Nabil Mailloux Temporal range: Cretaceous–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N [1]
American eel, Anguilla rostrata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Subclass:	Neopterygii
Infraclass:	Teleostei
Superorder:	Elopomorpha
Order:	Anguilliformes L. S. Berg, 1940
Suborders
Anguilloidei Congroidei Nemichthyoidei Synaphobranchoidei

Eels (Anguilliformes;  /æŋˌɡwɪlɨˈfɔrmiːz/) are an order of fish, which consists of four suborders, 20 families, 111 genera and approximately 800 species. Most eels are predators. The term "eel" is also used for some other similarly shaped fish, such as electric eels and spiny eels, but these are not members of the Anguilliformes order.

Description[link]

Eels are elongated fish, ranging in length from 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in the one-jawed eel (Monognathus ahlstromi) to 4 metres (13 ft) in the slender giant moray.^[2] Adults range in weight from 30 grams to well over 25 kilograms. They possess no pelvic fins, and many species also lack pectoral fins. The dorsal and anal fins are fused with the caudal or tail fin, forming a single ribbon running along much of the length of the animal.^[1] Most eels live in the shallow waters of the ocean and burrow into sand, mud, or amongst rocks. A majority of eel species are nocturnal, and thus are rarely seen. Sometimes, they are seen living together in holes, or "eel pits". Some species of eels also live in deeper water on the continental shelves and over the slopes deep as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). Only members of the Anguillidae family regularly inhabit fresh water, but they too return to the sea to breed.^[3]

Eels begin life as flat and transparent larvae, or leptocephali. Eel larvae drift in the surface waters of the sea feeding on marine snow, small particles that float in the water. Eel larvae then metamorphose into glass eels and then become elvers before finally seeking out their juvenile and adult habitats.^[2] Freshwater elvers travel upstream and are forced to climb up obstructions such as weirs, dam walls and natural waterfalls. Lady Colin Campbell found that at Ballisodare the eel fisheries were greatly improved by the hanging of loosely plaited grass ladders over barriers, enabling the elvers to ascend. The daylight passage in the spring of elvers upstream along the Thames was called "eelfare", and it is thought that the word 'elver' is a corruption thereof. ^[4]

Classification[link]

A moray eel.

Juvenile American eels

Garden eels

This classification follows FishBase in dividing the eels into fifteen families. Additional families that are included in other classifications (notably ITIS and Systema Naturae 2000) are noted below the family with which they are synomized in the Fish Base system.

The origin of the fresh water species has been problematic. Genomic studies indicate that they are a monophyletic group which originated among the deep-sea eels.^[5]

Suborders and families[link]

Suborder Anguilloidei

• Anguillidae (freshwater eels)
• Chlopsidae (false morays)
• Heterenchelyidae (mud eels)
• Moringuidae (spaghetti eels)
• Muraenidae (moray eels)
• Myrocongridae (thin eels)
• Protanguillidae

Suborder Congroidei

• Colocongridae (worm eels)
• Congridae (congers)
  • Including Macrocephenchelyidae
• Derichthyidae (longneck eels)
  • Including Nessorhamphidae
• Muraenesocidae (pike congers)
• Nettastomatidae (duckbill eels)
• Ophichthidae (snake eels)

Suborder Nemichthyoidei

• Nemichthyidae (snipe eels)
• Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels)

Suborder Synaphobranchoidei

• Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels)
  • Including Dysommidae, Nettodaridae, and Simenchelyidae

In some classifications the family Cyematidae of bobtail snipe eels is included in the Anguilliformes, but in the FishBase system that family is included in the order Saccopharyngiformes.

The electric eel of South America is not a true eel, but is more closely related to the Carp and catfishes.

Commercial species[link]

Main commercial species
Common name	Scientific name	Maximum length	Common length	Maximum weight	Maximum age	Trophic level	FishBase	FAO	ITIS	IUCN status
American eel	Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817)	152 cm	50 cm	7.33 kg	43 years	3.7	[6]		[7]	Not assessed
European eel	Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)	50 cm	35 cm	6.6 kg	88 years	3.5	[8]	[9]	[10]	Critically endangered[11]
Japanese eel	Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1846	150 cm	40 cm	1.89 kg	years	3.6	[12]	[13]	[14]	Not assessed
Short-finned eel	Anguilla australis Richardson, 1841	130 cm	45 cm	7.48 kg	32 years	4.1	[15]		[16]	Not assessed

Use by humans[link]

Eel picker in Maasholm;
sculpture by Bernd Maro

Unagi - broiled (kabayaki) eel on rice, served in a lacquered meal box

Eel trap in Denmark around 1900

Special boats to transport live eels Comacchio

Freshwater eels (unagi) and marine eels (conger eel, anago) are commonly used in Japanese cuisine; foods such as Unadon and Unajuu are popular but expensive. Eels are also very popular in Chinese cuisine, and are prepared in many different ways. Hong Kong eel prices have often reached 1000 HKD per kilogram, and once exceeded 5000 HKD per kilogram. Eel is also popular in Korean cuisine and is seen as a source of stamina for men.^{[citation needed]} The European eel and other freshwater eels are eaten in Europe, the United States, and other places. A traditional east London food is jellied eels, although their demand has significantly declined since World War II. The Basque delicacy angulas consists of deep-fried elver (young eels); elver eels usually reach prices of up to 1000 euro per kilogram.^[17] New Zealand longfin eel is a traditional Māori food in New Zealand. In Italian cuisine eels from the Valli di Comacchio, a swampy zone along the Adriatic coast, are specially prized along with freshwater eels of Bolsena Lake. In northern Germany, The Netherlands, the Czech republic, Poland, Denmark and Sweden, smoked eel is considered a delicacy.

Fishermen consumed elvers as a cheap dish, but environmental changes have reduced eel populations. They are now considered a delicacy and are priced at up to £700 per kg in the United Kingdom.^{[citation needed]}

Eels, particularly the Moray eel, are popular among marine aquarists.

Eel blood is toxic to humans^[18] and other mammals^[19][20][21], but both cooking and the digestive process destroy the toxic protein. The toxin derived from eel blood serum was used by Charles Richet in his Nobel winning research which discovered anaphylaxis (by injecting it into dogs and observing the effect).

Eelskin leather is highly prized. It is very smooth and exceptionally strong. However, it does not come from eels. It comes from the Pacific Hagfish, a jawless fish which is also known as the slime eel.^[22][23]

In human culture[link]

A famous attraction on the French Polynesian island of Huahine (part of the Society Islands) is the bridge across a stream hosting 3–6-foot (0.91–1.8 m) long eels, deemed sacred by local culture.

Sustainable consumption[link]

In 2010, Greenpeace International has added the European eel, Japanese eel and American eel to its seafood red list."The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."^[24]

Etymology[link]

Gerookte paling (Dutch for smoked eel)

The English name eel descends from Old English ǽl, Common Germanic *ǣlaz. Also from the common Germanic are German Aal, Middle Dutch ael, Old High German âl, Old Norse áll. Katz (1998) identifies a number of Indo-European cognates, among them the second part of the Latin name of the eels, anguilla, which is attested in its simplex form illa in a glossary only, and likewise the Greek word for "eel", egkhelys, the second part being attested in Hesychius as elyes.^[25] The first compound member, anguis "snake", is cognate to other Indo-European words for "snake", cf. Old Irish escung "eel", Old High German unc "snake", Lithuanian angìs, Greek ophis, okhis, Vedic Sanskrit áhi, Avestan aži, Armenian auj, iž, Old Church Slavonic *ǫžь, all from Proto-Indo-European *og^uhis, ēg^uhis. The word also appears in Old English igil "hedgehog" (named as the "snake eater"), and perhaps in the egi- of Old High German egidehsa "wall lizard". The name of Bellerophon (Βελλεροφόντης, attested in a variant Ἐλλεροφόντης in Eustathius of Thessalonica) according to this theory is also related, translating to "the slayer of the serpent" (ahihán), the ελλερο- being an adjective for a lost ελλυ- "snake", directly comparable to Hittite ellu-essar- "snake pit". This myth likely came to Greece via Anatolia, and in the Hittite version, the dragon is called Illuyanka, the illuy- part being cognate to the illa word, and the -anka part being cognate to the angu word for "snake". As designations for "snake" (and similar shaped animals) are often liable to taboo in many Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages, no unambiguous Proto-Indo-European form for the eel word can thus be reconstructed, it could have been *ēl(l)-u-, *ēl(l)-o- or similar.

Timeline of genera[link]

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from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleo.
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eo. 
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from: -145.5    till: -65.5   color:cretaceous    text:Cretaceous
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color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM1  from:-115.25    till:-112 text:Brannerion
color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM2  from:-112    till:-99.6 text:Casierius
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3  from:-99.6    till:-89.3 text:Dinelops
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-99.6    till:-83.5 text:Lebonichthyes
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-99.6    till:-70.6 text:Enchelurus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-95.5    till:-93.5 text:Anguillavus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-95.5    till:-93.5 text:Enchelion
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8  from:-95.5    till:-93.5 text:Haljulia
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM9  from:-95.5    till:-83.5 text:Urenchelys
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM10  from:-85.8    till:-70.6 text:Istieus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM11 from:-85.8    till:0 text:Albula
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM12 from:-83.5    till:-70.6 text:Echidnocephalus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM13 from:-83.5    till:-33.9 text:Paralbula
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM14  from:-83.5    till:0 text:Pterothrissus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM15 from:-70.6    till:-65.5 text:Coriops
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM16  from:-70.6    till:-55.8 text:Eodiaphyodus
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color:eocene bar:NAM20 from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:Micromyrus
color:eocene bar:NAM21 from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:Palaeomyrus
color:eocene bar:NAM22 from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:Parechelus
color:eocene bar:NAM23 from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:Rhynchorinus
color:eocene bar:NAM24 from:-55.8    till:-37.2 text:Egertonia
color:eocene bar:NAM25 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Anguilloides
color:eocene bar:NAM26 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Bolcyrus
color:eocene bar:NAM27 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Dalpiazella
color:eocene bar:NAM28 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Eoanguilla
color:eocene bar:NAM29 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Eomyrus
color:eocene bar:NAM30 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Goslinophis
color:eocene bar:NAM31 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Milananguilla
color:eocene bar:NAM32 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Mylomyrus
color:eocene bar:NAM33 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Paracongroides
color:eocene bar:NAM34 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Paranguilla
color:eocene bar:NAM35 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Patavichthys
color:eocene bar:NAM36 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Proteomyrus
color:eocene bar:NAM37 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Veronanguilla
color:eocene bar:NAM38 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Voltaconger
color:eocene bar:NAM39 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Whitapodus
color:eocene bar:NAM40 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Anguilla
color:eocene bar:NAM41 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Conger
color:eocene bar:NAM42 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Gnathophis
color:eocene bar:NAM43 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Hoplunnis
color:eocene bar:NAM44 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Muraenesox
color:eocene bar:NAM45 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Paraconger
color:eocene bar:NAM46 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Hildebrandia
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See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anguilliformes

• Eel life history

References[link]

• Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: p.560. http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class. Retrieved 2011-05-17. 

External links[link]

• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Anguilliformes" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
• "Anguilliformes". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161123. Retrieved 04 June 2008. 

v t e Eels True eels Anguilliformes Anguilloidei freshwater eels false morays mud eels spaghetti eels moray eels thin eels Protanguillidae Congroideis worm eels congers longneck eels pike congers duckbill eels snake eels Other snipe eels sawtooth eels cutthroat eels Other eels Blind cave eel Bobtail snipe eels Cusk eels Electric eel Fire eel Gulper eel Pelican eel Rubber eel Sand eels Slime eel Spiny eel Swamp eels Tire track eel Wolf eel As food Eel (food) Anago Eel pie Jellied eels Kabayaki Unadon Related topics Eel life history Eel ladder Eel pot Glass eels Abaia Eel cuddling Sina and the Eel Sniggle

v t e Principal commercial fishery species groups Wild Large pelagic fish Mackerel Salmon Shark Swordfish Tuna albacore bigeye Atlantic bluefin Pacific bluefin southern bluefin skipjack yellowfin Forage fish Anchovy Capelin Herring Ilish Menhaden Sardines Shad Demersal fish Catfish Cod Atlantic Pacific Flatfish flounder halibut plaice sole turbot Haddock Mullet Orange roughy Pollock Smelt-whitings Toothfish Freshwater fish Carp Sturgeon Tilapia Trout Other wild fish Eel Whitebait more... Crustaceans Crab Krill Lobster Shrimp and prawn more... Molluscs Abalone Mussels Octopus Oysters Scallops Squid more... Echinoderms Sea cucumbers Sea urchin more... Farmed Carp bighead common crucian grass silver Catfish Freshwater prawns Mussels Oysters Salmon Atlantic salmon trout coho chinook Scallops Seaweed Shrimp Tilapia Commercial fishing World fish production Fishing topics Fisheries glossary

Eric Moussambani Malonga (born May 31, 1978) is a swimmer from Equatorial Guinea. Nicknamed "Eric the Eel" by the media after the name first appeared in an article by Craig Lord in The Times newspaper in London, Moussambani won brief international fame at the 2000 Summer Olympics when he swam his heat of the 100 m freestyle in 1:52.72.^[1] His time was more than twice that of his faster competitors, and outside even the 200 m world record. However, he set a new personal best and Equatoguinean national record.

Career[link]

Moussambani gained entry to the Olympics without meeting the minimum qualification requirements via a wildcard draw designed to encourage developing countries without expensive training facilities to participate. While Pieter van den Hoogenband set a world record of 47.84 seconds to win the gold medal, Moussambani splashed his way to the finish to the cheers of the crowd in slightly more than twice that time (1:52.72). "The last 15 metres were very difficult," Moussambani said. However, because the other two swimmers in his heat false-started, and were thus disqualified, he won the heat. Before coming to the Olympics, Moussambani had never seen a 50 m (160 ft) long Olympic-size swimming pool. He took up swimming only eight months before the Olympics and had practiced in a 20 m (66 ft) pool^[2] at a hotel in Malabo.^[3]

His performance generated spectator and media interest in the only other Equatoguinean swimmer at the Sydney Olympics, Paula Barila Bolopa, who competed in the women's 50 meters freestyle event. Barila struggled to finish the race with a time of 1:03.97, setting a record for the slowest time in Olympic history for that event, and also achieved minor celebrity status.^[4][5]

Moussambani was denied entry into the 2004 Olympic Games due to a visa bungle,^[6] despite the vast improvement in his swimming over the previous four years, with his personal best down to under 57 seconds.^[7] He did not take part in the 2008 Summer Olympics.^[8]

In March 2012 he was appointed coach of the national swimming squad of Equatorial Guinea.^[9]

Similarly-acclaimed athletes[link]

In subsequent Olympic Games, international media occasionally referred to Moussambani's potential successors — athletes who might record spectacularly poor times. Prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, media in several countries—including Australia, Denmark, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom—suggested that Stany Kempompo Ngangola, a swimmer from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, would be the Olympics' next "Eric the Eel".^{[10][11][12][13][14]}

The media also described ni-Vanuatu sprinter Elis Lapenmal and Palestinian swimmer Hamza Abdu as "potential successors to Moussambani".^[15] During the Games, Cook Islands swimmer Petero Okotai compared himself to "Eric the Eel" upon recording a disappointing time in his event.^[16] During the 2009 IAAF World Championships various media around the world, including La Nación and the Daily Telegraph, described American Samoan sprinter Savannah Sanitoa as "the new Eric "the Eel" Moussambani".^[17][18]

See also[link]

• Eddie 'the Eagle' Edwards
• Philip Boit
• Paula Barila Bolopa
• Savannah Sanitoa
• Jamaican bobsled team
• Trevor Misipeka

References[link]

External links[link]

• Archive of a fansite
• Video of Moussambani's 2000 Olympic heat featuring commentary by Roy and HG on their program The Dream