Afghan افغان is used, since the foundation of the Afghan state in 1747, to indicate a citizen of Afghanistan. Though, mistakenly used for Pashtuns, it is no longer the reality. The fourth article of the Constitution of Afghanistan^[1] states that citizens of Afghanistan include Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, Aymaq, Arab, Baluch, Pashayi, Nuristani, Qezelbash, Brahui and Gurjar who are native inhabitants of the country and that all citizens of Afghanistan be called Afghans.

According to encyclopaedia Iranica,^[2] AFGHAN (afḡān) in current political usage means any citizen of Afghanistan, whatever his ethnic, tribal, or religious affiliation is. According to the 1977 constitution of the Republic of Afghanistan (1973–78), all Afghans are equal in rights and obligations before the law. In an attempt to alleviate the inevitable tensions and conflicts of an ethnically diverse state, the republic discouraged reference to ethnic or tribal origin and prohibited the use of personal names that evoke an ethnic group (such as Tajik, Hazara, Hindu, Sikh, Afrīdī, Aḥmadzay, Ōrmuṛ, Nūrzay, Pōpalzay, Wardak, etc.).

As an adjective, the word Afghan also means "of or relating to Afghanistan or its people, language, or culture".

Afghani[link]

The only time to use Afghani is in reference to the unit of Afghan currency. Some people use it to indicate a citizen of Afghanistan. From an Afghan point of view this name is wrongly being used for Afghans. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan millions of Afghans took refuge in neighboring Pakistan and Iran. The Pakistani, Irani and the international aid agencies coined this word to speak of Afghans.

See also[link]

• Demography of Afghanistan

References[link]

Nicky Nyarko-Dei, known by his stage name Tempa T and also BBC, is an English Grime MC originating from East London and member of underground Grime Crew "Slew Dem Crew". Tempa T is particularly known for excitable nature, his angry lyrics, raw energy, muscles and the hype that he creates with his tracks. He has currently released one single, known as "Next Hype", and has featured on "Hypest Hype" by Chase & Status, He has made several well known tracks however his anthemic^[1] "Next Hype" is currently his only official solo release.^[2][3] He also has an appearance in the British film Shank, performing his song "Next Hype".

Early career[link]

His first public performance was in 2006 with Mike Crosby from Greater Manchester, SlewDem at The Chantelle Fiddy club night at 333 in Shoreditch. In 2007 he made himself known and recognised as the ‘angry Grime MC’ and ‘The hype man’, with his high energy and infectious stage presence.^[4] Tempa T's musical career was documented by Neo-Publishing.Inc in 2010 in Tempa T: Reviewing the Hype so Far. Tempa T stated in an interview in September 2011 that he is working on an album with the likes of Chase & Status, Jamie B. Conroy and Daniel Ayo. ^[5]

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

As a featured performer[link]

EPs[link]

• Next Hype Remixes (2009)

Bootlegs[link]

• The Best of Tempa T (2008)
• Would You Like Chips (N/A)
• Ram of Brookwood (N/A)

References[link]

1. ^ NEWS: Students protest to Tempa T. Urban Development (2010-12-11). Retrieved on 2011-04-20.
2. ^ Grime / Dubstep: The Year in Grime / Dubstep. Pitchfork. Retrieved on 2011-04-20.
3. ^ 2009: The year grime began to pay | Music. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-04-20.
4. ^ Tempa T: "They never seen anything like that on the island." | Dummy » New Music. Dummymag.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-20.
5. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrxnasvaX_E&feature=related

External links[link]

• A short Tempa T interview and documentary

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Logan Sama is a British Grime DJ from Brentwood, Essex, who currently hosts a weekly Grime show on London radio station Kiss 100 which has been running since May 2005. He also runs the record labels Adamantium Music and Earth616 which specialise in vinyl releases.

He began his radio career on local pirate station Plush FM hosting several cover shows playing underground Garage in 2002. Towards the end of 2002 he was recruited to major London community radio station Rinse FM where his show became a popular place to hear the newest music and regularly featured the biggest MCs performing live. His last Rinse show was captured on video on the Rinsessions DVD and showcased such names as Wiley, Skepta, Trim, Ruff Sqwad, Tinchy Stryder, Newham Generals and many others.

He moved to London's Kiss 100 in the spring of 2005 and began a late night specialist Grime show running from 2-4am on Thursday night/Friday morning. The popularity of this show soon saw it move to Monday night 11pm-1am where it has steadily grown to its current position as the leading show amongst young people within London at that time, capturing over 61,000 listeners in the Greater London area as certified by RAJAR. His exposure of live mix sets and first played new tracks has led to him becoming the leading figure in radio for Grime music. His shows are now also captured on video and streamed as YouTube clips which have proved very popular.

From January 2010 schedule changes led to all shows in the 11-1 time slots being reduced to 12.00 midnight-1.00 am - but an extra half-hour session is now made available online and on YouTube after the show.

Releases[link]

Logan Sama has released several mixtapes on the scene including The War Report, a collection of War Dubs from some popular Grime artists such as Wiley, Scorcher, Ghetto and Devlin, and Oneaway Style, a free mixtape in association with NikeiD, in which collaborated with 25 of the biggest artists on the scene. He often releases free downloads for his fans, most recently in the form of a series of grime mixes named The Best There Is At What I Do.

Logan mixed live the new Tropical 2.0 CD out through Boy Better Know records

Logan currently runs two labels Adamantium Music and Earth616 through which he has released vinyl EPs and CDs as well as digital only releases

References[link]

• [1] Logan Sama on TotalKiss.
• [2] Logan Sama Youtube channel courtesy of SBTV.