An Argot ( /ˈɑrɡoʊ/; French, Spanish, and Catalan for "slang") is a secret language used by various groups—including, but not limited to, thieves and other criminals—to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. The term argot is also used to refer to the informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field of study, hobby, job, sport, etc.

The author Victor Hugo was one of the first to research argot extensively.^[1] He describes it in his novel, Les Misérables, as the language of the dark; at one point, he says, "What is argot; properly speaking? Argot is the language of misery."

The earliest known record of argot was in a 1628 document. The word was probably derived from the contemporary name, les argotiers, given to a group of thieves at that time.^[2]

Under the strictest definition, an argot is a proper language, with its own grammar and style. But, such complete secret languages are rare, because the speakers usually have some public language in common, on which the argot is largely based. Argots are mainly versions of other languages with a part of its vocabulary replaced by words unknown to the larger public. For example, the term is used to describe systems such as verlan and louchébem, which retain French syntax and apply transformations only to individual words (and often only to a certain subset of words, such as nouns, or semantic content words).^[3] Such systems are examples of argots à clef, or "coded argots."^[3]

Specific words can go from argot into common speech or the other way. For example, "piaf" was a Parisian argot word for "sparrow"; after being taken up by the singer Edith Piaf, this meaning became well-known in France and worldwide, and no longer serves the purpose of a secret language.

See also[link]

Look up argot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References[link]

1. ^ Schwartz, Robert M.. "Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century". Mt. Holyoke University. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html. 
2. ^ Guiraud, Pierre, L'Argot. Que sais-je?, Paris: PUF, 1958, p. 700
3. ^ ^{a b} Valdman, Albert (2000-05). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire". The French Review (American Association of Teachers of French) 73 (6): 1179–1192. JSTOR 399371.  (French)

Simon Abkarian
Born	(1962-03-05) 5 March 1962 (age 50) Gonesse, Val d'Oise, France
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1989–present

Simon Abkarian (born 5 March 1962) is a French-Armenian actor.

Early life and career[link]

Born in Gonesse, Val d'Oise, of Armenian descent, Abkarian spent his childhood in Lebanon. He moved to Los Angeles, where he joined an Armenian theater company managed by Gerald Papazian. He returned to France in 1985, settling in Paris. He took classes at the Acting International school, then he joined Ariane Mnouchkine's Théâtre du Soleil and played, among others, in L'Histoire terrible mais inachevée de Norodom Sihanouk, roi du Cambodge ("The Terrible but Unfinished Story of Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia") by Hélène Cixous, and in the House of Atreus four-play cycle by Aeschylus. The New York Times critic John Rockwell wrote on 27 March 1991 : "But the star of this cycle is Simon Abkarian. Mr. Abkarian takes on Agamemnon, Achilles, a chorus leader, a Messenger, Orestes and, as an almost giddy bonus, Orestes' aged Nurse. These are parts with a huge range, and Mr. Abkarian was master of them all. But the climax of "The Libation Bearers" -- Orestes crazed with madness as the Furies crow in vengeful triumph, trying to taunt the corpses of his mother and her lover back to life so he can kill them again, drenched in blood and reeling with madness—found Mr. Abkarian almost unbearably intense".

Abkarian left the Théâtre du Soleil in 1993. In 2001 he starred in Beast on the Moon by Richard Kalinoski, directed by Irina Brook, a play about the life of a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, a role which won him critical acclaim and the Molière Award for Best Actor.

His first roles in cinema were proposed by French filmmaker Cédric Klapisch, who asked him to play in several of his movies, notably in Chacun cherche son chat ("When the Cat is Away" (1996) and in Ni pour, ni contre (bien au contraire) in 2003.

He was featured in Sally Potter's Yes (2004), in which he played the lead role. Karen Durbin wrote in the New York Times on 8 May 2005 : "With his long, elegant body and lined, tragicomic face -- mournful eyes, a delicious smile under a canopy of dark mustache and a nose just short of Cyrano's, Mr. Abkarian is a visual feast. He's seldom still, his expressive features shifting from sad to sexy to sharply observant, and his loose-limbed body moving for the sheer pleasure of it".

Abkarian then played Mehdi Ben Barka in the thriller J'ai vu tuer Ben Barka by Serge Le Péron, about the kidnapping and the murder of the leader of the Moroccan opposition. He then played in Prendre Femme by Ronit Elkabetz which won him several acting awards. Playing different roles and in different genres, he was featured in the adventure Zaïna, cavalière de l'Atlas by Bourlem Guerdjou, in the comedy Le Démon de midi by Marie-Pascale Osterrieth. He has also appeared in Atom Egoyan's Ararat (2002), he was Albert in Almost Peaceful (2004) by French director Michel Deville, and he was featured in Your Dreams (2005) by Denis Thybaud. He was featured as Sahak in the thriller Les Mauvais Joueurs ("The Gamblers") (2005) by Frédéric Balekdjian. He played the role of villain Alex Dimitrios in the James Bond film, Casino Royale. The character is a government contractor and arms dealer working against Bond.

He has also been the voice of Ebi in the French version of the animated feature Persepolis. Abkarian played the role of the Armenian poet Missak Manouchian in The Army of Crime (2010) by Robert Guédiguian, a French filmmaker based in Marseilles, who is also of Armenian parentage.

He has also played Dariush Bakhshi, the Iranian Special Consul, in the BBC drama Spooks (MI-5). In 2012, he played the role of a drug-dealing Afghan army colonel in the Canal+ series Kaboul Kitchen.

Filmography[link]

• Ararat (2002), Arshile Gorky
• The Truth About Charlie (2002), Lieutenant Dessalines
• Aram (2002), Aram
• Yes (2004), He
• To Take a Wife (2004), Eliyahu
• Gamblers (2005) (directed by Frédéric Balekdjian)
• Le Voyage en Arménie (2006), Sarkis Arabian
• Casino Royale (2006), Alex Dimitrios
• The Serpent (2007), Sam
• Persepolis (2007), Mr. Satrapi - Marjane's father (voice)
• Rendition (2007), Said Abdel Aziz
• Shiva (2008) as Eliau
• Rage (2009), Merlin
• Secret défense (2009), Al Barad
• The Army of Crime (2009)
• Turk's Head (2010)
• Kaboul Kitchen (2012), Colonel Amanullah

References[link]

External links[link]

• Simon Abkarian at the Internet Movie Database
• Brief biography in French

Franco Donatoni (9 June 1927 – 17 August 2000) was an Italian composer.

Franco Donatoni.

Born in Verona, he started studying violin at the age of seven, and frequented the local Music Academy. Later he studied at the Milan Conservatory and Bologna Conservatory.

He taught composition at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, Milan Conservatory, and several other Academies and summer courses such as Darmstädter Ferienkurse and Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena.^{[citation needed]}

His compositions have been conducted by Claudio Abbado, Pierre Boulez, Bruno Maderna, Salvatore Accardo, Alain Meunier, and many others.^{[citation needed]}

At least three generations of composers studied with Donatoni. Among the Italian ones: Matteo D'Amico, Roberto Carnevale, Giulio Castagnoli, Ivan Fedele, Sandro Gorli, Luigi Manfrin, Giorgio Magnanensi, Luca Mosca, Riccardo Piacentini, Fausto Romitelli, Riccardo Nova, Giuseppe Sinopoli, Alessandro Solbiati, Piero Niro, Giovanni Verrando and among the foreigner ones: Gilles Bellemare, Pascal Dusapin, Javier Jacinto, Magnus Lindberg, Pierre Kolp, Javier Torres Maldonado, Katia Tiutiunnik, Juan Trigos.

One of Donatoni's notable students is the Finnish composer Esa-Pekka Salonen. Donatoni dedicated his final work, "Esa (in Cauda V)," to Salonen, after having dictated it to his assistants from his death bed, even using letters from Salonen's first name as part of the musical material. Prior to the work's world premiere with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Salonen briefly discussed the piece from the stage: while at first he was too sad to conduct it, he ultimately found joy and affirmation in the piece, noting, "my old teacher's message to me, something like 'Carry on, son, it will be OK.' "^[1][2]

Donatoni died in Milan in 2000, after dictating his last work, "Esa," to his students.

Works[link]

• Quartet no. 1, for string quartet (1950)
• Concerto for Orchestra (1951)
• Il libro dei Sette Sigilli, biblical cantata for soli, horn and orchestra (1951)
• Recitativo e allegro for violin and piano (1951)
• Concertino, for 2 horns, 2 trumpets, 2 trombones, 4 timpani and archi (1952)
• Concerto, for bassoon and orchestra (1952)
• Sonata, for viola solo (1952)
• Ouverture, for chamber orchestra (1953)
• Symphony, for string orchestra (1953)
• Cinque pezzi, for 2 pianos (1954)
• Divertimento, for violino e gruppo strumentale (1954)
• Musica, for chamber orchestra (1955)
• La lampara, ballet (1957)
• Tre improvvisazioni for piano (1957)
• Quartet no. 2, for string quartet (1958)
• Movimento, for harpsichord, piano, and 9 instruments (1959)
• Serenata, for female voice and 16 instruments, text from Dylan Thomas (1959)
• Strophes, for orchestra (1959)
• For Grilly ("improvvisazione per sette" [improvisation for seven]), for 7 performers (1960)
• Sezioni ("Invenzione per orchestra" [inventions for orchestra]) (1960)
• Doubles, for harpsichord (1961)
• Puppenspiel I, ("Studi per una musica di scena" [studies for theatrical music]) for orchestra (1961)
• Quartet no. 3, for four-channel tape (1961)
• Per orchestra (1962)
• Quartet no. 4 (Zrcadlo), for string quartet (1963)
• Asar, for 10 string instruments (1964)
• Babai, for harpsichord (1964)
• Black and white, for 37 string instruments (1964)
• Divertimento no. 2, for strings (1965)
• Puppenspiel II, for flute and orchestra (1966)
• Etwas ruhiger im Ausdruck, for flute, clarinet, violin, violoncello, and piano (1967)
• Souvenir ("Kammersymphonie op. 18" [Chamber Symphony op. 18]), for 15 musical instruments (1967)
• Black and white II "Esercizi per le dieci dita" [Exercises for the Ten Fingers] for keyboard instruments (1968)
• Estratto for piano (1969)
• Orts ("Souvenir n. 2"), for 14 instruments and narrator ad libitum (1969)
• Solo, for string orchestra (1969)
• Doubles II, for orchestra (1970)
• To Earle, for chamber orchestra (1970)
• Secondo estratto, for harp, harpsichord, and piano (1970)
• To Earle Two, for orchestra and instruments (1971)
• Lied, for 13 instruments (1972)
• Jeux pour deux, for harpsichord and positive organ (1973)
• Voci - Orchesterübung, for orchestra (1973)
• Espressivo, for oboe and orchestra (1974)
• Quarto estratto, for 8 instruments (1974)
• Duetto, for harpsichord (1975)
• Duo pour Bruno, for orchestra (1975)
• Lumen, for 6 strumenti (1975)
• Terzo estratto, for piano and 8 instruments (1975)
• Ash, for 8 instruments (1976)
• Musette per Lothar, for musette (1976)
• Algo, for guitar (1977) (Written for Ruggero Chiesa and Oscar Ghiglia)
• Ali, 2 Pieces for viola solo (1977)
• Diario 76, for 4 trumpets and 4 trombones (1977)
• Portrait, for harpsichord and orchestra (1977)
• Spiri, for 10 instruments (1977)
• Toy, for 2 violins, viola, and harpsichord (1977)
• Arie, for female voice and orchestra, texts by Omar Khayyam, Renato Maestri, Fray Luis de León, Tiziana Fumagalli, Hafiz (1978)
• De Près, for female voice, 2 piccolos and 3 violins (1978)
• Ed insieme bussarono, for female voice and piano (1978)
• About..., for violin, viola, and guitar (1979)
• Argot, for violin (1979)
• Marches, for harp (1979)
• Nidi, for piccolo (1979)
• Clair, for clarinet (1980)
• L'ultima sera, for female voice and 5 instruments, text by Fernando Pessoa (1980)
• Le ruisseau sur l'escalier, for violoncello and 19 performers (1980)
• The Heart's Eye, for string quartet (1980)
• Fili, for flute and piano (1981)
• Small, for piccolo, clarinet, and harp (1981)
• Tema, for 12 instruments (1981)
• Feria, for 5 flutes, 5 trumpets an organ (1982)
• Lame, for violoncello (1982)
• In cauda (in three movements), for choir and orchestra (1982–1986),
• Abyss, for low female voice, bass flauto in C, and 10 instruments, text by Susan Park (1983),
• Ala, for violoncello and contrabass (1983),
• Alamari for violoncello, contrabass, and piano (1983),
• Diario '83 for 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, and orchestra (1983)
• Lem, for contrabass (1983)
• Rima, for piano (1983)
• She for 3 soprani and 6 instruments, text by Susan Park (1983)
• Symphony, op. 63 ("Anton Webern"), for chamber orchestra (1983)
• Françoise Variationen, for piano (1983–1996),
• Atem, opera in two movements and an intermezzo, text by Brandolino Brandolini d'Adda, Tiziana Fumagalli, Renato Maestri, and Susan Park (1984)
• Cadeau, for 11 performers (1984)
• Darkness for 6 percussionisti (1984)
• Ombra for contrabass clarinet (1984)
• Ronda for violino, viola, violoncello, and piano (1984)
• Omar for vibrafono (1985)
• Sextet, for 2 violins, 2 violas, and 2 violoncellos (1985)
• Still for soprano leggero e 6 strumenti (1985)
• Eco for orchestra da camera (1985–1986)
• Arpège, for 6 instruments (1986)
• Refrain, for 8 instruments (1986)
• Ave, for piccolo, glockenspiel, and celesta (1987)
• Flag, for 13 instruments (1987)
• O si ride for 12 solo voices, tesxt by Brandolino Brandolini D'Adda (1987)
• A Françoise, for piano (1988)
• Cinis, for female voice and bass clarinet, testo di Gaio Licinio Calvo (1988)
• La souris sans sourire, for string quarteti (1988)
• Short, for trumpet in C (1988),
• Cloches, for 2 pianos, 8 wind instruments, and 2 percussionists (1988–1989)
• Blow, for wind quintet (1989)
• Ciglio for violin (1989)
• Frain, for 8 instruments (1989)
• Hot for sopranino or tenor saxophone and 6 performers (1989)
• Midi, for flute (1989)
• Soft, for bass clarinet (1989)
• Ase (Algo II), for female voice and guitar (1990)
• Bok, for bass clarinet and marimba (1990)
• Chantal, for solo harp, flute, clarinet, and string quartet (1990)
• Cloches II, for 2 pianos (1990)
• Het, for flute, bass clarinet, and piano (1990)
• Holly, for cor anglais, oboe, oboe d'amour, and 13 instruments (1990)
• Marches II for solo harp, 3 female voices ad libitum, 12 instruments, and 3 percussionists (1990)
• Rasch, for 4 saxophones (1990)
• Spice (Ronda n. 2) for violino/viola, clarinet in B-flat/E-flat clarinet, violoncello, and piano (1990)
• Cloches III, for 2 pianos e 2 percussionisti (1991),
• Madrigale, for 4 choirs of white voices and 4 percussionists, text by Elsa Morante (1991)
• Refrain II, for 11 performers (1991)
• Aahiel, for mezzosoprano, clarinet, vibraphone, marimba, and piano, anonymous text (1992)
• An Angel within my Heart for female voice, 2 clarinets, and string trio, text by Susan Park (1992)
• Concerto Grosso, for orchestra and 5 electronic keyboards (1992)
• Feria II, for organ (1992),
• Feria III, for organ (1992)
• Jay, for piano, 2 trumpets, 3 horns, and 2 trombones (1992)
• Late in the Day (Ronda n. 3), for soprano, flute, clarinet, and piano, text by Michael Riviere (1992)
• Mari for marimba (1992)
• Mari II for 4 marimbas (1992)
• Nidi II, for tenor recorder (1992)
• Scaglie, for trombone (1992)
• Sincronie, for piano with accompaniment of a solo violoncello (1992)
• Sweet, for tenor recorder (1992)
• Algo II, for 2 guitars (1993)
• Ciglio II, for violine and flute (1993)
• Concertino no. 2, for 5 electronic keyboards (1993)
• Refrain III, for 14 performers (1993)
• Small II, for flute, viola, and harp (1993)
• Sweet Basil, for trombone and big band (1993)
• In cauda II, for orchestra (1993–1994)
• Ciglio III, for violin and piano (1994)
• Flans, per coloratura soprano and 9 instruments, text by François Villon (1994)
• Portal, for clarinet in B-flat, bass clarinet, E-flat clarinet, and orchestra (1994)
• Puppenspiel III for piccolo, flute, alto flute in G, and 14 performers (1994)
• Serenata II for 5 instruments (1994)
• Sincronie II for violoncello, piano, and 7 instruments (1994)
• Alfred, Alfred opera in seven scenes and six intermezzi, text by the composer (1995)
• Algo III for guitar and 23 performers (1995)
• Cinis II, for bass clarinet, marimba and percussion (1995),
• Duet no. 2, for 2 violins (1995,
• Fanfara, for brass (1995)
• Incisi, for oboe (1995)
• Luci, for flute in G (1995)
• Rasch II for 4 saxophones, vibraphone, marimba, percussion, and piano (1995)
• Triplum, for flute, oboe, and clarinet (1995)
• Algo IV for 13 instruments (1996)
• In cauda III, for orchestra (1996)
• Lame II, for 8 violoncellos (1996)
• Lem II, for contrabass and 15 instruments (1996)
• Luci II, for bassoon and horn (1996)
• Refrain IV, for 8 strumenti (1996)
• Till, for corno (1996)
• Al, for mandolin, mandola, and guitar (1997)
• Che, for tuba (1997)
• Feria IV, for accordion (1997)
• Luci III, for string quartet (1997)
• Tell, for cor anglais (1997)
• Cerocchi 70 for clarinet, violoncello, and piano (1998)
• Elly, for clarinet, violoncello, and piano (1998)
• Fire (In cauda IV), for 4 female voices and orchestra, text by Jack Beeching (1998)
• Poll, for 13 performers (1998)
• Clair II, for clarinet (1999)
• Prom, for orchestra (1999)
• ESA (In cauda V), for orchestra (2000)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Biography by David Wright [since removed by MusicWeb International!?]
• Obituary in the Musical Times
• Recording of "Arpège", for ensemble.
• Excerpts from sound archives of Donatoni's works.
• (French) A biography of Franco Donatoni, from IRCAM's website.

Michel Fugain
Background information
Born	(1942-05-12) May 12, 1942 (age 70) Grenoble, Isère

Michel Fugain (born May 12, 1942 in Grenoble, Isère) is a French singer and composer. Originally he released music along with his singers and dancers entitled "Le Big Bazar" but went for a more solo approach 1977. In 1969 he published his first album: Je n'aurai pas le temps (French: "I won't have time"). The song was later covered in English by John Rowles and was entitled "If I only had time".

Greatest hits[link]

• Je n'aurai pas le temps (1967)
• Les fleurs de mandarine (1967)
• Une belle histoire (1972)
• Fais comme l'oiseau (1972)
• Attention Mesdames et Messieurs (1972)
• Chante (1973)
• Jusqu'à demain peut-être (1973)
• La fête (1973)
• Bravo Monsieur le Monde (1973)
• Tout va changer (1973)
• Les gentils, les méchants (1973)
• Les acadiens (1975)
• Ring et Ding (1976)
• Le chiffon rouge (1977)
• Des rêves et du vent (1988)
• Viva La Vida (1988)
• Où s'en vont (1989)

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Fais Comme L'Oiseau - 1972
• C'est pas de l'amour mais c'e - 2012 #72 CAN^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

• (French) Michel Fugain's official Web site
• "Une Belle Histoire" by Michel Fugain played on chromatic harmonica
• Biography of Michel Fugain, from Radio France Internationale

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Pascal Paul Vincent Comelade (born June 30, 1955), is a French Catalan musician.

Comelade born was in Montpellier, France. After living for several years in Barcelona, he made his first album, Fluences, influenced by electronic music and by the group Heldon.

Subsequently, his music has become more acoustic and is characterised by the sounds of toy instruments, used as solo-instruments and as an integral part of the sound of his group, the Bel Canto Orquestra. In 2007 he did a Take-Away Show acoustic video session shot by Vincent Moon.

He has collaborated with many singers and musicians from diverse genres of music including Robert Wyatt, Dani, Faust, Christophe Miossec, Toti Soler, Jac Berrocal, Pierre Bastien and P.J. Harvey to mention just a few.

Discography[link]

• 1975 : Fluence
• 1978 :
  • Séquences Paiennes
  • Vertical Pianos
• 1980 :
  • Paralelo
  • Ready-Made
• 1981  : Slow Music

• 1982 :
  • Sentimientos
  • Irregular Organs
• 1983 :
  • Fall Of Saigon
  • Logique du Sens
• 1984 :
  • La Dialectique Peut-Elle Casser des Briques ?(with Cathy claret's voice).
  • Bel Canto Orquestra
  • Milano Enharmonisto
  • Précis de Décomposition Bruitiste
  • Scénes de Musique Ralentie
  • Détail Monochrome

un titre inclu dans le disque "cathy claret" delabel/virgin

• 1986 : Bel Canto
• 1987 : El Primitivismo
• 1988 :
  • Impressionnismes
  • Rock Del Veneno
• 1989 :
  • 33 Bars
  • Cent Regards
• 1991 :
  • Ragazzin' The Blues
  • Pataphysical Polka
  • Haikus de Pianos
• 1992 :
  • Traffic d'Abstraction
  • Topographie Anecdotique
  • El Ermitaño - with Bel Canto Orquestra
• 1993 : Yo Quiero Un Tebeo
• 1994 : Danses Et Chants de Syldavie (Apologie de la reprise individuelle)
• 1995 : El Cabaret Galactic
• 1996 :
  • Musiques Pour Films Vol.2
  • Tango Del Rossello
  • Un samedi Sur la Terre - Soundtrack
• 1997 :
  • Un Tal Jazz
  • Oblique Sessions - with Pierre Bastien, Jac Berrocal and Jaki Liebezeit
• 1998 :
  • L'Argot du Bruit
  • ZumZum.Ka
  • Bel Canto Orquestra In Concerto
• 1999 :
  • Musiques De Genre
  • Live In Lisbon and Barcelona
  • Oblique Sessions II - with Richard Pinhas
  • Swing Slang Song
• 2000 :
  • Aigua de Florida Classes de Música a la Granja - with Llorenç Balsach
  • André Le Magnifique - Soundtrack (followed by 3 pieces written for the ballet "Spring man" by Ryohei Kondo and 6 pieces written for the ballet "Zumzum-ka" by Cesc Gelabert.)
  • September Song - with Robert Wyatt
  • Pop Songs Del Rossello - with Gérard Jacquet
  • Pastis Catalan - Music for the Musée d'Art moderne de Céret (Limited Edition of 50 copies signed and numbered.)
• 2001 :
  • La Isla Del Holandés - with José Manuel Pagan
  • Pop Songs Del Rossello 2 - with Gérard Jacquet
• 2002 :
  • Sense el Resso del Dring
  • Psicotic Music' Hall
• 2003 :
  • Logicofobisme del Piano en Minuscul
  • Musica Pop (Danses de Catalunya Nord)
• 2004 :
  • La Filosofia del Plat Combinat
  • Back to Schizo 1975-1983
• 2005 : Espace Détente - Soundtrack
• 2006
  • Espontex sinfonia
  • La Manera Més Salvatge - with Enric Casasses
  • Stranger In Paradigm
• 2008
  • Compassió pel dimoni
• 2009

    "A Freak Serenade" (Because / Discmedi)

External links[link]

• 97 minutes live performance with Enric Casasses. MP3
• Four pieces by Pascal Comelade for Cave Canis number 9. MP3
• Illustrated and commented discography, from 2000 onwards (in English)
• Video interview by Vilaweb 22/06/06, Catalan

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