Not recognised by any state

  Recognised by UN non-members only

  UN non-members recognised by at least one member

  UN member states, not recognised by at least one other member

Some contemporary geopolitical entities that wish to be recognised as de jure sovereign states have been hindered by a lack of diplomatic recognition. In the past, similar entities have existed, and there are now entities claiming independence, often with de facto control of their territory, with recognition ranging from almost all other recognised states to no states at all.

There are two traditional doctrines that provide interpretations of when a de jure sovereign state should be recognised as a member of the international community. The "declarative" theory defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. By contrast, the "constitutive" theory defines a state as a person of international law if it is recognised as such by another state that is already a member of the international community.^[1]

Several entities reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to statehood. There are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria (with de facto complete or partial control over their claimed territory, a government and a permanent population), but their statehood is not recognised by one or more other states. Non-recognition is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory. In other cases, two or more partially recognised entities may claim the same territorial area, with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it (as have been the cases of the Republic of China and People's Republic of China, and North and South Korea). Entities that are recognised by only a minority of the world's states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their claims.

In many situations, international non-recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign military force in the territory of the presumptive, self-declaring independent entity, so to make problematic the description of the country de facto status. The international community can judge this military presence too intrusive, reducing the entity to a puppet state where effective sovereignty is retained by the foreign power. Historical cases in this sense can be seen in Japanese-led Manchukuo or German-created Slovakia and Croatia before and during World War II. In 1996-case Loizidou vs. Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of Northern Cyprus.

There are also entities which do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist de jure as sovereign entities by at least one other state. Historically this has happened in the case of the Holy See (1870–1929), Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (during Soviet annexation), among other cases. The recognition of the State of Palestine by over one hundred states is a contemporary example. See list of governments in exile for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed.

Criteria for inclusion[link]

The criteria for inclusion means a polity must claim statehood, lack recognition from at least one state, and either:

• have de facto control over a territory, a population, a government, a capacity to enter into relations with other states, or
• be recognised as a state by at least one other state.

Background[link]

Some states do not establish relations with new nations quickly and thus do not recognise them despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable relations. These are excluded from the list. Some countries fulfill the declarative criteria, are recognised by the large majority of other nations and are members of the United Nations, but are included in the list here because one or more other states do not recognise their statehood, due to territorial claims or other conflicts. Currently there are 193 United Nations (UN) member states. The Holy See holds observer status in the United Nations.^[2]

Some states maintain informal (officially non-diplomatic) relations with states that do not officially recognise them. The Republic of China (Taiwan) is one such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its Economic and Cultural Offices, which allow regular consular services. This allows the ROC to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it. A total of 56 states, including Germany,^[3] Italy,^[4] the United States,^[5] and the United Kingdom,^[6] maintain some form of unofficial mission in the ROC. Kosovo,^[7] the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic,^[8] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,^[9] Abkhazia,^[10] Transnistria,^[10] Sahrawi Republic,^[11] Somaliland,^[12] and Palestine^[13] also host informal diplomatic missions, and/or maintain special delegations or other informal missions abroad. In the U.S., such offices by unrecognized entities are required to be registered as foreign lobbyist organizations under the Foreign Agent Registration Act (FARA) and act as regular lobbyists.

Present geopolitical entities by level of recognition[link]

Non-UN member states not recognised by any state[link]

Name	Status	Other claimants	Further information	References
Independent State of Azawad	Azawad declared its independence in 2012, after a successful war of independence.	Mali claims Azawad as part of its sovereign territory.		[14]
Republic of Somaliland	Somaliland was granted independence by the United Kingdom in 1960 after the decolonisation of British Somaliland and merged with Italian Somaliland a few days later to form Somalia. It declared its independence and withdrew from Somalia in 1991.	Somalia claims Somaliland as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to)	[15]

Non-UN member states recognised only by non-UN members[link]

Name	Status	Other claimants	Further information	References
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic	Nagorno-Karabakh declared its independence in 1992. It is currently recognised by three UN non-members: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.[16]	Azerbaijan claims Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to)	[17][18][19][20]
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic	The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (also known as Transnistria) declared its independence in 1990. It is currently recognised by two UN non-members: Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[20]	Moldova claims Transnistria as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) International recognition, Disputed status	[21]

Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member[link]

Name	Status	Other claimants	Further information	References
Republic of Abkhazia	Abkhazia declared its independence in 1999.[22] It is currently recognised by 6 UN member states (Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, Vanuatu and Tuvalu), and three UN non-member states (South Ossetia, Transnistria and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic).[16][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]	Georgia claims Abkhazia as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) International recognition	[30][31][32][33]
Republic of China	The Republic of China (ROC, also known as Taiwan), constitutionally formed in 1912, is recognised as the government of the state of China by 22 UN members and the Holy See as of 2011. All other UN member states do not officially recognise the ROC as a state; some of them regard its controlled territory as de jure part of the People's Republic of China (PRC) while some others have used careful diplomatic language to avoid taking a position as to whether the territory of the ROC is part of the PRC.[Note 1]. Throughout the years, the ROC has adopted differing positions towards simultaneous recognition of the ROC and the PRC by other countries.[35]	People's Republic of China claims that the Republic of China no longer exists and claims all of the territory under ROC jurisdiction as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) Political status	[36]
Republic of Kosovo	Kosovo declared its independence in 2008. As of 1 June 2012, it is recognised by 91 UN members and one UN non-member state, the Republic of China (Taiwan), although Kosovo does not recognise the ROC. The United Nations, as stipulated in Security Council Resolution 1244, has administered the territory since 1999 through the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, with cooperation from the European Union since 2008. It is a member of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group.	Serbia claims Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) International recognition, Political status	[37][38]
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Northern Cyprus declared its independence in 1983. It is currently recognised by one UN member, Turkey. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has granted Northern Cyprus observer status under the name "Turkish Cypriot State". United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 defines the declaration of independence of Northern Cyprus as legally invalid.[39]	Cyprus claims Northern Cyprus as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) Cyprus dispute	[40]
State of Palestine	The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the State of Palestine in Algiers in 1988. At the time the PLO had no control over any part of the proclaimed territory.[41] It is currently recognised by 130 UN member states,[42] as well as the SADR.[43] Today the PLO executes certain administrative tasks of self-government in most parts of the territories through the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) established in 1994 according to the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement.[44] The PLO participates in the United Nations as a non-state entity with observer status and is designated "Palestine".[45][46] The State of Palestine has membership in the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and UNESCO.[47]	Israel does not recognise the state of Palestine and currently controls areas claimed by Palestine,[44] All Israeli governments since 1992 have agreed to the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip with mutually agreed land swaps.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) International recognition, Proposals for a Palestinian state	[61][62][63][64][65][66][67]
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Both the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) and Morocco claim sovereignty over the territory of Western Sahara. The SADR, which declared its independence in 1976, has been recognised by 84 UN members and is a member state of the African Union. Several states, however, have since retracted or suspended recognition, pending the outcome of a referendum on self-determination, with 57 retaining diplomatic ties.[68][69] Western Sahara is not recognized as part of Morocco by any states, but some states support Moroccan autonomy plan. Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 recognised the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and recognised also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people. Western Sahara is currently listed on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.	Morocco claims Western Sahara as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) International recognition, Legal status	[70]
Republic of South Ossetia	South Ossetia declared its independence in 1991. It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states (Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Tuvalu and Nauru), and three UN non-member states (Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria).[16][23][71]	Georgia claims South Ossetia as part of its sovereign territory.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) International recognition	[31][32][72]

Partially unrecognised UN member states[link]

Name	Status	Other claimants	Further information	References
Republic of Armenia	Armenia, independent since 1991, is currently not recognised by one UN member, Pakistan, as Pakistan has a position of supporting Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.	—	Foreign relations, missions (of, to)	[73][74]
People's Republic of China	The People's Republic of China (PRC), proclaimed in 1949, is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of "China", the other being the Republic of China (ROC). The PRC does not accept diplomatic relations with states that recognise the ROC (22 UN members and the Holy See as of 2011). Most of these states do not officially recognise the PRC as a state, though some states have established relations with the ROC while stating they do not intend to stop recognising the PRC (Kiribati, Nauru).[75][76] Some states which currently recognise only the PRC have attempted simultaneous recognition and relations with the ROC and the PRC in the past (Liberia, Vanuatu).[77][78][79] According to United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, the PRC is the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations.[Note 1]	Republic of China is considered the sole legal government over all of China under the Constitution of the Republic of China.	Foreign relations, missions (of) PRC's diplomatic relations dates of establishment	[80]
Republic of Cyprus	Cyprus, independent since 1960, is currently not recognised by one UN member (Turkey) and one non-member (Northern Cyprus), due to the ongoing civil dispute over the island.	Northern Cyprus claims part of the island of Cyprus	Foreign relations, missions (of, to)	[81][82][83][84]
State of Israel	Israel, independent since 1948, is not recognised by 32 UN members and one UN non-member, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[citation needed] (see Arab-Israeli conflict). It is recognised by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which was recognized by Israel in 1993 as the sole, legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.	State of Palestine, represented by the PLO, which has agreed with Israel in principle that a Palestinian state should be established within the Gaza Strip and the West Bank that are currently under Israeli control.[44]	Foreign relations, missions (of, to) International recognition	[85][86][87][88][89]
Democratic People's Republic of Korea	North Korea, independent since 1948, is not recognised by two UN members: Japan and South Korea.[90]	South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of Korea.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to)	[90][91][92]
Republic of Korea	South Korea, independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, North Korea.	North Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of Korea.	Foreign relations, missions (of, to)	[93][94]

Excluded entities[link]

• Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a non-state sovereign entity and is not included, as it claims neither statehood nor any territory.^{[95][96][97][98][99]} It has established full diplomatic relations with 104 sovereign states as a sovereign subject of international law ^[100] and participates in the United Nations as an observer entity, but is not recognised as a subject of international law by at least one state: France.^[101] SMOM maintains only official, but no diplomatic relations with France and five other states: Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Canada.^[102] Five more states maintain no relations with SMOM and do not recognise its passports: Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Iceland, Greece.^[103]
• By definition, the list does not include uncontacted peoples who exercise varying degrees of de facto sovereignty over the areas under their control, but either live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose status as such are currently too data deficient to be definitively known.
• Entities considered to be micronations are not included.^{[Note 2]} Even though micronations generally claim to be sovereign and independent, it is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory.^{[Note 3]} Micronations are usually not considered of geopolitical relevance.^{[Note 3]} For a complete list, see list of micronations.
• Those areas undergoing current civil wars and other situations with problems over government succession, regardless of temporary alignment with the inclusion criteria (by having control over permanently populated territory or by receiving recognition as state or legitimate government), where the conflict is still in its active phase, the situation is too rapidly changing and no relatively stable rump states have emerged yet.
• Those of the current irredentist movements and governments in exile that don't satisfy the inclusion criteria by simultaneously not having control over permanently populated territory and not been recognised as state or legitimate government by any other state.

See also[link]

Notes[link]

References[link]

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2011)

DJ Earworm in Sentosa in 2009.

Jordan Roseman (aka DJ Earworm) is a San Francisco-based mashup artist who has achieved recognition for his technically sophisticated, songwriting oriented music and video mashups.^[1][2] His annual “United State of Pop” mashups, short mixes featuring the top 25 songs of the year according to Billboard magazine, have reached the Top 100 for national radio play.^[3]

Biography[link]

Roseman was born into a big family of musicians and raised in eastern Iowa and Evanston, Illinois.^[2][4] In his early life, he played piano and produced original electronic music on a computer, later majoring in music theory and computer science at the University of Illinois. He began using ACID recreationally in 2003. After encouragement from DJ Adrian at Club Bootie, Roseman created the moniker DJ Earworm ("earworm" referencing a song that repeats uncontrollably in one's mind) and began releasing mashups via a website.^[5]

DJ Earworm has a unique mashup style that consists of a compositional, songwriting approach. He gradually layers samples on top of one another, matching keys and subtly altering melodies. His mashups often convey an entirely new meaning than the original material, such as a political message in “No More Gas”. He has been contrasted with mashup artist Girl Talk, who has a more DJ-oriented style.^[6]

He is the author of Audio Mashup Construction Kit (Wiley, 2006), a how-to manual for creating mashups.^[7]

At the 2008 IDEA conference, he revealed that he has made mashups using Ableton Live₨, and now DJs live with the same software.^[8]

"United State of Pop" series[link]

2007[link]

Earworm's 2007 mashup, "United State of Pop” consisted of the top 25 songs of 2007 according to Billboard.^[9] The song crossed beyond the online download market, reaching the Top 100 for national radio play in February 2008. Earworm is the first mashup artist to have a bootleg mashup enter Billboard’s charts.^[10] As of August 12, 2011, the song has surpassed 4.5 million views on YouTube, and it has peaked at number 71 on the CHR/Top 40 Mediabase radio chart.^{[citation needed]}

Mix Includes:

• "Irreplaceable" - Beyoncé
• " Umbrella" - Rihanna feat. Jay-z
• "The Sweet Escape" - Gwen Stefani feat. Akon
• "Big Girls Don't Cry" - Fergie
• "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')" - T-Pain feat. Young Joc
• "Before He Cheats" - Carrie Underwood
• "Hey There Delilah" - Plain White T's
• " I Wanna Love You" - Akon feat. Snoop Dogg
• "Say It Right" - Nelly Furtado
• " Glamorous" - Fergie feat. Ludacris
• "Don't Matter" - Akon
• "Girlfriend" - Avril Lavigne
• "Makes Me Wonder" - Maroon 5
• "Party Like a Rockstar" - Shop Boyz
• "Smack That" - Akon feat. Eminem
• "This Is Why I'm Hot" - Mims
• "It's Not Over" - Daughtry
• "The Way I Are"- Timbaland feat. Keri Hilson
• "Fergalicious" - Fergie
• "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" - Soulja Boy Tell 'Em
• "Give It to Me" - Timbaland feat. Justin Timberlake and Nelly Furtado
• "What Goes Around... Comes Around" - Justin Timberlake
• "Cupid's Chokehold" - Gym Class Heroes feat. Patrick Stump
• "How to Save a Life" - The Fray
• "Home" - Daughtry

2008[link]

On December 25, 2008 he released another mashup called "United State of Pop 2008 (Viva la Pop)", prominently featuring Coldplay's song "Viva la Vida" as the backing track, and an intro by Natasha Bedingfield's Pocketful of Sunshine beat. The official YouTube video of the song had 200,000 views within the first two weeks of release. The mashup peaked at number 58 on Billboard's Pop Airplay chart, and entered the Pop 100 chart.^[11] As of December 13, 2011, the video has received over 9.5 million views on YouTube, and it has peaked at number 81 on the CHR/Top 40 Mediabase radio chart.^{[citation needed]}

Mix Includes:

• "Low" - Flo Rida feat. T-Pain
• "Bleeding Love" - Leona Lewis
• "No One" - Alicia Keys
• "Lollipop"- Lil Wayne feat. Static Major
• "Apologize" - One Republic feat. Timbaland
• "No Air" - Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown
• "Love Song" - Sara Bareilles
• "Love in This Club" - Usher feat.Young Jeezy
• "With You" - Chris Brown
• "Forever" - Chris Brown
• "Sexy Can I" - Ray J feat. Young Berg
• "Take a Bow" - Rihanna
• "Viva La Vida" - Coldplay
• "I Kissed a Girl" - Katy Perry
• "Whatever You Like" - T.I.
• "Disturbia" - Rihanna
• "Don't Stop the Music" - Rihanna
• "Pocketful of Sunshine" - Natasha Bedingfield
• "Kiss Kiss" - Chris Brown feat. T-pain
• " Closer" - Ne-Yo
• "Bubbly" - Colbie Caillat
• "Touch My Body" - Mariah Carey
• "4 Minutes" - Madonna feat. Justin Timberlake and Timbaland
• "So What" - Pink
• "Paralyzer" - Finger Eleven

2009[link]

On December 27, 2009 he released a third year-end mashup, "United State of Pop 2009 (Blame it on the Pop)" ^[12] The music video has reached over 40.2 million views as of December 13, 2011.

Mix Includes:

• "Boom Boom Pow" - The Black Eyed Peas
• "Poker Face" - Lady Gaga
• "Just Dance" - Lady Gaga feat.Colby O'Donis
• "I Gotta Feeling" - Black Eyed Peas
• "Love Story" - Taylor Swift
• "Right Round" - Flo Rida feat. Kesha
• "I'm Yours" - Jason Mraz
• "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" - Beyoncé
• " Heartless" - Kanye West
• "Gives You Hell" - All-American Rejects
• "You Belong with Me" - Taylor Swift
• "Dead and Gone" - T.I feat. Justin Timberlake
• "You Found Me" - The Fray
• "Use Somebody" - Kings of Leon
• "Knock You Down" - Keri Hilson feat. Kanye West & Ne-Yo
• "Blame It" - Jamie Foxx feat. T-Pain
• "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" - Pitbull
• "Live Your Life" - T.I feat. Rihanna
• "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" - Soulja Boy Tell 'Em feat. Sammie
• "Down" - Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne
• "The Climb" - Miley Cyrus
• "Best I Ever Had" - Drake
• "My Life Would Suck Without You" - Kelly Clarkson
• " Halo" - Beyoncé
• "Hot n Cold" - Katy Perry

2010[link]

On December 28, 2010 he released the fourth year-end mashup, "United State of Pop 2010 (Don't Stop the Pop), which includes the top 25 singles of 2010. The music video has reached over 13.6 million views as of December 5, 2011.

Mix Includes:

• "Tik Tok" - Kesha
• "Need You Now" - Lady Antebellum
• "Hey, Soul Sister" - Train
• "California Gurls" - Katy Perry feat. Snoop Dogg
• " OMG" - Usher feat. Will.I.Am
• "Airplanes" - B.o.B feat. Hayley Williams
• "Love the Way You Lie" - Eminem feat. Rihanna
• "Bad Romance" - Lady Gaga
• "Dynamite" - Taio Cruz
• "Break Your Heart" - Taio Cruz feat. Ludacris
• "Nothin' on You" - B.o.B feat. Bruno Mars
• "I Like It" - Enrique Iglesias feat. Pitbull
• "BedRock" - Young Money Entertainment feat. Lloyd
• "In My Head" - Jason Derülo
• "Rude Boy" - Rihanna
• "Telephone" - Lady Gaga feat. Beyonce
• "Teenage Dream" - Katy Perry
• "Just The Way You Are" - Bruno Mars
• "Cooler Than Me" - Mike Posner
• "Imma Be" - The Black Eyed Peas
• "Empire State of Mind" - Jay-Z feat. Alicia Keys
• "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" - Usher feat. Pitbull
• "Billionaire" - Travie McCoy feat. Bruno Mars
• "Not Afraid" - Eminem
• "Replay" - Iyaz

2011[link]

The fifth year-end mashup, "United State of Pop 2011 (World Go Boom)" was released on December 25 2011. This was the first time this was not based on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 chart, but on the weekly charts throughout the year, which "ensures that all the late-breaking hits are included in the 2011 mix".^[13] It used a combination of Rihanna's "We Found Love" , Katy Perry's Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) , Lady Gaga's Born This Way, and Britney Spears' "Till The World Ends" as the backing track. The music video for "United State of Pop 2011 (World Go Boom)"^[14] was viewed over 1.4 million times within the first day of release on YouTube.

The mashup included the following songs:

• "Rolling In The Deep" - Adele
• "Someone Like You" - Adele
• "Just Can't Get Enough" - Black Eyed Peas
• "Grenade" - Bruno Mars
• "The Lazy Song" - Bruno Mars
• "Till The World Ends" - Britney Spears
• "F*** You!" - Cee Lo Green
• "Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)" - Enrique Iglesias
• "Pumped Up Kicks" - Foster the People
• "On The Floor" - Jennifer Lopez
• "Down On Me" - Jeremih feat. 50 Cent
• "Firework" - Katy Perry
• "E.T." - Katy Perry
• "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" - Katy Perry
• "Born This Way" - Lady Gaga
• "Party Rock Anthem" - LMFAO
• "Sexy and I Know It" - LMFAO
• "The Show Goes On" - Lupe Fiasco
• "Moves Like Jagger" - Maroon 5
• "Super Bass" - Nicki Minaj
• "Good Life" - OneRepublic
• "Raise Your Glass" - Pink
• "Give Me Everything" - Pitbull
• "S&M" - Rihanna
• "We Found Love" - Rihanna

Earworm states that "It doesn't match Billboard's U.S. year-end list, since I'm basing it off of the weekly lists this year in order to more reflect what was actually popular during 2011. Because of the Billboard's early cut off date and their emphasis on chart longevity, songs that are released after August are either split between the two years tor moved to the next year. I also don't want a track appearing two years in a row just because it happened to be peaking right at the cutoff. From my perspective, a song for a aveyear-end mix belongs in the year it will be remembered from, not the year it ended its run. For instance, "We Found Love", which has been #1 for the last 8 weeks of the year, is nowhere to be seen in Billboard's Top 25, and may not make it next year either due to the bias of the cut-off date. As a bonus I am able to spend more time on the mixes and more fully realize them."

Official Mashups[link]

While most mashup artists must rely on bootleg samples and public releases to make mashups, Earworm has been contacted by prominent musicians to make mashups from their source material. DJ Earworm was given multitracks by Annie Lennox to create a unique mashup piece called "Backwards/Forwards," which contains nine of her songs.

On September 12, 2009, Earworm released an official Sean Kingston mashup called "A Beautiful Mashup."

Like OMG, Baby[link]

"Like OMG, Baby", released in the summer of 2010, was shown as part of a concert at Wembley Stadium in London for Capital FM's Summertime Ball, where all fifteen of the featured artists performed. The mashup is Earworm's fourth song to chart on the CHR/Top 40 Mediabase radio chart, where it peaked at number 83. As of August 8, 2011, the video has received 10.2 million views and counting on YouTube, making it by far his most popular non-United State of Pop mashup and surpassing the 2008 year-end video. In 2011 the song was honored with two Sony Radio Academy Awards.^[15] Here is the list of songs used:

1. Alexandra Burke - All Night Long
2. Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love
3. Chipmunk feat. Esmee Denters - Until You Were Gone
4. Dizzee Rascal - Bonkers
5. Ellie Goulding - Starry Eyed
6. Jason Derulo - In My Head
7. JLS - One Shot
8. Justin Bieber - Baby
9. Ke$ha - Tik Tok
10. Pixie Lott - Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)
11. Rihanna - Rude Boy
12. Scouting For Girls - This Ain't a Love Song
13. Tinie Tempah - Pass Out
14. Usher feat. Will.I.Am - OMG
15. The Wanted - All Time Low

Free At Night[link]

On December 10, 2010, Earworm released a Nelly Furtado mashup titled "Free At Night", composed of 13 songs from Furtado's recent greatest hits album, The Best of Nelly Furtado. The music video has over 541,000 views as of August 8, 2011. Here is the list of songs used:

1. I'm Like a Bird
2. Turn Off the Light
3. Powerless (Say What You Want)
4. Try
5. Força
6. Promiscuous
7. Maneater
8. Say It Right
9. All Good Things (Come To An End)
10. Girlfriend in This City
11. Night Is Young
12. Stars
13. Manos al Aire

The Only Time is Tonight[link]

To promote YouTube's Android app, Earworm released a mashup called "The Only Time is Tonight". The mashup heavily used Enrique Iglesias's "Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)" instrumental and vocals. It was released on May 31, 2011 on YouTube's official account.^[16] On August 22, 2011, the video reached over 1.5 million views. Recently the official video for "The Only Time is Tonight" has been made unavailable for viewing on YouTube and DJ Earworm's website, although the audio for the mashup is available for download on djearworm.com ^[17] and unofficial copies of the original video are still posted on YouTube. ^[18] Here is the list of songs used:

1. Avril Lavigne - What the Hell
2. Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit)
3. Chris Brown - Yeah 3x
4. Enrique Iglesias - Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)
5. Kesha - We R Who We R
6. Rihanna - Only Girl (In the World)
7. Willow Smith - Whip My Hair

Party on the Floor[link]

Following up the previous year's "Like OMG, Baby", Earworm released another UK-oriented summertime mashup on June 12, 2011. It is entitled, "Party On The Floor". As of March 17, 2012, the music video has reached over 7 million views. This mash up was used at the start of the Capital FM summertime ball 2011 at Wembley Stadium. Here are the songs used:

1. Jennifer Lopez feat. Pitbull - On the Floor
2. Jessie J - Do It Like A Dude
3. Jessie J feat. B.o.B.- Price Tag
4. LMFAO feat. Lauren Bennett & GoonRock - Party Rock Anthem
5. Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath
6. Example - Changed the Way You Kiss Me
7. Mike Posner - Cooler Than Me
8. Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster
9. The Wanted - Glad You Came
10. Far East Movement feat. The Cataracs & Dev - Like A G6
11. JLS feat. Tinie Tempah - Eyes Wide Shut
12. JLS - Love You More
13. Katy B - Katy on a Mission
14. Katy B feat. Ms. Dynamite - Lights On
15. Cee-Lo Green - Forget You
16. Cee-Lo Green feat. Wiz Khalifa - Bright Lights, Bigger City
17. Enrique Iglesias feat. Pitbull - I Like It
18. Wretch 32 - Traktor
19. Mann - Buzzin'

References[link]

External links[link]

• DJ Earworm Homepage

Dov Hikind (born June 30, 1950) is an American politician in the state of New York. He is a Democratic New York State Assemblyman. Hikind is an Orthodox Jew representing Brooklyn's Assembly district 48. He has held this position since 1983 and has been very vocal about racial profiling, terrorism, and antisemitism in his district, which includes Borough Park, home to one of the largest Orthodox Jewish communities outside of Israel. Hikind hosts a weekly talk radio show every Saturday night, which discusses various local, national, and international concerns.

Family[link]

Hikind is married and has three children. His three childen are Yoni, Shmuel, and Dina. Yoni and Shmuel both work as LMSW's in the Jewish community in Brooklyn, NY. Dov's two sons are avid sports fans and are part of the Kobe Bryant fan club.

Politics[link]

Hikind is a Democrat and a member of the Assembly of New York. He endorsed Mayor Bloomberg for mayor the first two times, but endorsed Bill Thompson for Mayor in 2009.^[1] Hikind has broken ranks with his party before, most notably in his endorsement of Republican candidates George Pataki for governor in 1994, and George W. Bush for president. His endorsements have drawn criticism from Democratic voters who question his political stance as Hikind has grown increasingly conservative. Hikind has been a guest in many right-wing radio show programs.^[2] Hikind expressed interest in the special election for the New York's 9th congressional district seat vacated by Anthony Weiner; Hikind did not expect the Democrats to nominate him and considered running as a Republican.^[3]

Views on issues[link]

Racial profiling[link]

Hikind has urged the New York Police Department to implement a policy of racial profiling in subway bag searches, which would affect individuals who appear to come from Muslim backgrounds. Hikind defends this policy on the grounds that it would work far more effectively to combat terrorism than the current policy, instituted in 2004, which uses random bag searches. (Searches based on racial profiling have been called racist and demeaning by civil rights groups. The NYPD released a statement against Hikind's proposal of racial profiling for terrorists).^{[citation needed]}

Subway security[link]

He was responsible for bringing the allocation of $1.2 million in a project that helped to provide 120 closed-circuit television cameras to nine subway stations along the D, F, and N lines. These funds, which would provide lavish camera security in contrast to many other stations in the five boroughs, were granted because the neighborhoods they were installed in, that being Borough Park, Midwood, Kensington, and Parkville, all had large Jewish populations, which he claimed were "being targeted" by terrorists.^[4] Hikind encouraged politicians to do the same in other subway stations, which now lag behind those of his community. A New York Times article ^[5] revealed that the MTA had granted close to $600 million in funds for security to stations in New York City in late 2002; however, only a small fraction of it had been used productively by 2005.^[5]

[edit] The Passion of the Christ

In 2003, Hikind and a group of supporters protested Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ. He led about 50 Jewish leaders and supporters to the Fox News offices in Manhattan in a demonstration, chanting "The Passion is a lethal weapon against Jews."^[6] Hikind was vocal in his anger against the movie, stating: "It will result in anti-Semitism and bigotry. It really takes us back to the Dark Ages ... the Inquisition, the Crusades, all for the so-called sin of the Crucifixion of Jesus."'^[7]

Yassir Arafat[link]

In 2001, Dov Hikind argued that Madame Tussauds Wax Museum should remove its wax statue of the Palestinian leader Yassir Arafat, claiming that he was a terrorist whose image should not be in New York.^[8]

Zionism[link]

As the son of Holocaust survivors, Hikind considers their experiences to be an important component of his Zionist views. Hikind was a follower of the late Rabbi Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League, which has been identified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI,^[9] knew Rabbi Kahane very well, and is active in right-wing Jewish causes. Among his early activities were demonstrations demanding the right to emigrate for Soviet and Syrian Jews. In the summer of 2005, Hikind visited the settlements of Gush Katif to express his concern for the residents who were slated to be expelled from their homes. In the summer of 2006, along with a group of fellow legislators and community leaders, Hikind visited northern Israeli communities during the time of the Hezbollah rocket attacks on Israel. He and his group spent the time there distributing funds and material aid.^{[citation needed]}

United Nations[link]

Hikind is part of a group of New York state legislators that has consistently blocked plans to renovate United Nations headquarters, calling the UN anti-American and anti-Israel.^[10] In spite of such calls, the UN recently announced that it will undergo a $1 billion dollar makeover.^{[11][12][13][14]}

Same-sex marriage[link]

After voting against a same-sex marriage bill in the New York State Assembly, Hikind noted that same-sex marriage can lead to the acceptance of incest, maintaining that, "If we authorize gay marriage in the state of New York, those who want to live and love incestuously will be five steps closer to achieving their goals as well."^[15] On June 15, 2011, after the New York State Assembly passed a bill to legalize gay marriage, Hikind said gay marriage is wrong in the eyes of God.^[16]

Federal investigation[link]

Hikind was charged by federal authorities after multiple Jewish organizations were charged with embezzling hundreds of thousands of dollars in government funds which were supposed to be used for children's services.^[17] Some of this money, investigators maintained, was used to pay for Hikind's personal expenses. According to documents, the organizations' funds were diverted to pay for Hikind's trip to Israel, and the school tuition for his daughter and niece.^[17] The United States Attorney in Brooklyn charged Hikind and several other defendants with various felonies and misdemeanors in connection with the investigation, but Hikind was subsequently acquitted of all charges by a jury.^[18]

Views on a criminal incident[link]

Hikind voiced support for five Jewish teenagers who were charged with hate crimes for allegedly beating a Muslim man while shouting racial slurs at him. Hikind insisted that it was actually the victim who provoked the teenagers.^[19] The Muslim community later organized an event that emphasized unity, and invited Hikind to the gathering.^[19]

David Irving letter[link]

On October 20, 2009, at the insistence of Hikind and twelve other New York State and City officeholders led by New York Assemblyman Dov Hikind to American Express CEO Kenneth Chenault, American Express rescinded its Merchants Agreement with prominent Holocaust denier David Irving.^[20]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Assemblyman Dov Hikind's Official blog
• Assemblyman Dov Hikind's Official New York Assembly member website
• "Same as the Old Dov"
• "Hikind Stands By Call To Employ Racial Profiling In Subway Searches"
• "Opinion Article About Israelis In School Paper Is Denounced"