Loa loa
Loa loa microfilaria in thin blood smear (Giemsa stain)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Chromadorea
Order:	Spirurida
Superfamily:	Filarioidea
Family:	Onchocercidae
Genus:	Loa
Species:	L. loa
Binomial name
Loa loa (Cobbold, 1864)[verification needed]
Synonyms
Filaria loa Cobbold, 1864

Loa loa is the filarial nematode (roundworm) species that causes Loa loa filariasis. It is commonly known as the "eye worm". Its geographic distribution includes Africa and India.^[1]

L. loa is one of four parasitic filarial nematodes that cause subcutaneous filariasis in humans. The three other filarial nematodes are Mansonella streptocerca, Onchocerca volvulus (causes river blindness), and Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm).

Maturing larvae and adults of the "eye worm" occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin – the fat layer – of humans, causing disease. The young larvae develop in horseflies of the genus Chrysops (deer flies, yellow flies), including the species C. dimidiata and C. silacea, which infect humans by biting them.

Biology[link]

Morphology[link]

Loa loa worms have a simple body including a head, body, and tail. Males range from 20mm to 34mm long and 350μm to 430μm wide. Females range from 20mm to 70mm long and are about 425μm wide.^[1]

Life cycle[link]

Three species involved in the life cycle include the parasite Loa loa, the fly vector, and the human host:^[2]

• A vector fly bites an infected human host and ingests microfilariase.
• Microfilariae move to the fat body of the insect host.
• Microfilariae develop into first stage larvae, then third stage larvae.
• Third stage larvae (infective) travel to the proboscis of fly.
• An infected vector fly bites an uninfected human host and the third stage larvae penetrates the skin and enters human subcutaneous tissue.
• Larvae mature into adults, who produce microfilariae that have been found in spinal fluid, urine, peripheral blood, and lungs.

Disease[link]

Pathogenesis[link]

Loa loa parasites infect human hosts by travelling through subcutaneous tissues such as the back, chest, groin, scalp, and eye. These parasites cause inflammation in the skin wherever they travel. If a parasite stops in one place for a short period of time, the human host will suffer from local inflammation known as Calabar swellings. These often occur in the wrist and ankle joints but disappear as soon as the parasite begins to move again. Parasites can also travel through and infect the eye, causing the swelling of the eye. Common symptoms include itching, joint pain, fatigue, and death.^[1]

Diagnosis and treatment[link]

The main methods of diagnosis include the presence of microfilariae in the blood, the presence of a worm in the eye, and the presence of skin swellings. Surgical removal of the worm can easily be performed. The common treatment for the disease is a use of one of two drugs: diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or Ivermectin.^[1]

References[link]

• Taxonomy Browser: Loa Loa. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).