Liu Xiaobo (born 28 December 1955)[1] is a Chinese literary critic, writer, professor, and human rights activist who called for political reforms and the end of communist single-party rule in China.[2] He is currently incarcerated as a political prisoner in China.
Liu has served from 2003 to 2007 as President of the Independent Chinese PEN Center, an organization funded by the National Endowment for Democracy,[3] which in turn is almost entirely funded by the US Congress. He was also the President of NED-funded MinZhuZhongGuo (Democratic China) magazine since the mid-1990s. On 8 December 2008, Liu was detained because of his participation with the Charter 08 manifesto. He was formally arrested on 23 June 2009 on suspicion of "inciting subversion of state power."[4][5] He was tried on the same charges on 23 December 2009,[6] and sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights on 25 December 2009.[7]
During his fourth prison term, he was awarded the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China."[8][9][10][11] He is the first Chinese citizen to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China.[12] Liu is the third person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while in prison or detention, after Germany's Carl von Ossietzky (1935) and Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi (1991).[13] Liu is also the second person (the first being Ossietzky) to be denied the right to have a representative collect the Nobel prize for him.
Liu was born in Changchun, Jilin, in 1955 to an intellectual family. In 1969, during the Down to the Countryside Movement, Liu's father took him to Horqin Right Front Banner, Inner Mongolia. After he finished middle school in 1974, he was sent to the countryside to work on a farm in Jilin.
In 1977, Liu was admitted to the Department of Chinese Literature at Jilin University, where he created a poetry group known as "The Innocent Hearts" (Chi Zi Xin) with six schoolmates.[14] In 1982, he graduated with B.A. in literature before being admitted as a research student at the Department of Chinese Literature at Beijing Normal University. In 1984, he received an M.A. in literature and became a teacher at the same department.[15][16][17] That year, he married Tao Li, with whom he had a son named Liu Tao in 1985.
In 1986, Liu started his doctoral study program and published his literary critiques at various magazines. He became well known as a "dark horse" for his radical opinions and sharp comments on the official doctrines and establishments to shock both of the literary and ideological circles, thus termed as "Liu Xiaobo Shock" or "Liu Xiaobo Phenomenon".[18] In 1987, his first book, Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with Li Zehou, was published and became a bestseller non-fiction.[18] It comprehensively criticised the Chinese tradition of Confucianism and posed a frank challenge to Li Zehou, a rising ideological star who had a strong influence on young intellectuals in China at the time.[18]
In June 1988, he received Ph.D. in literature. His doctoral thesis, Aesthetic and Human Freedom, passed the examination unanimously and was published as his second book.[19] In the same year he became a lecturer at the same department. He soon became a visiting scholar at several universities, including Columbia University, the University of Oslo, and the University of Hawaii. He returned home as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests broke out. This year saw also the publication of his third book, The Fog of Metaphysics, a comprehensive review on Western philosophies. Soon, all of his works were banned.[citation needed]
In a 1988 interview with Hong Kong's Liberation Monthly (now known as Open Magazine), Liu was asked what it would take for China to realize a true historical transformation. He replied:
"[It would take] 300 years of colonialism. In 100 years of colonialism, Hong Kong has changed to what we see today. With China being so big, of course it would require 300 years as a colony for it to be able to transform into how Hong Kong is today. I have my doubts as to whether 300 years would be enough."[20][21]
Liu admitted in 2006 that the response was extemporaneous, although he did not intend to take it back, as it represented "an extreme expression of his longheld belief."[21] The quote was nonetheless used against him. He has commented, "Even today [in 2006], radical patriotic 'angry youth' still frequently use these words to paint me with 'treason'."[21]
Known for his pro-West stance, Liu once stated in an interview: "Modernization means whole-sale westernization, choosing a human life is choosing Western way of life. Difference between Western and Chinese governing system is humane vs in-humane, there's no middle ground... Westernization is not a choice of a nation, but a choice for the human race" [22]
During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, he was in the United States but decided to return to China to join the movement. He was later named as one of the "four junzis of Tiananmen Square" for persuading students to leave the square and thus saving hundreds of lives.[23]
As noted by Simon Leys of the New York Review of Books in an article about Liu Xiaobo, while traveling in the United States and Europe, Liu's perception of the West and its relationship to a modernizing China, evolved.[24]
"During a visit to the Metropolitan Museum in New York, he experienced a sort of epiphany that crystallized the turmoil of his latest self-questioning: he realized the shallowness of his own learning in the light of the fabulous riches of the diverse civilizations of the past, and simultaneously perceived the inadequacy of contemporary Western answers to mankind’s modern predicament. His own dream that Westernization could be used to reform China suddenly appeared to him as pathetic as the attitude of 'a paraplegic laughing at a quadriplegic,' he confessed at the time: 'My tendency to idealize Western civilization arises from my nationalistic desire to use the West in order to reform China. But this has led me to overlook the flaws of Western culture…. I have been obsequious toward Western civilization, exaggerating its merits, and at the same time exaggerating my own merits. I have viewed the West as if it were not only the salvation of China but also the natural and ultimate destination of all humanity. Moreover I have used this delusional idealism to assign myself the role of savior…. I now realize that Western civilization, while it can be useful in reforming China in its present stage, cannot save humanity in an overall sense. If we stand back from Western civilization for a moment, we can see that it possesses all the flaws of humanity in general….If I, as a person who has lived under China’s autocratic system for more than thirty years, want to reflect on the fate of humanity or how to be an authentic person, I have no choice but to carry out two critiques simultaneously. I must: 1. Use Western civilization as a tool to critique China. 2. Use my own creativity to critique the West.'"[24]
In his 1996 article titled "Lessons from the Cold War", Liu argues that "The free world led by the US fought almost all regimes that trampled on human rights … The major wars that the US became involved in are all ethically defensible." He has defended U.S. policies in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, which he thinks is the fault of the "provocateur" Palestinians.[25]
Liu also published a 2004 article in support of Bush's war on Iraq, titled "Victory to the Anglo-American Freedom Alliance", in which he praised the U.S.-led post-Cold War conflicts as "best examples of how war should be conducted in a modern civilization." He predicted "a free, democratic and peaceful Iraq will emerge."[26] During the 2004 US presidential election, Liu again praised Bush for his war effort against Iraq and condemned Democratic Party candidate John Kerry for not sufficiently supporting the wars in which the U.S. was then involved. He commented on Islamism that, "a culture and (religious) system that produced this kind of threat (Islamic fundamentalism), must be extremely intolerant and blood-thirsty." On Israel, he said "without America’s protection, the long persecuted Jews who faced extermination during World War II, probably would again be drowned by the Islamic world's hatred."[27][25]
On 27 April 1989, Liu returned to Beijing and immediately and actively supported the popular movement. When the army looked set to violently eject the students who persistently occupied the square to challenge the government and army enforcing martial law in Tiananmen Square, he initiated a four-man three-day hunger strike on June 2nd. Later referred to as the "Tiananmen Four Gentlemen Hunger Strike", the action earned the trust of the students. He requested that the government and the students abandon the ideology of class struggle and adopt a new kind of political culture of dialogue and compromise. Although it was too late to prevent the massacre from occurring beyond the square starting from the night of June 3rd, he and his colleagues successfully negotiated with the student leaders and the army commander to let all of the several thousand students withdraw peacefully from the Square, thus avoiding a possibly much larger scale of bloodshed.
On 6 June, Liu was arrested and detained in Qincheng Prison for his alleged role in the movement, and three months later was expelled from Beijing Normal University. The government's media issued numerous publications which labeled him a "mad dog" and "black hand" because he had allegedly incited and manipulated the student movement to overthrow the government and socialism. His publications were banned, including his fourth book in press, Going Naked Toward God. In Taiwan however, his first and third books, Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with Leading Thinker LI Zehou (1989), and the two-volume Mysteries of Thought and Dreams of Mankind (1990) were republished with some additions.
In January of 1991, 19 months since his arrest, Liu Xiaobo was convicted for the offense of "counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement"[7] but exempted from criminal punishment for his "major meritorious action" for having avoided the possible bloody confrontation in Tiananmen Square. After his release, he was divorced and eventually his ex-wife and son immigrated to the US. He resumed his writing, mostly on human rights and political issues though he has not been allowed to publish in Mainland China. In 1992, in Taiwan, he published his first book after his imprisonment, The Monologues of a Doomsday’s Survivor, a controversial memoir with his confessions and political criticism on the popular movement in 1989.
In January 1993, Liu was invited to visit Australia and the US for the interviews in the documentary film Gate of Heavenly Peace. Although many of his friends suggested that he take refuge abroad, Liu returned to China in May of 1993 and continued his freelance writing.
On May 18th of 1995, the police took Liu into custody for launching a petition campaign on the eve of the sixth anniversary of the June 4th massacre, calling on the government to reassess the event and to initiate political reform. He was held under residential surveillance in the suburbs of Beijing for 9 months. He was released in February of 1996 but arrested again on October 8th for an October Tenth Declaration, co-authored by him and another prominent dissident Wang Xizhe, mainly on the Taiwan issue that advocated a peaceful reunification in order to oppose the Chinese Communist Party's forceful treats towards the island. He was ordered to serve three years of re-education through labor[7][28] "for disturbing public order” for that statement.[29] In the same year, he married Liu Xia.
After his release on 7 October 1999, Liu Xiaobo resumed his freelance writing. However, it is reported[30] that the government built a sentry station next to his home and his phone calls and internet connections were tapped.
In 2000, he published in Taiwan the book A Nation That Lies to Conscience, a 400-paged political criticism. Also published, in Hong Kong, was Selection of Poems, a 450-paged collection of the poems as correspondences between him and his wife during his imprisonment; it was co-authored by Liu and his wife. The last of three books which he published during the year was in Mainland China, titled The Beauty Offers Me Drug: Literary Dialogues between Wang Shuo and Lao Xia, a 250-paged collection of literary critiques co-authored by a popular young writer and by himself under his unknown penname of "Lao Xiao". In the same year, Liu participated in founding the Independent Chinese PEN Centre and was elected to its board of directors as well as its president in November 2003, re-elected two years later. In 2007, he did not seek for the re-election of the president but held his position of the board member until detained by the police in December of 2008.
In 2004, when he started to write a Human Rights Report of China at home, his computer, letters and documents were confiscated by the government. He once said, "at Liu Xia's [Liu's wife] birthday, her best friend brought two bottles of wine to [my home] but was blocked by the police from coming in. I ordered a [birthday] cake and the police also rejected the man who delivered the cake to us. I quarreled with them and the police said, "it is for the sake of your security. It has happened many bomb attacks in these days."[30] Those measures were loosened until 2007, prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.[30]
In January of 2005, following the death of former Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang, who showed sympathy to protesters of the student demonstration in 1989, Liu was immediately put under house arrest for two weeks before realizing the death of Zhao.[31] In the same year, he published two more books in the US, The Future of Free China Exists in Civil Society, and Single-Blade Poisonous Sword: Criticism of Chinese Nationalism.
His writing is considered subversive by the Chinese Communist Party, and his name is censored.[32] He has called for multi-party elections, free markets, advocated the values of freedom, supported separation of powers and urged the governments to be accountable for its wrongdoings.[33] When not in prison, he has been the subject of government monitoring and put under house arrest during sensitive times.[30]
Liu's human rights work has received international recognition. In 2004, Reporters Without Borders awarded him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of press freedom.[34]
Prison terms for Liu Xiaobo[35]
| Prison term |
Reason |
Result |
| June 1989 – January 1991 |
Charged with spreading messages to instigate counterrevolutionary behavior. |
Imprisoned in one of China's best-known maximum security prisons, Qincheng Prison, and discharged when he signed a "letter of repentance." |
| May 1995 – January 1996 |
Being involved in democracy and human rights movement and voicing publicly the need to redress the government's wrongdoings in the student protest of 1989 |
Released after being jailed for six months. |
| October 1996 – October 1999 |
Charged with disturbing the social order |
Jailed in a labor education camp for three years. In 1996, he married Liu Xia. |
| December 2009 – 2020 |
Charged with spreading a message to subvert the country and authority |
Sentenced for 11 years and deprived of all political rights for two years. Currently imprisoned in Jinzhou Prison in Liaoning Province.[36] |
[edit] Charter 08, arrest and trial
Political protest in Hong Kong against the detention of Liu Xiaobo
Liu Xiaobo actively participated in the writing of and, along with more than three hundred Chinese citizens, signed Charter 08. The Charter is a manifesto released on 10 December 2008 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It was written in the style of the Czechoslovak Charter 77, calling for more freedom of expression, human rights, more democratic elections, for privatizing state enterprises and land and for economic liberalism.[37] As of September 2010, the Charter has collected over 10,000 signatures.[38][39]
Two days before the official release of the Charter, late in the evening of 8 December 2008, Liu was taken into custody by the police,[40] as was Zhang Zuhua, another scholar and Charter 08 signatory. According to Zhang, the two were detained on suspicion of gathering signatures to the Charter.[41] While Liu was detained in solitary confinement,[42] he was forbidden to meet with his lawyer or family, though he was allowed to eat lunch with his wife, Liu Xia, and two policemen on New Year's Day 2009.[43] On 23 June 2009, the Beijing procuratorate approved Liu's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power," a crime under Article 105 of China's Criminal Law.[44] In a Xinhua news release announcing Liu's arrest, the Beijing Public Security Bureau alleged that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overturn of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, citing almost verbatim Article 105; the Beijing PSB also noted that Liu had "fully confessed."[5]
On 1 December 2009, Beijing police transferred Liu's case to the procuratorate for investigation and processing;[6] on 10 December, the procuratorate formally indicted Liu on charges of "inciting subversion of state power" under and sent his lawyers, Shang Baojun and Ding Xikui, the indictment document.[6] He was tried at Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court on 23 December 2009. His wife was not permitted to observe the hearing, although his brother-in-law was present.[6][45][46] Diplomats from more than a dozen states – including the U.S., Britain, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand – were denied access to the court to watch the trial and stood outside the court for its duration.[47] Amongst these included Gregory May, political officer at the U.S. Embassy, and Nicholas Weeks, first secretary of the Swedish Embassy.[48]
| “ |
I have no enemies, and no hatred. None of the police who have monitored, arrested and interrogated me, the prosecutors who prosecuted me, or the judges who sentence me, are my enemies. While I’m unable to accept your surveillance, arrest, prosecution or sentencing, I respect your professions and personalities, including Zhang Rongge and Pan Xueqing who act for the prosecution at present. I was aware of your respect and sincerity in your interrogation of me on December 3.
For hatred is corrosive of a person’s wisdom and conscience; the mentality of enmity can poison a nation’s spirit, instigate brutal life and death struggles, destroy a society’s tolerance and humanity, and block a nation’s progress to freedom and democracy. I hope therefore to be able to transcend my personal vicissitudes in understanding the development of the state and changes in society, to counter the hostility of the regime with the best of intentions, and defuse hate with love....
I do not feel guilty for following my constitutional right to freedom of expression, for fulfilling my social responsibility as a Chinese citizen. Even if accused of it, I would have no complaints.
|
” |
|
—Liu Xiaobo, 23 December 2009[49]
|
This statement, titled "I have no enemies", was later read in the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony, which Liu was unable to attend due to imprisonment.[50] On 25 December 2009, Liu was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights by the Beijing No. 2 Intermediate Court on charges of "inciting subversion of state power." According to Liu's family and counsel, he plans to appeal the judgment.[7] In the verdict, Charter 08 was named as part of the evidence supporting his conviction.[7] John Pomfret of The Washington Post said Christmas Day was chosen to dump the news because the Chinese government believed Westerners were less likely to take notice on a holiday.[51]
| “ |
China's political reform [...] should be gradual, peaceful, orderly and controllable and should be interactive, from above to below and from below to above. This way causes the least cost and leads to the most effective result. I know the basic principles of political change, that orderly and controllable social change is better than one which is chaotic and out of control. The order of a bad government is better than the chaos of anarchy. So I oppose systems of government that are dictatorships or monopolies. This is not 'inciting subversion of state power'. Opposition is not equivalent to subversion. |
” |
|
—Liu Xiaobo, 9 February 2010[52]
|
In an article published in the South China Morning Post, Liu argued that his verdict violated China's constitution, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations. He argued that charges against him of 'spreading rumours, slandering and in other ways inciting the subversion of the government and overturning the socialist system' were contrived, as he did not fabricate or create false information, nor did he besmirch the good name and character of others by merely expressing a point of view, a value judgment.[52]
Political protest in Hong Kong during Obama's visit to China against the arrest of Liu Xiaobo.
Liu's detention was condemned worldwide by organisations and other countries. On 11 December 2008, the U.S. Department of State called for Liu's release,[53] which was followed on 22 December 2008 by a similar request from a consortium of scholars, writers, lawyers and human rights advocates.[54] Additionally, on 21 January 2009, 300 international writers, including Salman Rushdie, Margaret Atwood, Ha Jin and Jung Chang, called for Liu's release in a statement put out through PEN.[43] In March 2009, the One World Film Festival awarded Liu Xiaobo the Homo Homini Award, organized by the People in Need foundation, for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights.[55]
In December 2009, the European Union and United States issued formal appeals calling for the unconditional release of Liu Xiaobo.[56][57] China, responding to the international calls prior to the verdict, stated that other nations should "respect China's judicial sovereignty and to not do things that will interfere in China's internal affairs."[58]
Responding to the verdict, United Nations Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay expressed concern at the deterioration of political rights in China.[59] German Chancellor Angela Merkel strongly criticized the verdict, stating "despite the great progress in other areas in the expression of views, I regret that the Chinese government still massively restricts press freedom."[60] Canada and Switzerland also condemned the verdict.[61][62] The Republic of China President Ma Ying-jeou called on Beijing to "tolerate dissent".[63] On 6 January 2010, former Czech president Václav Havel joined with other communist-era dissidents at the Chinese Embassy in Prague to present a petition calling for Liu's release.[64] On 22 January 2010, European Association for Chinese Studies sent an open letter to Hu Jintao on behalf of over 800 scholars from 36 countries calling for Liu's release.[65]
On 18 January 2010, Liu was nominated for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize by Václav Havel, the 14th Dalai Lama, André Glucksmann, Vartan Gregorian, Mike Moore, Karel Schwarzenberg, Desmond Tutu and Grigory Yavlinsky.[66] China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu stated that awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu would be "totally wrong".[67] Geir Lundestad, a secretary of the Nobel Committee, stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition.[67] On 25 September 2010, The New York Times reported that a petition in support of the Nobel nomination was being circulated in China.[68]
On 14 September 2010, the Mayor of Reykjavík, Jón Gnarr, met on an unrelated matter with CPC Politburo member Liu Qi and demanded China set the dissident Liu Xiaobo free. Also that September Václav Havel, Dana Němcová and Václav Malý, leaders of Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, published an open letter in the International Herald Tribune calling for the award to be given to Liu, while a petition began to circulate soon afterwards.[68][69]
On 6 October 2010, the non-governmental organization Freedom Now, which serves as an international counsel to Liu Xiaobo as retained by his family, publicly released a letter from 30 members of the U.S. Congress to President Barack Obama, urging him to directly raise both Liu's case and that of fellow imprisoned dissident Gao Zhisheng to Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G-20 Summit in November 2010.[70] The Republic of China President Ma Ying-jiu congratulated Liu on winning the Nobel Prize and requested Chinese authorities to improve their impression to the world about human rights, but not calling for his release from prison.[71]
In 2011, the WorldWideReading is dedicated to Liu Xiaobo; on March 20, there were readings in more than 60 towns and cities on all continents and broadcast via radio stations. The appeal "Freedom for Liu Xiaobo" has so far been supported by more than 700 writers from around the world, amongst them the Nobel Prize laureates John M. Coetzee, Nadine Gordimer, Herta Müller and Elfriede Jelinek, as well as Breyten Breytenbach, Eliot Weinberger, Salman Rushdie, Vikram Seth, Mario Vargas Llosa, Wolf Biermann and Dave Eggers.
The international literature festival called for a worldwide reading on 20 March 2011 for Liu Xiaobo. More than 700 authors from all continents signed the appeal and over 150 institutions took part in the event. [72]
On 8 October 2010, the Nobel Committee awarded Liu the Nobel Peace Prize "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China,"[73] saying that Liu had long been front-runner as the recipient of the prize.[74]
The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 on an empty chair reserved for Liu Xiaobo in Oslo, on December 10
China reacted negatively to the award, immediately censoring news about the announcement of the award in China, though later that day became available.[clarification needed] Foreign news broadcasters including CNN and the BBC were immediately blocked,[75] while heavy censorship was applied to personal communications.[76][77] The Chinese Foreign Ministry denounced the award to Liu Xiaobo, saying that it "runs completely counter to the principle of the award and is also a desecration of the Peace Prize."[78][79][80][81] The Norwegian ambassador to the People's Republic of China was summoned by the Foreign Ministry on 8 October 2010 and was presented with an official complaint about the granting of the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu.[82] The Chinese government has called Liu Xiaobo a criminal and stated that he does not deserve the prize. Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng criticized Liu by calling him "the accomplice of the Communist regime."[83]
Following the announcement of the Nobel Peace Prize, celebrations in China were either stopped or curtailed,[84] and prominent intellectuals and other dissidents were detained, harassed or put under surveillance; Liu's wife, Liu Xia, was placed under house arrest,[86] and was forbidden to talk to reporters even though no official charges were brought.[87] Sixty-five countries with missions in Norway were all invited to the Nobel Prize ceremony, but fifteen declined, in some cases due to heavy lobbying by China. Besides China, these countries were Russia, Kazakhstan, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Vietnam, Venezuela, Egypt, Sudan, Cuba and Morocco.[88][89]
China also imposed travel restrictions on known dissidents ahead of the ceremony. A Chinese group announced that its answer to the Nobel Peace Prize, the Confucius Peace Prize, would be awarded to former Taiwan Vice-President Lien Chan for the bridge of peace he has been building between Taiwan and Mainland China.[90] Lien Chan himself denied any knowledge of the $15,000 prize.[91][92]
- Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with LI Zehou[93]. Shanghai People’s Publishing House. 1987.
- Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with Leading Thinker LI Zehou[94]. Shanghai People’s Publishing House. 1989.
- Aesthetics and Human Freedom[95]. Beijing Normal University Press. 1988.
- Going Naked Toward God[96]. Time Literature and Art Publishing House. 1989.
- The Fog of Metaphysics[97]. Shanghai People’s Publishing House. 1989.
- Mysteries of Thought and Dreams of Mankind, 2 volumes[98]. Strom & Stress Publishing Company. 1989，1990.
- Contemporary Politics and Intellectuals of China[99]. Tangshan Publishing Company, Taiwan. 1990.
- Criticism on Contemporary Chinese Intellectuals (Japanese Translation)[100]. Tokuma Bookstore, Tokyo. 1992.
- The Monologues of a Doomsday’s Survivor[101]. China Times Publishing Company, Taiwan. 1993.
- Selected Poems of Liu Xiabo and Liu Xia[102]. Xiafei’er International Press, Hong Kong. 2000.
- Under pen name Lao Xia and co-authored with Wang Shuo (2000). A Belle Gave me Knockout Drug[103]. Changjiang Literary Press.
- A Nation That Lies to Conscience[104]. Jie-jou Publishing Company, Taiwan. 2002.
- Civil Awakening—The Dawn of a Free China[105]. Laogai Research Foundation. 2005.
- A Single Blade and Toxic Sword: Critique on Comtempory Chinese Nationalism[106]. Broad Press Inc, Sunnyvale. 2006.
- Falling of A Great Power: Memorandum to China[107]. Yunchen Culture. 10 2009.
- From TianAnMen Incident to Charter 08 (in Japanese ): Memorandum to China[108]. Fujiwara Bookstore, Tokyo. 12 2009.
-
- Excellent Award (2004) for an article Corrupted News is not News, published on Open Magazine , January 2004 issue
- Grand Prize (2005) for an article Paradise of the Powerful, Hell of the Vulnerable on Open Magazine, September 2004 issue
- Excellent Award (2006) for The Causes and Ending of Shanwei Bloodshed on Open Magazine, January 2006
- ^ "Verdict Against Liu Xiaobo". International PEN. http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/4454/prmID/172. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ Biography of Liu Xiaobo. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1656918/Liu-Xiaobo.
- ^ "NED Extends Its Warmest Congratulations to Grantee Liu Xiaobo on Receiving the Nobel Peace Prize," National Endowment for Democracy. 8 October 2010.
- ^ Benjamin Kang Lim, China's top dissident arrested for subversion, Reuters, 24 June 2009.
- ^ a b "刘晓波因涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪被依法逮捕" (Liu Xiaobo Formally Arrested on 'Suspicion of Inciting Subversion of State Power' Charges), China Review News, 24 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d Canghai [沧海], "刘晓波案闪电移送法院 律师两次前往未能会见" [Liu Xiaobo's Case Quickly Escalated to the Court; Lawyers Twice Try to Meet with Liu to No Avail], Canyu [参与], 11 December 2009.[dead link]
- ^ a b c d e Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court, Criminal Verdict no. (2009) yi zhong xing chu zi 3901, unofficial English translation in Human Rights in China, "International Community Speaks Out on Liu Xiaobo Verdict," 30 December 2009.
- ^ Dwyer Arce (December 10, 2010). "China dissident Liu Xiaobo awarded Nobel Peace Prize in absentia". JURIST - Paper Chase. http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/12/china-dissident-liu-xiaobo-awarded-nobel-peace-prize-in-absentia.php.
- ^ a b The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Prize Announcement, Nobel Prize, 8 October 2010, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/announcement.html
- ^ a b "劉曉波獲諾貝爾和平獎 (Liu Xiaobo won the Nobel Peace Prize)", RTHK, 8 October 2010, http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20101008/news_20101008_55_703618.htm
- ^ McKinnon, Mark. "Liu Xiaobo could win the Nobel Peace Prize, and he’d be the last to know". The Globe and Mail. 7 October 2010. 'Ms. Liu said her husband had been told by his lawyer during a recent visit that he had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but he would be shocked if he won, she said. “I think he would definitely find it hard to believe. He never thought of being nominated, he never mentioned any awards. For so many years, he has been calling for people to back the Tiananmen Mothers (a support group formed by parents of students killed in the 1989 demonstrations)..”'
- ^ Lovell, Julia (9 October 2010). "Beijing values the Nobels. That's why this hurts". The Independent (UK: Independent Print Limited). http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/julia-lovell-beijing-values-the-nobels-thats-why-this-hurts-2101812.html. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ^ Wachter, Paul (18 November 2010). "Liu Xiaobo Isn't the First Nobel Laureate Barred From Accepting His Prize". AOL News
- ^ "赤子心诗社". Baidu. 22 April 2009. http://baike.baidu.com.cn/view/1037156.html?fromTaglist.
- ^ 明報記者陳陽、方德豪 (22 October 2008). "劉曉波﹕六四損鄧歷史地位" (in Chinese). Ming Pao (Hong Kong). http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?SpecialsID=171&News=8748f0b20c000f9f9c4673ba0d98238f06c5f1fb890e2d0393e24638b82e67. Retrieved 26 December 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Asia Watch Committee (1990). Repression in China since 4 June 1989: cumulative data. Human Rights Watch. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-929692-74-6.
- ^ "劉曉波簡歷". Boxun.com. http://www.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/516_1.shtml. Retrieved 12 October 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b c 貝嶺 (17 June 2010). "別無選擇—記1989年前後的劉曉波" (in Chinese). United Daily News (Taiwan). http://mag.udn.com/mag/world/storypage.jsp?f_MAIN_ID=409&f_SUB_ID=4595&f_ART_ID=255134.
- ^ 余世存 (2 June 2008). 北京当代汉语研究所2008年公告. http://www.chinesepen.org/Article/hyxz/200806/Article_20080603033147.shtml.
- ^ Liu Xiaobo, "文壇「黑馬」劉曉波[dead link]" (Liu Xiaobo, the "Dark Horse" of Literature), Open Magazine, 27 November 1988.
- ^ a b c Liu Xiaobo, "我與《開放》結緣十九年[dead link]" (My 19 Years of Ties with "Open Magazine"), Open Magazine, 19 December 2006.
- ^ Liberty Monthly, December 1988.
- ^ South China Morning Post. "SCMP." Personal traits give 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner global appeal. Retrieved on 9 October 2010.[dead link]
- ^ a b Leys, Simon (9 February 2012). "He Told the Truth About China’s Tyranny". The New York Review of Books.
- ^ a b Sautman, Barry; Yan, Hairong (15 December 2010). "Do supporters of Nobel winner Liu Xiaobo really know what he stands for?". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ Liu Xiaobo, "刘晓波：美英自由联盟必胜" (Liu Xiaobo: Victory to the Anglo-American Freedom Alliance), Epoch Times, 13 April 2004.
- ^ Liu Xiaobo, "伊战与美国大选[dead link]" (The Iraq War and the US Presidential Election), Independent Chinese PEN Center, 13 October 2004.
- ^ Liu Xiaobo, "劉曉波：勞教 早該被廢除的惡法" (Reeducation-through-labor: An evil law which should be quickly repealed), Observe China, 6 December 2007.
- ^ Wang Ming, "A Citizen's Declaration on Freedom of Speech," China Rights Forum (spring 1997).
- ^ a b c d 警車守門外多年被軟禁, 9 October 2010, Apple Daily (Hong Kong).
- ^ 赵紫阳亡灵:不准悼念和禁忌松动, Translation: Revenant of Zhao Ziyang, Author: Liu Xiaobo, Independent Chinese Pen Center
- ^ Baculinao, Eric and Gu, Bo (8 October 2010)In China, citizens find ways to learn of Nobel prize, NBC News.
- ^ Link, Perry. "Charter 08 Translated from Chinese by Perry Link The following text of Charter 08, signed by hundreds of Chinese intellectuals and translated and introduced by Perry Link, Professor of Chinese Literature at the University of California, Riverside". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22210. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
- ^ Reporters Without Borders, "Fondation de France Prize: Liu Xiaobo Receives Prize for Defence of Press Freedom," 21 December 2004.
- ^ 和平獎得主劉曉波小傳, Hong Kong Mingpao.
- ^ Ramzy, Austin (8 October 2010). "Chinese Dissident Liu Xiaobo Wins Nobel Peace Prize". Time. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2024405,00.html. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ^ Link, Perry. "Charter 08 Translated from Chinese by Perry Link The following text of Charter 08, signed by hundreds of Chinese intellectuals and translated and introduced by Perry Link, Professor of Chinese Literature at the University of California, Riverside". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22210. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
- ^ A Nobel Prize for a Chinese Dissident, The New York Times, September 20, 2010
- ^ "零八宪章签署者已过8600名，第十四批签名人正式名单" (Signatures to Charter 08 exceeds 8600, 14th list of signers attached), Boxun, 4 May 2009.
- ^ "著名学者张祖桦、刘晓波'失踪,'" Boxun, 9 December 2008.
- ^ "China Detains Dissidents ahead of Human Rights Day," Reuters, 9 December 2008; "Report: Chinese Police Detain Political Critic," Associated Press, 9 December 2008.
- ^ Macartney, Jane (8 December 2009). "Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo begins second year of detention without charge". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6948012.ece.
- ^ a b "Writers Call for China Dissident's Release," Reuters, 9 December 2008.
- ^ 中华人民共和国刑法 (Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China)
- ^ Human Rights Watch, "China: Liu Xiaobo's Trial a Travesty of Justice," 21 December 2009.
- ^ Michael Anti, "Liu Xiaobo's brother-in-law says the trial ends without result. Waiting for lawyer coming out," 23 December 2009.
- ^ Chinese angered by 'interference' in dissident trial BBC.
- ^ Cara Anna, "Diplomats Kept Away from China Dissident's Trial[dead link]," The Associated Press, 23 December 2009.
- ^ McKey, Robert 8 October 2010). Jailed Chinese Dissident's 'Final Statement', New York Times.
- ^ Liu Xiaobo - Appell[dead link]
- ^ Pomfret, John (8 October 2010). China's Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize[dead link], Washington Post; pub:AARP.
- ^ a b Liu Xiaobo (9 February 2010) Guilty of 'crime of speaking', South China Morning Post.
- ^ Sean McCormack, Sean McCormack (11 December 2008). "Harassment of Chinese Signatories to Charter 08 Press Statement Sean McCormack (spokesman)". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/dec/113124.htm. Retrieved 10 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Letter from the Consortium for the Release of Liu Xiaobo to China's President Hu Jintao," Human Rights Watch. 22 December 2008.
- ^ "One World Homo Homini award goes to Chinese dissident". Aktualne.cz. 12 March 2009. http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=631742. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
- ^ Grajewski, Marcin (14 December 2009), "U.S., EU urge China to release prominent dissident", Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BD4T220091214
- ^ "Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo jailed for subversion". BBC World News. 25 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8430409.stm. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
- ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Regular Press Conference on 24 December 2009". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 25 December 2009. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t648102.htm.
- ^ "Imprisonment of Chinese dissident deeply concerns UN human rights chief". United Nations News Service. 25 December 2009. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33348&Cr=China&Cr1=.
- ^ Illmer, Andreas, ed. (25 December 2009), "Rights groups, West blast China over sentence for leading dissident", Deutsche Welle, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5055977,00.html
- ^ "Canada 'deplores' sentencing of Chinese dissident". AFP. 26 December 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iCqREmgQ_6P4REsdQY-srHP_PrJA.
- ^ "Switzerland joins protests against China". Swissinfo. 26 December 2009. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/index/Switzerland_joins_protests_against_China.html?cid=7973728.
- ^ Central News Agency (27 December 2009). "Ma asks Beijing to tolerate dissidents". Taiwan News. http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1141993&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng.
- ^ Anderlini, Jamil (15 January 2010). "The Chinese dissident’s ‘unknown visitors’". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c590cdd0-016a-11df-8c54-00144feabdc0.html.
- ^ "OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". European Association for Chinese Studies. 22 January 2010. http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/nachrichten/2010_01_22_OpenLetter_eng.pdf.
- ^ "A Chinese Champion of Peace and Freedom". Project Syndicate. 18 January 2010. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/havel38/English.
- ^ a b "China opposes Nobel for jailed dissident, lawmakers back Liu Xiabo". phayul.com. 6 February 2010. http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=26569&article=China+opposes+Nobel+for+jailed+dissident%2C+lawmakers+back+Liu+Xiabo.
- ^ a b "Petition Urges Nobel for Jailed Chinese Writer" article by Andrew Jacobs in The New York Times 25 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ "A Nobel Prize for a Chinese Dissident". The New York Times. 20 September 2010.
- ^ http://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Liu-Gao-Letter-from-30-Members-of-Congress.pdf
- ^ "Taiwan's Ma congratulates Nobel laureate Liu"[dead link]. The Associated Press. 9 October 2010.
- ^ International Literature Festival
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize awarded to China dissident Liu Xiaobo". BBC News. 8 October 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11499098. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ "China censors Nobel award". Bangkok Post. 8 October 2010. http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/200417/china-censors-nobel-award.
- ^ Eric Baculinao and Bo Gu, "In China, citizens find ways to learn of Nobel prize", NBC News, 8 October 2010.
- ^ Victor Mair, "Liu Xiaobo", Language Log, 10 October 2010.
- ^ "China Angered By Selection of Dissident Liu Xiaobo for Nobel Peace Prize". ABC News. 8 October 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/International/china-angry-nobel-peace-prize-dissident/story?id=11830948. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ Vehaskari, Aira Katariina (8 October 2010). "Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize". AFP. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h-cczpx_Ln7Qt5OTGwpm8kMlyKOg?docId=CNG.e4bfcb376f8ac09d47b6d71b8feac4c4.5e1. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ "外交部发言人马朝旭答记者问". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 8 October 2010. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/t759532.htm. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ "Awarding Liu Xiaobo Nobel peace prize may harm China-Norway relations, says FM spokesman". Xinhua News Agency. 8 October 2010. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-10/08/c_13547668.htm.
- ^ 路透社. "中國召喚挪威大使抗議諾獎" (in Chinese). Ming Pao. Hong Kong. http://inews.mingpao.com/htm/INews/20101008/ca52210a.htm. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ Wei Jingsheng (15 October 2010). "What Today's Nobel Peace Prize Offers?". chinaaffairs.org. http://www.chinaaffairs.org/gb/detail.asp?id=109630. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ ANDREW JACOBS (9 October 2010). "China, Angered by Peace Prize, Blocks Celebration". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/world/asia/10china.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ^ "Chinese Nobel prize winner's wife detained". CNN. 11 October 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/10/china.nobel.wife/index.html. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
- ^ "Chinese Nobel Winner's Wife Detained". Slashdot. 10 October 2010. http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/10/10/1648237/Chinese-Nobel-Winners-Wife-Detained. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
- ^ "Embassies represented at the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony on December 10". The Norwegian Nobel Institute. 7 December 2010. http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/embassies-2010/. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ "Chinese Nobel boycott gains support". Al Jazeera. 7 December 2010. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/12/201012717240690770.html. Retrieved 11 December 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Reuters. 8 December 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B712620101208=China to award own peace prize ahead of Nobel award. Retrieved 11 December 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "China to award own peace prize ahead of Nobel award". Focus Taiwan. 8 December 2010. http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201012080013. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ^ "Chinese group to award rival 'peace prize'". Focus Taiwan. 8 December 2010. http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101208/od_afp/nobelpeacechinarightsaward_20101208085426. Retrieved 11 December 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Original title:《选择的批判——与李泽厚对话》, published by 上海人民出版社
- ^ Original title:《选择的批判—与思想领袖李泽厚对话》, published by 台湾风云时代出版公司
- ^ Original title: 《审美与人的自由》, published by 北京師范大學出版社
- ^ Original title: 《赤身裸体，走向上帝》, 时代文艺出版社
- ^ Original title:《形而上学的迷雾》, by 上海人民出版社
- ^ Original title:《思想之谜与人类之梦》（二卷）, by 台湾风云时代出版公司
- ^ Original title:《中国当代政治与中国知识份子》, published by 台北唐山出版社
- ^ Original title:現代中国知識人批判, published by 日本德间书店
- ^ Original title:《末日幸存者的独白》, published by 台湾中国时报出版社
- ^ 《刘晓波刘霞诗选》, published by 香港夏菲尔国际出版公司
- ^ Original title:《美人赠我蒙汗药》, by 长江文艺出版社
- ^ Original title: 《向良心说谎的民族》, published by 台湾捷幼出版社
- ^ Original title:《未来的自由中国在民间》, published by 劳改基金会
- ^ Original title:《单刃毒剑——中国当代民族主义批判》, published by 美国博大出版社
- ^ Original title:《大国沈沦—写给中国的备忘录》, published by 台北允晨文化出版社
- ^ Original title:《天安門事件から「08憲章」》, published by 日本藤原书店
- ^ One World Homo Homini award goes to Chinese dissident，2009年3月12日.
- ^ "Liu Xiaobo". Dw-world.de. 29 April 2009. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4214763,00.html. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
- ^ Liu Xiaobo De-World, 7 October 2010.
- ^ LIU XIAOBO'S NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WIN PUTS SPOTLIGHT ON CHINA RIGHTS VIOLATIONS Amnesty International [2010-10-08]
Liu's verdict and articles cited as evidence of Liu's guilt in the verdict
Other items written by Liu Xiaobo
Interviews with Liu Xiaobo
Other items related to Liu Xiaobo
|
|
|
| 1901–1925 |
|
|
| 1926–1950 |
|
|
| 1951–1975 |
|
|
| 1976–2000 |
|
|
| 2001–present |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Background |
|
|
| Communist Party |
|
|
| Dissident figures |
|
|
| The Military |
|
|
| Events |
|
|
| Works |
|
|
| Human rights groups |
|
|
| Anniversaries |
|
|
| Inspiration and icons |
|
|
| Persondata |
| Name |
Xiaobo, Liu |
| Alternative names |
|
| Short description |
Chinese intellectual and human rights activist |
| Date of birth |
1955-12-28 |
| Place of birth |
Changchun, Jilin, China |
| Date of death |
|
| Place of death |
|
