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Network Ten (commonly known as Channel Ten or simply Ten) is an Australian commercial television network. Network Ten is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia. Owned-and-operated stations can be found in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth, while affiliates extend the network to cover most of the country.

Network Ten consistently rates third amongst all networks, behind the Seven Network and Nine Network but ahead of ABC and SBS.

History[link]

Origins[link]

From the introduction of TV in 1956 up until 1965 there were only two commercial television networks in Australia, the Nine Network and the Seven Network, and the public broadcaster the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (then Commission). In the early 1960s, the federal government began canvassing the idea of licensing a third commercial television station in each city. This decision was seen by some as a way for the government to defuse growing public dissatisfaction with the dominance of imported overseas programming and the paucity of local content.

Structurally, the Australian television industry was closely modelled on the two-tiered system that had been in place in Australian radio since the late 1930s. One tier consisted of a network of publicly funded television stations run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, which was funded by government budget allocation and (until 1972) by fees from television viewer licences. The second tier consisted of the commercial networks and independent stations owned by private operators, whose income came from selling advertising time.

Founded in 1965, the new television network was initially dubbed the "Independent Television System" or ITS, but in 1970 adopted the title The 0–10 Network which reflected the names of the first two stations in the group. In the early 1990s, Ten also referred to itself by the backronym "The Entertainment Network" in network promotions.

ATV-0 in Melbourne opened on 1 August 1964, and was owned by the Ansett transport and media group, which at the time owned one of Australia's two domestic airlines. TEN-10 in Sydney, which opened on 5 April 1965, was originally owned by United Telecasters Sydney Ltd (UTSL), who also^{[citation needed]} in July that year opened TVQ-0 in Brisbane. Also opened that month was SAS-10, serving the city of Adelaide in South Australia.

1970s[link]

Over the next few years more stations opened in other capitals and regional centres^{[citation needed]}, and gradually these new stations affiliated with the 0–10 Network. But the Seven Network and the Nine Network were already well entrenched, and for its first five years the 0–10 Network led a hand-to-mouth existence. By the beginning of the 1970s the network was in a precarious financial position and there were predictions that it would fail.

The network's salvation came thanks to the adult soap opera serial Number 96, which premiered in March 1972 on the very night "Australian TV lost its virginity". The series broke new ground for Australian television and captured the imagination of viewers like few programs before or since. For the next three years it was consistently Australia's top-rating television program and, not surprisingly, its huge popularity attracted advertisers to Ten en masse, with the result that its revenue exploded from just A$1 million in 1971 to more than A$10 million in 1972.

However, the pattern of ratings dominance was already set, and since the mid-1960s there has been little deviation from the prevalent rankings, with the Nine Network typically in first place, the Seven Network second, Network Ten third and ABC TV fourth.^{[citation needed]}

The gradual evolution of Network Ten into its current form has its origins in the ongoing attempts by media mogul Rupert Murdoch to acquire a prized commercial television licence in Australia's largest capital city market, Sydney. This began when Murdoch's News Ltd purchased the Wollongong station WIN Television in the early 1960s, around the same time he bought Festival Records. In 1977, frustrated by regulatory blocks that prevented him from expanding into the Sydney market, Murdoch sold WIN Television and purchased a 46% share in Ten Sydney.

In 1979, Murdoch made an unsuccessful takeover bid for the Melbourne-based Herald and Weekly Times media group. Although the bid failed, he gained a 50% stake in Ansett, which thus gave him control of Channel 0 in Melbourne. When Murdoch became an American citizen in 1985 so that he could expand his media empire in the United States, Australia's media ownership laws obliged him to dispose of the flagship television stations, which were sold to Northern Star, an offshoot of the Westfield Group conglomerate controlled by property tycoon Frank Lowy.

1980s[link]

On 20 January 1980, the 0–10 Network became known as Network Ten to reflect ATV-0's transition to ATV-10 – although the Brisbane station continued to broadcast as TV-0 until 10 September 1988 the station changed to TVQ-10. In 1987 Adelaide’s Network Ten affiliate (SAS-10) and Seven Network affiliate (ADS-7) successfully negotiated to exchange affiliation rights. On 27 December 1987, the exchange came into effect and ADS-7 became ADS-10 with SAS-10 converting to SAS-7.

Northern Star was badly hit by the stock market crash of 1987, having overcapitalised on the Network Ten acquisition, and in 1989 Westfield sold Network Ten to a consortium led by Charles Curran and former television journalist Steve Cosser.

1988 finally saw the launch of NEW-10 in Perth after the introduction of satellite facilities made it economical for the network to broadcast to Western Australia.

In 1989, Ten's ratings were in decline, so on 23 July 1989, recently recruited network boss Bob Shanks relaunched Network Ten as 10 TV Australia and introduced several new programs, including four new prime time game shows. However, by the end of 1989 the ratings had failed to improve and most of the new programs were canceled, except for its Eyewitness News newscasts, Neighbours and E Street.

1990s[link]

In 1990, both Network Ten and the Seven Network filed for receivership. In 1992, the network's flagship stations were sold to the Canadian-based CanWest media group, which held a controlling stake in the network until 2009. Ten also has an affiliate broadcasting agreement with Southern Cross Broadcasting, which owns numerous regional stations in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania.

Ten broadcasted Baywatch in 1990.

Ten broadcast the 1991 Winfield Cup premiership's grand final live.

Network Ten was nearly folded into the Seven Network in the early 1990s, but due to the lobbying power of billionaire Kerry Packer^{[citation needed]} former owner of the Nine Network, this was successfully resisted.

2000s[link]

Network Ten enjoyed its best year since the 1970s in 2004, at one stage threatening to overtake Channel 7 as the second-runner to the long-leading Channel 9. However ratings for Network Ten have been average, always finishing 3rd in every ratings year since 2000.

In 2005, it was revealed that Canwest was in discussions with newspaper publisher John Fairfax Holdings about a possible sale of the network, after the federal government had indicated it may consider relaxing Australia's media cross-ownership laws. Previously, newspaper owners could not own television stations in the same city. Fairfax owned the Seven Network until the mid 1980s, and has been looking for a way back into television for a long time.

On 21 August 2005, the network celebrated its 40th birthday with a two-hour highlights package called Ten: Seriously 40 hosted by Bert Newton and Rove McManus.

From 2006-2008, Ten was the official broadcaster of Sydney New Year's Eve. The rights have since returned to the Nine Network from 2009.

Along with the Seven Network, Network Ten paid A$780 million for the rights to the Australian Football League.^[1] Some media commentators, however, believe the figure may have been overpriced given the fact that both Seven and Ten struggled to onsell games to Pay TV provider Foxtel. Ten eventually brokered a deal that saw Foxtel gain the rights to 4 live games each round, as well as replay rights for all games, shown on their Fox Sports One channel. Foxtel will pay an estimated A$50 million a year for these rights.

On 7 August 2007, Network Ten and Foxtel officially signed a new agreement allowing Ten's digital signal to be transmitted via Foxtel’s cable and satellite services.^[2] Prior to this, Network Ten was only transmitted via cable on Foxtel in an analogue format and Austar in Std Digital via Mystar. Similarly in October 2007, Network Ten and Optus announced that Ten's digital signal would be available on its cable network from 1 December 2007.^[3]

On 14 September 2007, Network Ten officially announced Ten HD, the first new commercial television channel in metropolitan areas of Australia since 1988. On 16 December 2007, Ten HD was officially launched with the high-definition movie, Black Hawk Down. Ten HD ceased broadcasting on 25 March 2009 to be replaced by a sports-only High Definition channel, One HD.^[4]

On 24 September 2009, Canwest announced that it was selling its 50.1% stake in Ten Network Holdings for A$680 million dollars,^[5] in order to pay down its significant debt. In late 2009, Canwest filed for creditor bankruptcy protection, due to C$4 billion mounting debt across radio, television broadcasting and publishing assets in several countries.^[6]

2010s[link]

On 26 August 2010, Ten confirmed that it would be launching its third digital channel, entitled Eleven, 11 January 2011.^[7] The network indicated that Eleven would be aimed toward a "distinctly youthful" audience between the ages of 13 and 29, with programs such as Neighbours and The Simpsons migrating to the new channel.^[8] As part of its plans, Ten said that it was planning a joint venture with the international distributor CBS Studios International to provide content for the new channel.

On 20 October 2010, four years after he sold shares in PBL Media to private equity firm CVC Asia Pacific, James Packer made a bid for Network TEN shares. He purchased 16 per cent of TEN through his traditional investment bank, UBS.

Ten began the new year in 2011 with the introduction of its third digital channel Eleven on 11 January with the The Late Late Show With Craig Ferguson at 11.00am.

On 7 April 2011, Network Ten announced it would relaunch its sports based channel One, with general entertainment programming taking over its schedule from 8 May. One is to incorporate more general entertainment aimed at males. It will pit the channel in a closer battle for viewers with 7mate.^[9]

On 17 August 2011, Ten announced its 2012 season including new programs Being Lara Bingle, Breakfast, Bikie Wars: Brothers in Arms, Puberty Blues, Reef Doctors, Underground: The Julian Assange Story and a revival of junior talent series Young Talent Time.

Programming[link]

Ten's current Australian programming lineup consists of television shows including: The Circle, Ready Steady Cook, The Biggest Loser, Bondi Rescue, Before the Game, It's a Knockout, Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation, Recruits, Recruits: Paramedics, MasterChef Australia, Bondi Vet, Bikie Wars: Brothers in Arms, The Renovators, The Living Room, Can of Worms, Offspring, and Young Talent Time.

Children's programming includes H2O: Just Add Water, Scope, Totally Wild, Wurrawhy and Toasted TV on Eleven

The network has established output deals with a number of American production studios, including CBS Television Studios, Showtime Networks and 20th Century Fox Television.

Other overseas programming on Ten includes; A Gifted Man, House, Late Show with David Letterman, Homeland, Law & Order, NCIS, NCIS: Los Angeles, Rules of Engagement, Touch, The Good Wife, The Bold and the Beautiful, The Doctors, Dr. Phil, Judge Judy, Glee, White Collar, Merlin, New Girl, Undercover Boss, Modern Family and Hawaii Five-0.

Feature films broadcast on Network Ten are sourced from its studio-output deals, including: 20th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures.

The network also broadcasts catalogue titles from Sony Pictures and Universal Pictures produced in 1992 prior to 2007. The broadcast rights to more recent titles from Sony and Universal now belong to the Nine Network and the Seven Network, respectively.

News & Current Affairs[link]

Ten News camera operator filming a traffic piece by Vic Lorusso

Ten News is Network Ten's news service, producing nightly hour-long news programs at 5pm and news coverage within the network's Breakfast program. The news department also produces current affairs program Meet The Press, political commentary program The Bolt Report and topical talk show The Project. During weekday overnights, Ten also rebroadcasts American television network CBS's news and current affairs programme CBS This Morning.

In November 2006, Network Ten struck a deal with CBS, reportedly worth A$6 million a year. This allows Network Ten the rights to air all CBS News footage, as well as access to its 60 Minutes, Dr. Phil, Late Show with David Letterman and 48 Hours programs. This deal occurred after CBS's talks with the Nine Network broke down, with Nine refusing to pay A$8 million a year to continue its 40-year deal with CBS. Ten in turn struck a cheaper deal, and has onsold CBS's 60 Minutes stories to Nine.

Sport[link]

In 2001, Ten acquired partial broadcast rights for Saturday afternoon and Saturday night games in the Australian Football League, the elite Australian rules football competition, displacing the Seven Network which had held the rights for more than 40 years. The deal also assigned the exclusive rights for finals broadcasting to Network Ten. Ten subsequently placed a successful bid to jointly broadcast the game from 2007 to 2011, jointly with Seven. Ten ended broadcasting the AFL after the conclusion of the 2011 season, with its final ever broadcast to be the 2011 AFL Grand Final.

Ten has continued to broadcast the Saturday component of the competition. However, unlike the previous deal Ten will not hold the exclusive rights to the finals series. Instead, the networks will share the broadcasting of the finals series and will alternate the broadcast of the grand final. In years when Ten does not televise the Grand Final (2008 and 2010), it will show the Brownlow Medal presentation.

Network Ten broadcast the AFL and the Rugby World Cup 2007 in the 1080i High Definition format.^[10] As of 2008, AFL matches have been shown in prime time in all capital cities except Sydney, which receives the telecast usually after 10:30pm unless the Sydney Swans are playing. Previously, all AFL matches were replayed into the Brisbane and Sydney markets, usually after 10:30pm unless the Brisbane Lions or Sydney Swans were playing. In 2007, all of the finals Network Ten were assigned to were shown live into both markets although neither the Lions or Swans were participating, thus putting it head to head with the NRL finals which were aired on the Nine Network. Before 2005, all finals were delayed into both markets unless their teams were playing.

Ten used to air the National Rugby League (NRL) (then New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) in the 1980s and early 1990s, but the Nine Network took over the rights.

Network Ten also used to air the National Basketball League (NBL) during the middle of the basketball boom in Australia in the mid-90s, but after delegating games to extremely late night time slots the network eventually ended its broadcasting. In March 2010 however, it was announced that Ten and One HD would show NBL games for the next 5 years. Starting with 2 games per week, and raising to 5 per week in the 2014/15 season. It was also revealed that they would show Boomers and Opals games.

Network Ten used to air WWF RAW, WWF Superstars and WWF Pay Per Views on Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights between 1995 and 1999, but this ended when Foxtel bought the rights to air the shows. Originally WWF programming was aired on a week delay when broadcasting of the programming started in 1995. Until 1998, WWF Superstars was changed to a 6 month delay due to financial reasons with the exception of WWF RAW and WWF Pay per views.

In 2003, Network Ten started broadcasting the Formula One World Championship after Channel Nine dropped the rights in 2002 after more than twenty years of coverage. In 2007 they also started showing coverage of the qualification on tape delay early on Sunday mornings in most states. In 2008, Ten introduced live coverage of race day on its HD channel, Ten HD. All races from the 2008 French Grand Prix up until the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix have been shown live on One HD (now just called One). From 22 April 2012, the European races will be televised live to the eastern seaboard states but delayed elsewhere.

Network Ten broadcasts major sporting events including; the Formula 1, AFL Premiership Season and Finals (In conjunction with the Seven Network and Foxtel), Moto GP World Championship, NASCAR (TEN HD from 2008), and the Red Bull Air Race World Series. Ten also holds the rights to the 2007 Rugby World Cup and the US Masters golf tournament.

As well as this, Network Ten, in joint partnership with subscription television provider Foxtel, had broadcast rights for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.^[11]

First time realising the need to broadcast cricket in Australia to increase viewership, Network Ten bought the broadcast rights to the Indian Premier League (IPL) Cricket, which started on 18 April 2008. The network will broadcast the event annually for the next 5 years although there is some doubt that the Australian contracted national players will be available for the tournament.^[12]

Ten's current Sports channel ONE, mainly NBL, netball & other sports.^{[citation needed]}

Broadcast Centre in Sydney

Availability[link]

Network Ten is simulcast in analogue, standard definition and formerly in 1080i high definition. Ten is broadcast in metropolitan areas via Network Ten owned-and-operated stations, these include TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne, TVQ Brisbane, ADS Adelaide, and NEW Perth. Channel Ten programming is also carried into other areas of regional Australia by various affiliate networks and stations including Southern Cross Ten, Southern Cross Television, Tasmanian Digital Television, Mildura Digital Television, Darwin Digital Television, Ten West and WIN Television. In addition to this, Network Ten is retransmitted via Foxtel, Optus and Austar Digital cable and satellite pay television services.^[2][3]

Controversy[link]

For the 2006 series of Big Brother, Network Ten appointed two censors to review the show instead of one.^{[citation needed]} Federal Minister for Communications Senator Helen Coonan is reported to say she would be keeping a "close watch on the show's 2006 series". This controversy resulted in Big Brother Uncut being renamed Big Brother: Adults Only for the 2006 season of Big Brother. In two separate findings, the Australian Communications and Media Authority determined Network Ten breached clause 2.4 of the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice. These two breaches were in relation to the broadcast of Big Brother Uncut on 30 May, 13 June and 4 July 2005. The broadcast material was not classified according to the Television Classification Guidelines.

Despite toning down Big Brother: Adults Only significantly in comparison to 2005, the series continued to attract controversy. After Big Brother: Adults Only was abruptly cancelled several weeks early, a subsequent incident of alleged sexual assault in the house saw the removal of two housemates and a huge public outcry calling for the series to be cancelled entirely.^[13] This incident generated significant publicity for the show, even prompted the Prime Minister of Australia to call Network Ten to "do a bit of self-regulation and get this stupid program off the air."^[14]

Just prior to the fifth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, Network Ten broadcast 911: In Plane Site, a documentary that examined conspiracy theories about the terrorist attacks. Federal Labor politician Michael Danby demanded that the programming director of the station be sacked.^[15]

Network Ten were highly criticised for their broadcast of the 2006 New Year's Eve celebrations, mostly for the sexual innuendo witnessed between high-profile musician John Foreman and Matthew Newton, TV personality Bert Newton's son. Many other complaints were received,^{[citation needed]} particularly in regards to the use of explicit language and crude humour (including a "pashing contest")^{[citation needed]}. This was the first year Ten broadcast the celebrations and fireworks, with Nine Network previously broadcasting the event since 1995.^{[citation needed]}

On 8 October 2008, The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) found Network Ten guilty of breaching the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice by using subliminal advertising during the broadcast of the 2007 ARIA Music Awards on 28 October 2007.^[16] Network Ten had inserted single frames (lasting 1/25th of a second) into the program broadcast. This was exposed on ABC's Media Watch program.^[17][18]

Logos[link]

Between 1964 and 1984 Network Ten's four stations — ATV-0 / ATV-10 Melbourne, TEN-10 Sydney, TVQ-0 Brisbane and SAS-10 Adelaide - had used different logos to identify themselves. There had also been a number of network-wide logos used from the mid-1960s through to the early 1980s.

By late-1984 ATV-10, SAS-10 and TEN-10 were all using the same logo - a circle with 'TEN' in the centre, somewhat in the style of a neon sign. This logo had been introduced by TEN-10 in January 1983, was adopted by ATV-10 in June 1984 and by SAS-10 in October 1984. The logo was also similar to the new logo adopted by Brisbane's TVQ-0 in April 1983, when that station became branded as TV0 — a neon sign-style circle with 'TV' in the centre.

Kicking off three years of some upheaval for Network Ten, in January 1988 ATV-10, SAS-10 and TEN-10 all adopted the 'X TEN' logo, followed by Perth's NEW-10 when it launched in May 1988, then TVQ-0 which adopted the logo in September 1988 when it changed frequency and became TVQ-10.

In mid-1989, the network rebranded again to '10 TV Australia'. In January 1991, in conjunction with their 'The Entertainment Network' promo, all Ten stations were rebranded to the first version of the current 'TEN' logo.

• 

  TEN-10: 1969–83

• 

  ATV-0: 1974 - 20 January 1980; TVQ-0: 1974–83

• 

  ATV-10: 20 January 1980 – 3 June 1984; SAS-10: 1983 - October 1984

• 

  TEN-10: 1983 – 24 January 1988; ATV-10: 3 June 1984 – 24 January 1988; SAS-10: October 1984 - 27 December 1987; ADS-10: 27 December 1987 - 24 January 1988

• 

  ATV-10, ADS-10, TEN-10: 24 January 1988 – 23 July 1989; NEW-10: 20 May 1988 – 23 July 1989; TVQ-10: 10 September 1988 – 23 July 1989

• 

  23 July 1989 – 13 January 1991

• NetworkTen.svg

  13 January 1991 – present

• 

  Logo used on air since 22 January 2012 - 6 May 2012 (returned to previous logo.)

References[link]

External links[link]

Television in Australia portal

• Official website
• Corporate Site
• Official YouTube channel

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Senator Scott Ludlam BA Design, GradDip Policy Studies
Senator for Western Australia
Incumbent
Assumed office 1 July 2008
Constituency	Western Australia
Personal details
Born	(1970-01-10) 10 January 1970 (age 42) Palmerston North, New Zealand
Nationality	Australian
Political party	Australian Greens
Website	ScottLudlam.org.au

Scott Ludlam (born 10 January 1970) is an Australian politician and Greens member of the Australian Senate since July 2008, representing the state of Western Australia.

His Greens portfolios include: Broadband, Communications and Digital Economy; Housing; Nuclear; Mining (Western Australia); Transport, Infrastructure, Waste and Sustainable Cities.

Early life[link]

Ludlam was born in Palmerston North, New Zealand^[1] where he lived with his grandparents and brother.

In 1978, at the age of eight, he moved to Perth, Western Australia.

After graduating with a BA in Design from Curtin University, Ludlam spent several years as a proprietor of a small graphic design business and was co-editor of the Western Australian Gaia Foundation Journal. He later undertook a degree in sustainability policy at Murdoch University.

Political career[link]

Ludlam at Glamwiki Canberra 2009

At the 2001 state election, Ludlam was the unsuccessful second candidate on the Greens ticket for the upper house Mining & Pastoral region.

From 2001 to 2005, Ludlam worked for Greens state parliamentarian Robin Chapple.

From 2005 to 2007, he worked as a communications officer for Australian Greens Senator Rachel Siewert.^[2]

At the 2005 state election, Ludlam unsuccessfully contested the seat of Murchison-Eyre, obtaining 4.98% of the primary vote.^[3]

At the 2007 federal election, Ludlam was elected to the Australian Senate, representing Western Australia.^[4] He took his place on 26 August 2008 when all senators elected at the 2007 federal election were sworn in.^[5]

Ludlam has been involved in numerous political campaigns, including opposition to uranium mining at Jabiluka and in Western Australia, nuclear weapons, foreign military bases, and support for Aboriginal land rights, peace and disarmament, recognition of climate change, advocacy of fair trade and equitable globalisation, and energy market reform.^[6]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Media related to Scott Ludlam at Wikimedia Commons
• Parliamentary biography

v t e Anti-nuclear movement in Australia Organisations and groups Australian Conservation Foundation Campaign Against Nuclear Energy Friends of the Earth Australia Greenpeace Australia Pacific Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta Mineral Policy Institute Peace Organisation of Australia The Australia Institute The Wilderness Society People Dorothy Auchterlonie David Bradbury (filmmaker) Eileen Kampakuta Brown Bob Brown Kevin Buzzacott Helen Caldicott Ian Cohen Mark Diesendorf Jim Falk Peter Garrett Jim Green (activist) Margaret Holmes Jacqui Katona Sandra Kanck Ian Lowe Scott Ludlam Yvonne Margarula Dee Margetts Jillian Marsh Brian Martin (professor) Kerry Nettle Nancy Shelley Jo Vallentine Patrick White Stuart White Eileen Wani Wingfield Books Britain, Australia and the Bomb Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy Maralinga: Australia’s Nuclear Waste Cover-up Reaction Time: Climate Change and the Nuclear Option See also Australian Uranium Association Clean Energy Future Group List of Australian inquiries into uranium mining Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Nuclear power in Australia Nuclear weapons tests in Australia Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy in Australia Say Yes demonstrations Uranium mining in Australia Uranium mining in Kakadu National Park