Look up organic or organics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Organic may refer to:

• Of or relating to an organism, a living entity
• Of or relating to an organ

Chemistry[link]

• Organic matter, matter that has come from a once-living organism, is capable of decay or the product of decay, or is composed of organic compound
• Organic chemistry, chemistry involving organic compounds
• Organic compound, a compound that contains carbon (although some carbon-containing compounds are excluded)

Farming, certification and products:

• Organic farming, agriculture conducted according to certain standards, especially the use of only naturally produced fertilizers and non-chemical means of pest control
• Organic certification, accreditation process for producers of organic products
• Organic clothing, clothing produced from organic fibers such as organic cotton
• Organic horticulture, the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants by following the essential principles of organic agriculture
• Organic food, food produced from organic farming methods and often certified organic according to organic farming standards

pesticides

• Organic baby products, organic products intended for babies and toddlers
• Organic wine
• Organic movement, movement of organizations and individuals promoting organic farming and organic food
• See also sustainable agriculture

Computing[link]

• Wetware computer (or organic computer), a computer built from living neurons and ganglions
• Organic computing, computing systems with properties of self-configuration, self-optimization, self-healing, and/or self-protection
• Organic search, search results through unpaid search engine listings, rather than through paid advertisements
• Organic search engine, search engine which uses a combination of human operators and computer algorithms
• Organic semiconductor, an organic compound that exhibits similar properties to inorganic semiconductors

Economics and business[link]

• Organic growth, business expansion through increasing output and sales as opposed to mergers, acquisitions and take-overs
• Organic, Inc., original digital marketing & advertising agency
• Organic organisation, one which is flexible and has a flat structure
• Organic Records, a sub-label of Pamplin Music

Military[link]

• Organic (military), a military unit that is a permanent part of a larger unit and (usually) provides some specialized capability to that parent unit

Law[link]

• Organic law, a fundamental law
• Organic statute, literally "regulations for an organ", with "organ" meaning an organization or governmental body
• Organic Articles, a French law presented in 1802

Music[link]

• Organic (Freak Kitchen album), 2005
• Organic (Joe Cocker album), 1996

Other[link]

• Organic (model), forms, methods and patterns found in living systems, often used as a metaphor for non-living things
• Organicism, the biological doctrine which stresses the organization, rather than the composition, of organisms
• Organic disease, involving or affecting physiology or bodily organs
• Biological process, or organic process
• Organic Realism, also known as Philosophy of Organism

See also[link]

• All pages beginning with "Organic"

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up phase in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Phase or phases may refer to:

In science[link]

In physics[link]

• Phase (matter), a physically distinctive form of a substance, such as the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of ordinary matter
  • Phase transition is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another
• Phase (separation science)
  • Mobile phase and Stationary phase in chromatography
  • Aqueous phase and organic phase in liquid-liquid extraction
• Phase (waves), the initial angle of a sinusoidal function at its origin
• Polyphase system, a means of distributing alternating current electric power in multiple conducting wires with definite phase offsets
  • Single-phase electric power
  • Three-phase electric power
    • Three-phase, the mathematics of three-phase electric power
• Phase problem, the loss of information (the phase) from a physical measurement
• Phase factor, a complex scalar used in quantum mechanics
• Continuous Fourier transform, the angle of a complex coefficient representing the phase of one sinusoidal component
• Instantaneous phase, generalization for both cyclic and non-cyclic phenomena

In other sciences[link]

• Archaeological phase, a discrete period of occupation at an archaeological site
• Lunar phase, the appearance of the Moon as viewed from the Earth
• Planetary phase, the appearance of the illuminated section of a planet
• In biology, a part of the cell cycle in which cells divide and reproduce
• Color phase, in biology, a group of individuals within a species with a particular coloration
• Phase (syntax), in linguistics, a cyclic domain (proposed by Noam Chomsky)

In entertainment[link]

• Phase (band), an alternative rock band
• "Phases", a box set of albums by The Who
• "Phases" (Buffy episode), an episode of the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
• Phases (.hack), fictional monsters in the .hack franchise
• Phase IV, a 1974 science fiction movie directed by Saul Bass
• Phase, an incarnation of the DC Comics character usually known as Phantom Girl
• Phaze, an alternate world in Piers Anthony's Apprentice Adept series

Other uses[link]

• Phase 10, a card game created by Fundex Games
• Phase (video game), a music game for the iPod developed by Harmonix Music Systems
• Phase (combat) usually a period of combat within a larger military operation
• A musical composition using Steve Reich's phasing technique

See also[link]

• Phasing (disambiguation)
• Faze (disambiguation)
• Phaser (disambiguation)
• Phasor (disambiguation)
• FASOR (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

PHASE 2 (aka Lonny Wood)^[1] is one of the most influential and well known New York City aerosol artists. Mostly active in the 1970s, Phase 2 is generally credited with originating the "bubble letter" style of aerosol writing, also known as "softies".^[2] He was also influential in the early hip-hop scene.

Graffiti career[link]

Phase 2 is from The Bronx, and attended DeWitt Clinton High School along with a number of other early graffiti artists. Many famous graffiti writers of the early 1970s would meet at a doughnut shop across from the school called the Coffee Shop before heading down to the subway station at 149th Street and Grand Concourse to watch tagged trains on the IRT line pass by.^[3] Phase 2 was mentored in graffiti by his friend and neighbor Thomas Lee aka Lee 163d!, one of the pioneers of graf writing in The Bronx.^[2]

He began writing in late 1971 under the name Phase 2, a moniker which had a rather mundane provenance. As Phase 2 would later recall, "the previous year we'd given this party. We were getting ready to give another one and I said, 'We'll call this one Phase Two.' I don't know why, but I was stuck on the name. It had meaning for me. I started writing 'Phase 2.'"^[4]

Part of the appeal of graffiti writing for Phase 2 was that it allowed him to get his "name" known yet remain anonymous.^[5] He noted later that tagging provided disadvantaged urban teens "the only significant vehicle to represent their 'existence.'"^[6]

It was in late 1972 that Phase 2 first used an early version of the "bubble letter" or "softie", a style of graffiti writing which would become extremely influential and is considered a "giant leap" in the art form.^[2] The puffed-out, marshmallow-like letters drawn by Phase 2 were soon copied by other artists who added their own variations. Phase himself quickly embellished on his original form, creating and naming dozens of varieties of softies such as "phasemagorical phantastic" (bubble letters with stars), "bubble cloud", and "bubble drip."^[7] He is also credited with pioneering the use of arrows in graf writing around this same time.^[8] Hip-hop journalist Jeff Chang has noted that Phase 2's canvasses from 1973 have "been widely recognized as defining the early genre."^[9]

Over time Phase's work become more and more complex, moving far away from the simple tags of the early 70s to "hieroglyphical calligraphic abstraction."^[5] Chang points out that much of Phase's work involved "deconstructing the letter", transforming characters in the alphabet "into hard lines, third eyes, horns, drills, spikes, Egyptian pharaohs and dogs, pure geometrics."^[9] Another New York graffiti artist, Vulcan, remarked that "one of the things about Phase is that he was the only person at the time whose name could roll by ten times and each piece was different. That's what you noticed about his [work]."^[5]

In 1974 Phase 2 joined the newly created United Graffiti Artists, a professional graffiti collective which began to attract media attention. He was featured in an important essay on graffiti art by Richard Goldstein which appeared in New York magazine and inspired a new generation of graffiti artists.^[2]

In the 1980s, Phase 2 began publishing International Graffiti Times, the first zine about graffiti writing.^[10]

Influence in hip-hop[link]

Unlike some other pioneers of New York City graffiti, Phase 2 had a prominent role in The South Bronx hip-hop scene in the early 1980s. He also continues to be referenced in hip-hop songs.

Phase participated in the legendary hip-hop shows organized by Kool Lady Blue during the summer of 1982 at the Roxy nightclub in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. These shows brought together the top DJ's, MC's, breakers, and aerosol artist from The South Bronx and introduced hip-hop music and culture to the downtown punk and new wave scenes. Phase 2 designed the flyers for these events and often did aerosol pieces live on stage.^[11] He was also part of the first "international" hip-hop tour when stars from the Roxy performances toured in England and France in November of that year.^[12]

Phase 2 was one of the few aerosol artists to be involved in the musical side of hip-hop culture as well. He had a background as a DJ in the very early days of hip-hop, though he never made a name for himself in that role.^[13] In 1982, as part of his involvement with the Roxy scene, Phase released two rap singles. "Beach Boy" was a collaboration with Barry Michael Cooper, who would later co-write the script for New Jack City. "The Roxy" featured the Bill Laswell-led group Material and Grandmixer D.ST, though Phase 2 would later remark that he was disappointed in the song and felt that it "wasn't done properly."^[13][14]

Phase was also an early b-boy and claims that his dance crew pioneered the uprock (or "battle rock") style of dance despite claims that it originated in Brooklyn.^[13] He was thus actively involved in all of the traditional "four elements" of hip-hop culture.

Though he did not have a role in the production, Phase 2 did apparently influence the classic early hip-hop movie Wild Style. In the DVD commentary for the film, director Charlie Ahearn explained that, when thinking about the key character named "Phade", he had Phase 2 in mind (either to actually play the part or simply as a model) because Phase was a legendary graffiti writer from the past who was also involved in the hip-hop scene, as was the character of Phade. The role would ultimately be played by Fab 5 Freddy, himself a graffiti artist who along with Ahearn was the major creative force behind Wild Style. Phase 2 did take on an official role in another early hip-hop film when he worked as a graffiti consultant on the 1984 movie Beat Street.^[15]

In his 1995 song "Out for Fame" - an homage to graffiti artists and culture - KRS-One implores his audience "in the name of Phase 2" and fellow Bronx graffiti legend Stay High to "grab your cans and hit the streets." Several years later Mos Def mentioned Phase 2 on his widely respected debut album Black on Both Sides, specifically on the track "Hip Hop", in which he noted that hip-hop itself was "all city like Phase 2" - presumably a reference to the ubiquity of Phase 2's graffiti pieces on trains throughout the city during the early 1970s. In 1996, he appeared in the song I Messaggeri Pt.I contained in italian artist Neffa's album I Messaggeri della Dopa.

References[link]

Works cited[link]

• George, Nelson Buppies, B-boys, Baps & Bohos: Notes on Post-Soul Black Culture. Da Capo Press. 2001. ISBN 0-306-81027-1. 
• Chang, Jeff (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. Picador. ISBN 0-312-42579-1.
• Castleman, Craig (1982). Getting Up: Subway Graffiti in New York. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-53051-1. 

External links[link]

• Adam Mansbach interview with PHASE 2
• "Writer of the Storm", Raw Vision interview with PHASE 2

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