Kites
File:Kites Official Poster.jpg Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Anurag Basu
Produced by	Rakesh Roshan
Screenplay by	Robin Bhatt Akarsh Khurana Anurag Basu[1]
Story by	Rakesh Roshan
Starring	Hrithik Roshan Bárbara Mori Kangna Ranaut Kabir Bedi Nick Brown
Music by	Songs: Rajesh Roshan Background Score: Salim Sulaiman
Cinematography	Ayananka Bose[2]
Editing by	Akiv Ali[3]
Distributed by	Reliance BIG Pictures Filmkraft Productions[4]
Release date(s)	21 May 2010 (2010-05-21)
Running time	130 minutes
Country	‹See Tfd› India
Language	Hindi English Spanish
Budget	60 crore (US$11.97 million)[5]
Box office	88 crore (US$17.56 million)[6]

Kites is a 2010 Indian romantic drama film directed by Anurag Basu and produced by Rakesh Roshan, that stars Hrithik Roshan, Bárbara Mori, Kangna Ranaut, and Kabir Bedi.^[2] The film was released in India and in North America on May 21, 2010. Its 208-theater opening in North America made it the largest Bollywood release there to that time.^[7] It was also the first Bollywood movie to reach the weekend top ten, though My Name is Khan had a larger first-weekend North American gross.^[7] Despite a strong opening in India, it was eventually declared a flop.^[8]

Plot[link]

Jai (Hrithik Roshan) is a dance teacher in Las Vegas, Nevada. As a sideline, he marries immigrant women to get them green cards. When Gina (Kangna Ranaut), the rich daughter of a powerful casino owner Bob (Kabir Bedi), falls for him, Jai goes along to marry into money. He discovers that his future brother-in-law, the vicious, homicidal Tony (Nick Brown), is about to marry a Mexican woman named Natasha (Bárbara Mori), whom Jai knows as Linda, the last of the immigrant women he married. On the night before "Natasha" and Tony's wedding, Linda and Jai spend a romantic but chaste night, humorously agreeing to a "divorce." A jealous, gun-wielding Tony arrives at her apartment while Jai is there. After he hits her, Linda impulsively knocks him out with a heavy object while he tussles with Jai. Linda and Jai go on the run toward Mexico, with Tony and police in pursuit. They are helped by a friend of Jai, Robin (Anand Tiwari). Robin gives them fake passports and IDs so that they can go wherever they want.

In the following week, Jai and Linda get married in Mexico. On the day of their wedding they come back to their house. There, Robin comes to give them the passports and is unexpectedly shot by Tony and his men. Linda and Jai escape, but Jai is shot in the process. In a car chase, Linda stops the car at a train, puts Jai aboard it, and drives off. Back to the present, Jai meets with Jamaal, one of Bob's employees, and is ambushed. Jamaal is killed but not before telling Jai of Linda's whereabouts. Jai kills off all of Tony's men and then beats Tony by smashing his face into the car door, until he is shot by Gina. He drives off to the location where Jamaal said Linda was last seen. It is shown that after Jai was put aboard the train, Linda was ambushed on a cliff and sent Jai a text message saying "I'm going...Sorry, Forget me". She drives off of the cliff, killing herself by drowning. Jai cries and then smiles, jumping off the cliff as well. Finally, he is reunited with Linda under the ocean, and they embrace through death.

Cast[link]

• Hrithik Roshan as Jai Singhania
• Bárbara Mori as Natasha/Linda
• Nick Brown as Tony Grover
• Kangna Ranaut as Gina Grover
• Kabir Bedi as Bob Grover
• Anand Tiwari as Robin
• Yuri Suri as Jamaal
• Madhuri Bhatia as Gina's mom

Release[link]

Kites was on 2000 screens in India, across 30 countries and 500 screens globally, according to distributor Reliance BIG Entertainment.^[9] It opened on 208 screens in North America, making it the largest Bollywood release there to that time.^[7]

Promotion[link]

To help the promote the film, mini "music videos" were released online, each about one minute long and featuring a song from the soundtrack set against scenes from the film.^{[citation needed]} The clothing brand Provogue, which features Hrithik Roshan as its brand ambassador, launched a Kites clothing range.^{[citation needed]} A photo shoot regarding this campaign was shot in the Maldives featuring Hrithik Roshan and Bárbara Mori.^[10]

International versions[link]

While the Hindi version of Kites was released May 21, 2010 in India, the international version was released one week later, on May 28, 2010. The film was scheduled to be released in over 60 countries.^[2]

In addition to its original subtitled version, Kites was scheduled to be released in a second international English version as Kites: The Remix,^[2] "presented by" Brett Ratner and recut by his regular editor, Mark Helfrich, with new music by Graeme Revell.^[11]

Box office[link]

Box Office India said the film "opened to a bumper response at most places" in India, but noted "reports are not encouraging, the biggest reason being the film has a lot of English and Spanish dialogue."^[12]

On its first weekend in the North America, the film opened in 208 theaters and ranked #10 in the box office, grossing $958,673.^[7] It was the first Bollywood movie to reach the weekend top ten, though My Name is Khan had a larger first-weekend North American gross, with $1.9 million at 120 theaters, reaching #13.^[7] Kites debuted at #5 in the UK, with an opening of £274,000 from 70 screens.^[13] Overall the film was rated as a flop by Box Office India,^[14] and in media outlets.^[15][16][17]

Critical reception[link]

The film received an 82% positive rating on the film critics aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus being, "Thoroughly overwrought in true Bollywood fashion, Kites is deeply flawed —and too effervescently charming to resist."^[18] The movie generally received mixed reviews in India. It rated 5/10 on the critics aggregate site ReviewGang.^[19] The chemistry of the lead actors and the cinematography were specifically praised by Indian critics Anupama Chopra and Raja Sen.^[20][21] Rajeev Masand of IBN said "Thrilling action set-pieces, a super-fluid dance number to show off Hrithik's killer moves, and repeated glimpses at the toned bodies of both lead stars. It's almost enough to forgive the uniformly bad acting of all supporting cast".^[22] Anupama Chopra of NDTV said "the film doesn’t become more than the sum of its parts because the second half is flat and in places, outright foolish".^[20] Noyon Jyoti Parasara of AOL India stated, "It fails in the primary promise of a love story which surpasses language barriers,"^[23] while Shubhra Gupta of Indian Express calls it "really old wine in a sort-of new bottle".^[24]

In the U.S., Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times called it "a lovers-on-the-lam blast of pure pulp escapism" that "caroms from car chase to shootout, from rain dancing to bank robbing with unflagging energy. It's all completely loony, but the stunts are impressive, the photography crisp and the leads so adorably besotted that audiences might as well check their cynicism at the door.^[25] Frank Lovece of Film Journal International said, "Bollywood enters telenovela territory in a hybrid film that takes the heightened emotions, wild tonal ranges and impeccably crisp technique of modern Hindi cinema and puts all that in the service of a tragic love story straight out of Mexican TV. ... As an old-style Hollywood romance in modern dress, it delivers what people say they want when they say, 'They don't make pictures like that anymore.'"^[11] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times said the film "draws from westerns, musicals, film noir [and] chase thrillers with stunts so preposterous they verge on parody — and it gets away with everything because of [director] Basu's visual bravura and unstinting passion and energy."^[26]

Awards and nominations[link]

2011 Zee Cine Awards

Won^[27]

• Best Cinematography - Ayananka Bose

Nominated^[28]

• Best Female Debut - Bárbara Mori

Music[link]

Kites' original music is by Rajesh Roshan and the lyrics are by Nasir Faraaz and Asif Ali Beg.^[2] Variety Magazine said the music "ranges from hip-hop to Enya-esque ululating."^[29]

Kites: The Remix was almost completely re-scored with new music by Graeme Revell.

Track listing[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Kites at the Internet Movie Database
• Kites at Rotten Tomatoes
• Kites at Box Office Mojo
• Kites at AllRovi
• Kites at Bollywood Hungama

Yokaichi Giant Kite Festival is held every May in Higashiomi, Shiga, Japan.

A kite is a tethered aircraft.^[1] The necessary lift that makes the kite wing fly is generated when air flows over and under the kite's wing, producing low pressure above the wing and high pressure below it. This deflection also generates horizontal drag along the direction of the wind. The resultant force vector from the lift and drag force components is opposed by the tension of the one or more lines or tethers.^[2] The anchor point of the kite line may be static or moving (e.g., the towing of a kite by a running person, boat, free-falling anchors as in paragliders and fugitive parakites ^[3][4] or vehicle).^[5][6]

The same principles can be used in water^[7][8][9] and experiments have also been made with lighter-than-air kites (kytoons) ^[10]

Kites may be flown for recreation, art or other practical uses. Sport kites can be flown in aerial ballet, sometimes as part of a competition. Power kites are multi-line steerable kites designed to generate large forces which can be used to power activities such as kite surfing, kite landboarding, kite fishing, kite buggying and a new trend snow kiting. Kites towed behind boats can lift passengers^[11] which has had useful military applications in the past.^[12]

History[link]

Woodcut print of a kite from John Bate's 1635 book, The Mysteryes of Nature and Art in which the kite is titled How to make fire Drakes.

It is generally accepted that kites were first developed in approximately 2,800 years ago in China,^[13][14] where materials ideal for kite building were readily available: silk fabric for sail material; fine, high-tensile-strength silk for flying line; and resilient bamboo for a strong, lightweight framework.

The kite was said to be the invention of the famous 5th century BC Chinese philosophers Mozi and Lu Ban. By at least 549 AD paper kites were being flown, as it was recorded in that year a paper kite was used as a message for a rescue mission.^[15] Ancient and medieval Chinese sources list other uses of kites for measuring distances, testing the wind, lifting men, signalling, and communication for military operations.^[15] The earliest known Chinese kites were flat (not bowed) and often rectangular. Later, tailless kites incorporated a stabilizing bowline. Kites were decorated with mythological motifs and legendary figures; some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying.^[16][17][18]

The kite further evolved into the fighter kite known as the patang in India where thousands are flown every year on festivals such as Makar Sankranti.^[19]

Kites were know throughout Polynesia, as far as New Zealand, with the assumption being that the knowledge diffused from China along with the people. Anthropomorphic kites made from cloth and wood were used in religious ceremonies to send prayers to the gods.^[20] Polynesian kite traditions are used by anthropologists get an idea of early "primitive" Asian traditions that are believed to have at one time existed in Asia.^[21]

Boys flying a kite in 1828 Germany, by Johann Michael Voltz.

Kites were late to arrive in Europe, although windsock-like banners known and used by the Romans. Stories of kites were first brought to Europe by Marco Polo towards the end of the 13th century, and kites were brought back by sailors from Japan and Malaysia in the 16th and 17th centuries.^[22] Although they were initially regarded as mere curiosities, but by the 18th and 19th centuries kites were being used as vehicles for scientific research.^[22]

In 1750, Benjamin Franklin published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm. It is not known whether Franklin ever performed his experiment,^[23][24] but on May 10, 1752, Thomas-François Dalibard of France conducted a similar experiment (using a 40-foot (12 m) iron rod instead of a kite) and extracted electrical sparks from a cloud.^[23]

Kites were also instrumental in the research and development of the Wright brothers when building the first airplane in the late 1800s. Over the next 70 years, many new kite designs were developed, and often patented. These included Eddy's tail-less diamond kite, the tetrahedral kite, the flexible kite, the sled kite, and the parafoil kite, which helped to develop the modern hang-gliders.^[25] In fact, the period from 1860 to about 1910 became the "golden age of kiting". Kites started to be used for scientific purposes, especially in meteorology, aeronautics, wireless communications and photography; many different designs of man-lifting kite were developed as well as power kites. Invention of powered airplane diminished interest in kites. World War II saw a limited use of kites for military purposes (see Focke Achgelis Fa 330 for example). Since then they are used mainly for recreation due to a vast improvement in technology.

Materials[link]

Designs often emulate flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical. The finest Chinese kites are made from split bamboo (usually golden bamboo), covered with silk, and hand painted. On larger kites, clever hinges and latches allow the kite to be disassembled and compactly folded for storage or transport. Cheaper mass-produced kites are often made from printed polyester rather than silk.

Tails are used for some single-line kite designs to keep the kite's nose pointing into the wind. Spinners and spinsocks can be attached to the flying line for visual effect. There are rotating wind socks which spin like a turbine. On large display kites these tails, spinners and spinsocks can be 50 feet (15 m) long or more.

Modern acrobatic kites use two or four lines to allow fine control of the kite's angle to the wind. Traction kites may have an additional line to de-power the kite and quick-release mechanisms to disengage flyer and kite in an emergency.

Practical uses[link]

Chinese dragon kite more than one hundred feet long which flew in the annual Berkeley, California, kite festival in 2000.

Human flight[link]

Humans are sometimes bound to a large kite to fly, as many hang gliders are true kites. The first known example is Yuan Huangtou in 550AD.

Military applications[link]

Kites have been used for military uses in the past for signaling, for delivery of munitions, and for observation, by lifting an observer above the field of battle, and by using kite aerial photography.

According to Samguk Sagi, in 637, Kim Yu-sin, a Korean general of Silla rallied his troops to defeat rebels by lofting a kite with a straw man which looked like a burning ball flying to the sky.^[26]

Russian chronicles mention prince Oleg of Novgorod use kites during the siege of Constantinople in 906 A.D.: "and he crafted horses and men of paper, armed and gilded, and lifted them into the air over the city; the Greeks saw them and feared".

Kites were also used by Admiral Yi of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) of Korea. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), Admiral Yi commanded his navy with kites. His kites had specific markings directing his fleet to perform his order.^[27] The war eventually resulted in a Korean victory; the kites played a minor role in the war's conclusion.

One of Cody's "manlifter" kites in 1908

In more modern times the British Army used kites to haul human lookouts high into the air for observation purposes, using the kites developed by Samuel Franklin Cody. Barrage kites were used to protect shipping during the last Second World War.^[28][29] Kites were also used for anti-aircraft target practice.^[30] Kites and kytoons were used for lofting communications antenna.^[31] Submarines lofted observers in rotary kites.^[32] The Rogallo parawing kite^[33] and the Jalbert parafoil kite were used for governable parachutes (free-flying kites) to deliver troops and supplies.^[34]

Science and meteorology[link]

Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment proving that lightning is electricity. Kites were the precursors to the traditional aircraft, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites, as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave. Kites had a historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for weather forecasting.

Radio aerials and light beacons[link]

Kites can be used for radio purposes, by kites carrying antennas for MF, LF or VLF-transmitters. This method was used for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by Marconi. Captive balloons may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite-carried antennas require a lot of wind, which may be not always possible with heavy equipment and a ground conductor. It must be taken into account during experiments, that a conductor carried by a kite can lead to a high voltage toward ground, which can endanger people and equipment, if suitable precautions (grounding through resistors or a parallel resonant-circuit tuned to transmission frequency) are not taken.

Kites can be used to carry light effects such as lightsticks or battery powered lights.

Kite traction[link]

Kites can be used to pull people and vehicles downwind. Efficient foil-type kites such as power kites can also be used to sail upwind under the same principles as used by other sailing craft, provided that lateral forces on the ground or in the water are redirected as with the keels, center boards, wheels and ice blades of traditional sailing craft. In the last two decades several kite sailing sports have become popular, such as kite buggying, kite landboarding, kite boating and kite surfing. Snow kiting has also become popular in recent years.

Kite sailing opens several possibilities not available in traditional sailing:

• Wind speeds are greater at higher altitudes
• Kites may be manoeuvered dynamically which increases the force available dramatically
• There is no need for mechanical structures to withstand bending forces; vehicles or hulls can be very light or dispensed with all together

The German company SkySails has developed ship-pulling kites as a supplemental power source for cargo ships, first tested in January 2008 on the ship MS Beluga Skysails.^[35] Trials on this 55 m ship have shown that, in favorable winds, the kite reduces fuel consumption by up to 30%. This system is planned to be in full commercial production late 2008.^[36] Kites are available as an auxiliary sail or emergency spinnaker for sailing boats. Self-launching Parafoil kites are attached to the mast.^{[citation needed]}

MS Beluga Skysails is the world's first commercial container cargo ship partially powered by a giant computer-controlled kite (160 m² or 1,722 sq ft). The kite could reduce fuel consumption by 20%. It was launched on 17 December 2007 and was set to leave the northern German port of Bremerhaven to Guanta, Venezuela on January 22, 2008. Stephan Wrage, managing director of SkySails GmbH announced: "During the next few months we will finally be able to prove that our technology works in practice and significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions." Verena Frank, project manager at Beluga Shipping GmbH, SkySails GmbH's partner further stated that "the project's core concept was using wind energy as auxiliary propulsion power and using wind as a free of charge energy".^[37]

Power generation[link]

Conceptual research and development projects by over a hundred entities are investigating the use of kites in harnessing high altitude wind currents to generate electricity.^[38]

Delft University of Technology is developing a kite power technology demonstrator system based on a 25  m² kite generating 20 kW mechanical traction power. The system is tested regularly since January 2010.^[39]

At the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven a research group is investigating the use of kites for power generation. Rather than a flexible kite, they use a rigid structure like an aircraft wing, because of its greater aerodynamic efficiency, easier control, and more predictable dynamics. A small prototype is being built.^[40]

Cultural uses[link]

Launch of ram-air inflated Peter Lynn single-line kite, shaped like an octopus and 90 feet (27 m) long.

Kite festivals are a popular form of entertainment throughout the world. They include large local events, traditional festivals which have been held for 300 hundreds of years and major international festivals which bring in kite flyers from Britain to display their unique art kites and demonstrate the latest technical kites.

Asia[link]

Making a traditional Wau jala budi kite in Malaysia. The bamboo frame is covered with plain paper and then decorated with multiple layers of shaped paper and foil.

Kite flying is popular in many Asian countries, where it often takes the form of 'kite fighting', in which participants try to snag each other's kites or cut other kites down.^[41] Fighter kites are usually small, flat, flattened diamond-shaped kites made of paper and bamboo. Tails are not used on fighter kites so that agility and maneuverability are not compromised.

In Afghanistan, kite flying is a popular game, and is known in Dari as Gudiparan Bazi. Some kite fighters pass their strings through a mixture of ground glass powder and glue. The resulting strings are very abrasive and can sever the competitor's strings more easily. The abrasive strings can also injure people. During the Taliban rule in Afghanistan, kite flying was banned, among various other recreations.

In Pakistan, kite flying is often known as Gudi-Bazi or Patang-bazi. Although kite flying is a popular ritual for the celebration of spring festival known as Jashn-e-Baharaan (lit. Spring Festival) or Basant, kites are flown throughout the year. Kite fighting is a very popular all around Pakistan, but centered in urban centers across the country especially Lahore. The kite fights are at their maximum during the spring celebrations and the fighters enjoy competing with rivals in which one have to cut-loose the string of the kite of other, this is popularly called as "Paecha". During the spring festival, kite flying competitions are held across the country and the skies are colored with kites. As people cut-loose an opponents kites, shouts of 'wo kata' ring through the air. Reclaiming the kites, after they have been cut-loose by running after them, is a popular ritual especially among the youth (similar to scenes depicted in the Kite Runner which is based in neighboring Afghanistan). Kites and strings are a big business in the country and many types of strings are used: glass-coated strings, metal strings and tandi. However, kite flying was recently banned in Punjab due to recent motorcyclist deaths caused by glass-coated or metal kite-strings. Kup, Patang, Guda, and Nakhlaoo are some of the kites used. They vary in balance, weight and speed through the air.

In Vietnam, kites are flown without tails. Instead small flutes are attached allowing the wind to "hum" a musical tune. There are other forms of sound-making kites. In Bali, large bows are attached to the front of the kites to make a deep throbbing vibration, and in Malaysia row of gourds with sound-slots are used to create a whistle as the kite flies.^[42]

A kite shop in Lucknow, India

Kites are popular during the Indian festival of Makar Sankranti. This spring festival is celebrated generally during mid of January, in accordance with the Indian calender, with millions of people flying kites all over northern India. The states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Gujarat, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Punjab etc. are notable for their kite fighting festivals. Kite flying in Hyderabad starts a month before the official kite flying festival (Sankranthi). The thread used to fly kites is known as 'Manjaa'. Highly maneuverable single-string paper and bamboo kites are flown from the rooftops while using line friction in an attempt to cut each other's kite lines, either by letting the line loose at high speed or by pulling the line in a fast and repeated manner. Kite flying/fighting is an important part of other celebrations, including Republic Day, Independence Day, Raksha Bandhan, and Janmashtami. An international kite festival is held every year before Uttarayan for three days in Vadodara, Surat and Ahmedabad. People start flying kites early in the morning and continue until the evening. The kite is known as 'Patang' in India. People fly kites in Indian Punjab on occasion of Lohri (Punjabi name for Makar Sankranti) and Basant Punchami.

Weifang, Shandong, China is the kite capital of the world. China is the oldest place, probably with India where kites have been flown since antiquities. It is home to the largest kite museum in the world, the thousands of kites here have a display area of 8100 m². Weifang hosts an annual international kite festival on the large salt flats south of the city. There are several kite museums in Japan, UK, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand and the USA.

In the olden days, Malays in Singapore, kites is used for fishing.^[43]

Europe[link]

In Greece and Cyprus, flying kites is a tradition for Clean Monday, the first day of Lent. In the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda, traditional Bermuda kites are made and flown at Easter, to symbolise Christ's ascent. Bermuda kites hold the world records for altitude and duration. In Fuerteventura a kite festival is usually held on the weekend nearest to 8 November lasting for 3 days.

Polynesia[link]

Māori kite

Polynesian traditional kites are sometimes used at ceremonies and variants of traditional kites for amusement. Older pieces are kept in museums.

South America[link]

In Chile, it is very popular, especially during Independence Day festivities (September 18).

In Colombia kites can be seen flown in parks and recreation areas during August which is known to be windy. It is during this month that most people, especially the young ones would fly kites.

In Guyana, kites are flown at Easter and is an activity participated in by all ethnic and religious groups. Kites are generally not flown at any other time of year. Kites start appearing in the sky in the weeks leading up to Easter and school children are taken to parks for the activity. It all culminates in a massive airborne celebration on Easter Monday especially in Georgetown, the capital, and other coastal areas. The history of the practice is not entirely clear but given that Easter is a Christian festival, it is said that the flying kite is symbolic of the Risen Lord. Moore^[44] describes the phenomenon in the 19th century as follows:

A very popular Creole pastime was the flying of kites. Easter Monday, a public holiday, was the great kite-flying day on the sea wall in Georgetown and on open lands in villages. Young and old alike, male and female, appeared to be seized by kite-flying mania. Easter 1885 serves as a good example. “The appearance of the sky all over Georgetown, but especially towards the Sea Wall, was very striking, the air being thick with kites of all shapes and sizes, covered with gaily coloured paper, all riding bravely on the strong wind"

(His quotation is from a letter to The Creole newspaper of December 29, 1858). The exact origins of the practice of kite flying (exclusively) at Easter are unclear. Brereton and Yelvington^[45] speculate that kite flying was introduced by Chinese indentured immigrants to the then colony of British Guyana in the mid 19th century. The author of an article in the Guyana Chronicle newspaper of May 6, 2007 is more certain:

Kite flying originated as a Chinese tradition to mark the beginning of spring. However, because the plantation owners were suspicious of the plantation workers, the Chinese claimed that it represented the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It was a clever argument, as at that time, Christians celebrated Easter to the glory of the risen Christ.

^[46]

Popular culture[link]

• The Kite Runner, a 2005 novel by Khaled Hosseini dramatizes the role of kite fighting in pre-war Kabul.
• The Peanuts cartoon character Charlie Brown was often depicted having flown his kite into a tree as a metaphor for life's adversities.

General safety issues[link]

There are safety issues involved in kite-flying, more so with power kites. Kite lines can strike and tangle on electrical power lines, causing power blackouts and running the risk of electrocuting the kite flier. Wet kite lines or wire can act as a conductor for static electricity and lightning when the weather is stormy. Kites with large surface areas or powerful lift can lift kite fliers off the ground or drag them into stationary objects. In urban areas there is usually a ceiling on how high a kite can be flown, to prevent the kite and line infringing on the airspace of helicopters and light aircraft.

Designs[link]

Delta (triangular) kite

• Bermuda kite
• Bowed kite, e.g. Rokkaku
• Cellular or box kite
• Chapi-chapi
• Delta kite
• Foil, parafoil or bow kite
• Malay kite see also wau bulan
• Tetrahedral kite

Types[link]

• Expanded polystyrene kite
• Fighter kite
• Indoor kite
• Inflatable single-line kite
• Kytoon
• Man-lifting kite
• Rogallo parawing kite
• Stunt (sport) kite
• Water kite

Line materials[link]

• Cotton
• Dacron
• Dyneema
• Hemp
• Kevlar
• Linen
• Manja or Manjha, Hindi word for the glass powder coated kite flying & fighting string from Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions
• Nylon
• Polyester
• Rayon
• Silk
• Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene

Record[link]

Until Bristol Kite Festival 2011 ended, the world record for the biggest-ever kite flown for at least 20 minutes was a kite with lifting area of 10,971 square feet.^[47]

See also[link]

• List of North American Kite Festivals
• Bali Kite Festival
• Captive helicopter
• Captive plane
• Airborne wind turbine — conceptual for wind generator flown as kite
• Kite aerial photography
• Kiteboating
• Kite buggying
• Kite fishing
• Kite ice skating
• Kite landboarding
• Kite shape (geometry)
• Kitesurfing
• List of books about kites
• Sea Tails
• Smithsonian Kite Festival
• Solar balloon A solar-heated hot air balloon that can be flown like a kite, but on windless days.
• Uttarayan The kite flying festival of western India
• Kitelife — an American magazine devoted to kites.

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up kite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kite

The Wikibook Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Recreation/Kites has a page on the topic of Kites

• Kites at the Open Directory Project

Technology and history[link]

• Kite is in many countries a tradition that accompanies everyday life and major events...
• History of kites
• Mathematics and aeronautical principles of kites.
• Kitecraft and Kite Tournaments (1914) — A free public domain e-book
• High altitude wind power

Other[link]

• Drachen Foundation List of notable kite museums and international festivals
• Kitelife Magazine Internet magazine (e'zine") devoted to all types of kiting
• Team iQuad Professional formation kite flying team
• USGS San Andreas Fault — Example of kite aerial photography
• American Kitefliers Association
• Tradition and story about kites around the world
• Kite Plan Base — Kite plan archive
• Best-Breezes Kite History - Kite History
• Free StyroKite Plans — Styrofoam/EPS bird-kites from cups/panels
• El Alma del Piloto (Technical Articles)
• Royal Kite flyers Club
• Turkish kite pages and plans

Hrithik Roshan
Hrithik Roshan at Mumbai Police Show Umang in 2011
Born	(1974-01-10) 10 January 1974 (age 38) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1980–1986 (child artist) 2000–present
Spouse	Suzanne Khan (2000 – present)
Children	2

Hrithik Roshan ([ˈrɪt̪ʰɪk ˈroːʃən]; born 10 January 1974)^[1] is an Indian film actor. Having appeared as a child actor in several films throughout the 1980s, Roshan made his film debut in a leading role in Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai in 2000. His performance in the film earned him Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and Best Male Debut. He followed it with leading roles in Fiza and Mission Kashmir (both 2000) and a supporting part in the blockbuster Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), which was India's highest-grossing film in the overseas market up to then.^[2]

Following through with several unnoticed performances from 2002 to 2003, he starred in the blockbusters Koi... Mil Gaya (2003) and its sequel Krrish (2006), both of which won him numerous Best Actor awards.^[3] Roshan received his third Filmfare Award for Best Actor in 2006 for his performance in the action film Dhoom 2, his biggest commercial success to date, and his fourth for Jodhaa Akbar,^[4] for which he was also awarded at the Golden Minbar International Film Festival. These accomplishments have established him as one of the leading contemporary actors of Hindi cinema.^[5] He later received further acclaim for his work in Guzaarish (2010), Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011) and Agneepath (2012).

Biography[link]

Early career, until 1999[link]

Roshan's first movie role was as a child artist when he was six years old in the 1980s movie Aasha, where he appeared in a dance sequence as an extra. Roshan went on to play minor roles in Aap Ke Deewane (1980) and Bhagwan Dada (1986) both of which starred his father Rakesh Roshan in the leading role. He then became an assistant director assisting in the production of his father's films Karan Arjun (1995) and Koyla (1997).

Breakthrough, 2000–2002[link]

In 2000, Roshan made his film debut as the leading man in the film Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai opposite another debutante actress Amisha Patel. The film, which was directed by his father and saw him playing a double role, proved to be very successful at the box office and was declared a blockbuster,^[6] it also became the highest grossing film of 2000^[7] and winner of the Filmfare Best Movie Award. Roshan's performance was well-received, and the film made him an overnight star.^[8][9][10] He eventually received both the Filmfare Best Male Debut Award and the Filmfare Best Actor Award for the role. The film entered the Limca Book of Records in 2003 for the most number of awards won by a Bollywood film – 102 awards.^[11]

Later that year, Roshan starred in Khalid Mohammed's Fiza. Although the film did poorly at the box office, his performance was praised, earning him another nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony. Taran Adarsh from indiaFM noted, "The mainstay of the film is undoubtedly Hrithik Roshan. His body language, his diction, his expressions, his overall persona deserves great praise. With this film, Hrithik proves that there is more to him than just being a fashionable rage, a Mills & Boon lover-boy and a sex symbol. His talent comes to the fore in several scenes, especially those with Karisma. All said and done, the show belongs to Hrithik, who saves Fiza to a major extent. A brilliant performance undoubtedly!"^[12]

Roshan's last release of the year, Mission Kashmir, became the third highest grossing film of the year.^[7] His performance was once again acclaimed with one critic praising him, "Hrithik once again cuts a splendid performance as a youngster sucked in the vortex of terrorism. He is portrayed as anti-government in the early part of the film-- a bold role to play for even a seasoned actor, leave alone a budding superstar." All these achievements promoted him as one of the biggest stars in the industry.^[13]

Subhash Ghai's Yaadein was his first release in 2001. This was followed by Karan Johar's melodramatic Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham, which did extremely well at the box office, becoming the second-highest grossing film of 2001 and the biggest hit overseas.^[14][15] Roshan's performance was well received and his performance earned him a nomination for Best Supporting Actor at various award ceremonies.

Roshan had an unsuccessful year in 2002 when all three of his releases – Mujhse Dosti Karoge!, Na Tum Jaano Na Hum and Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage – failed to make an impact the box office and were declared flops.^[16]

Success, 2003–present[link]

In 2003, he made a comeback with the science-fiction film Koi... Mil Gaya, which saw him playing a mentally disabled young man.^[10] The film was the highest grosser of the year and won him many awards, including his second Filmfare Award for Best Actor and his first Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor.^[17] Taran Adarsh noted, "Hrithik Roshan dominates the show and packs in a power-packed performance. The role of a mentally challenged person is no cakewalk, but the actor takes to it like a fish takes to water. He manages to pull off the zero to hero routine exceptionally well. As an actor, he scales dizzier heights with this splendid performance."^[18] His performance was later included in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" by Filmfare.^[19]

Hritik Roshan with his wax statue at Madame Tussauds

Farhan Akhtar's Lakshya was Roshan's only release in 2004; the film was critically acclaimed but did not do well at the box office.^[20] His performance was praised by critics.^[21] and again, was included in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" by Filmfare.^[22]

Roshan took a two-year break from acting before resurfacing with the superhero film Krrish opposite Priyanka Chopra. A sequel to his 2003 film Koi... Mil Gaya, the film was a major box office success and became the second highest grosser of 2006.^[23] His performance as a superhero was praised, earning him many Best Actor awards at various award ceremonies, including Star Screen and the International Indian Film Academy.^[3] IndiaFM wrote, "To state that Hrithik is the soul of Krrish would be an understatement. If the actor walked away with all noteworthy awards in Koi... Mil Gaya, it's going to be an encore with Krrish. You cannot imagine any other actor enacting the role of a gifted child with aplomb. If his mask and robe look is splendid, watch his makeup, gait and mannerisms as the aged father and you had to agree, he's one of the finest talents on the Indian screen today. Krrish is yet another ground-breaking film in his dazzling repertoire!"^[24]

His next film that year was Dhoom 2, a sequel to the 2004 Dhoom. Featured opposite Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Roshan's performance in the movie not only earned him widespread critical acclaim,^[3][25] but also his third Filmfare Best Actor Award. The film went on to become the highest grossing film of 2006, as well as one of the most successful films of Bollywood.^[23][26]

In 2008, Roshan featured in Ashutosh Gowariker's Jodhaa Akbar opposite Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. He played the historical role of Akbar the Great. The movie did very good business, both in India and abroad.^[15][27] His performance in the movie was widely appreciated by critics,^[3] earning him his fourth Filmfare Best Actor Award as well as his first international award for Best Actor at the Golden Minbar International Film Festival in Kazan, Russia.^[4]

Roshan then appeared in Zoya Akhtar's Luck by Chance (2009), in which he made a guest appearance. The following year, he was seen in Anurag Basu's Kites along with Mexican actress Bárbara Mori and Kangna Ranaut. The film failed to do well at the box office after taking a huge start and was eventually declared a flop. He next acted in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Guzaarish opposite Aishwarya Rai. Upon release, the film received overwhelmingly positive reviews and Roshan's portrayal of Ethan Mascarenhas, a quadriplegic patient earned him several Best Actor nominations at various award ceremonies.

In July 2011, he appeared in Zoya Akhtar's Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara alongside Abhay Deol, Farhan Akhtar, Katrina Kaif, Kalki Koechlin. The film opened to positive reviews, and Roshan's portrayal was praised. According to Rajeev Masand, "Hrithik Roshan once again brings real depth to his character with a spectacular performance. He’s shy and restrained, then lets go with such fantastic intensity that you make the inward journey with his character".^[28] The film was declared as "super-hit" in both in India and Overseas.^[29] In the same year Roshan featured as a judge for the dance competition reality show, Just Dance along with Farah Khan and Vaibhavi Merchant.^[30][31] The show got the highest opening (a cumulative TRP of 4.7) for a reality show that year for which he was voted as the best TV host by a poll conducted by Ormax Media.^[32] In 2012, he then appeared in Agneepath in which he reprise the role of Vijay Deenanath Chauhan opposite Priyanka Chopra. The film has taken a historic opening and has broken all opening-day records.^[33]

Besides acting, Roshan made his debut as a singer in Kites, and has also sung in the films Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara and Guzaarish.^[34]

A life-size wax figure was installed at London's Madame Tussauds Wax Museum on 20 January 2011, making him the fifth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.^[35]

Personal life[link]

Hrithik, with his wife Suzanne

Roshan was born in Mumbai to a Hindu family of cinema personalities. His father, film director Rakesh Roshan, is the son of music director Roshan, while his mother, Pinky, is the daughter of producer and director J. Om Prakash. Hrithik has an elder sister, Sunaina. His uncle Rajesh Roshan is a famous music director. As a child, Roshan attended the Bombay Scottish School.^[36] He later attended Sydenham College, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Commerce.^[37]

During an interview he revealed that his childhood was traumatized because of stammering, a defect that surfaced when he was around six years old and plagues him even today. "For oral tests at school, I used to bunk school, I used to fall sick, I used to break my hand, I used to get a sprain" the actor said. He however said that things improved for him gradually, after he started practicing speech therapies on a daily basis.^[38]

Roshan is married to Suzanne (Khan) Roshan, owner of Suzanne Roshan's House of Design and daughter of actor Sanjay Khan. Hrithik got married to Suzanne on 20 December 2000. The couple have two sons, Hrehaan, born in 2006 and Hridhaan born in 2008.^[39][40] Roshan has two thumbs on his right hand.^[41] Although it is usually hidden in his films, it was not hidden in Koi... Mil Gaya, and was even used as a minor plot point, as Jaadoo the alien was also designed to have two thumbs.^[42]

Filmography[link]

See also[link]

Bollywood portal

• List of Indian Actors

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hrithik Roshan

• Hrithik Roshan at the Internet Movie Database