired Moldovan passports by 2008. No UN member state recognizes passports issued by the Transnistrian government.[53][54] Russia opened a consulate in Tiraspol (against the will of Moldova) and issued about 80,000 passports to Transnistrians by the end of 2006.[55]
There are unsettled border issues between Transnistria and Moldova. Nine villages from the Dubăsari district, including Cocieri and Doroţcaia which geographically belong to Transnistria, have been under the control of the central government of Moldova after the involvement of local inhabitants on the side of Moldovan forces during the War of Transnistria. These villages along with Varniţa and Copanca, near Bendery and Tiraspol, are claimed by the PMR. One city and six villages on the west bank are controlled by the PMR, but are considered by Moldova as a separate municipality (Bender and two villages), or part of the Căuşeni district (four villages).
Tense situations have periodically surfaced due to these territorial disputes, such as in 2005, when Transnistrian forces entered Vasilievca,[56] in 2006 around Varniţa, and in 2007 in Dubăsari-Cocieri area, when a confrontation between Moldovan and Transnistrian forces occurred, however without any casualties.
International relations[link]
Main articles: International recognition of Transnistria and Foreign relations of Transnistria
Transnistria's minister of foreign affairs is Nina Shtanski.
Politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Transnistria and List of political parties in Transnistria
PMR has a multi-party system and a unicameral parliament named the Supreme Council. Its legislature has 43 members elected by Single-member district plurality.[57] The president is elected to a five year term by popular vote.
Igor Smirnov was the President of Transnistria since the declaration of independence in 1990 for four consecutive terms. He ran for president in 2011 also, but was defeated in the first round.
The majority in the Parliament of Transnistria belongs to the Renewal movement which defeated the Republic party affiliated with Igor Smirnov in 2005 and performed even better in 2010 elections. Its leader, Yevgeni Shevchuk, won the 2011 presidential elections.
There is disagreement over whether elections in Transnistria are free and fair. The political regime has been described as one of 'super-presidentialism'.[58] In the latest presidential election, the registration of opposition candidate Andrey Safonov was delayed until a few days before the vote, so that he had little time to conduct an election campaign.[59][60] Some sources consider election results suspicious. In 2001, in one region it was reported that Igor Smirnov collected 103.6% of the votes.[61] The PMR government said 'the government of Moldova launched a campaign aimed at convincing international observers not to attend' an election held on 11 December 2005 - but CIS election monitors had ignored that and had declared the ballot democratic.
The opposition Narodovlastie party and Power to the People movement were outlawed at the beginning of 2000[62] and eventually dissolved.[63][64]
A list published by the European Union bans travel to the EU for some members of the Transnistrian leadership.[65]
In 2007, the registration of a Social Democratic Party was allowed. This party, led by former separatist leader and member of the PMR government Andrey Safonov, allegedly favors a union with Moldova.
In September 2007, the leader of the Transnistrian Communist party, Oleg Horjan, was sentenced to a suspended sentence of 1½ years imprisonment for organizing unsanctioned actions of protest.[66]
According to the Transnistrian referendum, 2006, carried out by the PMR government, 97.2% of the population voted in favor of "independence from Moldova and free association with Russia."[55] EU and several other countries refused to recognise the referendum results.
Transnistria border customs dispute[link]
Main article: Transnistria border customs issue
On 3 March 2006, Ukraine introduced new customs regulations on its border with Transnistria. Ukraine declared that it would import only goods from Transnistria with documents processed by Moldovan customs offices as part of the implementation of the joint customs protocol agreed between Ukraine and Moldova on 30 December 2005. Transnistria and Russia termed the act an "economic blockade".
The United States, the European Union and OSCE approved the Ukrainian move, while Russia saw it as a means of political pressure. On 4 March, Transnistria responded by blocking the Moldovan and Ukrainian transport at the borders of Transnistria. The Transnistrian block was lifted after two weeks. However, the Moldovan/Ukrainian block remains in place, and holds up progress in status settlement negotiations between the sides.[67] In the months after the regulations, exports from Transnistria declined drastically. Transnistria declared a "humanitarian catastrophe" in the region, while Moldova called the declaration "deliberate misinformation".[68] Cargoes of humanitarian aid were sent from Russia in response.
Russian military presence in Transnistria[link]
See also: 14th Army involvement in Transnistria
A 1,200-strong Russian military contingent is present in Transnistria. The status of this contingent is disputed. The 1992 cease-fire agreement between Moldova and Transnistria established a Russian peace-keeper presence in Transnistria. Russian troops stationed in Moldova proper since the time of the USSR were fully withdrawn to Russia by January 1993.
On 21 October 1994, Russia and Moldova signed an agreement that committed Russia to the withdrawal of the troops in three years from the date of entry into force of the agreement;[69] this did not come into effect, however, because the Russian Duma did not ratify it.[8] The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) included a paragraph about the removal of Russian troops from Moldova's territory and was introduced into the text of the OSCE Summit Declaration of Istanbul (1999), in which Russia had committed itself to pulling out its troops from Transnistria by the end of 2002.[70] However, even after 2002, the Russian parliament did not ratify the Istanbul accords. On 19 July 2004, after it finally passed through parliament President Vladimir Putin signed the Law on the ratification of the CFE Treaty in Europe, which committed Russia to remove the heavy armaments limited by this Treaty.[71] During 2000-2001, although the CFE Treaty was not fully ratified, to comply with it, Moscow withdrew 125 pieces of Treaty Limited Equipment (TLE) and 60 railway wagons containing ammunition from the Transnistrian region of Moldova. In 2002, Russia withdrew 3 military equipment trains (118 railway wagons) and 2 of ammunition (43 wagons) from the Transnistrian region of Moldova, and in 2003, 11 rail convoys transporting military equipment and 31 transporting ammunitions. According to the OSCE Mission to Moldova, of a total of 42,000 tons of ammunitions stored in Transnistria, 1,153 tons (3%) was transported back to Russia in 2001, 2,405 tons (6%) in 2002 and 16,573 tons (39%) in 2003.
Andrei Stratan, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Moldova stated in his speech during the 12th OSCE Ministerial Council Meeting in Sofia on 6–7 December 2004 that "The presence of Russian troops on the territory of the Republic of Moldova is against the political will of Moldovan constitutional authorities and defies the unanimously recognized international norms and principles, being qualified by Moldovan authorities as a foreign military occupation illegally deployed on the territory of the state".[72][73] As of 2007 however, Russia insists that it has already fulfilled those obligations. It states the remaining troops are serving as peacekeepers authorized under the 1992 ceasefire, are not in violation of the Istanbul accords and will remain until the conflict is fully resolved.[74]
In a NATO resolution on 18 November 2008, Russia was urged to withdraw its military presence from the "Transdnestrian region of Moldova".[75]
Demographics[link]
File:Rybnitsa.jpg
Rîbniţa, northern Transnistria
Main article: Demographics of Moldova
In 2004, Transnistrian authorities organized a separate census from the 2004 Moldovan Census.[76]
In total, in the areas controlled by the PMR government, there are 555,347 people, including 177,785 Moldovans (32.10%), 168,678 Russians (30.35%), 160,069 Ukrainians (28.81%), 13,858 Bulgarians (2.50%), 4,096 Gagauzians (0.74%), 507 Roma (0.09%), 1,259 Jews (0.23%), 1,791 Poles (0.32%), and 27,454 others (4.94%).[77]
Of these, 439,243 live in Transnistria itself, and 116,104 live in localities controlled by the PMR government, but formally belonging to other districts of Moldova (the city of Bender (Tighina), the communes of Proteagailovca, Gîsca, Chiţcani, Cremenciug, and village of Roghi of commune Molovata Nouă).
Moldovans are the most numerous ethnic group, representing an overall majority in the two sub-districts in the central Transnistria (Dubăsari sub-district, 50.15%, and Grigoriopol sub-district, 64.83%), a 47.82% relative majority in the northern Camenca sub-district, and a 41.52% relative majority in the southern (Slobozia sub-district). In Râbniţa sub-district they are a 29.90% minority, and in the city of Tiraspol, they constitute a 15.24% minority of the population.
Russians are the second numerous ethnic group, representing a 41.64% relative majority in the city of Tiraspol, a 24.07% minority in Slobozia, a 19.03% minority in Dubăsari, a 17.22% minority in Râbniţa, a 15.28% minority in Grigoriopol, and a 6.89% minority in Camenca.
Ukrainians are the third numerous ethnic group, representing a 45.41% relative majority in the northern Râbniţa sub-district, a 42.55% minority in Camenca, a 32.97% minority in Tiraspol, a 28.29% minority in Dubăsari, a 23.42% minority in Slobozia, and a 17.36% minority in Grigoriopol.
Bulgarians are the fourth largest ethnic group in Transnistria, albeit much less numerous than the three larger ethnicities. Most Bulgarians in Transnistria are Bessarabian Bulgarians, descendants of expatriates who settled in Bessarabia in the 18th–19th century. The major centre of Bulgarians in Transnistria is the large village of Parcani, which has an absolute Bulgarian majority and a total population of around 10,000.
In Bender (Tighina) and the other non-Transnistria localities under PMR control, ethnic Russians represent a 43.43% relative majority, followed by Moldovans at 26.15%, Ukrainians at 17.08%, Bulgarians at 2.89%, Gagauzians at 1.03%, Jews at 0.34%, Poles at 0.17%, Roma at 0.13%, and others at 7.78%.
At the census of 1989, the population was 679,000 (including all the localities in the security zone, even those under Moldovan control). The ethnic composition of the region has not been stable in recent history, with the most notable change being the decreasing share of Moldovan and Jewish population segments and increase of the Russian. For example, the percentage of Russians grew from 13.7% in 1926 to 25.5% in 1989 and further to 30.4% in 2004, while the Moldovan population decreased from 44.1% in 1926 to 39.9% in 1989 and 31.9% in 2004. Only the proportion of Ukrainians remained reasonably stable - 27.2% in 1926, 28.3% in 1989 and 28.8 in 2004.
Religion[link]
PMR official statistics show that 91 percent of the Transnistrian population adhere to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with 4 percent adhering to Roman Catholicism.[78] Roman Catholics are mainly located in Northern Transnistria, where a notable Polish minority is living.[79]
Transnistria's government has supported the restoration and construction of new orthodox churches. It affirms that the republic has freedom of religion and states that 114 religious beliefs and congregations are officially registered. However, as recently as 2005, registration hurdles were met with by some religious groups, notably the Jehovah's Witnesses.[80] In 2007, the US-based Christian Broadcasting Network denounced the persecution of Protestants in Transnistria.[81]
Economy[link]
Transnistria has a mixed economy. Following a large scale privatization process in the late 90s,[82] most of the companies in Transnistria are now privately owned. The economy is based on a mix of heavy industry (steel production), electricity production and manufacturing (textile production), which together account for about 80% of the total industrial output.[83]
Transnistria has its own central bank, which issues Transnistrian currency, the Transnistrian ruble. It is convertible at a freely floating exchange rate but only in Transnistria.
Economic history[link]
After World War II, Transnistria was heavily industrialised, to the point that, in 1990, it was responsible for 40% of Moldova's GDP and 90% of its electricity,[84] although it accounted for only 17% of Moldova's population. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Transnistria wanted to return to a "Brezhnev-style planned economy".[85] However, several years later, it decided to head toward a market economy.
Macroeconomics[link]
According to the government of Transnistria, the 2007 GDP was 6789 mln Transnistrian roubles (appx US$799 million) and the GDP per capita was about US$1,500. The GDP increased by 11.1% and inflation rate was 19.3%.[86] Transnistria's government budget for 2007 was US$246 million, with an estimated deficit of about US$100 million[87] which the government plans to cover with income from privatizations.[88] Budget for 2008 is US$331 million, with an estimated deficit of about US$80 million.[89]
In 2004, Transnistria had debts of US$1.2 billion (two-thirds of which are with Russia), which was per capita about six times higher than in Moldova (without Transnistria).[90] In March 2007 the debt to Gazprom for the acquisition of natural gas has increased to US$1.3 billion. On 22 March 2007 Gazprom sold Transnistria's gas debt to the Russian businessman Alisher Usmanov, who controls Moldova Steel Works, the largest enterprise in Transnistria. Transnistria's president Igor Smirnov has announced that Transnistria will not be paying off its gas debt because "Transdnistria has no legal debt [to Gazprom]".[91][92] In November 2007, the total debt of Transnistria's public sector was up to US$1.64 billion.[89]
According to Yevgeni Shevchuk, speaker of Transnistrian Supreme Soviet, Transnistria is in a difficult economic situation. Despite a 30% tax increase in 2007, the pension fund is still lacking money and emergency measures must be taken.[93] However, Shevchuk mentions that the situation is not hopeless and it cannot be considered a crisis, as a crisis means three-month delays in payment of pensions and salaries.[94]
External trade[link]
In 2006, the Transnistrian Republican Bank reported exports of US$422.0 million and imports of US$738.4 million. Compared to 2005, export decreased 27.2% and import decreased 13.7%. The trade deficit reached US$316.3 million.[95] Over 50% of the export goes to the CIS, mainly to Russia, but also to Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova (whom Transnistrian authorities consider foreign).[82][83] Main non-CIS markets for the Transnistrian goods are Italy, Egypt, Greece, Romania, and Germany.[82] The CIS accounts for over 60% of the imports, while the share of the EU is about 23%. The main imports are non-precious metals, food products and electricity.
Economic sectors[link]
The leading industry is steel, due to the Moldova Steel Works (part of the Russian Metalloinvest holding) in Rîbniţa, which accounts for about 60% of the budget revenue of Transnistria.[55] The largest company in the textile industry is Tirotex, which claims to be the second largest textile company in Europe.[96] The energy sector is dominated by Russian companies. The largest power company Moldavskaya GRES (Kuchurgan power station), which is located in Dnestrovsc, is owned by Inter RAO UES,[97] and the gas transmission and distribution company Tiraspoltransgas is probably controlled by Gazprom, although Gazprom has not confirmed the ownership officially. The banking sector of Transnistria consists of 8 commercial banks, including Gazprombank. The oldest alcohol producer KVINT, located in Tiraspol, produces and exports brandy, wines and vodka.
Human rights[link]
Main article: Human rights in Transnistria
The human rights record of Transnistria has been criticised by several governments and international organizations. The 2007 Freedom in the World report, published by the US-based Freedom House, described Transnistria as a "non-free" territory, having an equally bad situation in both political rights and civil liberties.[98]
According to the U.S. Department of State report referring to year 2006;
| “ | The right of citizens to change their government[99] was restricted.... Authorities reportedly continued to use torture and arbitrary arrest and detention.... In Transnistria authorities limited freedom of speech and of the press....Authorities usually did not permit free assembly.... In the separatist region of Transnistria the authorities continued to deny registration and harassed a number of minority religions groups.... The separatist region remained a significant source and transit area for trafficking in persons.... Homosexuality was illegal, and gays and lesbians were subject to governmental and societal discrimination.[100] | ” |
Incidents[link]
In the best known political trial, Ilie Ilaşcu was convicted in 1993 of killing two Transnistrian officials, and initially sentenced to death by Transnistria's Supreme Court; however, this was commuted to a life prison sentence. Three other members of his group were sentenced to terms of 12 to 15 years' imprisonment, and confiscation of their property. Ilaşcu was released in 2001, after the intervention of the European Court of Human Rights against Moldova and Russia, while the other three were released in 2004 and 2007, having served the full term of their sentences. The ECHR stated that authorities had violated the right of freedom and safety of all four members of the group, and that the treatment Ilie Ilaşcu suffered qualifies as torture. As part of the ruling the court also stated that they believed that Transnistria was "under the effective authority or at least decisive influence of Russia".[101] The court also ordered Moldova and Russia – which backs Transnistria – to pay the four a total of €750,000 (US$1,000,000) in compensation for the deprivation of their freedom and for torture and inhumane treatment while in custody.[102] The members of Ilaşcu's group were forced into exile after their release from prison.
In March 2007 several opponents of Transnistria's government were arrested after they made public appeals during a protest rally against the its policy.[103] On 19 March 2007 Transnistrian authorities also arrested Ştefan Urîtu, the leader of Moldovan Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, and two other local political activists. They were later released.[104]
On 13 May 2007, separatist authorities detained the mayor of Corjova Valeriu Miţul and Iurie Coţofan, a Dubăsari district councillor.[105] According to the Moldovan InfoTag news agency, Transnistrian authorities blockaded the polling station at Corjova village, not allowing residents to participate in the Moldovan elections of 3 June 2007.[106] At the same occasion, Iurie Coţofană, a local antiseparatist councilor was arrested and beaten. Valentin Beşleag, a candidate for mayoral office in Corjova was arrested in 2 June for carrying electoral material from Moldova.[107]
In April 2010 the journalist Ernest Vardanean was arrested, being accused of espionage in favour of Moldova[108]
A similar case was that of Ilie Cazac from Bender, arrested in 19 March 2010 for high treason and espionage in favour of Moldova, and of Elena Dobroviţcaia, also from Bender, who was arrested because her mother went to a hospital in Chişinău instead of presenting herself at the request of the authorities from Bender.[109] As the parents of Ilie Cazac did not receive news about him, they started a hunger strike in June 2010 in front of the Russian Embassy in Chişinău.[110][111] At the meeting with Ilie Cazac, on 2 November 2011, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay, said that the United Nations strongly backs the people detained in the Transnistrian region, noting that the UN had also advocated the release of Ilie Cazac.[112]
Situation of the media[link]
Main article: Media in Transnistria
There is a regular mix of modern news media in Transnistria with a number of television stations, newspapers, and radio stations.
According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the media climate in Transnistria is restrictive and the authorities continue a long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and groups.[113]
According to a U.S. Department of State report for 2006, "Both of region's major newspapers were controlled by the authorities. There was one independent weekly newspaper in Bender and another in the northern city of Rîbniţa.... Separatist authorities harassed independent newspapers for critical reporting of the Transnistrian regime.... Most television and radio stations and print publication were controlled by Transnistrian authorities, which largely dictated their editorial policies and finance operations. Some broadcast networks, such as the TSV television station and the INTER-FM radio station, were owned by Transnistria's largest monopoly, Sheriff, which also holds a majority in the region's legislature.... In July 2005 the Transnistrian Supreme Soviet amended the election code to prohibit media controlled by the Transnistrian authorities from publishing results of polls and forecasts related to elections."[114]
Moldovan schools[link]
Main article: Moldovan schools in Transnistria
Public education in the Romanian language is done using the Soviet-originated Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. The usage of the Latin script was restricted to only 6 schools. Four of these schools were forcibly closed by the authorities, who claimed this was due to the refusal of the schools to apply for official accreditation.[115] These schools were later registered as private schools and reopened. This process may have been accelerated by pressure from the European Union.[116]
The OSCE mission to Moldova has urged local authorities in the Transnistrian city of Rîbniţa to return a confiscated building to the Moldovan Latin script school in the city. The unfinished building was nearing completion in 2004, when Transnistria took control of it during that year's school crisis.[117]
"In November 2005 Ion Iovcev, the principal of a Romanian-language school in Transnistria and active advocate for human rights as well as a critic of the Transnistrian leadership, received threatening calls that he attributed to his criticism of the separatist regime."[114]
See also: Russification and Anti-Romanian discrimination
Military[link]
As of 2007, the armed forces and the paramilitary of Transnistria were composed of 4,500-7,500 soldiers, divided into four motorized infantry brigades in Tiraspol, Bender, Rîbniţa, and Dubăsari.[118] They have 18 tanks, 107 armoured carriers, 73 guns, 46 anti-aircraft installations, and 173 tank destroyer units. The air force is composed of 9 Mi-8T helicopters, 6 Mi-24 helicopters, 2 Mi-2 helicopters, and several airplane of An-2, An-26 and Yak-18 models.
Arms control and disarmament[link]
See also: Crime in Transnistria
Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the Russian 14th Army left 40,000 tonnes of weapony and ammunition. In later years there were concerns[who?] that the Transnistrian authorities would try to sell these stocks internationally, and intense pressure was applied to have these removed by the Russian Federation.
In 2000 and 2001, the Russian Federation withdrew by rail 141 self-propelled artillery and other armoured vehicles and destroyed locally 108 T-64 tanks and 139 other pieces of military equipment limited by the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE). During 2002 and 2003 Russian military officials destroyed a further 51 armoured vehicles, all of which were types not limited by the CFE Treaty. The OSCE also observed and verified the withdrawal of the 48 trains with military equipment and ammunition in 2003. However, no further withdrawal activities have taken place since March 2004 and a further 20,000 tons of ammunition, as well as some remaining military equipment are still to be removed.
In the autumn of 2006 the Transnistria leadership agreed to let an OSCE inspectorate examine the munitions and further access agreed moving forward.
Recent weapons inspections were permitted by Transnistria and conducted by the OSCE. The onus of responsibility rests on the Russian Federation to remove the rest of the supplies.
Transnistrian authorities declared that they are not involved in the manufacture or export of weapons. The OSCE and European Union officials stated in 2005 that there is no evidence that Transnistria "has ever trafficked arms or nuclear material" and much of the alarm is due to Moldovan government's attempts to pressure Transnistria.[119]
In 2007, foreign experts working on behalf of the United Nations said that the historically low levels of transparency and continued denial of full investigation to international monitors have reinforced negative perceptions of the Transnistrian regime, although recent cooperation by Transnitrian authorities may have reflected a shift in the attitude of Transnistria.[120] Their report stated that the evidence for the illicit production and trafficking of weapons into and from Transnistria has in the past been exaggerated, although the trafficking of light weapons is likely to have occurred before 2001 (the last year when export data showed US$900,000 worth of 'weapons, munitions, their parts and accessories' exported from Transnistria). The report also states that the same holds true for the production of such weapons, which is likely to have been carried out in the 1990s primarily to equip Transnistrian forces.
The OSCE mission spokesman Claus Neukirch spoke about this situation: "There is often talk about sale of armaments from Transnistria, but there is no convincing evidence."[121]
See also[link]
Main article: Outline of Transnistria
- History of Transnistria
- Demographic history of Transnistria
- War of Transnistria
- Disputed status of Transnistria
- Transnistrian border customs issues
- Crime in Transnistria
- International recognition of Transnistria
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- ^ Mihai Gribincea, "Russian troops in Transnistria–a threat to the security of the Republic of Moldova", Institute of Political and Military Studies, Chişinău, Moldova Russia continues to 'sustain the Dniestr region as a quasi-independent entity through direct and indirect means'
- ^ MC.DEL/21/04, 2004-12-06
- ^ Interfax. NATO must recognize Russia's compliance with Istanbul accords[dead link] 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
- ^ NATO-resolution. 11. b.
- ^ Trends in Europe and North America (Explanatory Notes), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
- ^ Official data from 2004 census and comparison with the 1989 census, by Olvia Press
- ^ UNHCR | Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Transnistria (unrecognised state) : Overview
- ^ Ethnic map of Transnistria[dead link]
- ^ Moldova, International Religious Freedom Report 2005, released by the US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
- ^ Christians Face Abuse from Corrupt Regime,[dead link] by Gary Lane, CBN News, 2007-04-06
- ^ a b c International Crisis Group, Moldova: Regional tensions over Transdniestria, 2004-06-17
- ^ a b Transnistria, Center for Economic Polices of IDIS "Viitorul"
- ^ John Mackinlay and Peter Cross (editors), Regional Peacekeepers: The Paradox of Russian Peacekeeping, United Nations University Press, 2003, ISBN 92-808-1079-0 p. 135
- ^ John B. Dunlop, "Will a Large-Scale Migration of Russians to the Russian Republic Take Place over the Current Decade?", in International Migration Review, Vol. 27, No. 3. (Autumn, 1993), pp. 605-629, citing Russian Radio, 1992-09-21 in Russia and CIS Today, WPS, 1992-09-21, p. 976/16.
- ^ Доклад «Социально-экономическое развитие Приднестровской Молдавской Республики» за 2007 года (уточнение) (Socio-economical development of the Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic), statistical service of the Ministry of Economy of Transnistria
- ^ Transnistrian parliament adopts region's budget for 2007[dead link]
- ^ Privatization will solve the budget problem[dead link] PMR News, 2007-02-21
- ^ a b Евгений Шевчук: бюджет Приднестровья–отражение реальной ситуации в экономике
- ^ Democracy in Secessionism: Transnistria and Abkhazia's Domestic Policies, by Nicu Popescu, International Policy Fellowship Program 2005/2006
- ^ Moscow's Hand Tired of Giving, Kommersant 6 April 2007
- ^ «Газпром» передал Приднестровье Алишеру Усманову, Nezavisimaya Gazeta 23 March 2007
- ^ Shevchuk answering a question about 2007 Transnistrian budget
- ^ Shevchuk explaining that economical situation is not critical
- ^ CBPMR.net,[dead link] Transnistrian Republican Bank, Tiraspol 2007
- ^ Tirotex official website
- ^ Annual Report of Inter RAO UES
- ^ Freedom House, 2007 "Freedom in the World" report
- ^ the Government of Moldova
- ^ United States Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006
- ^ Grand Chamber judgment in the case of Ilaşcu and others v. Moldova and Russia, European Court of Human Rights, 349, 2004-06-08
- ^ International Herald Tribune, Pro-Russian separatists in Moldova release last political prisoner, 2007-06-04
- ^ Transnistrian power wielding forces hold over ten opponents of breakaway regime
- ^ Separatiştii transnistreni l-au arestat pe Ştefan Urîtu şi doi membri ai unui ONG local[dead link] (in Romanian)
- ^ Ineffectiveness of peacekeeping mechanism leads to incidents in Moldova's security zone
- ^ Prokuratura initials proceedings on Corjova case
- ^ Amnesty International report about the arrest of Besleag
- ^ report about Vardanean case in Jurnal de Chişinău
- ^ Bender woman held hostage by Transnistrian authorities
- ^ Publika TV (Romanian) The parrents of Ilie Cazacu telling that they will start hunger strike
- ^ Ilie Cazac's parents did not seek help from the police
- ^ Moldovan premier meets UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
- ^ OSCE - Media in Transdniestria
- ^ a b United States Department of State report for 2006
- ^ Statement by the Ministry of Education, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, on the question of children's educational rights insurance, published by Olvia-Press 2004-07-15
- ^ Several Transnistrian officials were banned from traveling through EU
- ^ Ribnitsa's authorities must return the confiscated school building, says OSCE Mission Head
- ^ km.ru, Приднестровье показало мускулы, 06.09.2007 (Russian)
- ^ RFE/RL: Western Diplomats Say Reports Of Smuggling From Transdniester Likely Exaggerated
- ^ UNDP: 2006 Small arms and light weapons survey of Moldova,[dead link] SEESAC 1 July 2007, ISBN 86-7728-014-6
- ^ Conflict Studies Research Centre, Moldova & The Dniestr Region: Contested Past, Frozen Present, Speculative Futures?, Graeme P. Herd
External links[link]
| Find more about Transnistria on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
Wikimedia Atlas of Transnistria
- BBC: Profile of Trans-Dniester
- Differences between Moldova and Transnistria
- The Economist: The black hole that ate Moldova
- Radio Free Europe: Transdniester Conflict Was Long In The Making
- Jos Boonstra, "Moldova, Transnistria, and European Democracy Polices", FRIDE, February 2007
- Stuart Hensel, Moldova Strategic Conflict Assessment (SCA), Economist Intelligence Unit.
- Viorel Dolha - All about Transnistria 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
- Transnistria travel guide from Wikitravel
- Matsuzato, Kimitaka: "Canonization, Obedience, and Defiance: Strategies for Survival of the Orthodox Communities in Transnistria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 20
Local links[link]
- PMR Presidential website
- (English)(Russian) Website of the Supreme Council (Parliament) of PMR, official site
- (English)(Russian) Transnistrian News, English-language news and commentaries
- (English)(Romanian)(Russian) Transnistria.md, English-language news and interviews
http://wn.com/Transnistria
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Transnistrien
http://es.wn.com/Transnistria
http://ru.wn.com/Приднестровская Молдавская Республика
http://cs.wn.com/Podněstří
http://pt.wn.com/Transnístria
http://pl.wn.com/Naddniestrze
http://it.wn.com/Transnistria
http://id.wn.com/Transnistria
http://nl.wn.com/Transnistrië
http://fr.wn.com/Transnistrie
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Not to be confused with Band of Horses.
| Horse the Band | |
|---|---|
 Horse the Band in 2009. Pictured from left to right : Nathan Winneke, David Isen, Erik Engstrom, Daniel Pouliot. |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | Lake Forest, California, United States |
| Genres | Nintendocore, metalcore, electronicore |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Labels | Combat, Koch, Pluto, LIF, Vagrant, Roadrunner |
| Associated acts | Silver Snakes, K-Slax, Cathedrals, Polygraph, Bleeding Kansas, Demonora, End on End The Sawtooth Grin, Nihil, Skrillex |
| Website | www.horsetheband.com |
| Members | |
| Nathan Winneke Erik Engstrom David Isen Daniel Pouliot Jeremiah Bignell |
|
| Past members | |
| Jason Karuza Andy Stokes Adam Crook Dashiel Arkenstone Eli Green Chris Prophet |
|
Horse the Band is a band from Lake Forest, California who are best known for their 8-bit Nintendo-influenced sound combined with metalcore. Frontman Nathan Winneke once described their sound as "Nintendocore," although the band have gone to lengths reiterating that this merely describes the sound, not the substance.
Contents |
Biography[link]
HORSE the Band was started in Lake Forest, CA in 1999 while founding members Erik Engstrom and David Isen were attending El Toro High School. The band were originally to be called The Mexican Economy, however in an effort to avoid being viewed as racist, the moniker HORSE The Band was eventually adopted. The name had to be altered further to prevent copyright issues from becoming another problem (a woman with the name of "Horse"); and so it was that HORSE The Band was born. The band booked its own parental financed tours starting the summer of 2002, including a 3-month tour spanning seven countries. With a carefully maintained web presence including their MP3.com and Myspace accounts, they successfully accrued a minor cult following.
In the summer of 2004, they embarked upon the HORSE the World Tour 2004, giving way to 85 shows in 90 days, spanning seven countries throughout North America and Europe. Early 2008 saw the band planning Horse the Band Earth Tour that would travel to 40 countries starting in early March. The band stated "we've become disillusioned, bad-attitude nerds and pariahs of the established music industry."[1] They asked for their fans' help booking shows in most places, with no intention of bringing other bands with them. The band booked the tour themselves, and played mostly unpromoted shows in 45 countries, starting with Australia and culminating with Ireland. Of the Asian shows, many were performed without financial compensation (short of merchandise sales), leaving the band heavily reliant upon their European shows for financial recompense. Furthermore, roughly 10% of the shows "fell through," in one such instance due to Greek Neo-Nazis torching the venue. The band also expressed anxiety regarding some shows, most notably those in Belarus wherein they were the first band in 5 years (since Cannibal Corpse) to play there, but ultimately no problems arose and the shows were a great success, the band even returning there soon after.
The band's line-up has fluctuated continuously throughout its existence. In February 2008, it was announced that Chris Prophet had been fired and that Jon Karel from The Number 12 Looks Like You would be temporarily replacing him on drums for the duration of the Earth Tour. In July 2008 the band stated that long-time band friend Daniel Pouliot of Bleeding Kansas had joined as the band's full time drummer. On December 3, 2008, the band announced that Dash Arkenstone would be leaving the band, though he remains on good terms with the other members and has since attended local shows. In Dash Arkenstone's absence, Brian Grover (of Thriller) filled in on bass during live shows and contributed to Desperate Living, with Jeremiah Bignell now acting as their permanent bassist.
On February 2, 2009 Horse the Band signed to Vagrant Records. In an interview they stated that they had been trying to get onto that label for nine years.[2]
Horse the Band's latest album Desperate Living was released on October 6, 2009 to wide critical acclaim, many band members claiming it to be their crowning achievement thus far.[3][4] Due to financial pressure and other lif-oriented obstacles, the group are currently taking a break from touring and recording, their first break in over six years. According to rumours, the band-members have stated that HORSE is very healthy, but not especially high on their respective lists of priorities.
Current projects[link]
Horse the Band have recently signed a deal with Vagrant Records for the year 2009 and beyond. The deal doesn't cover recording costs, promotion, nor touring costs.[5]
In 2010 they embarked on "The Reigns in Africa Tour" which began in late March and extended into April. The tour will consist of 12 shows in 17 days. They are headlining shows in South Africa and Mozambique.[6]
In late summer 2010 the band issued a limited 6 DVD, personalized Hardcover book covering their Earth Tour 2008. It was available through pre-order only. Ten left over copies were sold on Ebay, some reaching at over $600.00. The tour book is currently sold out with no plans for future reproduction.[7]
Horse the Band headlined a U.S. tour entitled "I'm Miserable" starting May 6 in Arizona, in support of the Earth Tour 2008 DVD release. Supporting bands included Endless Hallway and Oceana. The last seven shows were canceled, due to Isen needing immediate eye surgery.[8]
Horse the Band was scheduled to play at the 2011 South by Southwest music festival. They were part of the second round of invites, and played to a sold out crowd.[9]
Horse the Band played at four festivals in the 2011 year, the 2011 Ieperfest in Ypres, Belgium, Germany Berlin Magnet, Brutal Assault in Josefov, Czech Republic, and Germany Oberhausen Olgas Rock Fest.
On January 8th 2012, Horse the Band played a one-off show in Los Angeles, California (their first show in America in two years). Many fans waited outside the at capacity club during the set, hoping to be let in. [10] According to a February interview, the show "felt great," and was a "triumphant return." [11]. The band recently alluded via their Facebook page that an October tour could be underway, with long-awaited South American dates in tow. [12]
Lyrical concepts[link]
Horse the Band's lyrics are usually metaphors for vocalist Nathan Winneke's life, often with abstract pop culture reference titles. Winneke has referred to his style on multiple occasions as "Lynchian," in reference to his favorite film director, David Lynch and his obtuse narrative style.
The band jokingly labeled themselves "Nintendocore" very early on in their career in reference to the synth sound they had adopted. Some video game characters that are metaphorically referred to include Cut Man from Mega Man, although the song is spelled "Cutsman" because the song was about a childhood friend Winneke grew up with and that was how they had said the character's name in youth; "Birdo", one of the bosses from the NES game Super Mario Bros. 2, in the song "Birdo" which was actually about Winneke's distaste for eggs and traumatic experiences with his stepfather early in his life ; and the rabbit-like nemesis from The Legend of Zelda in the song "Pol's Voice" which is about Winneke's early loathing of the sound of his own voice. Similarly, the song "A Million Exploding Suns" refers to the Marvel Comics character Sentry, a schizophrenic and agoraphobic hero with this abundance of power, pertaining to Winneke's double life as a musician and as a video rental clerk.
2007's A Natural Death featured significant lyrical and musical evolution into the concepts of nature and mortality while moving slightly away from the Nintendo metaphors. The song "Murder" is inspired by the miniseries Lonesome Dove, in which a Native American named Blue Duck stalks and kills white settlers on the plains. "Hyperborea" as a reference to Robert E. Howard's original "Conan" pulp fantasy stories from the 30s, and "The Red Tornado," a DC comics character from the company of which Winneke is such an open enthusiast.
In HORSE's Earth Tour saga, Winneke is quoted as saying that nothing the band does is for "funny," and he would never leave his family for three months for "funny" or "nintendocore."
2009's Desperate Living is likely the band's most accomplished record musically. Its themes are also somewhat more difficult to pinpoint, but seem to reflect a breadth of social and cultural experience gained from living in Lake Forest. Songs like "Horse The Song" reflect a disillusionment with the mechanics of the music industry and the desire to break free for the sake of integrity and human connection, while songs such as "Big Business" are completely different, since "Big Business" is merely a song about a close friend to HORSE the Band. As well, dark and deeply personal themes are also explored, with some material delving deeper into Winneke's troubled psyche than arguably ever before. "The Failure of All Things" involves deep feelings of regret and beating a woman physically and "Between The Trees" contains grotesque imagery of violent self destruction. Desperate Living is an altogether complex and enigmatic record with a unifying theme of enculturation as a vehicle for the creative process, no matter how primitive, difficult or bizarre. While there are numerous references on every album, Winneke states "No song is ever what it seems....the more silly it may come off the more troubled it probably is under the surface."
Band members[link]
|
|
- Session
- Ed Edge - triangle (since 2008)
Discography[link]
- Albums
- Secret Rhythm of the Universe (2001)
- R. Borlax (2003, Pluto Records; re-release with bonus tracks, 2007, Pluto Records)
- The Mechanical Hand (2005, Combat Records)
- A Natural Death (2007, Koch Records)
- Desperate Living (2009, Vagrant Records; released in Australia/Japan through Roadrunner Records)
- EPs
- I Am a Small Wooden Statue on a Patch of Crabgrass Next to a Dried Up Riverbed (2001)
- Beautiful Songs by Men (2002)
- Pizza (2006, Combat Records / LIF Records)
- Shapeshift 7" (2009, Vagrant Records)
- DVDs
- The Effing 69 World Tour (2004)
- We Flooded It, and There's Yogurt Everywhere AKA 48 Hours in Ukraine (2009)
- Earth Tour (2010) (Duration: 10 hours 31 minutes)
Videography[link]
- "Bunnies"- R. Borlax
- "A Million Exploding Suns"- The Mechanical Hand
- "Lord Gold Throneroom"- The Mechanical Hand
- "Birdo"- The Mechanical Hand
- "New York City"- A Natural Death
- "Murder"- A Natural Death
- "Shapeshift"- Desperate Living
References[link]
- ^ "Horse the Band Need Your Help Booking Tour." AbsolutePunk. January 21, 2008.
- ^ http://www.vagrant.com/artist/index/51
- ^ http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=4085991&blogID=501438806
- ^ Horse The Band Begin Recording
- ^ "Horse The Band Artist Information" "Vagrant Records".
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ [7]
Literature[link]
- Bonnie Johnson (2004-10-22). "Majoring in Rockstar Studies: Part I: 'HORSING' around". The Stanford Daily. http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2004/10/22/majoringInRockstarStudies.
- http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1509692/09152005/horse_the_band.jhtml
- Andrew Parks (2005). "Horse the Band". Decibel Magazine. http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/dec2005/horse_the_band.aspx.
- http://clubs.ccsu.edu/recorder/entertainment/entertainment_item.asp?NewsID=85
External links[link]
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http://wn.com/Horse_the_Band
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Horse the Band
http://pt.wn.com/Horse the Band
http://de.wn.com/Horse the Band
http://es.wn.com/Horse the Band
http://pl.wn.com/Horse the Band
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_the_Band
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
