Sea areas in international rights
Under the law of the sea, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, including production of energy from water and wind[1]. It stretches from the seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast. In colloquial usage, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf beyond the 200-mile limit.
The World's EEZs, shown in dark blue.
Generally, a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coastal baseline. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles (740 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary.[2] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.[3]
A state's exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial sea and extends outward to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370,4 km) from the baseline. The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at 12 NM (22 km) from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea).[4] Thus, the EEZ includes the contiguous zone. States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles (648 km) from the coastal baseline, beyond the EEZ, but such areas are not part of their EEZ. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the EEZ.
The idea of allotting nations EEZs to give better control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.
Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nautical miles or 6 km (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nautical miles (~22 km) beyond the shore. In the early 1970s, Ecuador claimed territorial waters extending to 200 nautical miles. They began seizing U.S. tuna-fishing boats and charging heavy fines (that the U.S. government paid). Eventually the U.S. agreed to submit the issue to the International Court of Justice at The Hague.[5] This eventually led to the recognition of 12 nautical miles as normal for the territorial sea/waters and international recognition of the 200 mile exclusive economic zone by the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982.
Part V, Article 55 of the Convention states:
-
- Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone
- The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of other States are governed by the relevant provisions of this Convention.
Baselines and EEZ claims in East and Southeast Asia. Note the amount of overlap in the disputed
South China Sea,
the Spratlys in particular.
The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.
Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.[8]
Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the FAO, provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.[9] Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.[10]
The area is 1,159,063 km2.
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This section appears to contradict itself. Please see the talk page for more information. (April 2011) |
Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind the United States and France, but ahead of Russia, with the total area actually exceeding that of its land territory. As per the UN convention, Australia's EEZ generally extends 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.[12]
The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.[13] Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, an EEZ of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its Antarctic Territory[14]. Nevertheless, Australia maintains the right to explore and exploit the seabed and water column within its EEZ.
Brazil's exclusive economic zones.
Brazil's exclusive economic zone covers 3,660,995 km2.
In 2004, the country submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.[16]
Canada's exclusive economic zone and territorial waters.
Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 2,755,564 km2, is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.[17] The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic archipelago.
Chile's exclusive economic zones, including Antarctic claim.
Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands.
| Region |
EEZ Area (km2)[18] |
Land area |
Total |
| Mainland |
2 009 299 |
755 757 |
2 765 056 |
| Desventuradas |
449 805 |
|
|
| Easter |
720 395 |
164 |
720 559 |
| Juan Fernandez |
502 490 |
|
|
| Total |
3 681 989 |
756 102 |
4 438 091 |
There is a dispute with Peru over the extension of Chile's EEZ: Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute
People's Republic of China's exclusive economic zone:
China's EEZ
877,019 km2
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This section is outdated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (September 2010) |
The Kingdom of Denmark includes the two autonomous provinces of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The EEZs of the latter two do not form part of the EEZ of the European Union.
| Region |
EEZ & TW Area (km2) [15] |
Land area |
Total |
 Denmark |
105 989 |
42 506 |
149 083 |
 Faroe Islands |
260 995 |
1 399 |
262 394 |
 Greenland |
2 184 254 |
2 166 086 |
4 350 340 |
| Total |
2 551 238 |
2 210 579 |
4 761 817 |
Exclusive economic zones of France, including Antarctic territorial claim.
Due to its numerous Overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the second-largest EEZ in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 mi2), just behind the EEZ of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 mi2), but ahead of the EEZ of Australia (8,148,250 km2 / 4,111,312 mi2). The EEZ of France covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of the Earth.
Greece has not yet claimed an exclusive economic zone, although it is entitled to do so, as per UNCLOS 1982 as well as customary international law. This had led to direct threat by Turkey of casus belli if Greece was to declare her exclusive economic zone, although Greece refrained from any kind of declaration so far.[citation needed]
Turkey's declaration of casus belli is not related to the EEZ issue. Turkey claims that the Aegean Sea's status as a semi-closed sea affords it a special nature (unlike other semi-closed seas as the Adriatic or even fully enclosed seas as the Black Sea). Moreover, Turkey is not among the signatories of UNCLOS which allows countries to expand the width of their territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles (22 km). Even though Turkey is a persistent objector to the relevant article of UNCLOS[citation needed], it has expanded its own territorial waters in the Black Sea to 12 nautical miles (22 km)[citation needed]. And moreover, in 1995 just after Greek parliament ratifications of UNCLOS (as every signatory state was entitled), Turkey declared that if Greece expands the width of her territorial waters over 6 nautical miles (11 km), Turkey would conceive this action as a containment attempt and a direct offense to her sovereignty and thus threatened Greece with a war (casus belli)[citation needed].
According to published maps, the Israeli government has recognized the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of Greece and Cyprus. They describe the course of the gas pipeline which will transfer gas produced by American Νoble Εnergy Ltd. from the Leviathan reservoir to Europe, through an undersea pipeline crossing Greece. The gas pipeline should traverse the sea area, which according to international law, is part of the Greek EEZ. By this proposal, Israel recognizes the Greek EEZ in the area and offers an advantage that Greece can use during negotiation procedures to support its claims on the area. In practice, this cooperation will set up a powerful energy coalition between Greece, Cyprus and Israel. The mining and operating part will be undertaken by an American company.[19] "The substance of the issue is that in an effort to protect and secure vital Israeli interests in the Mediterranean Sea, Israel has been left with no choice other than to officially delimit its maritime borders," an Israeli diplomat told the Hürriyet Daily News & Economic Review.[20]
India's exclusive economic zones.
Japan's exclusive economic zones:
Japan's EEZ
Joint regime with Republic of Korea
EEZ claimed by Japan, disputed by others
Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (Russia, Republic of Korea, PRC and ROC). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project[21][22] both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account neighboring powers' claims.
Mexico's exclusive economic zones comprise a total surface area of 3,144,295 km2, and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.[23]
New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km2,[24][25] which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km2.[26] These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (Tokelau, Niue, the Cook Islands and the Ross Dependency).
Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819 620 km2 around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km2, including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen .[27] The fact that the European Union shares its economic zones was a big reason why Norway did not enter the EU as a member.
In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of shelf in the Barents Sea.[28]
| Region |
EEZ & TW Area (km2) |
Land area |
Total |
| Mainland |
1 273 482 |
323 802 |
1 597 284 |
| Svalbard |
402 574 |
61 002 |
463 576 |
| Jan Mayen |
273 118 |
373 |
273 491 |
| Bouvet Island |
436 004 |
49 |
436 053 |
| Total |
2 385 178 |
385 226 |
2 770 404 |
The exclusive economic zone of the Philippines shown in the lighter blue shade, with Archepelagic Waters in the darkest blue.
Philippines' EEZ covers 2,265,684 (135,783) km2[30]
The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km2 within the Baltic Sea.[31]
Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over additional 2.15 million square kilometers of the neighboring continental shelf in May 2009,[32] resulting in an EEZ with a total of more than 3,877,408 km2. The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.
Portugal has the 10th largest EEZ in the world.
The southern boundary between the EEZs of Portugal and Spain is disputed. Spain maintains that the southernmost EEZ border between Spain and Portugal should consist on an equidistant line drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands (a small archipelago north of the Canaries), and claims this pushes the EEZ border further south. Spain objects on the basis that the Savage Islands do not have a separate continental shelf,[34] according to the article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:"Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf."[35]
Russia's exclusive economic zone.
- Asia: 6,
- Baltic: 24,549
- Barents Sea: 1,159,594
- Total 7,566,673 km2[36]
South Africa's maritime zones, including the exclusive economic zone.
South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1 535 538 km2.[37]
- Mainland 1 068 659 km2
- Prince Edward islands 466 879 km2
File:Koreez.PNG
South Korean exclusive economic zone:
Korean EEZ
Joint regime with Japan
EEZ claimed by Republic of Korea, disputed by Others
Area: 300,851 (225,214) km2
The United Kingdom's exclusive economic zone is the fifth largest in the world at 6,805,586 square km. It comprises the exclusive economic zones surrounding the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory.
Areas of EEZs of the UK, crown dependencies and overseas territories[39]
| Territory |
km2 |
sq mi |
Notes |
| United Kingdom |
773,676 |
298,718 |
includes Rockall (disputed) and the Isle of Man |
| Anguilla |
92,178 |
35,590 |
|
| Ascension Island† |
441,658 |
170,525 |
|
| Bermuda |
450,370 |
173,890 |
|
| British Indian Ocean Territory |
638,568 |
246,552 |
|
| British Virgin Islands |
80,117 |
30,933 |
|
| Cayman Islands |
119,137 |
45,999 |
|
| Channel Islands |
11,658 |
4,501 |
|
| Falkland Islands |
550,872 |
212,693 |
disputed with Argentina |
| Gibraltar |
426 |
164 |
disputed with Spain |
| Montserrat |
7,582 |
2,927 |
|
| Pitcairn Island |
836,108 |
322,823 |
|
| Saint Helena† |
444,916 |
171,783 |
|
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |
1,449,532 |
559,667 |
disputed with Argentina |
| Tristan da Cunha archipelago† |
754,720 |
291,400 |
|
| Turks and Caicos Islands |
154,068 |
59,486 |
|
| Total |
6,805,586 |
2,627,651 |
|
†Part of the overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.
Only the United Kingdom (including Rockall) and Gibraltar are part of the EU. The Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and the remaining overseas territories (that is, all except Gibraltar) are not part of the EU.
Exclusive economic zones of the United States, including
insular areas.
The United States' exclusive economic zone is the largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km2. Areas of its EEZ are located not only along the eastern and western seaboards and Gulf of Mexico-bordering region of the continental United States, but are also located in the Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean and Arctic Ocean.
This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA).
| Country |
EEZ km2[39][not in citation given] |
Shelf km2 |
EEZ+TIA km2 |
 United States |
11,351,000 |
2,193,526 |
21,814,306 |
 France |
11,035,000 |
389,422 |
11,655,724 |
 Australia |
8,505,348 |
2,194,008 |
16,197,464 |
 Russia |
7,566,673 |
3,817,843 |
24,664,915 |
 United Kingdom |
6,805,586 |
722,891 |
7,048,486 |
 New Zealand |
6,682,503 |
277,610 |
6,953,478 |
 Indonesia |
6,159,032 |
2,039,381 |
8,019,392 |
 Canada |
5,599,077 |
2,644,795 |
15,607,077 |
 Japan |
4,479,388 |
454,976 |
4,857,318 |
 China |
3,879,666 |
831,340 |
13,520,487 |
 Portugal |
3,877,408 |
92,090 |
3,969,498 |
 Chile |
3,681,989 |
252,947 |
4,431,381 |
 Brazil |
3,660,955 |
774,563 |
12,175,832 |
 Kiribati |
3,441,810 |
7,523 |
3,442,536 |
 Mexico |
3,177,593 |
419,102 |
5,141,968 |
 Federated States of Micronesia |
2,996,419 |
19,403 |
2,997,121 |
| Denmark |
2,551,238 |
495,657 |
4,761,811 |
 Papua New Guinea |
2,402,288 |
191,256 |
2,865,128 |
 Norway |
2,385,178 |
434,020 |
2,770,404 |
 India |
2,305,143 |
402,996 |
5,592,406 |
 Marshall Islands |
1,990,530 |
18,411 |
1,990,711 |
 Philippines |
1,590,780 |
272,921 |
1,890,780 |
 Solomon Islands |
1,589,477 |
36,282 |
1,618,373 |
 South Africa |
1,535,538 |
156,337 |
2,756,575 |
| 22x20px Seychelles |
1,336,559 |
39,063 |
1,337,014 |
 Mauritius |
1,284,997 |
29,061 |
1,287,037 |
 Fiji |
1,282,978 |
47,705 |
1,301,250 |
 Madagascar |
1,225,259 |
101,505 |
1,812,300 |
 Argentina |
1,159,063 |
856,346 |
3,939,463 |
 Ecuador |
1,077,231 |
41,034 |
1,333,600 |
 Spain |
1,039,233 |
77,920 |
1,545,225 |
 Maldives |
923,322 |
34,538 |
923,622 |
 Somalia |
825,052 |
55,895 |
1,462,709 |
 Peru |
815,915 |
82,000 |
2,101,131 |
 Colombia |
808,158 |
53,691 |
1,949,906 |
 Cape Verde |
800,561 |
5,591 |
804,594 |
 Iceland |
751,345 |
108,015 |
854,345 |
 Tuvalu |
749,790 |
3,575 |
749,816 |
 Vanuatu |
663,251 |
11,483 |
675,440 |
 Tonga |
659,558 |
8,517 |
660,305 |
 Bahamas |
654,715 |
106,323 |
668,658 |
 Palau |
603,978 |
2,837 |
604,437 |
 Mozambique |
578,986 |
94,212 |
1,380,576 |
 Costa Rica |
574,725 |
19,585 |
625,825 |
 Namibia |
564,748 |
86,698 |
1,388,864 |
 Yemen |
552,669 |
59,229 |
1,080,637 |
 Italy |
541,915 |
116,834 |
843,251 |
 Oman |
533,180 |
59,071 |
842,680 |
 Myanmar |
532,775 |
220,332 |
1,209,353 |
 Sri Lanka |
532,619 |
32,453 |
598,229 |
 Angola |
518,433 |
48,092 |
1,765,133 |
 Greece |
505,572 |
81,451 |
637,529 |
 Venezuela |
470,666 |
107,759 |
1,382,716 |
 Vietnam |
417,663 |
365,198 |
748,875 |
 Ireland |
410,310 |
139,935 |
480,583 |
 Libya |
351,589 |
64,763 |
2,111,129 |
 Cuba |
350,751 |
61,525 |
460,637 |
 Panama |
335,646 |
53,404 |
411,163 |
 Malaysia |
334,671 |
323,412 |
665,474 |
 Nauru |
308,480 |
41 |
308,501 |
 Equatorial Guinea |
303,509 |
7,820 |
331,560 |
 Republic of Korea |
300,851 |
225,214 |
400,529 |
 Thailand |
299,397 |
230,063 |
812,517 |
 Morocco (without Western Sahara) |
274,577 |
53,746 |
721,127 |
 Egypt |
263,451 |
61,591 |
1,265,451 |
 Turkey |
261,654 |
56,093 |
1,045,216 |
 Jamaica |
258,137 |
9,802 |
269,128 |
 Dominican Republic |
255,898 |
10,738 |
304,569 |
 Liberia |
249,734 |
17,715 |
361,103 |
 Honduras |
249,542 |
68,718 |
362,034 |
 Tanzania |
241,888 |
25,611 |
1,186,975 |
 Pakistan |
235,999 |
51,383 |
1,117,911 |
 Ghana |
235,349 |
22,502 |
473,888 |
 Saudi Arabia |
228,633 |
107,249 |
2,378,323 |
 Nigeria |
217,313 |
42,285 |
1,141,081 |
 Sierra Leone |
215,611 |
28,625 |
287,351 |
 Gabon |
202,790 |
35,020 |
470,458 |
 Barbados |
186,898 |
426 |
187,328 |
 Côte d'Ivoire |
176,254 |
10,175 |
498,717 |
 Iran |
168,718 |
118,693 |
1,797,468 |
 Mauritania |
165,338 |
31,662 |
1,190,858 |
 Comoros |
163,752 |
1,526 |
165,987 |
 Sweden |
160,885 |
154,604 |
602,255 |
 Senegal |
158,861 |
23,092 |
355,583 |
 Netherlands |
154,011 |
77,246 |
192,345 |
 Ukraine |
147,318 |
79,142 |
750,818 |
 Uruguay |
142,166 |
75,327 |
318,381 |
 Guyana |
137,765 |
50,578 |
352,734 |
 North Korea |
132,826 |
54,566 |
253,364 |
 São Tomé and Príncipe |
131,397 |
1,902 |
132,361 |
 Samoa |
127,950 |
2,087 |
130,781 |
 Suriname |
127,772 |
53,631 |
291,592 |
 Haiti |
126,760 |
6,683 |
154,510 |
 Algeria |
126,353 |
9,985 |
2,508,094 |
 Nicaragua |
123,881 |
70,874 |
254,254 |
 Guinea-Bissau |
123,725 |
39,339 |
159,850 |
 Kenya |
116,942 |
11,073 |
697,309 |
 Guatemala |
114,170 |
14,422 |
223,059 |
 Antigua and Barbuda |
110,089 |
4,128 |
110,531 |
 Tunisia |
101,857 |
67,126 |
265,467 |
 Cyprus |
98,707 |
4,042 |
107,958 |
 El Salvador |
90,962 |
16,852 |
112,003 |
 Finland |
87,171 |
85,109 |
425,590 |
 Bangladesh |
86,392 |
66,438 |
230,390 |
 Taiwan |
83,231 |
43,016 |
119,419 |
 Eritrea |
77,728 |
61,817 |
195,328 |
 Trinidad and Tobago |
74,199 |
25,284 |
79,329 |
 East Timor |
70,326 |
25,648 |
85,200 |
 Sudan |
68,148 |
19,827 |
1,954,216 |
 Cambodia |
62,515 |
62,515 |
243,550 |
 Guinea |
59,426 |
44,755 |
305,283 |
 Croatia |
59,032 |
50,277 |
115,626 |
 United Arab Emirates |
58,218 |
57,474 |
141,818 |
 Germany |
57,485 |
57,485 |
414,599 |
 Malta |
54,823 |
5,301 |
55,139 |
 Estonia |
36,992 |
36,992 |
82,219 |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
36,302 |
1,561 |
36,691 |
 Belize |
35,351 |
13,178 |
58,317 |
 Bulgaria |
34,307 |
10,426 |
145,186 |
 Benin |
33,221 |
2,721 |
145,843 |
 Qatar |
31,590 |
31,590 |
43,176 |
 Congo, Republic of the |
31,017 |
7,982 |
373,017 |
 Poland |
29,797 |
29,797 |
342,482 |
 Dominica |
28,985 |
659 |
29,736 |
 Latvia |
28,452 |
27,772 |
93,011 |
 Grenada |
27,426 |
2,237 |
27,770 |
 Israel |
26,352 |
3,745 |
48,424 |
 Romania |
23,627 |
19,303 |
262,018 |
 The Gambia |
23,112 |
5,581 |
34,407 |
 Georgia |
21,946 |
3,243 |
91,646 |
 Lebanon |
19,516 |
1,067 |
29,968 |
 Cameroon |
16,547 |
11,420 |
491,989 |
 Saint Lucia |
15,617 |
544 |
16,156 |
 Albania |
13,691 |
6,979 |
42,439 |
 Togo |
12,045 |
1,265 |
68,830 |
 Kuwait |
11,026 |
11,026 |
28,844 |
 Syria |
10,503 |
1,085 |
195,683 |
 Bahrain |
10,225 |
10,225 |
10,975 |
 Brunei |
10,090 |
8,509 |
15,855 |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis |
9,974 |
653 |
10,235 |
 Montenegro |
7,745 |
3,896 |
21,557 |
 Djibouti |
7,459 |
3,187 |
30,659 |
 Lithuania |
7,031 |
7,031 |
72,331 |
 Belgium |
3,447 |
3,447 |
33,975 |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo |
1,606 |
1,593 |
2,346,464 |
 Singapore |
1,067 |
1,067 |
1,772 |
 Iraq |
771 |
771 |
439,088 |
 Monaco |
288 |
|
290 |
 Palestine |
256 |
256 |
6,276 |
 Slovenia |
220 |
220 |
20,493 |
 Jordan |
166 |
59 |
89,508 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
50 |
50 |
51,259 |
 Kazakhstan |
|
|
2,724,900 |
 Mongolia |
|
|
1,564,100 |
 Chad |
|
|
1,284,000 |
 Niger |
|
|
1,267,000 |
 Mali |
|
|
1,240,192 |
 Ethiopia |
|
|
1,104,300 |
 Bolivia |
|
|
1,098,581 |
 Zambia |
|
|
752,612 |
 Afghanistan |
|
|
652,090 |
 Central African Republic |
|
|
622,984 |
 South Sudan |
|
|
619,745 |
 Botswana |
|
|
582,000 |
 Turkmenistan |
|
|
488,100 |
 Uzbekistan |
|
|
447,400 |
 Paraguay |
|
|
406,752 |
 Zimbabwe |
|
|
390,757 |
 Burkina Faso |
|
|
274,222 |
 Uganda |
|
|
241,038 |
 Laos |
|
|
236,800 |
 Belarus |
|
|
207,600 |
 Kyrgyzstan |
|
|
199,951 |
 Nepal |
|
|
147,181 |
 Tajikistan |
|
|
143,100 |
 Malawi |
|
|
118,484 |
 Hungary |
|
|
93,028 |
 Azerbaijan |
|
|
86,600 |
 Austria |
|
|
83,871 |
 Czech Republic |
|
|
78,867 |
 Serbia |
|
|
77,474 |
 Slovakia |
|
|
49,035 |
 Switzerland |
|
|
41,284 |
 Bhutan |
|
|
38,394 |
 Moldova |
|
|
33,846 |
 Lesotho |
|
|
30,355 |
 Armenia |
|
|
29,743 |
 Burundi |
|
|
27,834 |
 Rwanda |
|
|
26,338 |
 Republic of Macedonia |
|
|
25,713 |
 Swaziland |
|
|
17,364 |
 Kosovo[a] |
|
|
10,887 |
 Luxembourg |
|
|
2,586 |
 Andorra |
|
|
468 |
 Liechtenstein |
|
|
160 |
 San Marino |
|
|
61 |
 Vatican City |
|
|
0.44 |
Notes:
References:
- ^ "Part V - Exclusive Economic Zone, Article 56". Law of the Sea. United Nations. https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-28.
- ^ William R. Slomanson, 2006. Fundamental Perspectives on International Law, 5th edn. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth, 294.
- ^ UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.
- ^ [1]1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.
- ^ Time.com
- ^ Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea, New York Times, 28 April 2010, Accessed 28 April 2010
- ^ Russia and Norway resolve Arctic border dispute, Guardian, 15 September 2010, Accessed 21 September 2010
- ^ The Legal Status of Ice in the Antarctic Region
- ^ FAO: The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Part3: highlights of Special studies Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-105568-7
- ^ FAO (2007) Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries Rome, Fisheries Report No. 829.
- ^ Comlaw.gov.au
- ^ Geoscience Australia. 2005. Maritime Boundary Definitions.
- ^ UN confirms Australia’s rights over extra 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed. Minister for Resources and Energy, The Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP, Media Release, 21 April 2008.
- ^ Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, Submission by Australia
- ^ a b c Geoscience Australia, Australian Maritime Boundaries Information System 2001. Area of the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone
- ^ UN Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76: Brazilian Submission
- ^ Wildlife Habitat Canada. Canada's Marine Waters: Integrating the Boundaries of Politics and Nature.
- ^ See Around Us Project (n/d). "Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)". http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ http://world.greekreporter.com/2011/02/23/israel-recognizes-greek-exclusive-economic-zone/
- ^ http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=israel-has-no-intention-to-back-off-deal-with-greek-cyprus-2010-12-20
- ^ Japan (main islands) The Sea Around Us Project
- ^ Japan (outer islands) The Sea Around Us Project
- ^ Geographic location
- ^ New Zealand Sea Around Us Project
- ^ Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) The Sea Around Us Project
- ^ New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (2007). Improving Regulation of Environmental Effects in New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone: Discussion Paper - Introduction. Published August 2007, Publication number ME824. ISBN 0978478301601. Accessed 2006-01-07.
- ^ Statistisk årbok 2007 Accessed January 2008
- ^ UN backs Norway claim to Arctic seabed extension, Canwest News Service, 15 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
- ^ Coastal and Marine Ecosystems — Marine Jurisdictions Accessed 1 November 2006
- ^ Exclusive Economic Zones - Sea Around Us Project - Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity - Data and Visualization.
- ^ Exploration and Extraction of sand and gravel resources in the Polis exclusive economical zone of the Baltic Sea, European marine sand and gravel – shaping the future, EMSAGG Conference 20–21 February 2003, Delft University, The Netherlands
- ^ Portugal applies to UN to Extend Its Continental Shelf Zone. Accessed 3 July 2011
- ^ Task Group for the Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf
- ^ Lacleta Muñoz, José Manuel: "Las fronteras de España en el mar". Documentos de trabajo 34-2004, Real Instituto Elcano
- ^ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part VIII, Article 121
- ^ Sea Around Us Project - Data and Visualization
- ^ Sea around us project
- ^ 10 Downing Street. "Countries within a country". http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- ^ a b Seaaroundus.org
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