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D.R.D - Proc Ses Takhle
Derbi DRD Racing Pot Hebo/SCR Racing Débridé ,Carbu 21 DO + boite a air prépa
DRD Paratus-18 (Suit Case Gun)
film prepa drd 90 brk  brouillon
drd 90 brk gopro embarquer
Petit tour en Derbi Drd 70 Altec GoPro [HD]
Gun of the Week: DRD Paratus-16
DRD Paratus Take down .308 Battle Rifle
Wheelie Derbi DRD Full Pro Race 2 70cc  and DRD PRO Hebo Revolution 70cc
Derbi DRD Racing 50 SM 2012 (spécial 100 abonnés)
(Comparatif,run) Derbi drd racing pot bidalot VS Derbi Xtrem pot SCR corse (GoPro HD2)
D.R.D-Ulice (Prod. Dj Feri)

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D.R.D - Proc Ses Takhle
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:49
  • Updated: 03 Aug 2013
GipsyRomanoTube ♫ je propagační Romský Kanal tak se Připojte z potvrzením ~ ODBĚRU ~ Nebo si dejte~LIKE~ Na ▻▻▻ https://www.facebook.com/GipsyRomanoTube ~ ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/D.R.D - Proc Ses Takhle
Derbi DRD Racing Pot Hebo/SCR Racing Débridé ,Carbu 21 DO + boite a air prépa
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:03
  • Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Projet DRD 2003 : http://www.crazymoto.net/index.php?s=b133c4cee821680bb038964600b8b02c&showtopic;=751693.
  • published: 12 Jul 2012
  • views: 22580
  • author: antoboy32
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/Derbi DRD Racing Pot Hebo/SCR Racing Débridé ,Carbu 21 DO + boite a air prépa
DRD Paratus-18 (Suit Case Gun)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:18
  • Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Click-2-Tweet: http://clicktotweet.com/Perzv My Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489 Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA Music provided by: http://www.youtube.com/julienhmulder More info on the weapon: http://www.drdtactical.com/rifles.html
  • published: 03 Jan 2013
  • views: 5033153
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/DRD Paratus-18 (Suit Case Gun)
drd 90 brk gopro embarquer
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:28
  • Updated: 18 Jul 2013

  • published: 09 Nov 2011
  • views: 110048
  • author: jason33260
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/drd 90 brk gopro embarquer
Petit tour en Derbi Drd 70 Altec GoPro [HD]
  • Order:
  • Duration: 11:02
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Description a lire ! (config etc ) Voici une petite vidéo ou un ami testait mon chesty mount ( le harnais) Qu'en pensez vous ? Son câble d'embro venait d...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/Petit tour en Derbi Drd 70 Altec GoPro [HD]
Gun of the Week: DRD Paratus-16
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:32
  • Updated: 01 Aug 2013
Adam Heggenstaller discusses the new DRD Paratus-16, the latest AmericanRifleman.org Gun of the Week.
  • published: 13 Nov 2012
  • views: 10424
  • author: NRApubs
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/Gun of the Week: DRD Paratus-16
DRD Paratus Take down .308 Battle Rifle
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:27
  • Updated: 03 Aug 2013
This shit is awesome. Expect a full review soon.
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/DRD Paratus Take down .308 Battle Rifle
Wheelie Derbi DRD Full Pro Race 2 70cc  and DRD PRO Hebo Revolution 70cc
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:42
  • Updated: 14 Aug 2013
DTZH Vol. 1 - chilling Derbi DRD Pro: Hebo Revolution 70cc Metrakit Pro Race 28mm Keihin s/n Hpi Derbi Drd Racing: Metrakit Pro race 2 70cc Metrakit Pro race...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/Wheelie Derbi DRD Full Pro Race 2 70cc and DRD PRO Hebo Revolution 70cc
Derbi DRD Racing 50 SM 2012 (spécial 100 abonnés)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:14
  • Updated: 02 Aug 2013
PENSE A LIRE LA DESCRIPTION !!!!!! FACEBOOK !!!http://www.facebook.com/motocross.enduro.1690?ref=tn_tnmn Salut tout le monde !! Spécialement pour les 100 abo...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/Derbi DRD Racing 50 SM 2012 (spécial 100 abonnés)
(Comparatif,run) Derbi drd racing pot bidalot VS Derbi Xtrem pot SCR corse (GoPro HD2)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:31
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013
LIS LA DESCRIPTION §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Salut tout le monde ! ça y est je vous ai fait la vidéo de nos deux Derbi! Nous faisons donc un peti...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/(Comparatif,run) Derbi drd racing pot bidalot VS Derbi Xtrem pot SCR corse (GoPro HD2)
D.R.D-Ulice (Prod. Dj Feri)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:15
  • Updated: 16 Jul 2013
Download track: http://www.uloz.to/10172996/d-r-d-ulice-prod-dj-feri-mp3 http://www.facebook.com/DjFeri http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001040115670.
  • published: 04 Sep 2011
  • views: 3439
  • author: Dj Feri
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/D.R.D-Ulice (Prod. Dj Feri)
D.R.D feat D.Greed My City ( Production Dj Feri )
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:40
  • Updated: 07 Apr 2013
D.R.D , Dj Feri , Syntax , Rasi RDK/young roy/ , Chalan Cj , Wastič.
  • published: 21 May 2012
  • views: 1374
  • author: Chalan Cj
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/D.R.D feat D.Greed My City ( Production Dj Feri )
Derbi Senda DRD Pro Racing 70cc 80cc Race Pottendijk Circuit
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:26
  • Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Derbi DRD Racing LTD (Zwart-rood two tone): Malossi MHR TEAM 80cc Voca Racing 80cc Oko 24mm Polini 5 plaats koppeling Doppler Endurance TOP Vforce membraan D...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131013005154/http://wn.com/Derbi Senda DRD Pro Racing 70cc 80cc Race Pottendijk Circuit

GipsyRomanoTube ♫ je propagační Romský Kanal tak se Připojte z potvrzením ~ ODBĚRU ~ Nebo si dejte~LIKE~ Na ▻▻▻ https://www.facebook.com/GipsyRomanoTube ~ ...

3:49
D.R.D - Proc Ses Takhle
Gip­sy­Ro­man­oTube ♫ je propa­gační Romský Kanal tak se Připo­jte z potvrzením ~ ODBĚRU ~ Nebo ...
pub­lished: 09 Sep 2011
5:03
Derbi DRD Rac­ing Pot Hebo/SCR Rac­ing Débridé ,Carbu 21 DO + boite a air prépa
Pro­jet DRD 2003 : http://​www.​crazymoto.​net/​index.​php?​s=b133c4cee821680bb038964600b8b02c&​sh...​;
pub­lished: 12 Jul 2012
au­thor: an­to­boy32
4:18
DRD Para­tus-18 (Suit Case Gun)
Click-2-Tweet: http://​clicktotweet.​com/​Perzv My Shirts: http://​fpsrussia.​spreadshirt.​com/​-...​
pub­lished: 03 Jan 2013
42:47
film prepa drd 90 brk brouil­lon
...
pub­lished: 18 Dec 2011
au­thor: ja­son33260
10:28
drd 90 brk gopro em­bar­quer
...
pub­lished: 09 Nov 2011
au­thor: ja­son33260
11:02
Petit tour en Derbi Drd 70 Altec GoPro [HD]
De­scrip­tion a lire ! (con­fig etc ) Voici une pe­tite vidéo ou un ami tes­tait mon chesty mou...
pub­lished: 06 Aug 2012
3:32
Gun of the Week: DRD Para­tus-16
Adam Heggen­staller dis­cuss­es the new DRD Para­tus-16, the lat­est AmericanRifleman.​org Gun o...
pub­lished: 13 Nov 2012
au­thor: NRA­pubs
4:27
DRD Para­tus Take down .308 Bat­tle Rifle
This shit is awe­some. Ex­pect a full re­view soon....
pub­lished: 05 Dec 2012
1:42
Wheel­ie Derbi DRD Full Pro Race 2 70cc and DRD PRO Hebo Rev­o­lu­tion 70cc
DTZH Vol. 1 - chill­ing Derbi DRD Pro: Hebo Rev­o­lu­tion 70cc Me­trak­it Pro Race 28mm Kei­hin s...
pub­lished: 01 Oct 2012
3:14
Derbi DRD Rac­ing 50 SM 2012 (spécial 100 abonnés)
PENSE A LIRE LA DE­SCRIP­TION !!!!!! FACE­BOOK !!!http://​www.​facebook.​com/​motocross.​enduro.​16...​
pub­lished: 18 Nov 2012
5:31
(Com­para­tif,run) Derbi drd rac­ing pot bidalot VS Derbi Xtrem pot SCR corse (GoPro HD2)
LIS LA DE­SCRIP­TION §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Salut tout le monde ! ça y est je vous ai fait l...
pub­lished: 08 Mar 2013
3:15
D.R.D-Ulice (Prod. Dj Feri)
Down­load track: http://​www.​uloz.​to/​10172996/​d-r-d-ulice-prod-dj-feri-mp3 http://​www.​facebo...
pub­lished: 04 Sep 2011
au­thor: Dj Feri
2:40
D.R.D feat D.​Greed My City ( Pro­duc­tion Dj Feri )
D.R.D , Dj Feri , Syn­tax , Rasi RDK/young roy/ , Cha­lan Cj , Wastič....
pub­lished: 21 May 2012
au­thor: Cha­lan Cj
4:26
Derbi Senda DRD Pro Rac­ing 70cc 80cc Race Pot­tendi­jk Cir­cuit
Derbi DRD Rac­ing LTD (Zwart-rood two tone): Mal­os­si MHR TEAM 80cc Voca Rac­ing 80cc Oko 24m...
pub­lished: 21 Oct 2012
Youtube results:
18:55
Derbi DRD Pro Mal­os­si MHR TEAM 7T GOPRO 3
Mal­os­si mhr team 7t Me­trak­it pro race ex­haust Kei­hin 28mm S/N Doppler en­durance MVT Ig­ni­ti...
pub­lished: 06 Apr 2013
au­thor: der­bisendagek
4:16
"Fred­Go­pro" | Ktm 125 vs Derbi drd rac­ing ... ✌
se n'est pas moi qui con­duit la Ktm ;)...
pub­lished: 23 Sep 2012
au­thor: Fred­Go­pro
3:08
DRD
www.​drd-ast.​com....
pub­lished: 09 Aug 2007
5:11
En­duro délire en 50's Sm (Derbi drd rac­ing , xtrem , Yama­ha DT, Peu­geot 103, Ludix )
FACE­BOOK https://​www.​facebook.​com/​motocross.​enduro.​1690 Salut à tous !!! je vous ai fait u...
pub­lished: 09 Jul 2013
×
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
Typhoon Santi moves closer to Aurora, 7 areas under Signal No. 3
Edit Sun Star
11 Oct 2013
MANILA (Updated)-- Typhoon Santi (international name Nari) gained intensity as it headed toward Aurora and Isabela area, state weather forecasters said early Friday ... Satellite image of Typhoon Santi. (Source. US NOAA) ....(size: 1.0Kb)
photo: US DoD / Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo
North Korea warns of 'all-out war'
Edit New Straits/Business Times
12 Oct 2013
SEOUL. North Korea on Saturday issued a fresh warning of an “all-out war”, urging the United States to stop military drills and what it described as “nuclear blackmail” ...    .   ...  . “We emphasize again that the United States must withdraw various measures  aimed to isolate and strangulate us. Dependent upon this are...   ...   ...   ...   ...   ...   ...   ...   ...   ... AFP. ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
Strongest Indian cyclone since 1999 nears coast
Edit Austin American Statesman
12 Oct 2013
The strongest cyclone to threaten India in more than a decade bore down on its east coast Saturday as authorities bused and trucked tens of thousands of villagers from their mud and thatch coastal homes to government shelters inland ... The Indian Meteorological Department warned that Phailin was a "very severe cyclonic storm" that was expected to hit with maximum sustained winds of 210-220 kilometers (130-135 miles) per hour ... U.S ... ___ ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
Talks between White House and Republicans fail to end US shutdown
Edit The Guardian
11 Oct 2013
No deal emerges but observers note warmer language after Barack Obama and House speaker John Boehner meet. John Boehner arrives on Capitol Hill in Washington. Photograph. J Scott Applewhite/AP. White House talks with Republicans failed to reach an agreement to end the budget crisis on Thursday evening despite earlier hopes that a deal might be in sight ... In a statement, the White House said ... The S&P 500 rose more than 27 points (1.67%)....(size: 6.2Kb)




Edit noodls
10 Oct 2013
(Source. DRDGOLD Limited) Two-year wage settlement ends DRDGOLD strike. 10 October 2013. Johannesburg, South Africa ... DRDGOLD Limited (DRDGOLD; JSE, NYSE.DRD)has announced signed settlement with the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) in respect of wages and conditions of employment for 2013 and 2014 - and consequently an end to a 2-day strike by some 600 employees at the company's Ergo operations represented by the union ... "....(size: 3.5Kb)
Edit Belfast Telegraph
10 Oct 2013
A three month public consultation, initiated by Regional Development Minister Danny Kennedy following the cancellation of this year’s North West 200 because of torrential rain, offered overwhelming support for the proposed changes ... “This is excellent news, for the North West 200, the Ulster Grand Prix and for all of the national road races as well,” said North West 200 Event Director Mervyn Whyte on hearing of the DRD’s decision ... new ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
Edit Mining Weekly
08 Oct 2013
The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) made eleventh-hour demands that would more than double DRD’s wage bill, the company stated. DRD’s two-year ... This would add R19-million – an increase of 8.9% - to DRD’s yearly wage bill....(size: 1.3Kb)
Edit noodls
08 Oct 2013
(Source. DRDGOLD Limited). Johannesburg, South Africa. 8 October 2013. DRDGOLD Limited (DRDGOLD; JSE, NYSE. DRD)has announced that some 600 employees at its Ergo operation downed tools at the start of the day shift today ... The effect of the implementation of the company's offer would be an 8.1% increase in the company's annual wage bill, amounting to approximately R19 million per annum ... Queries.. South Africa & North America ... (noodl....(size: 3.4Kb)
Edit noodls
03 Oct 2013
This project is a great example of public body cooperation as my Department has worked with DRD Roads Service and Limavady Borough Council colleagues to bring forward this important project to upgrade Linenhall Street ... "Construction work on the scheme, is being delivered and managed by DRD Road Service, and is expected to commence on Monday 7 October 2013....(size: 2.3Kb)
Edit noodls
03 Oct 2013
(Source. Northern Ireland Executive) ... ~ Thursday, 3 October 2013 ... "In the past 10 years, DRD has invested heavily in the rail network, funded improvements to the track, 43 new commuter trains, new and refurbished stations and additional Park and Ride facilities ... DRD will continue to invest in active travel and will provide £4.3million to fund Active Travel Demonstration projects in Belfast, Londonderry, Craigavon and Strabane....(size: 4.2Kb)
Edit BBC News
02 Oct 2013
The Department for Regional Development (DRD) plans to clamp some vehicles parked illegally on public roads ... The DRD is developing a policy which would see vehicles causing obstructions in bus lanes and other key routes clamped and removed as well....(size: 1.2Kb)
Edit noodls
01 Oct 2013
(Source. Northern Ireland Executive). An independent review into the delivery of the winter service programme by Roads Service has been published. ~ Tuesday, 1 October 2013 ... Danny Kennedy said ... "I am encouraged that the review has been generally positive and has praised the experience and professionalism of DRD frontline staff.". A total of 14 recommendations were made in on winter service policy and procedures ... The Minister said....(size: 3.8Kb)
Edit noodls
30 Sep 2013
(Source ... DRD ... DRD ISIN ... DRD ("DRDGOLD" or "the company") CHANGE TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS In compliance with paragraph 3.59(b) of the JSE Listings Requirements, shareholders are advised of the resignation of Mr Craig Clinton Barnes ("Mr Barnes") as an executive director and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") of DRDGOLD with effect from 1 January 2014, following his decision to relocate to Australia....(size: 2.3Kb)
Edit noodls
27 Sep 2013
(Source ... It receives support from DRD to carry out its work programme. DRD policies on transport issues affecting disabled people are set out in its Accessible Transport Strategy Action Plan 2012-2015 and are available from the Department's website at DRD website It aims to address the barriers that prevent older people and people with disabilities from using, or making full use of, the transport system in Northern Ireland ... (noodl....(size: 3.4Kb)
Edit noodls
27 Sep 2013
(Source. Northern Ireland Executive). Justice Minister David Ford has announced community safety works for the Northumberland Street area of Belfast. ~ Friday, 27 September 2013 ... Mr Ford said ... Mr Ford thanked the PSNI and DRD Roads Service for their help ... Notes to editors. It is hoped the work can be completed by the end of the year ... The installation of white light lamps by DRD is to maximise the effectiveness of the CCTV cameras....(size: 2.2Kb)
Edit noodls
27 Sep 2013
(Source. Northern Ireland Executive). Work on a number of resurfacing schemes across Banbridge district are progressing well, Transport Minister Danny Kennedy said today. ~ Friday, 27 September 2013 ... The Minister said ... Diversions during the road closures will be signpostedand local access will be maintained ... Notes to editors.. Media queries should be directed to the DRD Press Office on 028 9054 0007....(size: 1.8Kb)
Edit Belfast Telegraph
26 Sep 2013
Related Articles ... "I have asked the team to stay on for another two weeks and I would like to take this opportunity to thank DRD Minister Danny Kennedy for granting the extension to this dig and his department's Roads Service for their kind co-operation in allowing us access to the dig site." ... Mr Durkan added ... "DRD will continue to work with the various Government agencies involved and other stakeholders.". QUOTES ... Latest Comments ...  ....(size: 6.3Kb)
Defence Research and Development Organisation
180px
Sanskrit: बलस्य मूलं विज्ञानम्
"Strength's Origin is in Science"[1]
Agency overview
Formed 1958
Headquarters DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi
Employees 30,000 (7,000 scientists)
Annual budget INR10,253.17 crore (US$2 billion)(2011-12)[2]
Minister responsible A.K. Antony, Defence Minister of India
Agency executive Dr.V.K.Saraswat, Director General, DRDO and Scientific Adviser(SA) to Defence Minister
Website
www.drdo.gov.in
DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi, The Headquarters of DRDO

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Republic of India, responsible for the development of technology for use by the military, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation.

DRDO has a network of 52 laboratories which are deeply engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronic and computer sciences, human resource development, life sciences, materials, missiles, combat vehicles development and naval research and development. The organization includes more than 5,000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical and supporting personnel.

Contents

History[link]

105mm light field gun prototype being shown by Gen Jetley to then Defence Minister Jagjivan Ram.

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established in 1958 by amalagamating the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980 which later on administered DRDO and its 50 laboratories/establishments. Most of the time the Defence Research Development Organisation was treated as if it was a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Headquarters were the customers. Because the Army and the Air Force themselves did not have any design or construction responsibility, they tended to treat the designer or Indian industry at par with their corresponding designer in the world market. If they could get a MiG 21 from the world market, they wanted a MiG 21 from DRDO.[3] DRDO started its first major project in surface-to-air missiles (SAM) known as Project Indigo in 1960s. Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led to Project Devil, along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM and ICBM in the 1970s. Project Devil itself led to the later development of the Prithvi missile under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) in the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian Ministry of Defence program between the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a comprehensive range of missiles, including the Agni missile, Prithvi ballistic missile, Akash missile, Trishul missile and Nag Missile. In 2010,then defence minister A.K. Antony ordered the restructing of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to give 'a major boost to defence research in the country and to ensure effective participation of the private sector in defence technology'. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the defence minister as its chairman.[4][5] The programs which were largely managed by DRDO has seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits.[6] DRDO has many successes since its establishment in developing other major systems and critical technologies such as aircraft avionics, UAVs, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured vehicles, sonar systems, command and control systems and missile systems.

Projects[link]

DRDO Bhawan.jpg

Aeronautics[link]

  • The DRDO is responsible for the ongoing Light Combat Aircraft. The LCA is intended to provide the Indian Air Force with a modern, fly by wire, multi-role fighter, as well as develop the aviation industry in India. The LCA program has allowed DRDO to progress substantially in the fields of avionics, flight control systems, aircraft propulsion and composite structures, along with aircraft design and development.[7]
  • The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI program under the "Vetrivel" program. Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning receivers, radar and display computers. DRDO's radar computers, manufactured by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian Su-30s.
  • The DRDO is part of the Indian Air Force's upgrade programs for its MiG-27 and Sepecat Jaguar combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDO and HAL have been responsible for the system design and integration of these upgrades, which combine indigenously developed systems along with imported ones. DRDO contributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, core avionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation and displays.

Avionics[link]

The DRDO's avionics program has been a success story with its mission computers, radar warning receivers, high accuracy direction finding pods, airborne jammers and flight instrumentation in use across a wide variety of Indian Air Force aircraft. The organization began developing these various items for its upgrades, and for the LCA project. Variants were then developed for other aircraft. The lead designer in several of these efforts has been DARE, or the Defence Avionics Research Establishment, DRDO's designated mission avionics laboratory. Other laboratories have also chipped in, from the radar specialist LRDE, to electronic warfare focused DEAL to the ADE, which develops UAVs and flight control systems.

File:Light Combat Aircraft.jpg
LCA uses DRDO developed avionics

The DRDO is also co-developing more advanced avionics for the Light Combat Aircraft and the IAF's combat fleet. These include a range of powerful Open Architecture computers, better defensive avionics including modern RWR's, self protection jammers, missile approach warning systems and integrated defensive suites, optronics systems (such as infrared search and track systems) and navigational systems such as Ring Laser Gyro based Inertial navigational systems. Other items under development include digital map generators, helmet mounted displays and smart multifunctional displays.

Other Hindustan Aeronautics programs[link]

Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan Aeronautics with its programs. These include the HAL Dhruv helicopter and the HAL HJT-36. Over a hundred LRU (Line Replaceable Unit)'s in the HJT-36 have come directly from the LCA program. Other duties have included assisting the Indian Air Force with indigenization of spares and equipment. These include both mandatory as well as other items.

Unmanned aerial vehicles[link]

File:Rustom RC model1.JPG
A scaled down model of the Rustom-1 MALE UAV

The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles- the Nishant (Midnight) tactical UAV and the Lakshya (Target) Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA).[8] The Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements. Efforts are on to develop the PTA further, with an improved all digital flight control system, and a better turbojet engine.[9] The Nishant is a hydraulically launched short ranged UAV for the tactical battle area. It is currently being evaluated by the Indian Navy and the Indian Paramilitary forces as well.

The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a new class of UAVs. These draw upon the experience gained via the Nishant program, and will be substantially more capable. Referred to by the HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance) and MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) designations.The MALE UAV has been tentatively named the Rustom,[10] and will feature canards and carry a range of payloads, including optronic, radar, laser designators and ESM. The UAV will have conventional landing and take off capability. The HALE UAV will have features such as SATCOM links, allowing it to be commanded beyond line of sight. Other tentative plans speak of converting the LCA into a UCAV (unmanned combat aerial vehicle), and weaponizing UAVs.

Indigenisation efforts[link]

DRDO has been responsible for the indigenization of key defence stores and equipment.[11] DRDO has assisted Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd and the IAF with the indigenization of spares and assemblies for several aircraft. DRDO laboratories have worked in coordination with academic institutes, the CSIR and even ISRO over projects required for the Indian Air Force and its sister services. DRDO's infrastructure is also utilized by other research organizations in India.

Armaments[link]

DRDO often cooperates with the state owned Ordnance Factory Board for producing its items. These have led to issues of marginal quality control for some items, and time consuming rectification. Whilst these are common to the introduction of most new weapons systems, the OFB has had issues with maintaining the requisite schedule and quality of manufacture owing to their own structural problems and lack of modernisation. Criticism directed at the OFB is invariably used for the DRDO, since the users often make little distinction between the developer and the manufacturer.[citation needed] OFB has got more access to funding in recent times, and this is believed to have helped the organization meet modern day requirements.

Even so, India's state owned military apparatus provides the bulk of its ammunition. The DRDO has played a vital role in the development of this ability since the role of private organizations in the development of small arms and similar items has been limited. A significant point in case is the INSAS rifle which has been adopted by the Indian Army as its standard battle rifle and is in extensive service. There have been issues with rifle quality in usage under extreme conditions in the heat, with the OFB stating that it will rectify these troubles with higher grade material and strengthening the unit. Prior troubles were also dealt with in a similar manner.[12] In the meantime, the rifle has found favour throughout the army and has been ordered in number by other paramilitary units and police forces.[13][14]

In recent years, India's booming economy has allowed the OFB to modernise with more state funding coming its way, to the tune of US$400 million invested during 2002-07.[15] The organization hopes that this will allow it to modernise it's infrastructure; it has also begun introducing new items, including a variant of the AK-47 and reverse engineered versions of the Denel 14/20 mm anti-material rifles.[16]

In the meantime, the DRDO has also forged partnerships with several private sector industrial partners, which have allowed it to leverage their strengths. Successful examples of this include the Pinaka MBRL, which has been assisted significantly by two private developers, Larsen and Toubro Ltd. as well as TATA, apart from several other small scale industrial manufacturers.

The DRDO's various projects are as follows:

Small arms[link]

Insas Assault Rifle
  • The INSAS weapon system has become the standard battle rifle for the Indian Army and paramilitary units.[17] Bulk production of a LMG variant commenced in 1998.[18] It has since been selected as the standard assault rifle of the Royal Army of Oman.
  • In 2010, DRDO completed the development of Oleo-resin plastic hand grenades (partly derived from the potent Bhut Jholokia chilli found in north-east India), as a less lethal way to control rioters, better tear gas shells and short-range laser dazzlers.[19]

Explosives[link]

Chemical Kit for Detection of Explosives (CKDE)

A compact, low-cost and handy explosive detection kit has been designed and perfected for field detection of traces of explosives. The kit yields a colour reaction, based on which explosives can be detected in minutes. It is used for identification of all common military, civil and home-made explosive compositions, and is being used by Police and BSF for the detection of explosives.

Indian CL-20 Explosive

A new high explosive is in the making at a DRDO lab that could replace other standard explosives of the armed forces such as RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and Amorphous Boron. Scientists at the Pune-based High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) have already synthesised an adequate quantity of CL-20, the new explosive, in their laboratory.

The powerful explosive can substantially reduce the weight and size of the warhead while packing much more punch. The compound, 'Indian CL-20' or 'ICL-20', was indigenously developed in HEMRL using inverse technology. CL-20, so named after the China Lake facility of the Naval Air Weapons Station in California, US, was first synthesised by Dr Arnold Nielson in 1987.

CL-20 or Octa-Nitro-Cubane is a Nitramine class of explosive 15 times as powerful as HMX. HMX itself is more than four times as potent as RDX.

CL-20-based Shaped Charges significantly improve the penetration of armor and could potentially be used in the bomb for the 120-mm main gun mounted on the MBT Arjun tanks. The CL-20, due to its reduced sensitivity enables easy handling and transportation and reduces the chances of mishap and loss to men, money, materials and machines.[20]

Artillery systems and ammunition[link]

  • A new Long Range Tactical Rocket System, not yet publicly named. The DRDO has commenced a project to field a long range tactical strike system, moving on from the successful Pinaka project. The aim is to develop a long range system able to strike at a range of 100–120 km, with each rocket in the system, having a payload of up to 250 kg. The new MBRS's rocket will have a maximum speed of 4.7 mach and will rise to an altitude of 40 km, before hitting its target at 1.8 mach. There is also a move to put a guidance system on the rockets whilst keeping cost constraints in mind. The DRDO has acquired the IMI-Elisra developed trajectory control system and its technology, for use with the Pinaka, and a further development of the system could presumably be used with the new MBRL as well.[22]
  • DRDO's ARDE developed 81 mm and the,[23] 120 mm illuminating bombs [24] and 105 mm illuminating shells [25] for the Indian Army's infantry and Artillery.
  • A 51 mm Light Weight Infantry Platoon Mortar for the Indian Army. A man portable weapon, the 51 mm mortar achieves double the range of 2-inch (51 mm) mortar without any increase in weight. Its new HE bomb uses pre-fragmentation technology to achieve vastly improved lethality vis a vis a conventional bomb. Besides HE, a family of ammunition consisting of smoke, illuminating and practice bombs has also been developed.[26] The weapon system is under production at Ordnance Factories.[27]
  • Proximity fuses for missiles and artillery shells. Proximity fuses are used with artillery shells for "air bursts" against entrenched troops and in anti-aircraft and anti-missile roles as well.[26]
  • Training devices: These include a mortar training device for the 81 mm mortar used by the infantry, a mortar training device for the 120 mm mortar used by the artillery, and a 0.50-inch (13 mm) subcalibre training device for 105 mm Vijayanta tank gun.[26]
  • The Indian Field Gun, a 105 mm field gun was developed for the Indian Army and is in production.[28] This was a significant challenge for the OFB, and various issues were faced with its manufacture including reliability issues and metallurgical problems. These were rectified over time.
  • Submerged Signal Ejector cartridges (SSE), limpet mines, short range anti-submarine rockets (with HE and practice warheads), the Indian Sea Mine which can be deployed against both ships and submarines. The DRDO also designed short and medium range ECM rockets which deploy chaff to decoy away anti-ship homing missiles. In a similar vein, they also developed a 3 in (76.2 mm) PFHE shell, prefragmented and with a proximity fuse,[29] for use against anti-ship missiles and other targets, by the Navy. All these items are in production.[26][30]
  • For the Indian Air Force, DRDO has developed Retarder Tail Units and fuze systems for the 450 kg bomb used by strike aircraft, 68 mm "Arrow" rockets (HE, Practice and HEAT) for rocket pods used in air to ground and even air to air (if need be), a 450 kg high speed low drag (HSLD) bomb and practice bombs (which mimic different projectiles with the addition of suitable drag plates) and escape aid cartridges for Air Force aircraft. All these items are in production.[26][30]

Tank armament[link]

DRDO's ARDE also developed other critical systems, such as the Arjun Main Battle Tank's 120 mm rifled main gun and is presently engaged in the development of the armament for the Future IFV, the "Abhay". The DRDO is also a member of the trials teams for the T-72 upgrade and its fire control systems. Earlier on, the DRDO also upgraded the Vijayanta medium tank with new fire control computers.

Electronics and computer sciences[link]

Electronic warfare[link]

EW systems for the Army[link]
  • It is India's largest electronic warfare system. It is a land based EW project, consisting of 145 vehicles. The Samyukta consists of ESM and ECM stations for both communication and non-com (radar etc.) systems. The Indian Army has ordered it's Signal Corps to be a prime contributor in the design and development stage, along with the DRDO's DLRL. The scale of this venture is substantial - it comprises COMINT and ELINT stations which can monitor and jam different bands for both voice/data as well as radar transmissions. In contrast to other such systems, Samyukta is an integrated system, which can perform the most critical battlefield EW tasks in both COM and Non-COM roles. The system will be the first of its type in terms of its magnitude and capability in the Army. Its individual modules can also be operated independently.[31] A follow on system known as Sauhard is under development.[32]
  • The Safari IED suppression system for the army and paramilitary forces and the Sujav ESM system meant for high accuracy direction finding and jamming of communication transceivers.[33]
EW systems for the Air Force[link]
  • Radar warning receivers for the Indian Air Force of the Tarang series. These have been selected to upgrade most of the Indian Air Force's aircraft such as for the MiG-21, MiG-29, Su-30 MKI, MiG- 27 and Jaguar as well as self protection upgrades for the transport fleet.
  • The Tranquil RWR for MiG -23s (superseded by the Tarang project) and the Tempest jamming system for the Air Force's MiG's. The latest variant of the Tempest jamming system is capable of noise, barrage, as well as deception jamming as it makes use of DRFM. The DRDO has also developed a High Accuracy Direction Finding system (HADF) for the Indian Air Force's Su-30 MKIs which are fitted in the modular "Siva" pod capable of supersonic carriage.[34] This HADF pod is meant to cue Kh-31 Anti radiation missiles used by the Su-30 MKI for SEAD.
  • DRDO stated in 2009 that its latest Radar Warning Receiver for the Indian Air Force, the R118, had gone into production. The R118 can also fuse data from different sensors such as the aircraft radar, missile/laser warning systems and present the unified data on a multi-function display. The DRDO also noted that its new Radar Warner Jammer systems (RWJ) were at an advanced stage of development and would be submitted for trials. The RWJ is capable of detecting all foreseen threats and jamming multiple targets simultaneously.
  • Other EW projects revealed by the DRDO include the MAWS project (a joint venture by the DRDO and EADS) which leverages EADS hardware and DRDO software to develop MAWS systems for transport, helicopter and fighter fleets. DRDO also has laser warning systems available.
  • A DIRCM (Directed Infra Red Countermeasures) project to field a worldclass DIRCM system intended to protect aircraft from infrared guided weapons.
  • The DRDO is also developing an all new ESM project in cooperation with the Indian Air Force's Signals Intelligence Directorate, under the name of "Divya Drishti" (Divine Sight). Divya Drishti will field a range of static as well as mobile ESM stations that can "fingerprint" and track multiple airborne targets for mission analysis purposes. The system will be able to intercept a range of radio frequency emissions like radar, navigational, communication or electronic countermeasure signals. The various components of the project will be networked via SATCOM links.
  • Additional DRDO EW projects delivered to the Indian Air Force have included the COIN A and COIN B SIGINT stations. DRDO and BEL developed ELINT equipment for the Indian Air Force, installed on the service's Boeing 737s and Hawker Siddeley Avro aircraft. DRDO has also developed a Radar Fingerprinting System for the IAF and the Navy.
  • Another high accuracy ESM system is being developed by the DRDO for the AEW&C project. The Indian Air Force's AEW&C systems will also include a comprehensive ESM suite, capable of picking up both radars as well as conducting Communications Intelligence.

Radars[link]

The DRDO has steadily increased its radar development. The result has been substantial progress in India's ability to design and manufacture high power radar systems with locally sourced components and systems. This began with the development of short range 2D systems (Indra-1) and has now extended to high power 3D systems like LRTR intended for strategic purposes. Several other projects span the gamut of radar applications, from airborne surveillance (AEW&C) to firecontrol radars (land based and airborne). The DRDO's productionised as well as production-ready radar systems include:

  • INDRA series of 2D radars meant for Army and Air Force use. This was the first high power radar developed by the DRDO, with the Indra-I radar for the Indian Army, followed by Indra Pulse Compression (PC) version for the Indian Air Force, also known as the Indra-II, which is a low level radar to search and track low flying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft. These are 2D radars which provide range and azimuth information and are meant to be used as gap fillers. The Indra 2 PC has pulse compression providing improved range resolution. The series are used both by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army[35]
  • Rajendra fire control radar for the Akash SAM: The Rajendra is stated to be ready. However, it can be expected that further iterative improvements will be made. The Rajendra is a high power Passive electronically scanned array radar (PESA), with the ability able to guide up to 12 Akash SAMs against aircraft flying at low to medium altitudes. The Rajendra has a detection range of 80 km with 18 km height coverage against small fighter sized targets and is able to track 64 targets, engaging 4 simultaneously, with up to 3 missiles per target. The Rajendra features a fully digital high speed signal processing system with adaptive moving target indicator, coherent signal processing, FFTs and variable pulse repetition frequency. The entire PESA antenna array can swivel 360 degrees on a rotating platform. This allows the radar antenna to be rapidly repositioned and even conduct all round surveillance.[36]
  • Central Acquisition Radar, a state of the art planar array S-Band radar operating on the stacked beam principle. With a range of 180 km, it can track while scan 200 fighter sized targets. Its systems are integrated on high mobility, locally built TATRA trucks for the Army and Air Force; however it is meant to be used by all three services. Initially developed for the long-running Akash SAM system, seven were ordered by the Indian Air Force for their radar modernization program and two of another variant were ordered by the Indian Navy for their P-28 Corvettes. The CAR has been a significant success for radar development in India, with its state of the art signal processing hardware.[37][38] The ROHINI is the IAF specific variant while the REVATHI is the Indian Navy specific variant. The ROHINI has a more advanced Indian developed antenna in terms of power handling and beamforming technology while the REVATHI adds two axis stabilisation for operation in naval conditions, as well as extra naval modes.
  • BFSR-SR, a 2D short range Battle Field Surveillance Radar, meant to be manportable. Designed and developed by LRDE, the project was a systematic example of concurrent engineering, with the production agency involved through the design and development stage. This enabled the design to be brought into production quickly.[39][40] The radar continues to progress further in terms of integration, with newer variants being integrated with thermal imagers for visually tracking targets detected by the radar. Up to 10 BFSR-SR can be networked together for network centric operation. It is in use with the Indian Army and the BSF as well as export customers.
  • Super Vision-2000, an airborne 3D naval surveillance radar, meant for helicopters and light transport aircraft. The SV-2000 is a lightweight, high performance, slotted array radar operating in the X Band. It can detect sea-surface targets such as a periscope or a vessel against heavy clutter and can also be used for navigation, weather mapping and beacon detection. The radar can detect a large vessel at over 100 nautical miles (370 km). It is currently under modification to be fitted to the Advanced Light Helicopter and the Navy's Do-228's. Variants can be fitted to the Navy's Ka-25's as well.[41] The radar has been inducted by the Indian Navy and a more advanced variant of the Super Vision, known as the XV-2004 is also operational, and features an ISAR, SAR Capability.
  • Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar, a 3D AESA was developed with assistance from Elta of Israel and is similar to Elta's proven GreenPine long range Active Array radar. The DRDO developed the signal processing and software for tracking high speed ballistic missile targets as well as introduced more ruggedization. The radar uses mostly Indian designed and manufactured components such as its critical high power, L Band Transmit-Receive modules and other enabling technologies necessary for active phased array radars. The LRTR can track 200 targets and has a range of above 500 km. It can detect Intermediate-range ballistic missile. The LRTR would be amongst the key elements of the Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program. DRDO would provide the technology to private and public manufacturers to make these high power systems.[42]
  • 3D Multi Function Control Radar (MFCR) was developed as part of the Indian anti-ballistic missile program in cooperation with THALES of France. The MFCR is an active phased array radar and complements the Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar, for intercepting ballistic missiles. The MFCR will also serve as the fire control radar for the AAD second tier missile system of the ABM program. The AAD has a supplementary role against aircraft as well and can engage missiles and aircraft up to an altitude of 30 km. The MFCR fills out the final part of the DRDO's radar development spectrum, and allows India to manufacture long range 3D radars that can act as the nodes of an Air Defence Ground Environment system.
  • 2D Low Level Lightweight Radar (LLLR) for the Indian Army, which requires many of these units for gapfilling in mountainous terrain. The Indian Air Force will also acquire then for key airbases. The LLLR is a 2D radar with a range of 40 km against a 2 square meter target, intended as a gapfiller to plug detection gaps versus low level aircraft in an integrated Air Defence Ground network. The LLLR makes use of Indra-2 technology, namely a similar antenna array, but has roughly half the range and is much smaller and a far more portable unit. The LLLR can track while scan 100 targets and provide details about their speed, azimuth and range to the operator. The LLLR makes use of the BFSR-SR experience and many of the subsystem providers are the same. Multiple LLLRs can be networked together. The LLLR is meant to detect low level intruders, and will alert Army Air Defence fire control units to cue their weapon systems.[43]
  • 3D Short Range Radar for the Indian Air Force - ASLESHA: The ASLESHA radars have a range of approximately 50 km against small fighter-sized targets and will be able to determine their range, speed, azimuth and height. This radar will enable the Indian Air Force Air Defence units to accurately track low level intruders. The radar is a semi-active phased array with a 1 meter square aperture. The DRDO was in discussions with the Indian Navy to mount these systems on small ships.
  • Multi-mode radar, a 3D radar is a HAL project with DRDO's LRDE as a subsystem provider. This project to develop an advanced, lightweight Multimode fire control radar for the LCA Tejas fighter had faced challenges and was delayed. It has now been completed with Elta's (Israel) assistance. The multimode radar has range (for detection of a small fighter target) greater than 100 km, can track 10 targets, can engage 2 targets and uses lightweight system. It has been revealed that an all new combined signal and data processor had been developed, replacing the original separate units. The new unit is much more powerful and makes use of contemporary ADSP processors. The radar's critical hardware has also been developed and validated. The software for the air to air mode has been developed considerably (including search and track while scan in both look up and look down modes) but air to ground modes are still being worked upon. The radar development was shown to be considerably more mature than previously thought. At Aero India 2009, it was revealed that the 3D MMR project has been superseded by the new 3D AESA FCR project led by LRDE. The MMR has been completed with Elta Israel's assistance and now involved Elta EL/M-2032 technology for Air to Ground mapping and targeting. This "hybrid" MMR has been tested, validated and will be supplied for the initial LCA Tejas fighters.
  • DRDO has indigenised components and improved subsystems of various other license produced radars manufactured at BEL with the help of BEL scientists and other researchers. These improvements include new radar data processors for license produced signal radars as well as local radar assemblies replacing the earlier imported ones.

Apart from the above, the DRDO has also several other radar systems currently under development or in trials, these include:

  • BEL Weapon Locating Radar:
    A 3D radar successfully developed from the Rajendra fire control radar for the Akash system, this radar uses a passive electronically scanned array to detect multiple targets for fire correction and weapon location. The system has been developed and demonstrated to the Army and orders have been placed[44] In terms of performance, the WLR is stated to be superior to the AN/TPQ-37, several of which were imported by India as an interim system while the WLR got ready.
  • Active Phased Array radar: a 3D radar for fighters, a MMR follow on, the APAR project aims to field a fully fledged operational AESA fire control radar for the expected Mark-2 version of the Light Combat Aircraft. This will be the second airborne AESA program after the AEW&C project and intends to transfer the success DRDO has achieved in the ground based radar segment to airborne systems. The overall airborne APAR program aims to prevent this technology gap from developing, with a broad based program to bring DRDO up to par with international developers in airborne systems, both fire control and surveillance.
  • Synthetic aperture radar & Inverse synthetic aperture radar: the DRDO's LRDE is currently working on both SAR and ISAR radars for target detection and classification. These lightweight payloads are intended for both conventional fixed wing as well as UAV applications.
  • Airborne Warning and Control: a new radar based on Active Electronically Scanned Array technology. The aim of the project is to develop inhouse capability for high power AEW&C systems, with the system covering the development of a S Band AESA array. The aircraft will also have datalinks to link fighters plus communicate with the IAF's C3I infrastructure as well as a local SATCOM (satellite communication system), along with other onboard ESM and COMINT systems.[45]
  • Medium Range Battlefield Surveillance Radar: in 2009, the LRDE (DRDO) noted that it was working on a Long range battlefield surveillance radar. It is possible that the BFSR-LR project has replaced this earlier project and the Indian Army will utilize the BEL built ELTA designed BFSR-MR's for Medium Range surveillance while using the LRDE designed systems for Long Range surveillance. The 2D radar will track ground targets and provide key intelligence to the Indian Army's artillery units, with the resultant information available on various tactical networks.
  • 3D Medium Power Radar: a spinoff of the experience gained via the 3D MFCR project, the 3D Medium Power Radar project is intended to field a radar with a range of approximately 300 km against small fighter sized targets. Intended for the Indian Air Force, the radar is an active phased array, and will be transportable. It will play a significant role being used as part of the nodes of the Indian Air Force's enhanced Air Defence Ground Environment System.
  • 3D Tactical Control Radar: a new program, the TCR is an approximately 150 km ranged system for use by the Indian Army and Air Force. A highly mobile unit, it will also employ open architecture to provide easy upgrades, and a variety of modes and capabilities depending on the software fit. The aim of the 3D Medium Power Radar and TCR is to offer systems which can be deployed in a variety of roles, from fire control to surveillance, and not be tied to one role alone.

Command and control software and decision-making tools[link]

  • Tactical tools for wargaming: Shatranj and Sangram for the Army, Sagar for the Navy and air war software for the Air Force. All these systems are operational with the respective services.
  • C3I systems: DRDO, in cooperation with BEL and private industry has developed several critical C3I (command, control, communications and intelligence systems) for the armed services. Under the project "Shakti", the Indian Army aims to spend US$300 million to network all its artillery guns using the ACCS (Artillery Command and Control System). Developed by DRDO's Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics, the system comprises computers and intelligent terminals connected as a wide area network. Its main subsystems are the artillery computer center, battery computer, remote access terminal and a gun display unit. The ACCS is expected to improve the Army's artillery operations by a factor of 10 and allowing for more rapid and accurate firepower. The ACCS will also improve the ability of commanders to concentrate that firepower where it is most needed. The DRDO and BEL have also developed a Battle Management system for the Indian Army for its tanks and tactical units.

Other programs in development for the Army include Corps level information and decision making software and tools, intended to link all units together for effective C3I. These systems are in production at DRDO's production partner, Bharat Electronics Limited. These projects are being driven by the Indian Army Corps of Signals. The Indian Army is also moving towards extensive use of battlefield computers. DRDO has also delivered projects such as the Combat Net Radio for enhancing the Army's communication hardware.[46]

  • Data management and command and control systems for the Navy have been provided by the DRDO. The Navy is currently engaged in a naval networking project to network all its ships and shore establishments plus maritime patrol aircraft and sensors.
  • Radar netting and multi-sensor fusion software for linking the Indian Air Force's network of radars and airbases which have been successfully operationalised. Other systems include sophisticated and highly complex mission planning and C3I systems for missiles, such as the Agni and Prithvi ballistic missiles and the Brahmos cruise missile. These systems are common to all three services as all of them utilize different variants of these missiles.
  • Simulators and training tools: DRDO and private industry have collaborated on manufacturing a range of simulators and training devices for the three services, from entry level tests for prospective entrants to the Indian Air Force, to sophisticated simulators for fighter aircraft, transports and helicopters, tanks and gunnery devices.

Computing technologies[link]

DRDO has worked extensively on high speed computing given its ramifications for most of its defence projects. These include supercomputers for computational flow dynamics, to dedicated microprocessor designs manufactured in India for flight controllers and the like, to high speed computing boards built around Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components, similar to the latest trends in the defence industry.

  • Supercomputing: DRDO's ANURAG developed the PACE+ [47] Supercomputer for strategic purposes for supporting its various programs. The initial version, as detailed in 1995, had the following specifications: The system delivered a sustained performance of more than 960 Mflops (million floating operations per second) for computational fluid dynamics programs. Pace-Plus included 32 advanced computing nodes, each with 64 megabytes(MB) of memory that can be expanded up to 256MB and a powerful front-end processor which is a hyperSPARC with a speed of 66/90/100 megahertz (MHz). Besides fluid dynamics, these high-speed computer systems were used in areas such as vision, medical imaging, signal processing, molecular modeling, neural networks and finite element analysis. The latest variant of the PACE series is the PACE ++, a 128 node parallel processing system. With a front-end processor, it has a distributed memory and message passing system. Under Project Chitra, the DRDO is implementing a system with a computational speed of 2-3 Teraflops utilizing commercial off the shelf components and the Open Source Linux Operating System.
  • Processors and other critical items: DRDO has developed a range of processors and application specific integrated circuits for its critical projects. Many of these systems are modular, in the sense that they can be reused across different projects. These include "Pythagoras processor" to convert cartesian to polar coordinates, ANUCO, a floating point coprocessor and several others, including the ANUPAMA 32-bit processor, which is being used in several DRDO projects.[48]
  • Electronic components: one of the endeavours undertaken by the DRDO has been to create a substantial local design and development capability within India, both in the private and public sectors. This policy has led to several hard to obtain or otherwise denied items, being designed and manufactured in India. These include components such as radar subsystems (product specific travelling wave tubes) to components necessary for electronic warfare and other cutting edge projects. Today, there are a range of firms across India, which design and manufacture key components for DRDO, allowing it to source locally for quite a substantial chunk of its procurement. The DRDO has also endeavoured to use COTS (Commercial off the shelf) processors and technology, and follow Open Architecture standards, wherever possible, in order to pre-empt obsolescence issues and follow industry practise. One significant example is the development of an Open Architecture computer for the Light Combat Aircraft, based on the PowerPC architecture and VME64 standard. The earlier Mission computer utilizing Intel 486 DX chips has already seen success, with variants being present on the Su-30 MKI, Jaguar and MiG-27 Upgrades for the Indian Air Force.[49]

Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC)[link]

DRDO is working on a slew of directed energy weapons (DEWs). LASTEC has identified DEWs, along with space security, cyber-security and hypersonic vehicles as focus areas in the next 15 years.[50]

The aim is to develop laser-based weapons, deployed on airborne as well as seaborne platforms, which can intercept missiles soon after they are launched towards India in the boost phase itself. These will be part of the ballistic missile defence system being currently developed by DRDO. LASTEC is developing a 25-kilowatt laser system to hit a missile during its terminal phase at a distance of 5–7 km.

LASTEC is also working on a vehicle-mounted gas dynamic laser-based DEW system, under project Aditya, which should be ready in three years. Project Aditya is a technology demonstrator to prove beam control technology. Ultimately, solid-state lasers would be used.

LASTEC projects include:

Non-Lethal systems:

  • Hand-held laser dazzler to disorient adversaries, without collateral damage. 50-metre range. Status: Ready.
  • Crowd-control dazzlers mounted on vehicles to dispel rioting mobs. 250-metre range. Status: Will take 2 more years.
  • Laser-based ordnance disposal system, which can be used to neutralise IEDs and other explosives from a distance. Status: Trials begin in 18 months.

Lethal Systems:

  • Air defence dazzlers to take on enemy aircraft and helicopters at range of 10 km. Status: Will take 2 more years.
  • 25-kilowatt laser systems to destroy missiles during their terminal phase at range of 5 to 7 km. Status: Will take 5 more years.
  • At least 100-kilowatt solid-state laser systems, mounted on aircraft and ships, to destroy missiles in their boost phase itself. Status: Will take a decade.

Combat vehicles & engineering[link]

Tanks and armoured vehicles[link]

T-72 Ajeya of the Indian Army
  • Ajeya upgrade (Sanskrit: Invincible): upgrade for the T-72 fleet, incorporating a mix of locally made and imported subsystems. 250 have been ordered. Local systems include the DRDO developed ERA, a DRDO developed laser warning system and combat net radio, the Bharat Electronics Limited advanced land navigation system consisting of fibre optic gyros and GPS, NBC protection and DRDO's fire detection and suppression system amongst other items. Imported systems include a compact thermal imager and fire control system and a new 1000 hp engine.
  • Anti-tank ammunition: DRDO developed the FSAPDS for the 125 mm calibre, meant for India's T-72 tanks, the 120 mm FSAPDS and HESH rounds for the Arjun tank and 105 mm FSAPDS rounds for the Army's Vijayanta and T-55 tanks.[51] Significant amounts of 125 mm anti-tank rounds manufactured by the Ordnance Factory Board were rejected. The problems were traced to improper packaging of the charges by the OFB, leading to propellant leakage during storage at high temperatures. The locally developed rounds were rectified and requalified. Production of these local rounds was then restarted. Since 2001, over 1,30,000 rounds have been manufactured by the OFB. The DRDO said in 2005 that it had developed a Mk2 version of the 125 mm round, with higher power propellant for greater penetration. In parallel, the OFB announced in 2006 that it was also manufacturing 125 mm IMI (Israel Military Industries) rounds. It is believed that this might assist in improving the OFB's APFSDS manufacturing capability. These rounds and presumably the Mk2 round and will be used by both the T-72 and T-90 formations in the Indian Army.[52][53]
  • Various armour technologies and associated subsystems from composite armour and explosive reactive armour to Radios (Combat Net Radio with frequency hopping and encryption) and Battle Management systems. Fire-control systems are currently in production at BEL for the Arjun tanks. The first batch in production have a hybrid Sagem-DRDO system, with Sagem sights and local fire control computer.[54]
  • Arjun tank: The penultimate design was accepted by the Indian Army and is now in series production at HVF Avadi.
    The Arjun follows a template similar to the tanks developed by western nations, with containerised ammunition storage, with blast off panels, heavy Composite armour, a 120 mm gun (rifled as compared to smoothbore on most other tanks), a modern FCS with high hit probability and a 1,400 horsepower (1,000 kW) engine and a four man crew.
    Originally designed in response to a possible Pakistani acquisition of the M1 Abrams, the project fell into disfavour once it became clear that Pakistan was instead standardising on cheaper (and less capable) T type tanks[citation needed]. In such a milieu, acquiring the Arjun in huge numbers is simply unnecessary for the Indian Army, given the additional logistic costs of standardising on an entirely new type.The Indian Army ordered 124 units in 2000 and an additional 124 units in 2010[55][56] and work on Mark-II version of the tank has commenced.[57]

Modification of BMP-2 series[link]

India license manufactures the BMP-2 with local components. The vehicle has been used as the basis for several locally designed modifications, ranging from missile launchers to engineering support vehicles. The DRDO and it's various labs have been instrumental in developing these mission specific variants for the Indian Army.

  • Armoured Engineering Reconnaissance Vehicle for enabling the combat engineers to acquire and record terrain survey data. The instruments mounted on the amphibious vehicle are capable of measuring width of obstacle, bed profile, water depth and bearing capacity of soil of the obstacle in real time which are helpful in taking decisions regarding laying of tracks or building of bridges.[58]
  • Armoured Amphibious Dozer with amphibious capability for earth moving operations in different terrain for preparation of bridging sites, clearing obstacles and debris and to fill craters. Self-recovery of the vehicle is also a built-in feature using a rocket-propelled anchor.[59]
  • Carrier Mortar Tracked: designed to mount and fire an 81 mm mortar from within vehicle. Capacity to fire from 40° to 85° and traverse 24° on either side; 108 rounds of mortar ammunition stowed.[60]
  • Armoured Ambulance based on the BMP-2 vehicle.
  • NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle: this variant has instrumentation for determining NBC contamination, as well as bringing back samples. The vehicle includes a plow for scooping up soil samples, to instrumentation such as a radiation dosimeter amongst other key items.

Other engineering vehicles[link]

  • Bridge Layer Tank: claimed by DRDO to be the amongst the best bridging systems available on a medium class tank. It has an option to carry a 20 metre or 22 metre class 70 MLC bridge, which can be negotiated by all tanks in service with Indian Army.
  • Amphibious Floating Bridge and Ferry System intended for transporting heavy armour, troops and engineering equipment across large and deep water obstacles. The vehicle can convert to a fully decked bridge configuration of 28.4 metres in length in 9 minutes. Two more vehicles can be joined in tandem to form a floating bridge of 105 metres in length in 30 minutes. The bridge superstructure is integrated with floats to provide stability and additional buoyancy. The vehicle is also capable of retracting its wheels for use as a grounded bridge/ramp for high banks.[61]
  • Arjun Bridge Layer Tank: the BLT-Arjun is an all-new design with a scissor type bridge laying method, which helps it avoid detection from afar. It uses the chassis of the Arjun tank and can take higher weights than the BLT-72.[62]
  • Sarvatra Bridge layer: the bridge can be deployed over water and land obstacles to provide 75 metres of bridge-length for battle tanks, supply convoys and troops. The system consists of a light aluminum alloy scissors bridge and was approved for production in March 2000 trials. One complete set of the multi span mobile bridging system includes five truck-mounted units with a bridge-span of 15 metres each. The system is designed to take the weight of the Arjun MBT, by far the heaviest vehicle in the Army’s inventory. Microprocessor based control system reduces the number of personnel required to deploy and operationalize the bridge. The bridging equipment is carried on a Tatra Kolos chassis and the system is built by Bharat Earth Movers Ltd (BEML).[63]
  • Mobile Decontamination System: with the NBC aspect of the battlefield in mind, the DRDO developed a Tatra vehicle based Mobile Decontamination system for decontamination of personnel, clothing, equipment, vehicles & terrain during war. The main sub-systems of mobile decontamination system are: pre-wash, chemical wash and post wash systems respectively. The pre-wash system consists of a 3000 litre stainless steel water tank and a fast suction pump. A high-pressure jet with a capacity of 3400 l/hour and a low-pressure jet with a capacity of 900 l/hour and 1600 l/hour are included. The chemical wash system is capable of mixing two powders and two liquids with variable feed rates and has a five litre per minute slurry emulsion flow rate. The post wash system consists of a high-pressure hot water jet, a hot water shower for personnel and provision of steam for decontamination of clothing. The decontamination systems have been introduced into the services.[64] The system is under production for the Army at DRDO's partnering firms, with the DRDO itself manufacturing the pilot batch.[65]
  • Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)/DRDO Daksh: A tracked robotic vehicle with staircase climbing ability has been developed and is particularly intended for remote explosion of explosive devices. The ROV is carried in a specially designed carrier vehicle with additional armament and firing ports. The ROV itself is fairly sophisticated, with provision to carry various optronic payloads, an articulated gripper to pick up objects, an ability to traverse difficult terrain including staircases, as well as an integral waterjet projector to blow up explosive packages. It was formally inducted into Indian army's corps of engineers on 19 December 2011. The Indian army placed a total order of 20 ROVs and 6 of them are now operational with army. Each unit cost about Rs. 90 lakhs.[66][67]

In development[link]

  • Abhay IFV (Sanskrit: Fearless): an IFV design in prototype form. This IFV will have a 40 mm gun based on the proven Bofors L70 (Armour piercing and explosive rounds), a firecontrol system derived from the Arjun MBT project with a thermal imager, all-electric turret and gun stabilization, a locally designed FLAME launcher for locally manufactured Konkurs-M anti-tank missiles and an Indian diesel engine. The armour will be lightweight composite.
  • Tank-Ex: a project to mount Arjun's turret on a T-72 chassis to combine high firepower with a low silhouette. This is a DRDO initiative and not a specific Army demand. Reports emerged in 2008 that the Indian Army has rejected the tank[68] with two prototypes built.
  • Armoured vehicle for Paramilitary forces: a wheeled armoured vehicle, the AVP was displayed at Defexpo-2006. The AVP has armoured glass windows and firing ports, as well as provision for heavier caliber small arms, and crowd control equipment. Currently at prototype stage.
  • Mining and De-mining equipment: the Self Propelled Mine Burier has been developed by the DRDO for a requirement projected by the Indian Army. It is an automated mine laying system developed on a high mobility vehicle and is currently in trials. The Counter-Mine flail, is a vehicle built upon the T-72 chassis and has a series of fast moving flails to destroy mines. A prototype has been displayed.

Naval research and development[link]

Sonars[link]

DRDO, BEL and the Indian Navy have developed and productionized a range of sonars and related systems for the Indian Navy's frontline combat ships.

The Shivalik class of frigates contain significant DRDO developed systems

These include:

  • APSOH (Advanced Panoramic SOnar Hull mounted),
  • HUMVAD (Hull Mounted Variable Depth sonar),
  • HUMSA (Follow on to the APSOH series; the acronym HUMSA stands for Hull Mounted Sonar Array),
  • Nagan (Towed Array Sonar),
  • Panchendriya (Submarine sonar and fire control system).

Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst work is proceeding apace on a new generation of sonars. Sonars may be considered one of DRDO's most successful achievements as the Indian Navy's most powerful ships rely on DRDO made sonars. The standard fit for a front line naval ship would include the HUMSA-NG hull mounted sonar and the Nagan towed array sonar. The Mihir is a dunking sonar meant for use by the Naval ALH, working in conjunction with its Tadpole sonobuoy. The Panchendriya is in production for the Kilo class submarine upgrades.[69][70][71]

Torpedoes[link]

DRDO is currently engaged in developing multiple torpedo designs. These include a lightweight torpedo that has been accepted by the Navy and cleared for production.[72]

Under development[link]
  • Shyena is an advanced experimental torpedo developed by the Naval Scientific and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), a DRDO wing. Development was started in 1990.
  • NSTL Advanced Light Weight Torpedo[73]
  • NSTL Varunastra Heavy Weight Torpedo[74]: The heavy weight wire-guided torpedo called Varunastra and Thakshak thermal torpedo are suitable for use against both ships and submarines. The electrically powered Varunastra is stated to be in production.

The DRDO also developed and productionised a microprocessor controlled triple tube torpedo launcher for the Indian Navy as well as a towed torpedo decoy.[75][76]

Other projects[link]

These have included indigenisation of various components (for instance, adsorbent material for submarines, radar components, naval ship signature reduction efforts and materials technology). DRDO has played a significant role in the development of warship grade steel in India and its productionisation. DRDO has also assisted private industry in developing EW trainers, ship simulators for training and health monitoring systems for onboard equipment. Other equipment for the Navy includes underwater telephone sets, and VLF communication equipment, for the Navy's submarines. DRDO's IRDE has also developed optronic fire control systems for the Navy's and the Coast Guard's ships.[77]

Information command and control systems[link]

DRDO's labs have been part of projects to develop sophisticated command and control systems for the Navy, such as the EMCCA (Equipment Modular for Command and Control Application) which ties together various sensors and data systems. The EMCCA system gives commanders on the ship a consolidated tactical picture and adds to the ship’s maritime combat power.[78]

DRDO labs are also engaged in supporting the Navy's ambitious naval enterprise wide networking system, a program to link all naval assets together via datalinks, for sharing tactical information.

Mines and targets[link]

Three kinds of mines, processor based mine, moored mine and processor based exercise mine are in production for the Navy. Targets developed for the Navy include a static target called the Versatile Acoustic target and a mobile target called the programmable deep mobile target (PDMT).

In development[link]
  • A Submarine Escape set, used by crew to escape from abandoned submarines. The set consists of breathing apparatus and Hydro-suit.
  • New generation Sonars and EW equipment.
  • Heavyweight torpedoes, underwater remotely operated vehicles, improved signature reduction technology for naval applications.

Missile systems[link]

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP)[link]

The IGMDP was launched by the Indian Government to develop the ability to develop and design a missile locally, and manufacture a range of missile systems for the three defence services.

The program has seen significant success in its two most important constituents - the Agni missiles and the Prithvi missiles, while two other programs, the Akash SAM and the anti-tank Nag Missile have seen significant orders. The Trishul missile, a program to develop a tri-service short range SAM faced persistent problems throughout its development, and was shut down in 2007.

Prithvi ballistic missiles[link]

The Prithvi (Sanskrit: Earth) missiles are a range of SRBMs produced for the Indian Air Force and Army; a variant for the Navy has been deployed on Sukanya class patrol vessel. Another submarine launched variant known as the K-15 is under development. The Prithvi is an extremely accurate liquid fuelled missile with a range of up to 350 km. While relatively inexpensive and accurate, with a good payload, its logistics footprint is high, on account of it being liquid fuelled.[79]

Agni ballistic missiles[link]
The Agni-II missile

The Agni (Sanskrit: Fire) missiles are a range of MRBMs, IRBMs, ICBMs meant for long range deterrence. The Agni-III is the newest version which is getting inducted into the armed forces and has range of up to 5,500 km (3,418 mi). The Agni-I and Agni-II have been productionized, although exact numbers remain classified.

First trials of the Agni-III saw problems and the missile test did not meet its objectives. The second test was successful. Further tests of the Agni-III are planned to validate the missile and its subsystems, which include new propellant and guidance systems, a new re-entry vehicle and other improvements.[80]

The Agni-V missile is an ICBM meant for long range deterrence. The Agni-V is the newest version and has the longest range of up to 5000–6000 km. Agni-V would also carry Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicles payloads and will have countermeasures against Anti-ballistic missile systems. It was successfully test fired on 19th April 2012. [81] The missile will utilize a canister and will be launched from it. Sixty percent of the missile will be similar to the Agni-III missile. Advanced technologies like ring laser gyroscope and accelerometer will be used in the new missile.[82]

Akash SAM[link]

The Akash (Sanskrit: Sky or ether) is a medium range surface to air missile system consisting of the command guided ramjet powered Akash along with the dedicated service specific launchers, battery control radar (the Rajendra Block III), a Central Acquisition radar, battery and group control centers.[12].[83] The Akash project has yielded spinoffs like the Central Acquisition radar and Weapon Locating radar.

The Akash system cleared its user trials with the Indian Air Force in 2007. The user trials had the Akash intercept flying targets at ITR, Chandipur. The Akash missile successfully hit its targets in all of the tests.[84] The Indian Air force has since been satisfied with the performance of the missile and ordered two squadrons of the Akash, with a squadron having eight launchers[85][86][87]

The Indian Air Force placed an order for an additional six squadrons of the Akash SAM in 2010, with an order of 750 missiles (125 per squadron).This order makes a total of a 1000 Akash SAMs on order for the Indian Air Force for eight squadrons.[88]

In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) placed an order of the Akash missile system, valued at INR12,500 crore (US$2.5 billion). Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL) will be the system integrator and nodal production agency for the Akash Army variant.

Trishul SAM[link]

The Trishul (Sanskrit: Trident, the weapon of Shiva) is a short range SAM meant for the Indian Army, Air Force and Navy. The Trishul project relied on equipment already in service with the Indian services, to drive down logistics costs, and reduce program development costs and development time. The Army variant, relied on a locally modified variant of the Signaal (now Thales) Flycatcher radar, integrated into a single launcher with a four missile pack, along with separate electronics for missile guidance. The Air Force variant separated the missile launchers on Kolos Tatra trucks, locally manufactured by India's BEML. The Naval variant was the most ambitious, with a flight control system with an integrated radar altimeter to intercept sea skimming missiles. The Trishul's guidance was Command Line of Sight with a three beam guidance system, which proved to be the bane of the project and caused repeated failures during trials.

Due to the Trishul's persistent development problems the Indian Air Force, the Indian Army and the Indian Navy began upgrading their existing short range SAM systems or purchasing replacements.The Indian Air Force has since procured batteries of the SPYDER SAM system [89] and the Indian Army is upgrading its OSA-AKM/ SA-8 systems with Polish assistance.[90] The Indian Navy has also moved on to the Barak 1 system.[91]

The Trishul program was effectively closed down in 2006. It has been reported that key technologies developed in the program may be utilized in future systems.[92] It has been reported that the experience gained from the Trishul program will be utilized for a brand new SAM known as the Maitri, which will be codeveloped with the European MBDA missile agency.[93]

Nag anti-tank missile[link]

The Nag Anti-tank missile (Sanskrit: Cobra) is a guided missile system intended for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army. The Army will deploy the Nag on ground based launchers and from helicopters, whereas the Air Force will rely on helicopter based units. The Nag has an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker and has a top and direct attack capability, with a tandem warhead.

The Army's land missile carrier and launcher, known as the Namica, carries several ready to use Nag missiles within and four Nag missiles in an extendable launcher above the turret. The Namica has its own FLIR based sighting and fire control unit.[94]

The Air Force and Army will also use their Advanced Light helicopters (ALH) (HAL Dhruv) and the HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LHC) as Nag carriers. The ALHs will be equipped with IRDE (DRDO) developed HELITIS (Heliborne Imaging and Targeting systems) with a combination of a FLIR and laser range finder in a stabilized turret for target acquisition and designation. The thermal imager is likely to be imported, but the gimballed turret, stabilization, laser range finder and associated electronics have been designed in India and will be manufactured locally.[95]

The Nag ATGM is regarded as a highly capable missile, even though its development has been protracted, mainly due to the technological challenges of developing a state of the art IIR sensor equipped top attack missile. The Nag is still cheaper than most imported missiles in its category and is earmarked for the Army and Air Force.

The Nag anti-tank guided missile was cleared for production in July 2009 and there are uncorroborated reports since that it may be purchased by Tanzania, Botswana and Morocco.[96] The Nag will complement the existing Russian 9M113 Konkurs Anti-tank guided missile and European missile MILAN in Indian usage, both of which are manufactured under license by Bharat Dynamics Limited.

Brahmos missile[link]

Launched as a joint venture between India's DRDO and the Russian NPO, the BrahMos program aims at creating a range of missile systems derived from the Yakhont missile system. Named the "BrahMos" after the Brahmaputra and the Moskva rivers, the project has been highly successful.

The Indian Navy has ordered the BrahMos Naval version, both slant launched and vertically launched, for its ships; the Indian Army has ordered two regiments worth of land-launched missiles for long range strike; and an air launched version is in development for the Indian Air Force's Su-30 MKIs and the Navy's Tu-142 long range aircraft.

The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on the BrahMos, aspects of its propulsion, airframe and seeker, plus its Fire Control Systems, Mobile Command posts and Transporter Erector Launcher.[97][98]

The hypersonic Brahmos 2 is to be developed as a follow on to the original Brahmos. The missile would still follow the guidelines of the MTCR but would fly at speeds of 5-7 Mach.

BrahMos I Block-III

An upgraded version of the 290 km range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was successfully test fired by India on 2 December 2010 from Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur off the Orissa coast.

"Block III version of BrahMos with advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude was flight tested successfully from Launch Complex III of ITR," its Director S P Dash said after the test fire from a mobile launcher at 1100 hours. The 8.4 metre missile which can fly at 2.8 times the speed of sound is capable of carrying conventional warheads of up to 300 kg for a range of 290 km.

It can effectively engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 metres for surgical strikes at terror training camps across the border without causing collateral damage. BrahMos is capable of being launched from multiple platforms like submarine, ship, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL). The Block III BrahMos has the capability of scaling mountain terrain and can play a vital role in precision strike in the northern territories. The advanced cruise missile can fly close to the rough geographies and kill the target[99] A five year development timeframe is anticipated.[100]

Shaurya[link]

The Shaurya missile (Sanskrit: Valor) is a canister launched hypersonic surface-to-surface tactical missile developed by the Indian Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) for use by the Indian Armed Forces. Similar to the BrahMos, Shaurya is stored in composite canisters, which makes it much easier to store for long periods without maintenance as well as to handle and transport. It also houses the gas generator to eject the missile from the canister before its solid propellant motors take over to hurl it at the intended target.

Shaurya missiles can remain hidden or camouflaged in underground silos from enemy surveillance or satellites till they are fired from the special storage-cum-launch canisters.The Shaurya system will require some more tests before it becomes fully operational in two-three years. Moreover, defense scientists say the high-speed, two-stage Shaurya has high maneuverability which also makes it less vulnerable to existing anti-missile defence systems.

It can be easily transported by road. The missile, encased in a canister, is mounted on a single vehicle, which has only a driver’s cabin, and the vehicle itself is the launch platform. This “single vehicle solution” reduces its signature – it cannot be easily detected by satellites – and makes its deployment easy. The gas generator, located at the bottom of the canister produces high pressure gas, which expands and ejects the missile from the tube.

The centerpiece of a host of new technologies incorporated in Shaurya is its ring laser gyroscope (RLG) and accelerometer. The indigenous ring laser gyroscope, a sophisticated navigation and guidance system developed by the Research Center Imarat (RCI) based in Hyderabad is a highly classified technology.

In test flights the RLG functioned exceptionally well. the RLG monitors the missile’s position in space when it is flying. The missile’s on-board computer will use this information and compare it with the desired position. Based on the difference between the missile’s actual and desired positions, the computer will decide the optimum path and the actuators will command the missile to fly in its desired/targeted position. The third test of the RLG was successful on 24 September 2011, reaching a speed of 7.5 mach. It is now ready for production.

Sagarika[link]

The K-15 Sagarika is a nuclear-capable submarine-launched ballistic missile belonging to the K Missile family with a range of 750 kilometres (466 mi). Sagarika can carry a payload of up to 500 kilograms (1,102 lb). Sagarika was developed at the DRDO’s missile complex in Hyderabad.

This missile will form part of the triad in India's nuclear deterrence, and will provide retaliatory nuclear strike capability. The development of this missile (under the title Project K-15) started in 1991. The Indian government first confirmed Sagarika's development seven years later (1998), when the then Defence Minister, George Fernandes, announced it during a press conference.

The development of the underwater missile launcher, known as Project 420 (P420), was completed in 2001 and handed over to the Indian Navy for trials. The missile was successfully test fired six times, and tested to its full range up to three times. The test of missile from a submerged pontoon was conducted in February 2008.

Sagarika is being integrated with India's nuclear-powered Arihant class submarines that began sea trials on the 26th of July 2009.

Sudarshan[link]

India's first laser guided bomb, Sudarshan is the latest weapon system developed indigenously to occupy the niche of a precision delivery mechanism. It can be fitted to a 1000 pound gravity bomb and can guide it to the target using lasers with a CEP (Circular Error Probability) of 10 metres.

Prahaar Missile[link]

Prahaar is a solid-fueled surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile developed by DRDO of India. It would be equipped with omni-directional warheads and could be used for hitting both tactical and strategic targets. It has a range of about 150 km. It was test-fired successfully on 21 July 2011 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur.[101]

Plans[link]

Long range SAM[link]

India and Israel have worked out an agreement to develop and produce the long-range Barak 8 air defence system for both the Indian and the Israeli militaries. The initial co-development funding is about US$350 million, of which IAI will finance 50 per cent. The venture is a tripartite one, between the DRDO, the Indian Navy, and IAI. The missile is referred to as the LRSAM in Indian Government literature, and will have a range of 72 km (45 mi).[102][103] Israel Aircraft Industries refers to the system as Barak-8. IAI states that the missile will have a dual pulse motor, is vertically launched and is able to engage both aircraft and sea skimming missiles. It has a fully active seeker, and the Barak-8 Weapons system is capable of multiple simultaneous engagements. It will have a two way datalink for midcourse update, as well as be able to integrate into larger C3I networks. The primary fire control sensor for the naval Barak-8/LRSAM will be the ELTA MF-STAR Naval AESA radar which Israel claims to be superior to many existing systems worldwide.[104][105][106] The dual pulse rocket motor for the SAM was developed by DRDO, and the prototypes were supplied to IAI for integration with IAI systems to develop the complete missile.

The other variant of the LRSAM will be fielded by the Indian Air Force. Along with the Akash SAM, the LRSAM fills a longer range requirement and both types will complement each other. Each unit of the MR-SAM would consist of a command and control center, with an acquisition radar, a guidance radar and 3 launchers with eight missiles each.

A 4-year, US$300 million System Design & Development phase to develop unique system elements and an initial tranche of the land-based missiles is estimated. The radars, C2 centers, TEL's and missiles will be codeveloped by Israel and India. In turn, IAI and its Israeli partners have agreed to transfer all relevant technologies and manufacturing capabilities to India allowing India to manufacture the LRSAM systems locally as well as support them. [107] The Barak-8 next generation long range surface to air missile (LR-SAM) had its first test-flight on 29 May 2010.

Astra BVRAAM[link]

Astra is a 80 km (50 mi) class, active radar guided missile meant for beyond visual range air to air combat. Several tests of the missiles basic propulsion and guidance have taken place from land based launchers. Air launched trials will follow thereafter.[108]

Light weight launcher

DRDO has developed an indigenous 7 kg lightweight rocket launcher for the Indian army which will replace the 14 kg Carl Gustav Mark-II launcher which is much heavier than the DRDO developed rocket launcher.The DRDO has made extensive use of composites in its construction, resulting in the reduced weight.[109]

Anti-Ballistic Missile Defence Project[link]

Unveiled in 2006, the ABM project was a surprise to many observers. While DRDO had revealed some details about the project over the years, its progress had been marked by strict secrecy, and the project itself was unlisted, and not visible among DRDO's other programs. The ABM project has benefited from all the incremental improvements achieved by the DRDO and its associated industrial partners via the long-running and often contentious Akash missile and Trishul missile programs. However, it is a completely new program, with much larger scope and with predominantly new subsystems.

The ABM project has two missiles—namely the AAD (Advanced Air Defence) and PAD (Prithvi Air Defence) missiles. The former is an endo-atmospheric interceptor of new design, which can intercept targets to a height of 30 km (19 mi). Whereas the latter is a modified Prithvi missile, dubbed the Axo-atmospheric interceptor (AXO) with a dedicated second stage kill vehicle for ballistic missile interception, up to an altitude of 80 km (50 mi).

Both these missiles are cued by an active phased array Long Range Tracking Radar, similar to the Elta GreenPine but made with locally developed components, which include DRDO developed transmit/receive modules. The ABM system also makes use of a second radar, known as the Multi-Function Control Radar which assists the LRTR in classifying the target, and can also act as the fire control radar for the AAD missile. The MFCR, like the LRTR is an active phased array system.

The entire system was tested in November 2006, under the Prithvi Air Defence Exercise, when a prototype AXO missile,successfully intercepted another Prithvi missile at a height of 50 km (31 mi).This test was preceded by an "electronic test" in which an actual target missile was launched, but the entire interceptor system was tested electronically, albeit no actual interceptor was launched. This test was successful in its entirety.

The AAD Missile was tested on December 2007 which successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi missile simulating the M-9 and M-11 class of ballistic missiles. Interception happened at an altitude of 15 km (9 mi).[110]

GATET engine[link]

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has launched a INR100 crore (US$20 million) project in R&D in the area of gas turbines, a DRDO official said on April 2010. Under the initiative of DRDO's Aeronautics Research and Development Board, R&D projects, which need investment in the region of INR50 lakh (US$99,750) to INR5 crore (US$1 million), would be considered for funding. GTRE was the nodal agency to spearhead this venture, called GATET[111][112][113]

Anti-satellite weapon[link]

India had identified development of ASAT weapons "for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both LEO (2,000-km altitude above earth's surface) and the higher geosynchronous orbit" as a thrust area in its long-term integrated perspective plan (2012–2027) under the management of DRDO.[114]

See also[link]

References[link]

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  51. ^ [5][dead link]
  52. ^ Press Trust Of India / New Delhi 3 October 2005 (2005-10-03). "OFB manufacturing new 125 mm round from IMI". Business-standard.com. http://www.business-standard.com/bsonline/storypage.php?autono=219530. Retrieved 2010-08-31. [dead link]
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  60. ^ Image of the CMT, copyright PIB
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  65. ^ [7][dead link]
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  72. ^ No Page Found
  73. ^ Naval Science and Technological Lab
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  81. ^ India plans to test fire Agni 5 in March 2012
  82. ^ "Agni-V design completed; to be test-fired in 2010". Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 2008-11-27. http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/27/stories/2008112759741200.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-31. 
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Clean puncture and now she's gone
but her spell still carries on
Can't touch no one, can't get out of my shell
She left me burning in this lonely hell
Through the restless night souls wander holding on
Through these cold nights that never come to dawn
She's still my enslaver
Where's the heart that I gave her
My sweet enslaver
I hate her
Shades drawn growing lunacy staring,
staring from the abyss ahead
Longing for the sight of the face that I hate
grinding teeth, raising the dead
I get so scared of the cruel dreams I see,
scared of her shadow coming to claim me
She's still my enslaver...
I hear voices, whispers of resurrection
Sounds like tombstones corroding
Laid my love to sleep with heart impaled
but I can't escape this dark forebonding

A Monday morning earthquake
Another weak tooth, backache
Keep him alive for god's sake
Higher, liar when the will is the vice
I broke a mirror in his dolls house
An all night soldier of love
He swallowed down another fantasy pill
To give himself a push and a shove.
[Chorus:]
Tonight's the night he's gonna jump the moon
I hope he'll never crash and burn too soon.
He's just lit another live wire
It's just the bread we borrow
Here today like it'll be gone tomorrow
Another daylight foreigner
He's just a weekend warrior
Come on he plays life anymore
Love for pound and turned around
He only listens to the voice in his head
Than separate the truth from the lies
A wounded creature that just won't slow down
You can tell by the look in his eyes
[Chorus]
He's flying high with his silver spoon
He's really gonna try and jump for jump yeah
Jump the moon
[Chorus]
Tonight's the night he's gonna jump the moon
He's just lit another live wire
It's just the bread we borrow

The flesh is weak, the bones are brittle, the blood is thin.
I'm a father, brother, lover to all you sisters of sin.
My soul was never sold, I gave it away for free.
No conscience worries, just me.
I'm the rider of the last day.
The rider of the last day.
Better lose your dreams on me.
They were wasted anyway.
The stars are my brothers, they're calling me to shine.
Into the deep dark cold, all this emptiness is mine.
Here's my hand, take it and I'll share it all with you.
There are no saviours but one and you know who.
I'm the rider...
Bathe in the coolness of meteor rain.
Walk unscarred through the bullet hail.
Feet in the mud, fist to the sky.
Draw strength from the lightning spitting my eye.
Lost from holiness, I couldn't care less.
Drudgery for the masses of the hopeless.
Wide-eyed hypnosis, just stare your life away.
Build in my castle from your shreds,
burn it down on judgement day.

Ever constant change, timefilled space
Spacefilled time just hits right through your face
A moving picture, flame explodes and it dies
Is there a secret truth behind the veil of lies
Fly with the wind full of sigh
Fly away and let out your cry
Never forever
Through countless futures, a point to leave to the past

There's been a thousand times
Thousand times I've wondered
Is it a hand of fate
That pushes me out into the cold
And the ex-friends say
That I've hidden my feelings too deep
Truth is that I've got nothing to hide anymore
I feel myself weary and old
I've had more than my share of pain
Love's not made for my kind
My heart's turning to stone
Love's not made for my kind
Better to leave me alone
I've been on the edges of unknown
I've roamed the spaces wild and free
I've always been on my own
I can't change my ways can't you see
And now the dark is rising
And my back's to the door
I think it's time to give in
My legs won't carry me no more
I've had more than my share of pain
I wonder if I am still sane
Love's not made for my kind
My heart's turning to stone
Love's not made for my kind

My thirst for you helps you to do me wrong
I'm afraid of you, it makes me strong
Promises of sin in a wink of an eye
Deceiving me again, I wish you would die
Keep me in chains when you go around
Still when you come
I crawl before you on the ground
Lady Deceiver
I don't know which one I lust for more
Your body or your blood all over me
In your cage I rage at the door
Opening my mind for sweet insanity
I want to crush you under my weight
You've made me mad
By being an ultimate bait
Lady Deceiver
From desire I cannot be relieved
I've forgotten the god in which I believed
All the things you say are just lies
Wish I were able to claw out your eyes
I want to crush you under my weight
You've made me mad
By being an ultimate bait
Lady Deceiver

Breat of living, heart punding, poison stinging
tiny voices, wrong choises, blood starts singing
I never had anything to lose, no touch, nor taste
my body is here for abuse, braincells for waste
sirens calling, walls falling, fists bleeding
bones cracking, scent tracking, the void is feeding
the last of me is about to go, basic primality
putting up one hell of a show, they will remember me
I'm here, this terminal case of lust upholds this prison of dust
I'm here, the sexiest god is pain, just gimme the ball and chain
I'm here, falling pround and tall on my face, reaching grace within disgrace
I'm here, at the frontline of fools, share my flesh before it cools

Safety of the cages an the butcher's love.
They've held us down for thousands of years.
We are the despised, the cursed and the scum.
Imprisoned by their rules and their fears.
They said we're evil, and the flames will make us well.
But the cure has made us sick, can they tell?
And now we rise forevermore from the grief.
The lost! The damned!
The dead will rise for still some more.
Into their dreams.
The tribes of hell!
The dead will rise forevermore into their worth.
The lost! The damned!
The dead will rise on n' on, reborn.
Turn a rock, you'll find us.
The chains go to the deep.
We've become the wretched images of ourselves.
Our ways were mended so that we broke down.
But the machinations were left for us to pay.
They said we're evil, and the flames will make us well.
But no one should one made to suffer eternity in hell.
And now we rise forevermore from our grief.
The lost! The damned!
The dead will rise for still some more.
Into their dreams.
The tribes of hell!
The dead will rise forevermore into their worth.
The lost! The damned!
The dead will rise on n' on, reborn.
Find your scream!
Use your scream!

Assume a shape, take a wing.
An alien lover, superconducting.
On every moon and star,
I've gone too far.
[Chorus:]
I close my eyes, and I'm up there.
In the black skies and everywhere.
Bring ya sights to raise your hair.
THE PILOT, THE PILOT, THE PILOT
OF ALL DREAMS.
I've seen the wonders of the molten flesh.
The "Thing" and the "Fly" through "Predator's" eye.
At every quantum leap,
The terrors also creep.
[Chorus:]
I close my eyes, and I'm up there.
In the black skies and everywhere.
Bring ya sights to raise your hair.
THE PILOT, THE PILOT, THE PILOT
OF ALL DREAMS.
Time will take you to your grave, but still you remain.
The sum of what you were. Particles in flow.
Onward to void they go. Never free of pain.
The privilege of existence never let's you go.
[Chorus:]

God knows I love you
Meaning I love you as much as I can
How could you trust me
I should've said
I'm not the right kind of man
Don't wanna tell more lies
Don't wanna blind your eyes
We can't go on, our time has gone
Oh can't you see, oh can't you see
There is no return
Oh baby, no return
God knows it hurts me
To see how this betrayal of mine hurts you
I thought that this time
I wouldn't let you down but now I do
Don't wanna tell more lies
Don't wanna blind your eyes
Now it must be clear
You weren't even near
To my heart, lies from the start
There's no return
Oh baby, no return
You must bury your love deep
Don't let the painful cracks
Of broken heart show
But never turn cold
Tomorrow stays there always
So you'll never know
I won't tell more lies
I won't blind your eyes
But someone may and that's the way
Of no return

Screams falling out of the sky
Blackness encloses me
Strange visions flickering to die
Twisted shape of eternity
Freezing wind bites my flesh
Rips it off over the bone
Stranded in the night forever
Pain makes me scream and groan
I can no longer break the shields of my loneliness
I'm only waiting in the everlasting fortress of midwinter nights
Soul lost in anger and frustration
Darkness enters me
Ruins, decay and desolation
Are left from my world to be seen
Out in the snow with my ghosts
Howling in the woods with beasts
Blackhearted grief swells in me
Gone too far for anyone to reach
I can no longer break the shields of my loneliness
My name is forgotten, I'm only growing less
Won't you please let me in, I'll do no harm
Oh can't you see I'm in great pain
Won't you please let me in, there'll be no harm
My heart just can't bear this chain
Of midwinter nights
Screams falling out of the sky
Blackness encloses me
Strange visions flickering to die

It's how we think and how we move
And see our bodies changed.
The vibrant youth and endless love can be arranged.
Masters of the air and sea drunk with the flashlights.
At the gates of hell on the red carpet we spend our nights.
We can't tell the difference,
We've lost our destiny.
We can't tell the difference
Between magic and technology.
Seduces of the city left me drained and with infection.
The angels must yield or burn by the rules of rejection.
The lords in their highest spires, they will have to fall.
This One rises beneath them. Hungrier than all.
We can't tell the difference,
We've lost our destiny.
We can't tell the difference
Between magic and technology.
The lords in their mighty spires had better watch their feed.
The tide rises beneath them, the horde needs to eat.
We can't tell the difference,
We've lost our destiny.
We can't tell the difference
Between magic and technology.

The ropes want to fell your neck.
To embrace is good for dirt and wood.
Growing shadows with every light you stepped into.
They're coming for you, smothering the sun, life is done.
Before the skies come down.
You try to live and see.
Before the skies come down.
You try some more than me.
The stars have led me astray.
Beneath my feet the Earth just moved away.
Who changed the world, unhinged the time?
Orbits in decay, crushed by the black sun,
life was done.
Before the skies come down.
You try to live and see.
Before the skies come down.

There's a sign, there's a star,
it rises over the sea
There's a voice that calls in whisper
and it might set you free
The pain has a lesson to teach
and we always get taught
Every joy is a forbidden fruit
and we always get caught
Live hard, you can make it
Die hard, set yourself free
Live hard, you can make it
Your soul is a miracle
It glows brightly to my eyes
but you won't raise your stare
to the light beyond the skies
Don't you wanna learn, don't you wanna burn
don't you wanna find out
we still have time enough
to know what it's all about
Live hard, you can make it
Die hard, set yourself free
Live hard, you can make it
The days go by melting to a gray line
in the dead of the night there's a short relief
You gotta wake up, I've given you the sign
I've shown you the way, just take my hand
Live hard, you can make it
Die hard, set yourself free

I hear, I speak, counted the words all of my life.
I see, I dream, if world's a womb, I'd be the knife.
I run, I flee, your fingers just won't leave my head.
I hear you speak for those I left for dead.
I hear, I speak, the tongues are forked, the ears distort.
I see, I dream, your world's a horde against my fort.
I run, I flee, the vermin stalk within my walls.
I hear them speak their dirt within my halls.
Mother help your... UNDEAD SON
Let go of your... UNDEAD SON
Mother help your... UNDEAD SON
Let me go... UNDEAD SON
I walk, I'm dead, I'm slowly eaten from inside.
I walk this walk, been walking since I died.

I was crowned a king in a womb,
tore my mother apart at birth,
gnawed at my father's bones,
then gave them to the earth
Bowels of a grave turned loose,
spat out the one the reaper couldn't use.
I RULE!
I crawled into the moonlight.
The sky fixed me with its stare,
filled me with razorteeth
and covered me in hair.
Did you ever think that the stink
of the flesh I suck, would be you, sad fuck.
I RULE!
The holy insult at the face of all divine.
Purity of damnation is mine.
There's a place that I must find
in order to explode.
The hell pales beside me
as I spill my load.
Bowels of a grave turned loose,
spat out the one the reaper couldn't use.
Time to burn the inhuman torch.
Rip and slash, impale and scorch!

inhale from the barrel of my gun
swallow these words and be blown away
the spirits are here to fill me with nothing
there's no one here to keep them at bay
and I say...
no more cover-ups, no more scheming
I hear it coming kicking and screaming
the punishment, long due
the souls convulse together, I'll never be throung with you
the promises under the hammer of time
they're in pieces but you never heard them break
now the dreams are voided, the threats are real
come to an understanding with the mutual hate we feel
and I say...
no more...
I drink from the life of your soul
and laugh at the wraith punched with holes
you had the same idea, I'm sorry but I'm still here
so gimme the kiss of life and death my dear
I say...

Sound of falling water in the deserted halls
Red light dims to extinction as the darkness falls
Circuits blocked underground, the senility of mechanical brain
No one to stop the current madness, no one to share your pain
Hear that static cracking
Through your sleep
Eaten by corrosion
Without eyes you weep
Just a rose on the grave
Rose, rose on the grave
You cannot escape the dark dreams haunting you
You've died for thousand years hoping this time it would be true
They gave you the power, by the power you were deceived
You fulfilled the order, look what you have received
Radar eyes blinded by the ancient storm
Now your mind is capable only to deform
Just a rose on the grave

On the legs of lightning,
the storm rears in defeat.
Rising in vain once more with the sea.
Grey hand's reaching, cold under the swell.
Withered in the forge of our unbelief.
All gods breed, all gods die, all gods will pay.
We'll exorcise all of these fathers of lies.
Burned holes for eyes behold the pyre of gods.
Uncrusaders, heretics to all faith.
No slavery beyond death!
Every idol will feel our scourge.
They can't hold us in this life.
All gods breed, all gods die, all gods will pay.
We'll exorcise all of these fathers of lies.
Burned holes for eyes behold the pyre of gods.
The ransom of your soul must be paid for your dead.
The way out for us all: We'll take the jailer's head.
All gods want, all gods need. Their sacrifices must bleed.
All gods breed, all gods die, all gods will pay.
We'll exorcise all of these fathers of lies.

don't wake this child of lies, he sleeps here in me
now I'm just his dream
he sees things with my eyes, things he knows that can't be
floating in my mindstream
he's been betrayed by the truth, led astray by answers
bruised by all that's real
so sleep my sorrowed youth while I stand guard here
afraid you'll never heal
I wouldn't mind if he was lost
he wouldn't mind if I was free
I wouldn't mind to take the cost
strike me blind and leave me be
you are me
I wouldn't mind if he was lost
he wouldn't mind if I was free
I wouldn't mind to take the cost
strike me blind and leave me be

space, time and rocketjuice, suck at the bittersweet taste
light, sound, they mutate, paradoxic waste
face, grime, the ingrained humor, the black laughter drowns it all
flight, bound for event horizont, head on to the fall
got a crush on you
you'll do some time here
I will pull you through and hold you near
love binds all, it's true
I'm a dark star burning
blue sky, endless spiral, get dizzy, it's all right
these ways of your flesh are too small and thight
you, the final joining, never need another one

They knew about the curse but didn't mind
Blew up my tomb, robbed gold under my sign
I have to follow them for my pride
I'll get the peace, when they are mine
They will be dead, I'll be free
There is nothing that could save them from me
I'll wait in the shadows, those they can not flee
The death is only a way to feel
The Pharao's revenge
They don't see my shade near by the door
Now it's time to take what I have come for
I'll burn their souls for shaming my sign

blood is thicker than water but nothing beats oil
take the torch to the oil and let the blood boil
take a look at the sorry state of this place, what is it coming to
but don't dare look down on me, I've got it in for you
crawlspace, we've gotta stand up
crawlspace, the only thing we've got is just
crawlspace, we could use some help
crawlspace, help doesn't come cheap these days
walk face down through the future warxone
the Russian mob is bringing lead to the bone
there's racist vigilante, he's on his kicking crusade

We sent the word ou our coming.
We've done it many times before.
Arrive the day of our choosing.
We're hungry, we're back for more.
Tear your souls from their bodies and...
...Fall across the sky into the fear.
Cold star flies by, now we're here.
We sent the word of our coming.
You've heard it many times before.
Rise in the name of our legion.
Prepare the feast of slaughter and war.

Change over the suit of flesh.
Can't touch my mind with all their poisons.
Take over the white padded space.
Imprisoned spirit stays in full motion.
Hurry not endless time.
Convulsions, my bones crack.
Cannot break, will not bend.
Convulsions, fade to black.
Orgastic 'til the end.
Stay over here with me.
Some day I'll walk out the wearing your face.
Worry not, patience be.
Convulsions, my bones crack.
Cannot break, will not bend.
Convulsions, fade to black.
Orgastic 'til the end.
Convulsions, migraine head.
Insides are twisting free.
Convulsions, soiled my bed.

Behind all the empty glitter the city's a painted whore.
A mother with a concrete womb for the zombie horde.
Juices from the flesh of the living are bled to sewers.
If we gave thoughts, they are harnessed to feed the hive.
Messenger of gods
Where's the lightning, where's the thunder?
Messenger of gods
Where's the word and where's the fire?
Ooh! Where is the messenger of gods?
We need a messenger of gods.
In here just 1. equals absolutely nothing.
The machines know you, your face and your life.
Death, escape, that's why boneyards have fences.
Go read your e-mails. Junk comes to junkies.

Blinded in the land of the one-eyed.
Took a walk the day I died.
I'm a dream in a clutch of nightmares,
a coward who dares.
Afloat in the dirt underground,
the singer and the sound.
I'm the voice and the word, the prayer.
Suffocated by air.
They told me fire would burn,
but it doesn't matter anymore.
The wound in my back,
the best place for your knife to turn.
But now I know it's PAINLESS.
Pushing through the rock of future.
Still drowning in the past.
The mighty icon of stubbornes.
The iconoclast.
All skin and bones.
The flesh is just dead.
I, I, I, I grow fat with hatred.
I know pressure will blow.
Don't get caught in the blast.
From the dark into the black.
Throwbacks always have to go.

I'm the wind, I'm the snow
taste me with the tip of your tongue
I need your heat
and if I have to steal it, I'll do it gently
there's no shame
my words are sweet
I've been sucking on sore hearts
knelt by the cold mountais on a starlit night
I've watched the people of this earth
seen their love, their dreams
seen them losing sight
there's a world of ice within me
a kiss is all I need and it grows in you
pregnant with all that's lost
a flower of the moon
a dream that shouldn't come true
no sorrier villain, a lover more sinister
but this one here
all of our regrets will be put away soon

Prayer ain't no key.
Words aligned to make a puzzle of mind.
Never meant to make you free.
Prayer, insanity.
You compete for the never complete.
And it just won't make you see.
Pick your god from the lot, choose your stimulations.
More down there where they came from,
drunken revelations.
From the shadows of time,
the dead are singing their lies.
Their dirt is in your eyes,
no one who believes dies.
From the shadows of stones,
laughter of their rattling bones.
Their dirt will cover your eyes,
no one who believes dies.
Prayer, masked devilry.
Under the yoke of a cosmic joke.
And you just can't let it be.
Pick your god...

I may no longer be your friend
but this much I know.
I'm still me.
Away you turn if you are scared.
Walk into the black.
Yeah, I'm still me.
You, forgotten you, forsaken you, forever you!
You had the nerve to say,
that I've lost the way.
I'm still me.
After losing sanity,
together you and me,
guess who still walks free. It's not...
You, forgotten you, forsaken you, forever you!
This anger, with hunger.
You've chosen to hold on
to your bitter needs.
You lost yourself somewhere.
Blamed me for not being there,
not loving a stranger, that was...
You, forgotten you, forsaken you, forever you!

The skies are open, smell of a danger in the air
We ride in the northwind over the mountains without a care
Adventures calling beyond the faraway stars
The battles has been won, falling enemies ships on fire
Diving through the void, the wings are spread to take us higher
No place to call home in underworld or sky
Living on the edge, looking danger into the eye
Flying towards the stars so bright
Straight into the heart of the night
Wings of darkness carrying the spirits of us
The skies are open for atomic Vikings to roam
And when the quest is ended, Vallhalla will then be our home
No place is safe from us in underworld of sky

Oh, I see your face as if in a dream.
Eyes where the shadows drown.
Frozen in a frown.
And I feel like paper burning free.
The wind is shattering me.
I'm the sky, I'm the sea.
Walk for now.
Endless days alive somehow.
Staring, dreaming, cold rain, skin steaming.
Just some fog in my eyes.
Tides in my blood follow the pale moon
drawing my soul to the skies.
Standing here, where a dream once had a home.
Emptiness now calls,
where hope crumbled with the walls.
And I feel like dust, lighter than air.
Winged by the smallest prayer.
Destination anywhere.
Walk for now.
Endless days alive somehow.
Keeping pace.
Staring, dreaming, cold rain, skin steaming.
Just some fog in my eyes.
Tides in my blood follow the pale moon
drawing my soul to the skies.
Stars, they're skywide, forever burn.

the pround son of proud fathers, the feared and fearless me
soldier of harmageddon, I was born to fly free
now they see a wasted resource, I'm banished, I'm scorned
lonely in my rusty shell a restless mind hellspawned
warhead...
they've marched with banners and they've torn down the wall
onware to new tomorrow, it illuminates them all
I was left anone to sulk in ther rift they had to heal
forgotten threat still lives on in this body of steel
warhead...
they say they'll make a deal, trying to pull the very last fang
they think that I'm asleep but I'm ready to make a bang
they thought to guar against the coming of the judgement day
I'll just say let there be light and there'll be hell to pay
warhead...
nothing really maters now, the weak they just complain
do they thin their lives somehow have any worth to gain?
naked in the blast like flies, they'll leave an oily stain

Hundred lashes!
-The battles are fought outside.
Count your blessings!
-The war is in the head.
Hundred lashes!
-Try to suffer less than learn.
Count your blessings!
-I try to be fair with both.
Hundred lashes!
-Walk proud to the pole.
Count your blessings!
-The seconds are really short.
Hundred lashes!
-Don't forget how to breathe.
Count your blessings!
-They'll carry you away.
I won't stand your cowering.
Your selfpity disgusts me.
And here you're just wallowing in you feces.
You're a traitor...to your species.
I want my secrets kept.
The hand's hard for the curious.
Iron grip, the whip flies furious!
I won't stand...
You're a traitor...to your species.
I want my secrets kept.

The night falls in the forest and the light fades away
The wind cries over the snowy plains as I wait for another day
The circles of thought don't turn
The candles cease to burn
I'm left alone the darkness that fills my heart
I hear kind of weeping, small voice but a great pain
The pool of my soul fills with tears that come in rain
There's no one to save the light
But you, who cast me into the night
There is no rescue from the state in which I am now
Just because of you I've come to know them all
I have become one of the things that crawl at night
The frost grows on your window at the touch of my icy fingertips
I come to give you a kiss to suck the warmth from your lips
And I just slip away
As the night turns into a new day

I've seen the marvels of the molten flesh
I've smelt the wired nerves burn
I've been at the barriers of endless time
I've felt the knives of pleasure turn
the bloodless wounds pulsing with energy
crack myself open, I'll have to set it free
in me... the scourger
there are things I never thought I would see
the shredded one will say all right? the scourger
the better me fell to the blight, I was cursed anyway
I've ripped my nails climbing the razorwalls
I've grown new ones of steel
I've skipped the conscience and it's nagging calls
I've thrown over th unreal
the third eye, the lizard mind cries victory

I've never ceased to wonder
at the strangeness of my days
Cruelty and tenderness hand in hand
interlocking by mysterious ways
Sometimes I've seen beyond the scape of our dreams,
beyond the gold at the rainbows end
and I've seen empitiness striving to be filled
a plain longing for a friend
I've been hanging on here, dreaming of the other side,
sometimes I've been so near, near the invisible hand
We are born to the times that change so fast,
and we can't trust the way we were feeling
The need for truth is strong within us all,
but so many times we'll face a hidden meaning
So many have fallen to insanity,
thinking they could draw and cross the line
leaving others behind and ending up believing
in the exclusive right for the grand design
I've been hanging on here, dreaming of the other side,
sometimes I've been so near, near the invisible hand
Ive seen the light that shines on, flashing through the other side
fraction of a second then gone back to the invisible hand
Where am I going, where did I come from,
Ive been longing for your freedom, please

I can feel the poison
In the pulse pounding straight trough my head
Feel the fever, its in me, in this heart of lead
I can feel some strange things
Crawling their way under my skin
The line I'm hanging on wears dangerously thin
Now I can see, your love twisted me,
you'll never be free of me,
I'll see the colour of your blood
The colour of your blood on my hands
The colour of your blood
The face of the moon turns colder,
a grinning skull with bleeding eyes
knowing that it ain't real, I'm glad to believe in lies
The death comes so tempting
My hand feels so good holding some steel
The reason why you can't live, the hurt you made me feel
Now I can see, what your love did to me,
you'll never be free of me,
I'll see the colour of your blood
I'm a man with no flesh
Your betrayal stripped me to the bone
But I won't be resting until your life is blown
Now I can see, what your love did to me,
you'll never be free of me,

Did you see the black snow falling?
Did you see the grey sky bleed?
Have you felt the fear that's growing?
Born out of a senseless greed
This world keeps on turning
For us? I don't know
Down here too few are learning
too few and a way too slow
Blinded led by the chains held by whoever that reigns
Innocence lies with the dead, out with their remains
Did we want to be the chosen
No, forced by the creed
Did we have to be the chosen
No, what do we need, do we smile or bleed
There are those who stare with a snake eyes
asking to join their cause
Lost souls who live to hypnotize
tricked themselves by a devious force
Starnger may walk the cold streets
of your hometown
Hand on his heart that never beats,
wearing a barbed wire crown
Is the truth for us to say, are we been taken away
When the world turns black, the price will be ours to pay
Did we want to be the chosen
No, forced by the creed
Did we have to be the chosen
No, what do we need
Can you place your trust in this world unjust
Affections misplaced expose it twofaced
Hearts of stone, ice cold, stupidity so bold
It's easy to drown, the highest walls come down...

We live with rage, conditioned and natural, that is all
Another closed page, that's where all these victories will fall
This deadly lure, the eerie song of the sirens, we hear the call
We are the cure, we're worse than the disease
because we see what we've ceased to be, that is all
These times walk over us ripping us off the frames
Only wind stays to whisper all those forgotten names
of those who shared our tears of steel
Mercenary instinct, inbread domination ready to flare
Our pain is distinct, supressed with an effort of will
but always there
Blood crusted heands, signals of fear which we almost can't bear
The balckened sands from a thousand holocausts, we are to blame,
we drown with our shame and we don't care
We walk with madness which we are to enforce
We will be back again on our lonely course
Once again we'll rape with tears of steel
We're made of power which no one can deny
Our humanity was just another lie

You weren't bor out of time, the time went out on you
Stare into the mirror, see yourself broken in two
The ropes you thought you held are at your neck
biting into your skin
There's no compromise, dying is a way of living
Who do you blame for the pain that's been inflicted
Four walls around, you inside, but the air's been evicted
Living in the sunken graves, corpses for company
Sunken graves
Sunken graves, groundworks of misery
Sunken graves
What's behind your downfall? Too many bolted doors
Do those who locked them see you walking on all fours?
Pride overridden by a feather, an easy prey
Here's a cruel joke: every dog has it's day
Feeding on crap has become an emptyheaded reflex
Here's your contract, read and weep
you signed it with an
Living in the sunken graves... Heartsoil of misery
You're trying to ignore your mouth that's filled with mud
Trying to get drunk from the bitter menstrual blood
The only transparent wall is the hardest to break trough
Who did this to ya, who? Nobody but you

I see the hill
scattered to horizons
They've haunted my dreams
for a long time
The bones of ancestors
lay unrestful
They're calling me
to their shrine
And I struggle
With the season before the snow
The ground is hard with ice
the road beckons, I'll follow
Home must be left
to know the longing
The toes will grow numb
from the frost
I used to know
where I was heading for
Somewhere, somehow
it just got lost
I'd give anything
for the signs in the sky
Wheels of fire wild at play
spinning, ascending
To learn that there's more than
just to live and die
Some love would be sweet
before the final ending
I will dream myself alive
awaiting light
The pilgrim will arrive
to the state of grace
Where the starved souls will revive
awaiting light
This pilgrim will arrive
to the state of grace
I'd give anything
for the signs in the sky
To know there's more
than just to live and die
I will dream myself alive
awaiting light
This pilgrim will arrive
to the state of grace
Where the starved souls will revive
awaiting light
This pilgrim will arrive
to the state of grace
I will dream myself alive
awaiting light
This pilgrim will arrive
to the state of grace
Where the starved souls will revive
awaiting light
This pilgrim will arrive
to the state of grace
To the state of grace

Oh iron, the taker of men
Gray glitter through the blood and rust
Your blade will fall again
Your spell will turn men into the dust
The spell of iron
Born from the heart of the earth
The spell of iron
Your death is promised by your birth
The spell of iron
Oh iron, you are a murder
You taste the life-force and eat it away
As we cross the lines of a border
We know that some of us will not see a new day
Oh iron, it is your bite
That drains our blood and gives us death
You give us the eternal night

Tonight the wind comes from afar
with a distant call
Scent of valleys and fields
in early fall
There's ache in my heart
a mystery deep within the bones
She lays beside me asleep
She sometimes softly moans
Everything I do, every word I say
they're solid by the light of day
The night fills with dreams
I wish them real
There is no deeper way to feel
Oh, to feel
Does she understand
if I'm distant and feeling lost
Hiding inside one's self
is not dishonest
My fingers are not crossed
sometimes I don't feel
as good or strong
as I would like to be
I'd bring peace to her heart
if I could find some also for me
Everything I do, every word I say
they're solid by the light of day
The night fills with dreams
I wish them real
There is no deeper way to feel
Ooh...

Hear this Holy word, let it burn the world.
Slaves must be abused, put to use, blackened blues.
Bloodsucker charisma, in thrall we're one and all.
Worthless, let 'em drown, take control, crush 'em down.
The light that bleeds out of the
Wrists of the madmen makes me
See I can only trust the dark.
The light that's bleeding out of
They're eyes will burn us with their mark.
I CANNOT SLEEP BUT IN THE DARK.
Husks of holy hate want you to dehydrate.
Madness they've followed through now hollows you.
Brought into battlefield angels disintegrate.
Sent in this place that'll crush you,
Maim you, break you, you too.
The light that bleeds out of the
Wrists of the madmen makes me
See I can only trust the dark.
The light that's bleeding out of
They're eyes will burn us with their mark.
I CANNOT SLEEP BUT IN THE DARK.
Walk the righteous road road and never stray.
There's only circles of hell to pay.
Be sure to send down
MANY BEFORE YOU AND YOU'LL BE OK.
The light that bleeds out of the
Wrists of the madmen makes me
See I can only trust the dark.
The light that's bleeding out of
They're eyes will burn us with their mark.

I've been fasting face to the dawn
from the desert of thoughs only prayers will cary on
I've been waiting knees in the sand
will there be time enough for me to understand?
I've been breathing the air of high pass
the cold reaches into my bones turning me to glass
I've been bleeding but the cup's not filled
I hope to see into it now, see my heart stilled
far and away from here I'd lie down to find some rest
something whispers in my ear, the hurt has found a place to nest
shining black... I see you now
shining black... you're made of steel
shining black...
I've been fighting the worm of despair
the hollowed me is losing strength, maybe I don't care
the demon whispers in my ear the hurt has found a home here

I've been living so long in a very short time
Who knows my face, who knows my name
they are changing almost day by day
and all I've got comes down in shame
I'm getting closer slippin' to the darkest side
How soon the party's gonna end
I'm getting closer slidin' out of the day
fallin' faster with every coin I spend
Shame
The time is flying with growing sense of decay
and I keep telling myself it's okay
I've been drowning with booze and dirty women
found no salvation, my head keeps on swimming
I'm getting closer slippin' to the darkest side
The wreckage is already in sight
I'm getting closer slidin' out of the day
Somehow I gotta find more will to fight
Shame
Ooh, it's sucking me in
the more I fight, the more it grips
Ooh, it's sucking me in

Please don't, don't hurt me this way
I can't go on
If there's nothing but yesterday
Please lord, I'm pleading on my knees
I'd search the skies for her
I'd cross the seven seas
I am breaking apart
The darkness spreads
From the shadow of my heart
There was no reason
No reason for us to depart
The mold is black
Like the shadow in my heart
So cold is this solitary disgrace
Am I losing my mind
The despair of my face
My heart behind a weeping door
Carries the wounds of love
Open, bleeding and sore
From the darkness
I hear your song twisting my mind
Laying me into the deepest grave
Poison so kind
I will be by your side
Out of the time stream
I'll hold the light
That shows the way

Just a few letters from the earth.
Corporate policies, corrupt politics.
Suckle the hate from birth.
Transparent fools with coloured views.
No god will take a side in this anthill war.
Got plenty of drones eager to take the fail.
I beleive that the Satan is dead.
And we race to take his place.
We have seen that the Satan is dead.
Rest in peace, we got your disease.
Put up a fence for me to look over.
The sheep are evil with the grass more green.
Got to have a barbecue.
I want my piece, the smoke and the grease.
No god will take a side in this anthill war.
Puppet at the front goes down, they put on one more.
(Chorus)
The empty throne awaits in hell, it won't be long.
'Til one will rise to claim the horns for one more head.
Ane we will feel no slightest change. It always hurts to burn.
But the business still stays cool.

The earth shook and the mighty angels wept
the brooms of fire sadly swept
In a flash of light all we knew was lost
no one was left to bear the cost
Parasites were fed, weak hearts had bled,
mediocres were lost between
In the end they all screamed and burned
the faulty ones laughed and died unseen
The darkness rules the molten graves alone,
where millions of fools lived in sin
All those who bowed to the unholy throne,
were to see the skull beneath the grin
Torches from hell let out their deadly scream
The demons cracked the blue sky with flames
Riding trough flesh and steel on a laser beam
ridding the unborn of their names
Iron stars in their mindless courses
corpses blown by the void
Thunder rolled with heavenly horses
as they crashed and were destroyed
The earth shook and the mighty angels wept
the brooms of fire sadly swept
Iron stars...
Voices of those who had to die in vain
can be heard echoing through the night
A useless replay of their endless pain
never finding their way to the light