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Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as anti-nuclear factor or ANF) are autoantibodies directed against contents of the cell nucleus.^[1]

They are present in higher than normal numbers in autoimmune disease. The ANA test measures the pattern and amount of autoantibody which can attack the body's tissues as if they were foreign material. Autoantibodies are present in low titers in the general population, but in about 5% of the population, their concentration is increased, and about half of this 5% have an autoimmune disease.^{[citation needed]}

ANA test[link]

One can check for the presence of ANAs in blood serum by means of a laboratory test. There are also additional tests that allow one to test for individual ANAs. The general ANA test is usually one of two types: indirect immunofluorescence or ELISA. The indirect immunofluoresence is considered to be the more accurate of the two,^{[citation needed]} but the ELISA version is gaining popularity because of its lower cost.^{[citation needed]}

Associated diseases[link]

The normal titer of ANA is 1:40 or less. Higher titers are indicative of an autoimmune disease. The presence of ANA is indicative of lupus erythematosus (present in 80-90% of cases), though they also appear in some other auto-immune diseases such as^{[citation needed]} Sjögren's syndrome (60%), rheumatoid arthritis (30-40%), autoimmune hepatitis, scleroderma and polymyositis & dermatomyositis (30%), and various non-rheumatological conditions associated with tissue damage. Other conditions with high ANA titre include^{[citation needed]} Addison disease, Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Hashimoto's, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Type I diabetes mellitus, Mixed connective tissue disorder (MCTD).

Sensitivity[link]

The following table list the prevalence of different types of ANAs for different diseases, in this case what percentage of those with the disease have the ANA. Some ANAs appear in several types of disease, resulting in lower specificity of the test.

ANA classification[link]

Following detection of a high titer of ANAs (e.g. 1:160), various subtypes are determined.^[4] This is typically done on cells of the HEp-2 cell line. Examples include

• Anti-ENA (Extractable nuclear antigen)
  • Anti-Ro (SS-A)
  • Anti-La (SS-B)
  • Anti-Sm (Smith antigen)
  • Anti-nRNP (nuclear ribonucleoproteins)
  • Anti Scl-70 (topoisomerase I)
  • Anti-Jo
• Anti-gp-210 (nuclear pore gp-210)
• Anti-p62 (Nucleoporin 62)
• Anti-dsDNA (double-stranded DNA)
• Anti-centromere

History[link]

The LE cell was discovered in bone marrow in 1948 by Hargraves et al.^[5] This was the first indication that processes affecting the cell nucleus were responsible for lupus erythematosus (LE).^{[citation needed]} In the 1950s, progressively more sensitive and specific ANA serology tests became available.

See also[link]

• Rheumatoid factor
• Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)

References[link]

1. ^ Antinuclear+Antibody at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} Table 6-2 in: Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7153-6. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Table 5-9 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.  8th edition.
4. ^ Kavanaugh A, Tomar R, Reveille J, Solomon DH, Homburger HA. Guidelines for clinical use of the antinuclear antibody test and tests for specific autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. American College of Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:71-81. PMID 10629135.
5. ^ Hargraves M, Richmond H, Morton R. Presentation of two bone marrow components, the tart cell and the LE cell. Mayo Clin Proc 1948;27:25–28.

External links[link]

• Site with unique immunofluorescence images and slides -organ and non-organ specific
• Antinuclear+antibodies at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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Miguel Ríos (born June 7, 1944, Granada, Spain^[1]) is a Spanish singer, composer, actor. He is one of the pioneers of rock and roll in Spain.

Biography[link]

Ríos was born in La Cartuja, a neighborhood of Granada. The youngest of seven children, he went to work in a local bar at the age of fifteen after little formal education. His interest in rock and roll led him to participate in a song contest at Cenicienta 60 radio station, in which he and his friends won a prize for singing the Paul Anka song "You Are My Destiny".

With his mother's permission (his father died a few months earlier), he moved to Madrid in 1961 at the age of sixteen, where he recorded his first four songs. In popular circles he became known as Mike Ríos, the King of Twist.

As Mike Ríos he obtained some television popularity during the first half of the 1960s. In 1964 he resumed using his real name which cost him the support of his group, Los Relámpagos (the Lightning). He made his first incursion into cinema with a movie titled Dos chicas locas, locas (Two Crazy Girls).

An introspective search for his true identity resulted in some rocky times. In 1967 he recorded Vuelvo a Granada, El río, Contra el cristal, El cartel, y Mira hacia ti. It was in 1970 that he came to be known as a superstar in Spain. His song "Himno de la alegría" (Hymn of Joy) was an extract of the last movement of the ninth symphony of Beethoven and appeared at the height of what was known as symphonic rock. It was released in the United States as "A Song of Joy" in May 1970 on the A&M Records label, where combined sales in the U.S. and Canada reached the one million mark in July.^[1] It was awarded a gold record by the Recording Industry Association of America.^[1]

He sold three million copies worldwide and was number one on some foreign music charts. It reached Number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1970.

The artistic career of Rios came to a sudden stop when he was arrested and jailed for possession of hashish shortly after his Rock y Amor (Rock and Love) concert.

In 1982 Rios released Rock and Rios a live double album recorded during the 5 and 6 March in Madrid at the Pabellón del Real Madrid and published in June of the same year. This album is considered by many music critics and fans as one of the most important works of modern Spanish (Iberian) rock and a turning point for the music industry in Spain. Rios sold over 450,000 copies in less than one year, a feat he never again came close to surpassing. Ironically this concert was a celebration of his 20 years in the music business, yet most of the audience members had not even been born when he began his career. One of the unique aspects of this album was its release. While most live albums at the time were released after a tour was over, Rios released his at the same time as he started his tour. The success of both made him one of the wealthiest entertainers of the era. Rock and Rios is also considered a cultural marker for the transformation of Spanish society as it slowly begun to enjoy the freedoms of a democracy born only six years earlier. It is also thought of as the precursor to Spain's "La Gran Movida" (literal translation: The Great Movement or The Great Flow - conceptual translation: The Great Vibe) which is a term that loosely defines the street youth culture of the 1980s in Spain.

Discography[link]

• Mira hacia ti 1969
• Despierta 1970
• Unidos 1971
• Miguel Ríos en directo: Conciertos de Rock y amor.1972
• Miguel Ríos: Éxitos 1973
• Memorias de un ser humano 1974
• La huerta atómica 1976
• Al-Andalus 1977
• Los viejos rokeros nunca mueren 1979
• Rocanrol bumerang 1980
• Extraños en el escaparate 1981
• Rock and Rios 1982
• El Rock de una noche de verano 1983
• La encrucijada 1984
• Lo más de rock en el ruedo 1985
• El año del cometa 1986
• Que noche la de aquel año 1987
• Miguel Ríos 1989
• Directo al corazón 1991
• Así que pasen treinta años 1992
• Por siempre 1995
• Canciones de amor para tiempos difíciles 1995
• Como si fuera la primera vez 1996
• Miguel Ríos en concierto: Big Band Ríos 1998
• Ana Belén, Miguel Ríos cantan a Kurt Weill 1999
• Miguel Ríos y las estrellas del rock latino 2001
• 60mp3 2004
• Solo o en compañía de otros 2008
• Bye Bye Ríos 2010

References and notes[link]

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Spanish-language Wikipedia article, accessed September 5, 2006.