B. S. Yeddyurappa
B.S. Yeddyurappa
25th Chief Minister of Karnataka
In office 30 May, 2008 – 31 July, 2011
Preceded by	President's rule
Succeeded by	D.V.Sadananda Gowda
Constituency	Shikaripur
24th Chief Minister of Karnataka
In office November 12, 2007 – November 19, 2007
Preceded by	H. D. Kumaraswamy
Succeeded by	President's rule
Personal details
Born	(1943-02-27) 27 February 1943 (age 69) Bookanakere, Mandya
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Spouse(s)	Late Mythradevi
Religion	Hinduism
Website	http://yeddyurappa.in
As of May 28, 2008 Source: [1]

Bookanakere Siddalingappa Yeddyurappa (Kannada: ಬೂಕನಕೆರೆ ಸಿದ್ಧಲಿಂಗಪ್ಪ ಯಡಿಯೂರಪ್ಪ, Born 27 February 1943^[1]) is an Indian politician and was the 25th Chief Minister of Karnataka. He is a popular leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and represents Shikaripura in the Karnataka legislative assembly. He became the Chief Minister of Karnataka after the BJP's hisctoric victory in the 2008 Karnataka Assembly election. He is the first person from the BJP to become the Chief Minister of a South Indian state.^[2] Yeddyurappa is a popular leader of the dominant Lingayat Community and is regarded as one of the very few leaders in Karnataka with a mass following^{[citation needed]}.

Personal life[link]

Yeddyurappa was born on 27 February 1943 in a village called Bookanakere in K.R.Pet taluk of Mandya district.^[3][4] His parents were Siddalingappa and Puttathayamma. They belonged to the Lingayat community. He was named after the presiding deity of a Shaivite temple built by the great saint Siddalingeshwara at Yediyur in Tumkur district.^[5] His mother died when he was four.^[2] He completed his Pre-University College education from PES college, Mandya.

In 1965, he was appointed as a first-division clerk in the social welfare department but instead shifted to Shikaripura where he joined as a clerk at Veerabhadra Shastri's Shankar rice mill. In 1967, Yeddyurappa married Mythradevi, the daughter of the rice mill owner.^[6] He later set up a hardware shop in Shimoga. Yeddyurappa has two sons, Raghavendra and Vijayendra and three daughters, Arunadevi, Padmavati and Umadevi.^[7] In 2004, his wife died due to cardiac arrest.^[8] In 2007, he changed the spelling of his name to its current spelling from the earlier "Yediyurappa" following the advice of his astrologers.^[9]

Political career[link]

Yeddyurappa's stint in public life began when he was appointed as Karyavaha (Secretary) of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's Shikaripur unit in 1970. In 1972, he was elected to the Shikaripura Town Municipality and was also appointed as the President of the Taluk unit of the Jana Sangh.^[7] In 1975, he was elected President of the Town Municipality of Shikaripura. He was imprisoned during the Emergency in India and lodged in the Bellary and Shimoga jails. In 1980, he was appointed President of the Shikaripura taluk unit of the BJP and later went on to become the president of BJP's Shimoga district unit in 1985. In 1988, he became the State President of the BJP in Karnataka. He was first elected to the lower house of the Karnataka Legislature in 1983 and has since represented the Shikaripura constituency six times. He has been a member of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth and Thirteenth Legislative Assemblies (lower house) of Karnataka. Following the 1994 state assembly elections, he became the Leader of Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. In 1999, he lost the elections but was nominated by the BJP to become a member of the legislative council (upper house) of Karnataka.^[1] Again, He was re-elected in 2004 and became the Leader of Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly during the chief ministership of Dharam Singh.

His first stint in power was when he helped Janata Dal (Secular) leader H. D. Kumaraswamy to bring down the coalition government headed by Dharam Singh and form an alternative government with BJP. An agreement was made between the JD(S) and BJP, which specified that H. D. Kumaraswamy would be the Chief Minister for the first 20 months, after which Yeddyurappa would become the Chief Minister for the remaining 20 months. Yeddyurappa became the Deputy Chief Minister as well as the finance minister in Kumaraswamy's Government. He was credited with presenting good Budgets and for initiating various welfare programs such as Bhagyalakshmi scheme, Bicycles for students, Ban on arrack and Farm loan waiver.

However in October 2007, when it was Yeddyurappa's turn to become Chief Minister, Kumaraswamy relinquish his post. This forced Yeddyurappa and all the ministers from his party to resign and on 5 October, the BJP formally withdrew the support to the Kumaraswamy government. Karnataka came under President's rule which was revoked on 7th November as the JD(S) and the BJP decided to bury their differences and this paved the way for Yeddyurappa to become the Chief Minister of Karnataka. Yeddyurappa was sworn in as the 25th Chief Minister of Karnataka on 12 November 2007. However, JD(S) refused to support his government over disagreement on sharing of ministries which resulted in his resignation as Chief Minister on 19th November 2007.

In Karnataka's 2008 Assembly elections, Yeddyurappa contested from Shikaripura against former Chief Minister S. Bangarappa of the Samajwadi Party. The Indian National Congress and JD(S) backed Bangarappa, but despite this, Yeddyurappa won the seat by a of more than 45,000 votes. He also led the BJP to a historic victory in the state and Karnataka became the gateway for the BJP in south India. He took the oath of office as Chief Minister on 30th May 2008.^[10]

His Government undertook many developmental works and also initiated various welfare schemes. The Global Investors Meet in 2010 brought in commitments for investment of Rs. 5 Lakh Crore. He also, gave much preferance to Kannada culture and language and also conducted a successful "Vishwa Kannada Sammelana" in 2011. Yeddyurappa gave a huge boost to friendly ties with neighbouring states when he invited Tamil Nadu Chief minister Karunanidhi for unveiling the statue of Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar in Bangalore followed by the unveiling of the statue of Kannada poet Sarvajna in Chennai. In December 2008, Yeddyurappa was conferred an Honorary Doctorate by Saginaw Valley State University, USA.^[11][12][13]

Although he was a popular leader, he had to face numerous revolts from with his party over his style of functioning^{[citation needed]}. He was also criticised for generously giving away huge sums of public money to religious institutions and temples, which however earned for him the support of the seers and the devout.

In November 2010, Allegations surfaced against Yeddyurappa that he had used his position as Chief Minister to favour his sons in the allotment of prime land in Bangalore.^[14] In response, on 5 February 2011, Yeddyurappa publicly declared his assets, and then challenged the opposition parties to find any "black money".^[15] However, the Karnataka Lokayukta ^[16] investigating the illegal mining case submitted its report ^[17] indicting Yeddyurappa for illegally profiteering from land deals in Bangalore and Shimoga,^[18] and also in connection with the illegal iron ore export scam in Bellary, Tumkur and Chitradurga districts of Karnataka.^[19] Following much pressure from the BJP central leadership,^[20] he announced his decision to quit.^[21] Finally, He resigned on 31st July 2011.^[22]

Exonerated involvement in mining scam[link]

Allegations were made against him that he had used his official position to favour his sons in the allotment of land in Bangalore. One acre of land at Rachenahalli in Bangalore was purchased by his family for Rs 40 lakh (approx US$ 95,000) and was re-sold to a mining company for Rs. 20 crore ($ 4.8 million), resulting a significant profit. ^{[23][24][25][26][27][28] [29]} To refute the charges, Yeddyurappa declared his assets estimated at Rs. 11 crore ^[30] – including 2.5 kg of gold and 76 kg of silver – to show that neither he nor his family members were involved in any financial irregularities. His assets were declared to be Rs. 1.82 crore in 2008, indicating a 500 % increase in two years. ^[30][31]

Political drama continued in the State after he challenged his rival H.D.Kumaraswamy to swear in front of Lord Manjunatha at Dharmasthala over the graft issue when Kumaraswamy claimed that the Chief minister had tried to buy peace with him. Although Kumaraswamy accepted the challenge, the whole Dharmasthala show down turned out to be a flop show^{[32][33][34][35]} after Yeddyurappa backed of following the advice of his party national president, Nitin Gadkari, who was concerned with the mixing of temples with politics. ^[36]

In January 2011, two lawyers of the Karnataka High Court Sirajin Basha and K N Balraj approached the Governor seeking his permission to prosecute Chief minister Yeddyurappa and the Governor H.R. Bhardwaj sanctioned their request. ^[37]

The Lokayukta report submitted on 27 July 2011 stated that there is sufficient evidence to indict Yeddyurappa and recommended his prosecution under the Prevention of Corruption Act over various land deals.^[38] In addition, it also stated that there is evidence to prove that he had granted illegal mining licenses to mining companies and benefited through them. ^[39]

The Lokayuta Report caused demands from within his party for his resignation, which he initially resisted.^[20][40] However, Following the submission of the Lokayukta report, he resigned on 31st July 2011. ^[41]

After accepting the Lokayukta report, Governor Bhardwaj again approved the prosecution of Yeddyurappa ^[42] and the Karnataka High Court also allowed the police to question him. ^[43][44]

Yeddyurappa was arrested^[45] on the evening of 15th Oct 2011, hours after an arrest warrant in two cases of corruption for illegally denotifying land in and around Bangalore.^[46][47] Later, He was granted bail on 8th November 2011 after spending 23 days in jail.^[48]

However in March 2012,the High Court of Karnataka quashed the FIR registered against him regarding the Mining scam. A division bench comprising Justices Bhakstavatsala and Govindaraju passed the order stating that "Suspicion cannot be a ground to tarnish the image and reputation of a person who is holding a Constitutional post. Even during the course of argument, a specific question was put to Lokayukta counsel to produce any material to connect the petitioner for alleged offences, but he was mum and did not indicate any favours shown by Yeddyurappa as the chief minister to any mining company".^[49] In May 2012, the Supreme Court, temporarily stayed the case on this matter and ordered an official CBI enquiry, to be completed within three months.^[50]

See also[link]

• List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka
• List of politicians in India charged with corruption

References[link]

External links[link]

• Yeddyurappa's personal Website

Henry Rider Haggard
Born	(1856-06-22)22 June 1856 Bradenham, Norfolk, England
Died	14 May 1925(1925-05-14) (aged 68) London, England
Occupation	Novelist, scholar
Nationality	British
Period	19th & 20th century
Genres	Adventure, fantasy, fables, romance, sci-fi, historical
Subjects	Africa
Notable work(s)	King Solomon's Mines, Allan Quatermain Series, She: A History of Adventure
Influences Robert Louis Stevenson,
Influenced Edgar Rice Burroughs, C.S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Robert E. Howard, Carl Jung, Joseph Conrad, Henry Miller, Rudyard Kipling, George Lucas,
Signature
www.riderhaggardsociety.org.uk

Sir Henry Rider Haggard, KBE (22 June 1856 – 14 May 1925) was an English writer of adventure novels set in exotic locations, predominantly Africa, and a founder of the Lost World literary genre. He was also involved in agricultural reform around the British Empire. His stories, situated at the lighter end of Victorian literature, continue to be popular and influential.

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Henry Rider Haggard, generally known as H. Rider Haggard or Rider Haggard, was born at Bradenham, Norfolk, the eighth of ten children, to Sir William Meybohm Rider Haggard, a barrister, and Ella Doveton, an author and poet. He was born into a Jewish family. He was initially sent to Garsington Rectory in Oxfordshire to study under Reverend H. J. Graham, but unlike his older brothers who graduated from various private schools, he attended Ipswich Grammar School.^[1] This was because^[2] his father, who perhaps regarded him as somebody who was not going to amount to much,^[3] could no longer afford to maintain his expensive private education. After failing his army entrance exam, he was sent to a private crammer in London to prepare for the entrance exam for the British Foreign Office,^[1] for which he never sat. During his two years in London he came into contact with people interested in the study of psychical phenomena.^[4]

South Africa, 1875–1882[link]

In 1875, Haggard's father sent him^[5] to what is now South Africa, to take up an unpaid position as assistant to the secretary to Sir Henry Bulwer, Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Natal. In 1876 he was transferred to the staff of Sir Theophilus Shepstone, Special Commissioner for the Transvaal. It was in this role that Haggard was present in Pretoria in April 1877 for the official announcement of the British annexation of the Boer Republic of the Transvaal. Indeed, Haggard raised the Union flag and read out much of the proclamation following the loss of voice of the official originally entrusted with the duty.^[6]

At about that time, Haggard fell in love with Mary Elizabeth "Lilly" Jackson, whom he intended to marry once he obtained paid employment in Africa. In 1878 he became Registrar of the High Court in the Transvaal, and wrote to his father informing him that he intended to return to England and marry her. His father forbade it until Haggard had made a career for himself, and by 1879 Jackson had married Frank Archer, a well-to-do banker. When Haggard eventually returned to England, he married a friend of his sister, (Mariana) Louisa Margitson in 1880, and the couple travelled to Africa together. They had a son named Jack (who died of measles at age 10) and three daughters, Angela, Dorothy and Lilias. Lilias became an author, edited The Rabbit Skin Cap and I Walked By Night, and wrote a biography of her father entitled The Cloak That I Left (published in 1951).

Haggard in England, 1882–1925[link]

Moving back to England in 1882 (according to H.d.R. the return was in autumn 1881 and they had been living in Newcastle, Natal), the couple settled in Ditchingham, Norfolk, Louisa's ancestral home. Later they lived in Kessingland and had connections with the church in Bungay, Suffolk. Haggard turned to the study of law and was called to the bar in 1884. His practice of law was desultory, and much of his time was taken up by the writing of novels, which he saw as being more profitable. Rider Haggard lived at 69 Gunterstone Road in Hammersmith, London, from mid 1885 to circa April 1888. It was at this Hammersmith address that he completed King Solomon's Mines (published September 1885).^[7] Heavily influenced by the larger-than-life adventurers he met in Colonial Africa (most notably Frederick Selous and Frederick Russell Burnham), the great mineral wealth discovered in Africa, and the ruins of ancient lost civilisations of the continent, such as Great Zimbabwe, Haggard created his Allan Quatermain adventures.^[8][9] Three of his books, The Wizard (1896), Elissa; the Doom of Zimbabwe (1899), and Black Heart and White Heart; a Zulu Idyll (1900), are dedicated to Burnham's daughter, Nada, the first white child born in Bulawayo; she had been named after Haggard's 1892 book Nada the Lily.^[10]

Aid for Lilly Archer[link]

Years later, when Haggard was a successful novelist, he was contacted by his former love, Lilly Archer, née Jackson. She had been deserted by her husband, who had embezzled funds entrusted to him and he had fled, bankrupt, to Africa. Haggard installed her and her sons in a house and saw to the children's education. Lilly eventually followed her husband to Africa, where he infected her with syphilis before dying of it himself. Lilly returned to England in late 1907, where Haggard again supported her until her death on 22 April 1909. These details were not generally known until the publication of Haggard's 1981 biography by Sydney Higgins.^[11]

Public affairs and honours[link]

Haggard was heavily involved in reforming agriculture and was a member of many commissions on land use and related affairs, work that involved several trips to the Colonies and Dominions.^[12]He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1912 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1919. He stood unsuccessfully for Parliament as a Conservative candidate for the Eastern division of Norfolk in the 1895 summer election, losing by only 198 votes. The locality of Rider, British Columbia, was named after him.

Writing career[link]

Haggard is most famous as the author of the novels King Solomon's Mines and its sequel Allan Quatermain, and She and its sequel Ayesha, swashbuckling adventure novels set in the context of the Scramble for Africa (the action of Ayesha however happens in Tibet). The hugely popular King Solomon's Mines is sometimes considered the first of the Lost World genre.^[13] She is generally considered to be one of the classics of imaginative literature^[14] and with 83 million copies sold by 1965, it is one of the best-selling books of all time.^[15] He is also remembered for Nada the Lily (a tale of adventure among the Zulus) and the epic Viking romance, Eric Brighteyes.

While his novels portray many of the stereotypes associated with colonialism, they are unusual for the degree of sympathy with which the native populations are portrayed. Africans often play heroic roles in the novels, although the protagonists are typically, though not invariably, European. Notable examples are the heroic Zulu warrior Umslopogaas and Ignosi, the rightful king of Kukuanaland, in King Solomon's Mines. Having developed an intense mutual friendship with the three Englishmen who help him regain his throne, he accepts their advice and abolishes witch-hunts and arbitrary capital punishment. Three of Haggard's novels were written in collaboration with his friend Andrew Lang who shared his interest in the spiritual realm and paranormal phenomena.

Haggard also wrote about agricultural and social reform, in part inspired by his experiences in Africa, but also based on what he saw in Europe. At the end of his life he was a staunch opponent of Bolshevism, a position he shared with his friend Rudyard Kipling. The two had bonded upon Kipling's arrival at London in 1889 largely on the strength of their shared opinions, and the two remained lifelong friends.

Reputation and legacy[link]

Haggard's stories are still widely read today. Ayesha, the female protagonist of She, has been cited as a prototype by psychoanalysts as different as Sigmund Freud (in The Interpretation of Dreams) and Carl Jung. Her epithet "She Who Must Be Obeyed" is used by British author John Mortimer in his Rumpole of the Bailey series as the private name which the lead character uses for his wife, Hilda, before whom he trembles at home (despite the fact that he is a barrister with some skill in court). Haggard's Lost World genre influenced popular American pulp writers such as Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E. Howard, Talbot Mundy, Philip José Farmer, and Abraham Merritt.^[16] Allan Quatermain, the adventure hero of King Solomon's Mines and its sequel Allan Quatermain, was a template for the American character Indiana Jones, featuring in the films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.^[17][18][19] Quatermain has gained recent popularity thanks to being a main character in the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.

Haggard was praised in 1965 by Roger Lancelyn Green, one of the Oxford Inklings, as a writer of a consistently high level of "literary skill and sheer imaginative power" and a co-originator with Robert Louis Stevenson of the Age of the Story Tellers.^[20]

The first chapter of his book People of the Mist is credited with inspiring the motto of the Royal Air Force, formerly the Royal Flying Corps. ^[21]

Influence on Children's Literature in the 19th Century[link]

During the 19th century, Haggard was one of many individuals who contributed to children’s literature. Morton N. Cohen describes King Solomon’s Mines as “[a] story [that] ha[s] universal interest, for grown-ups as well as youngsters”.^[22] Haggard himself wanted to write the book for boys, but it would ultimately have an influence on children and adults around the world. Cohen explains that, “King Solomon’s Mines was being read in the public schools [and] aloud in class-rooms”.^[22]

Chronology of works[link]

• King Solomon's Mines (1885)
• Allan Quatermain (1887)
• She (1887)
• Cleopatra (1889)
• The World's Desire (1890); co-written with Andrew Lang
• Eric Brighteyes (1891)
• Nada the Lily (1892)
• Montezuma's Daughter (1893); co-written with Andrew Lang
• The People of the Mist (1894)
• The Brethren (1904)
• Ayesha: The Return of She (1905)
• She and Allan (1921)

Published works

• Cetywayo and his White Neighbours; Remarks on Recent Events in Zululand, Natal, and the Transvaal (1882);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Dawn (1884);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Witch's Head (1884); online version at Wikisource
• King Solomon's Mines (1885);
• online version at Project Gutenberg; Public domain Audiobook at LibriVox.org, and also at Audiobooksforfree.com
• Hunter Quatermain's Story (1885);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Long Odds (1886);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• She (1887);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Jess (1887);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Allan Quatermain (1887);
• online version at Project Gutenberg; Public domain Audiobook at LibriVox.org
• A Tale of Three Lions (1887);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Mr. Meeson's Will (1888);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Maiwa's Revenge (1888);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• My Fellow Laborer and the Wreck of the Copeland (1888)
• Colonel Quaritch, V.C. (1888);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Cleopatra (1889);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Allan's Wife (1889);
• online version at Project Gutenberg; Public domain Audiobook at LibriVox.org
• Beatrice (1890);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The World's Desire (1890); co-written with Andrew Lang;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Eric Brighteyes (1891);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Nada the Lily (1892);
• online version) at Project Gutenberg
• Montezuma's Daughter (1893); co-written with Andrew Lang;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The People of the Mist (1894);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Joan Haste (1895); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Heart of the World (1895); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia; Public domain Audiobook at LibriVox.org
• Church and State (1895)
• The Wizard (1896);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Doctor Therne (1898);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Swallow (1898);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• A Farmer's Year (1899)
• The Last Boer War (1899)
• The Spring of Lion (1899)
• Elissa; the doom of Zimbabwe (1899);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Black Heart and White Heart; a Zulu idyll (1900);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The New South Africa (1900)
• A Winter Pilgrimage (1901); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Lysbeth (1901);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Rural England (1902)
• Pearl Maiden (1903);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Stella Fregelius (1904); co-written with Andrew Lang;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Brethren (1904);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Poor and the Land (1905)
• Ayesha: The Return of She (1905);
• online version at Project Gutenberg; Public domain Audiobook at LibriVox.org
• A Gardener's Year (1905)
• Report of Salvation Army Colonies (1905)
• The Way of the Spirit (1906)
• Benita (1906);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Fair Margaret (1907);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Ghost Kings (1908);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Yellow God (1908);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Lady of Blossholme (1909);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Queen Sheba's Ring (1910);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Regeneration: An account of the social work of the Salvation Army (1910);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Morning Star(1910);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Red Eve (1911);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Mahatma and the Hare (1911);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Rural Denmark (1911)
• Marie (1912);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Child of Storm (1913);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Wanderer's Necklace (1914);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• A Call to Arms (1914)
• Allan and The Holy Flower (1915);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• After the War Settlement and Employment of Ex-Service Men (1916)
• The Ivory Child (1916);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Finished (1917)
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Love Eternal (1918);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Moon of Israel (1918);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• When the World Shook (1919);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Ancient Allan (1920);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Smith and the Pharaohs (1920);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• She and Allan (1921);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Virgin of the Sun (1922);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Wisdom's Daughter (1923); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Heu-Heu (1924); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Queen of the Dawn (1925); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• The Days of my Life: An autobiography of Sir H. Rider Haggard (1926); online version: volume 1 & volume 2 at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Treasure of the Lake (1926); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Allan and the Ice Gods (1927); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Mary of Marion Isle (1929); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Belshazzar (1930); online version at Project Gutenberg Australia

Publication dates unknown

• Stories by English Authors (as contributor);
• online version at Project Gutenberg

Allan Quatermain series[link]

Allan Quatermain orders his men to fire in this illustration by Thure de Thulstrup from Maiwa's Revenge (1888).

• King Solomon's Mines;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Allan Quatermain;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Allan's Wife & Other Tales;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Maiwa's Revenge: or, The War of the Little Hand;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Marie;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Child of Storm;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Allan and The Holy Flower;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Finished;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Ivory Child;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• The Ancient Allan;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• She and Allan;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Heu-heu: or The Monster; online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• The Treasure of the Lake; online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Allan and the Ice-gods; online version at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Magepa the Buck (included in the collection Smith and the Pharaohs);
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• A Tale of Three Lions;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Hunter Quatermain's Story;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Long Odds;
• online version at Project Gutenberg

Ayesha series[link]

• She;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Ayesha: The Return of She;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• She and Allan;
• online version at Project Gutenberg
• Wisdom's Daughter: The Life and Love Story of She-Who-Must-Be-Obeyed; online version at Project Gutenberg Australia

See also[link]

Biography portal

• Louis Henri Boussenard (1847–1911), French author of adventure novels, dubbed the French Rider Haggard during his lifetime.
• Alexandre Dumas, père (1802–1870), French author of historical novels of high adventure.
• Anthony Hope (1863–1933), English author of adventure novels such as The Prisoner of Zenda.
• P. C. Wren (1875–1941), was a British writer, mostly of adventure fiction. He is remembered best for Beau Geste, a much-filmed book of 1924 involving the French Foreign Legion in North Africa, and its sequels, Beau Sabreur and Beau Ideal.
• Mythopoeia (genre)

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} Haggard, H. Rider (1989). "Introduction and Chronology; by Dennis Butts. In:". King Solomon's Mines. Oxford University Press. vii–xxviii. 
2. ^ Haggard, H. Rider (2002). "H. Rider Haggard". King Solomon's Mines. Modern Library Paperback Edition. v.
3. ^ Haggard, H. Rider (2002). "H. Rider Haggard". King Solomon's Mines. Modern Library Paperback Edition. vi.
4. ^ H.d.R. [Memoir of Haggard]. In: Haggard, H. Rider (1957) Ayesha. London: Collins
5. ^ Haggard, H. Rider (2002). "H. Rider Haggard". King Solomon's Mines. Modern Library Paperback Edition. vi.
6. ^ Pakenham, Thomas (1992) The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876–1912, Avon Books, New York. ISBN 0-380-71999-1.
7. ^ Eagles, Dorothy, and Carnell, Hilary, eds. (1978) The Oxford Literary Guide to the British Isles, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-869123-8 p. 188
8. ^ Mandiringana, E.; Stapleton, T. J. (1998). "The Literary Legacy of Frederick Courteney Selous". History in Africa (African Studies Association) 25: 199–218. DOI:10.2307/3172188. JSTOR 3172188. 
9. ^ Pearson, Edmund Lester. "Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter XI: The Lion Hunter". Humanities Web. http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=s&p=l&a=c&ID=1144&o=. Retrieved 18 December 2006. 
10. ^ Haggard, H. Rider (1926) (txt). The Days of My Life Volume II. http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300141.txt. Retrieved 17 December 2006. 
11. ^ D.S. Higgins. Rider Haggard: The Great Storyteller. London: Cassell, 1981. ISBN 0-304-30827-7
12. ^ Cohen, Morton N. . "Serving the Empire." Rider Haggard His life and works. New York: Walker and Company, 1961. 239-285. Print.
13. ^ According to Robert E. Morsberger in the "Afterword" of King Solomon's Mines, The Reader's Digest (1993).
14. ^ http://www.gordon-fernandes.com/hp-lovecraft/Supernatural%20Horror%20In%20Literature%20by%20H_%20P_%20Lovecraft.htm H.P. Lovecraft has stated in his seminal essay Supernatural Horror in Literature: The romantic, semi-Gothic, quasi-moral tradition here represented was carried far down the nineteenth century by such authors as Joseph Sheridan LeFanu, Wilkie Collins, the late Sir H. Rider Haggard (whose She is really remarkably good), Sir A. Conan Doyle, H. G. Wells, and Robert Louis Stevenson
15. ^ Time on She: "Since then it has sold 83 million copies in 44 languages." (17 September 1965)
16. ^ See Lee Server, Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers (2002), pg.131.
17. ^ http://www.violetbooks.com/cinema-haggard.html "The entire Indiana Jones franchise – films, television's Young Indiana Jones, books, games, comics, merchandise, Disneyland adventure-ride, & Indy imitations such as Romancing the Stone – owes everything to H. Rider Haggard as filtered through lowbudget film serials (themselves frequently inspired by Haggard). Harrison Ford plays Indiana Jones as a hyperactive American version of Allan Quatermain".
18. ^ The Republic Serials were most strongly influenced by Sir Henry Rider Haggard's "white man explores savage Africa" stories, in particular King Solomon's Mines (1886)http://www.moongadget.com/origins/general.html
19. ^ http://www.superheroflix.com/news/NE0ab607ewPH26 "Based on a 1885 novel by Henry Rider Haggard, the exploits of Alan Quatermain have long served as a template for the Indiana Jones character. In this particular film, King Solomon's Mines (1950), Quatermain finds himself unwillingly thrust into a worldwide search for the legendary mines of King Solomon. The look and feel of Indiana and his past adventures are quite apparent here, and his new quest follows some very similar through lines. Like Quatermain, Jones is reluctantly forced into helping the Russians find the Lost Temple of Akator and the Crystal Skulls mentioned in the film's title. Both Quatermain and Jones are confronted by angry villagers and a myriad of dangerous booby traps. Look to King Solomon's Mines for a good idea on the feel and tone Lucas and Spielberg are after with their latest Indiana Jones outing".
20. ^ from the introduction to the 1965 Everyman's Library edition of the one-volume The Prisoner of Zenda and Rupert of Hentzau by Anthony Hope
21. ^ http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/theroyalairforcemotto.cfm
22. ^ ^{a b} Cohen, Morton N."The Tale of African Adventure." Rider Haggard: His Life and Works. New York: Walker and Company, 1961. 89-95. Print.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Henry Rider Haggard

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: H. Rider Haggard

Wikisource has original works written by or about: H. Rider Haggard

• H. Rider Haggard at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• H. Rider Haggard's She, Escape, CBS radio, 1948
• Works by H. Rider Haggard at Project Gutenberg
• Works at Project Gutenberg Australia
• H. Rider Haggard Quotation Collection
• The Books of H. Rider Haggard: A Chronological Survey
• Works by or about H. Rider Haggard in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Rider Haggard Society

v t e Works by Sir Henry Rider Haggard Fiction 1880s Dawn (1884) The Witch's Head (1884) King Solomon's Mines (1885) Hunter Quatermain's Story (1885) Long Odds (1886) She (1886) Jess (1886) Allan Quatermain (1887) A Tale of Three Lions (1887) Mr Meeson's Will (1888) Maiwa's Revenge (1888) Colonel Quaritch, VC (1888) Cleopatra (1889) Allan's Wife (1889) Beatrice (1889) 1890s The World's Desire (1890) Eric Brighteyes (1891) Nada the Lily (1892) Montezuma's Daughter (1893) The People of the Mist (1894) Joan Haste (1895) Heart of the World (1895) Church and State (1895) The Wizard (1896) Doctor Therne (1898) Swallow (1898) 1900s Lysbeth (1901) Pearl Maiden (1903) Brethren (1904) Ayesha: The Return of She (1905) The Way of the Spirit (1906) Benita (1906) Fair Margaret (1907) The Ghost Kings (1908) The Yellow God (1908) The Lady of Blossholme (1909) 1910s Queen Sheba's Ring (1910) Morning Star (1910) Red Eve (1911) The Mahatma and the Hare (1911) Marie (1912) Child of Storm (1913) The Wanderer's Necklace (1913) Allan and the Holy Flower (1915) The Ivory Child (1916) Finished (1917) Love Eternal (1918) Moon of Isreal (1918) When the World Shook (1919) 1920s The Ancient Allan (1920) Smith and the Pharaohs (1920) She and Allan (1921) The Virgin of the Sun (1922) Wisdom's Daughter (1923) Heu-Heu (1924) Queen of the Dawn (1925) Treasure of the Lake (1926) Allan and the Ice Gods (1927) Mary of Marion Isle (1929) 1930s Belshazzar (1930) Genres Fantasy Romance Science-Fiction Historical Fable Gothic Adventure Non-fiction Cetywayo and His White Neighbours (1872) A Farmer's Year (1899) The Last Boer War (1899) The New South Africa (1900) Rural England (1902) The Poor and the Land (1905) A Garderner's Year (1905) Report of Salvation Army Colonies (1905) Rural Denmark (1911) Regeneration (1910) The Days of My Life (Autobiography, 1926)

Authority control: PND: 11870057X | LCCN: n80010495 | VIAF: 9841446 | SELIBR: 189431 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Haggard, Henry Rider
Alternative names	Haggard, Rider
Short description	English novelist, scholar
Date of birth	22 June 1856
Place of birth	Norfolk, England
Date of death	14 May 1925
Place of death	London, England

Bokanakere Yeddyurappa Raghavendra (born August 16, 1973) is a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Shimoga constituency of Karnataka and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).^[2][3] In the 15th Lok Sabha elections, he contested against the former Chief Minister of Karnataka Sarekoppa Bangarappa in the Shimoga constituency and won by a margin of 52,893 votes.^[4] Raghavendra is also the Managing Trustee of PES Institute of Technology and Management, Shimoga.^[5] Raghavendra belongs to the Lingayat community, a dominant community in Karnataka. He is the son of Karnataka Ex-chief minister B. S. Yeddyurappa and late Maithradevi.

CBI raids Yeddyurappa's residence[link]

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) conducted searches at the Bangalore residence of former Karnataka Chief Minister BS Yeddyurappa as part of its ongoing investigation into an illegal mining case on 16th May,2012. Searches are also on at the residences of his two sons - B. Y. Raghavendra, who is the BJP MP from Shimoga, and BY Vijayendra -and also his son-in-law, Sohan Kumar. The main allegation against him is that as chief minister, he used his public office to grant undue favours to mining companies which, in turn, made huge "donations" to the Prerna Education Society run by his family members^[6]

References[link]

This article about a Bharatiya Janata Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Narendra Modi નરેન્દ્ર મોદી
Chief Minister of Gujarat
Incumbent
Assumed office 7 October 2001
Governor	Dr. Kamla Beniwal
Preceded by	Keshubhai Patel
Constituency	Maninagar
Personal details
Born	(1950-09-17) 17 September 1950 (age 61) Vadnagar, Gujarat, India
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Residence	Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Alma mater	Gujarat University[1]
Religion	Hinduism
Website	Narendra Modi
As of 9 March, 2009 Source: Government of Gujarat

Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: નરેન્દ્ર મોદી; born 17 September 1950^[1]) is the current Chief Minister of the Indian state of Gujarat. Born in a middle class family in Vadnagar, he was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife Heeraben.^[2] He has been a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) since childhood also having interest in politics since adolescence. He holds a master's degree in political science. In 1998, he was chosen by L. K. Advani, the leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), to direct the election campaign in Gujarat as well as Himachal Pradesh.

He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001, promoted to the office at a time when his predecessor Keshubhai Patel had resigned, following the defeat of BJP in the by-elections. His tenure as chief minister of Gujarat began on 7 October 2001, and he is the longest serving Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat.^[3] In July 2007 he became the longest serving Chief Minister in Gujarat's history when he had been in power for 2063 days continuously.^[4] He was elected again for a third term^[5] on 23 December 2007 in the state elections, which he had cast as a "referendum on his rule".^[6][7]

Personal life[link]

Modi was born in a middle class family in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of what was then Bombay State, India.^[8] During the Indo-Pak war in the mid sixties, even as a young boy, he volunteered to serve the soldiers in transit at railway stations.^[9] As a young man, he joined the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, a student organisation and was involved in the anti-corruption Nav Nirmāṇ ("Reconstruction") Movement. After working as a full time organiser for the organisation, he was later nominated as its representative in the Bharatiya Janata Party.^[10] As a teenager Modi used to run a tea stall with his brother.^[11] Modi completed his schooling in Vadnagar. He earned a masters degree in political science from Gujarat University.^[12]

Early activism and politics[link]

Modi was a pracharak (campaigner) in the RSS during his university years.^[12][13] He took up the challenging task of energising the party cadres in right earnest. In partnership with Shankersinh Vaghela, Modi set about creating a strong cadre base in Gujarat. In the initial period, Vaghela was seen as a mass leader, while Modi was recognised as a master strategist.

The party started gaining political mileage and formed a coalition government at the centre in April 1990. This partnership fell apart within a few months, but the BJP came to power with a two-thirds majority on its own in Gujarat in 1995. During this period, Modi was entrusted with the responsibility of organising two crucial national events, the Somnath to Ayodhya Rath Yatra (a political rally through India on a converted Toyota van) of L.K. Advani and a similar march from Kanyakumari (the southernmost part of India) to Kashmir in the North. After the exit of Shankarsingh Vaghela from the BJP, Keshubhai Patel was made Chief Minister while Narendra Modi was sent to New Delhi as a General Secretary of the Party.

In 1995, Modi was appointed the National Secretary of the party and given the charge of five major states in India. In 1998, he was promoted as the General Secretary (Organization), a post he held until October 2001. In 2001, Narendra Modi was chosen by the party to be the Chief Minister of Gujarat after the removal of chief minister Keshubhai Patel.

Tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat[link]

Personality[link]

Modi is known for leading a frugal lifestyle. He has a personal staff of just three. He is known to be a workaholic Chief Minister and an introvert.^[14] He ordered the demolition of many Hindu temples that were built without proper government sanction which earned him the ire of VHP^[11] He is a crowd puller as a speaker. Modi has also tried to turn his image from an Hindu Nationalist politician to an image of able administrator. He wears business suits and is improving his command over the English language.^[15]

Awards and recognitions[link]

Modi was awarded Gujarat Ratna by Shri Poona Gujarati Bandhu Samaj at Ganesh Kala Krida Manch on celebration of centenary year.^[16]

Development of Gujarat[link]

As a Chief Minister, Modi started various 'yojanas' or plans. This includes:

• Panchamrut Yojana,^[17][18][19] a five-pronged strategy for an integrated development of the state,
• Sujalam Sufalam, a scheme to create a grid of water resources in Gujarat in an innovative step towards water conservation and its appropriate utilisation.
• Krishi Mahotsav – agricultural research labs for the land
• Chiranjeevi Yojana – To reduce infant mortality rate
• Matru Vandana – Providing preventive and curative services under the Reproductive and Child Health Programme
• Beti Bachao – Campaign against female infanticide to improve sex ratio
• Jyotigram Yojana – Provide electricity to every village
• Karmayogi Abhiyan – To educate and train government employees
• Kanya Kelavani Yojana – To encourage female literacy and education
• Balbhog Yojana – Midday meal scheme for students to encourage school attendance from poor backgrounds.^[20]

Vibrant Gujarat[link]

Vibrant Gujarat is a biennial Global Investors' Summit held by the Government of Gujarat in Gujarat, India. The event is aimed at bringing together business leaders, investors, corporations, thought leaders, policy and opinion makers; the summit is advertised as a platform to understand and explore business opportunities in the State of Gujarat. the event has been held continuously since 2003.

Gujarat earthquake[link]

The biggest challenge which he had to face when he took over as the Chief Minister, was the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the areas affected by the massive Gujarat Earthquake of January 2001.

Gujarat violence[link]

On 27 February 2002, a train was burned by a Muslim mob in the town of Godhra leading to 59 deaths, most of them Hindu pilgrims and activists returning from the holy city of Ayodhya.^[21] Riots broke out in the state after it was suspected to be caused by Muslims, leading to 1180 deaths, many of them Muslims. Modi administration was accused of inaction over the riots and for encouraging them.^[15] As an aftermath of the riots, there were calls for Modi to resign from his position as chief minister of Gujarat. The opposition parties stalled the national parliament over the issue. Even Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and Telugu Desam Party (TDP), allies of the BJP, asked for Modi's resignation.^[22][23] Modi submitted his resignation to the Governor and recommended the dissolution of the 10th Gujarat Legislative Assembly.^[24][25] In the following state re-elections the BJP, led by Modi, won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.

In April 2009, the Supreme Court of India appointed a special team of investigators to look into the role Modi had played in the alleged anti-Muslim conspiracy.^[15] The team was appointed in response to the complaint of zakia Jafri, the widow of ex-Congress MP Ehsan Jafri, who was murdered in the riots.^[26] In December 2010, a Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team (SIT) in its report to the Supreme Court seeking answers pertaining to the Ehsan Jafri case, submitted that they had found no evidence against Narendra Modi.^[27]

However in February 2011, the Times of India reported that a confidential report from the SIT indicted Modi on several counts of alleged complicity in the Gujarat riots of 2002.^[28] Most other sources have noted that the SIT report does not indict Modi for the riots due to lack of evidence.^[29][30] The Indian Express too said the report did not find any Modi involvement in the violence, though it did accuse him of watering down the seriousness of the situation.^[31] According to the Hindu, the report not only found that Modi tried to water down the seriousness of the situation, but Modi also implicitly justified the killings of Muslims, and failed to condemn the attacks on them.^[32] The Bharatiya Janata Party demanded an investigation into the publication of the report, claiming the leak was politically motivated.^[33]

The apex court refused to pass any order on the case and referred it to the Ahmedabad magistrate for a decision.^[34] In April 2012, a Special Investigation Team found absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.^[35]. On 7 May 2012, a Supreme Court-appointed amicus curiae, Raju Ramachandran observed that Modi can be prosecuted under sections 153 A (1) (a) & (b), 153 B (1), 166 and 505 (2) of the Indian Penal Code for promoting enmity among different groups during the 2002 Gujarat riots.^[36]. However the amicus report has been criticised by the Special Investigation Team for relying heavily on the testimony of a perjurer^[37].

2007 elections[link]

Modi made a speech at Mangrol in which he justified the alleged fake encounter of Sohrabuddin Sheikh, During the election campaign In response to Sonia Gandhi's speech calling him a "merchant of death",^[38] and referred to Sohrabuddin's killing. For this speech the Election Commission of India, a constitutional body governing election proceedings in India, cautioned Modi as it considered it as indulging in an activity which may aggravate existing differences between different communities.^[39] Modi won the election and continued his post as the Chief Minister Of Gujarat, he won with majority of votes of 122 seats out of 182 total assembly seats.^[40]

Conflicts with Governor Kamla Beniwal[link]

On 25 August 2011 Gujarat Governor Kamla Beniwal appointed Justice R A Mehta to the post of Lokyukta of Gujarat, a critical anti-corruption post that had been lying vacant since 2003. Justice R A Mehta was recommended for the post by the Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court in June. Since Governor Beniwal had made this decision without consulting and getting the approval of the chief minister and his council of ministers, the action angered Narendra Modi and his BJP party.^[41]

This marked the beginning of a strained relationship between Modi and the Governor. On 25 September 2011, Narendra Modi accused the Governor of running a parallel government in the state supported by the Congress. He demanded that she be recalled back.^[42] He also later accused her of delaying the progress of bills by not passing them.

The decision of the governor in the appointment of R A Mehta was challenged in the high court by the Modi government. The two member high court bench gave a split verdict on 10 October 2011. Later, a third member upheld the governor's decision in January 2012.^[43]

Foreign visits[link]

As the Chief Minister of the Gujarat State, to attract foreign investment in the state, Narendra Modi has made visits to foreign countries, including China and Singapore.

Narendra Modi made his first China visit in 2007 to invite investors Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit,^[44] and second visit in November 2011. One month after the second visit to China, the Chinese Government released 13 Diamond traders from India jailed by the Shenzhen Customs, which the Chief Minister described as the consequece of his diplomatic efforts and statesmanship.^[45]

In 2005 Narendra Modi was denied of diplomatic visa to the United States, in addition to this visa denial, he was also revoked from his already granted B-1/B-2 visa.^[46]

Sadbhavna Mission[link]

In the late 2011-early 2012 Narandra Modi practised a series of fasts in the name of Sadbhavna Mission. The mission started on 17 September 2011 in Ahmedabad with 3 day fast with a view to strengthen the atmosphere of peace, unity and harmony in the state. He observed total 36 fasts in 26 districts, 8 cities including Ahmedabad.^[47]

Views and opinions[link]

Modi's position on terrorism[link]

On 18 July 2006 Modi delivered a speech criticising Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislations" like the Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the Centre to empower states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the blasts in Mumbai.^[48] Quoting Modi:

Narendra Modi has frequently commented that if the BJP came to power at the Centre, they will honour the 2004 Supreme Court judgement to hang Afzal Guru.^[49] Afzal was convicted of terrorism in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in 2004 by the Supreme Court of India and is in Tihar Jail.^[50]

On account of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, on Thursday 27 November, Narendra Modi held a meeting to discuss waterfront security along the coastline.^[51] The meeting decided to ask the Central government to urgently sanction the following:

• Increase the number of police stations along the coast to 50 (from 10)
• Increase the number of police to 1500 from 250
• 30 modern high-speed surveillance boats.

The 30 coastal boats, under construction at Goa's shipbuilding yard, will have the capacity to run at the speed of 25 nautical miles per hour. These are being manufactured under the Centre's Rs 58-crore grant for coastal security.^[51]

Views on criticism of Modi's governance[link]

In 2003, when Narendra Modi was asked about the conflict of his dreams for Gujarat's future with international criticism of his past activities, Modi said,^[52]

Modi's decision to link Gujarat's violence with the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the US drew criticism from some observers, who contrasted it with the then Deputy Prime Minister L K Advani's unpleasant apology for Gujarat in London a year ago.^[52] Modi responded to this criticism by The Guardian,^[52]

See also[link]

• Chief Minister
• Gujarat
• Bhartiya Janata Party

References[link]