Jeep

Type	Division of Chrysler
Industry	Automobile
Founded	1941 [1]
Headquarters	Toledo, Ohio, USA
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Michael Manley (CEO of Jeep division) Sergio Marchionne (CEO of Chrysler Group LLC)
Products	Sport Utility vehicles
Parent	Chrysler Group LLC
Website	www.jeep.com

Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a marque of Chrysler Group LLC, a multinational manufacturer in a global strategic alliance with Fiat.^[2] The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the remaining assets of its owner American Motors, in 1987. Jeep's line of vehicles consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles but has also included pickup trucks in the past.

The first Willys Jeeps were produced in 1941^[1] with the first civilian models in 1945,^[3] making it the oldest off-road vehicle and sport utility vehicle (SUV) brand. It inspired a number of other light utility vehicles, such as the Land Rover^[4][5] which is the second oldest 4-wheel-drive brand. The original Jeep vehicle that first appeared as the prototype Bantam BRC became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and Allies during World War II, as well as the postwar period. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been created in other nations.

Development[link]

Origin of the name[link]

There are many explanations of the origin of the word jeep, all of which have proven difficult to verify. The most widely-held theory is that the military designation of GP begat the term Jeep and holds that the vehicle bore the designation GP (for Government Purposes or General Purpose), which was phonetically slurred into the word jeep, in the same way that the contemporary HMMWV (for High-Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) has become known as the humvee.

An alternate view launched by R. Lee Ermey, on his television series Mail Call, disputes this, saying that the vehicle was designed for specific duties, and was never referred to as "General Purpose" and it is highly unlikely that the average jeep-driving GI would have been familiar with this designation. The Ford GPW abbreviation actually meant G for government use, P to designate its 80-inch (2,000 mm) wheelbase and W to indicate its Willys-Overland designed engine. Ermey suggests that soldiers at the time were so impressed with the new vehicles that they informally named it after Eugene the Jeep, a character in the Popeye cartoons created by E. C. Segar. Eugene the Jeep was Popeye's "jungle pet" and was "small, able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems."^[6]

Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Sanders, a dictionary of military slang, published in 1942, in the library at The Pentagon gives this definition:

Jeep: A four-wheel drive vehicle of one-half- to one-and-one-half-ton capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty. A term applied to the bantam-cars, and occasionally to other motor vehicles (U.S.A.) in the Air Corps, the Link Trainer; in the armored forces, the ½-ton command vehicle. Also referred to as "any small plane, helicopter, or gadget."^{[citation needed]}

This definition is supported by the use of the term "jeep carrier" to refer to the Navy's small escort carriers.

Early in 1941, Willys-Overland demonstrated the vehicle's off-road capability by having it drive up the steps of the United States Capitol, driven by Willys test driver Irving "Red" Haussman, who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a "jeep." When asked by syndicated columnist Katherine Hillyer for the Washington Daily News (or by a bystander, according to another account) what it was called, Irving answered, "It's a jeep."

Katherine Hillyer's article was published nationally on February 20, 1941, and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption:

LAWMAKERS TAKE A RIDE- With Senator Meade, of New York, at the wheel, and Representative Thomas, of New Jersey, sitting beside him, one of the Army's new scout cars, known as "jeeps" or "quads", climbs up the Capitol steps in a demonstration yesterday. Soldiers in the rear seat for gunners were unperturbed.

Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested, this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade, leaving the 4x4 with the name.

Trade name[link]

The original trademark brand-name application was filed in February 1943 by Willys-Overland.^[7] It is also used as a generic term with a lowercase (jeep) for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain.^[8]

As the only company that continually produced Jeep vehicles after the war, in June 1950 Willys-Overland was granted the privilege of owning the name "Jeep" as a registered trademark.^[7]

The name "Jeep" was also for many years used in Popeye as the odd critter Eugene from the King Features Syndicate television show of the 1960s, and for a 1960s group Jeep, in the same mold as The Merry-Go Round ("Live"), The Strawberry Alarm Clock ("Incense and Peppermint"), who had a flop single that got some airplay on the radio in the US, "Feep Feep".

Bantam BRC 40

Jeep with 50 cal. Browning machine gun

Bantam Reconnaissance Car[link]

When it became obvious that the United States was eventually going to become involved in the war raging in Europe, the U.S. Army contacted 135 companies asking for working prototypes of a four-wheel-drive reconnaissance car. Only two companies responded to the request, The American Bantam Car Company and Willys-Overland. The Army had set what seemed like an impossible deadline of 49 days to supply a working prototype. Willys asked for more time but were refused. The bankrupt American Bantam Car Company had no engineering staff left on the payroll and brought in Karl Probst, a talented freelance designer from Detroit. After turning down an initial request from Bantam, Probst accepted the job after being asked again by the Army, and initially working without salary, went to work July 17, 1940.

Probst completely laid out plans for the Bantam prototype, known as the BRC or Bantam Reconnaissane Car, in two days, and the next day estimated the total cost of the vehicle. On July 22, Bantam's bid was submitted, complete with blueprints.^[9] Much of the vehicle had to be assembled from existing off-the-shelf automotive parts, and the custom four-wheel drivetrain components were supplied by Spicer. The hand-built prototype was completed in Butler, Pennsylvania,^[10] and driven to Camp Holabird, Maryland, for testing by the Army on 21 September 1940. The vehicle met the Army's criteria, but its engine did not meet the Army's torque requirements.

Ford Pygmy and Willys MB[link]

The Army felt that the Bantam company was too small to supply the number of vehicles it needed, so it supplied the Bantam design to Willys and Ford who were encouraged to make their own changes and modifications. The resulting Ford "Pygmy" and Willys "Quad" prototypes looked very similar to the Bantam BRC (Bantam Reconnaissance Car) prototype and Spicer supplied very similar four-wheel drivetrain components to all three manufacturers.

Fifteen hundred of each of the three models were built and extensively field-tested. Willys-Overland's chief engineer Delmar "Barney" Roos made design changes to meet a revised weight specification (a maximum of 1,275 lb (578 kg)^[11] including oil and water). He was thus able to use the powerful but comparatively heavy Willys "Go Devil" engine, and win the initial production contract. The Willys version of the car would become the standardized jeep design, designated the model MB and was built at their plant in Toledo, Ohio. The familiar pressed metal Jeep grille was actually a Ford design feature and incorporated into the final design by the Army.

Since the War Department required a large number of vehicles to be manufactured in a relatively short time, Willys-Overland granted the United States Government a non-exclusive license to allow another company to manufacture vehicles using Willys' specifications. The Army chose Ford as the second supplier, but building Jeeps to the Willys' design. Willys supplied Ford with a complete set of plans and specifications. American Bantam, the creators of the first Jeep, spent the rest of the war building heavy-duty trailers for the Army.

World War II Jeeps[link]

Final production version Jeeps built by Willys-Overland were the Model MB, while those built by Ford were the Model GPW (G = government vehicle, P designated the 80" wheelbase, and W = the Willys engine design). There were subtle differences between the two.^[12] The versions produced by Ford had every component (including bolt heads) marked with an "F". Willys also followed the Ford pattern by stamping its name into some body parts, but stopped this in 1942.^[13] The cost per vehicle trended upwards as the war continued from the price under the first contract from Willys at US$648.74 (Ford's was $782.59 per unit).^[14] Willys-Overland and Ford, under the direction of Charles E. Sorensen (Vice-President of Ford during World War II), produced about 640,000 Jeeps between them, which was about 18% of all the wheeled military vehicles built in the U.S. during the war.

Jeeps were used by every service of the U.S. military. An average of 145 were supplied to every Army infantry regiment. Jeeps were used for many other purposes including cable laying, saw milling, as firefighting pumpers, field ambulances, tractors and, with suitable wheels, would even run on railway tracks. An amphibious jeep, the model GPA, or "seep" (Sea Jeep) was built for Ford in modest numbers but it could not be considered a huge success—it was neither a good off-road vehicle nor a good boat. As part of the war effort, nearly 30% of all Jeep production was supplied to Great Britain and to the Soviet Red Army during World War II. During the jeep's service in Korea, the name was referred to as "Just Enough Essential Parts" by the troops due to the very basic design.

Postwar military Jeeps[link]

The Jeep has been widely imitated around the world, including in France by Delahaye and by Hotchkiss et Cie (after 1954, Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys), and in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota. The utilitarian good looks of the original Jeep have been hailed by industrial designers and museum curators alike. The Museum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece of functionalist design, and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection.^[15][16] Ernie Pyle called the Jeep, along with the Coleman G.I. Pocket Stove, "the two most important pieces of noncombat equipment ever developed."^[17] Jeeps became even more famous following the war, as they became available on the surplus market. Some ads claimed to offer "Jeeps still in the factory crate." This legend persisted for decades, despite the fact that Jeeps were never shipped from the factory in crates.

Another legend—true, in this case—rising around the Jeep comes from the Jeepney, a unique type of taxi or bus created in the Philippines. The first Jeepneys were military-surplus MB and GPWs, left behind in the war-ravaged country following World War II and Filipino independence. Jeepneys were built from Jeeps by lengthening and widening the rear "tub" of the vehicle, allowing more passengers to ride. Over the years, Jeepneys have become the most ubiquitous symbol of the modern Philippines, even as they have been decorated in more elaborate and flamboyant styles by their owners.

In the United States military, the jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles (e.g. Ford's M151 MUTT) of which the latest is the Humvee.

The CJ-V35/U[link]

After WWII, Jeep began to experiment with new designs in the jeep including a model that could drive underwater. On February 1, 1950, contract N8ss-2660 was approved for 1,000 units “especially adapted for general reconnaissance or command communications” and “constructed for short period underwater operation such as encountered in landing and fording operations." The engine was modified with a snorkel system so that the engine could properly breathe underwater. ^[18]

The M715[link]

Jeep M715

In 1965, Jeep developed the M715 1.25-ton army truck, a militarized version of the civilian J-series Jeep truck, which served extensively in the Vietnam War. It had heavier full-floating axles and a foldable vertical flat windshield. Today, it serves other countries, and is still being produced by Kia under license.

The CJ ("Civilian Jeep") series began in 1945 with the CJ-2A followed by the CJ-3B in 1953. These early Jeeps are commonly referred to as "flatfenders" because their front fenders were flat across the front, the same as their military precedents, the Willys MB and identical Ford GPW models. The CJ-4 exists only as a 1951 prototype, and is the "missing" link between the flat-fendered CJ-2A and CJ-3B and the round-fendered CJ-5 first introduced in 1955.

The Jeep brand[link]

The brand has gone through many owners, starting with Willys, which produced the first Civilian Jeep (CJ) in 1945 and who were the first granted the trademark in 1950. Willys was sold to Kaiser Motors in 1953, which became Kaiser-Jeep in 1963. American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased Kaiser's money-losing Jeep operations in 1970. The utility vehicles complemented AMC's passenger car business by sharing components, achieving volume efficiencies, as well as capitalizing on Jeep's international and government markets.

The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979. However, by 1987, the automobile markets had changed and even Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles. At the same time, Chrysler Corporation wanted to capture the Jeep brand, as well as other assets of AMC. Chrysler bought out AMC in 1987, shortly after the Jeep CJ-7 was replaced with the AMC-designed Jeep Wrangler or YJ. Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz in 1998 to form DaimlerChrysler. DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of their interest in Chrysler to a private equity company in 2007. Chrysler and the Jeep division now operate under the name Chrysler Group LLC.

Jeeps have been built under licence by various manufacturers around the world including Mahindra in India, EBRO in Spain, and several in South America. Mitsubishi built more than 30 different Jeep models in Japan between 1953 and 1998. Most of them were based on the CJ-3B model of the original Willys-Kaiser design.^[19]

Toledo, Ohio has been the headquarters of the Jeep marque since its inception, and the city has always been proud of this heritage. Although no longer produced in the same Toledo Complex as the World War II originals, two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway.

American Motors set up the first automobile-manufacturing joint venture in the People's Republic of China on January 15, 1984.^[20] The result was Beijing Jeep Corporation, Ltd., in partnership with Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation, to produce the Jeep Cherokee (XJ) in Beijing. Manufacture continued after Chrysler's buyout of AMC. This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation. The original 1984 XJ model was updated and called the "Jeep 2500" toward the end of its production that ended after 2005.^[21]

A division of Chrysler Group LLC, the most recent successor company to the Jeep brand, now holds trademark status on the name "Jeep" and the distinctive 7-slot front grille design. The original 9-slot grille associated with all World War II jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW, and because it weighed less than the original "Slat Grille" of Willys (an arrangement of flat bars), was incorporated into the "standardized jeep" design.

AM General[link]

The history of the HMMWV (Humvee) has ties with Jeep. In 1971, Jeep's Defense and Government Products Division was turned into AM General, a wholly owned subsidiary of American Motors Corporation, which also owned Jeep. In 1979, while still owned by American Motors, AM General began the first steps toward designing the Humvee. AM General also continued manufacturing the two-wheel-drive DJ, which Jeep created in 1953.

The General Motors Hummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U.S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grills. Chrysler Jeep claims it has the exclusive rights to use the seven vertical slits since it is the sole remaining assignee of the various companies since Willys gave their postwar jeeps seven slots instead of Ford's nine-slot design for the Jeep.

In April 2012 Jeep signed a shirt sponsorship deal worth €35m ($45m) with Italian football club Juventus.^[22]

Off-road abilities[link]

Jeep advertising has always emphasized the vehicle's off-road capabilities.^[23] Today, the Wrangler is one of the few remaining four-wheel-drive vehicles with solid front and rear axles. These axles are known for their durability, strength, and articulation. New Wranglers come with a Dana 44 rear differential and a Dana 30 front differential (a dana 44 front and rear geared to 4:10 in the case of the Rubicon, also with lockers). The upgraded Rubicon model of the JK Wrangler is equipped with electronically activated locking differentials, Dana 44 axles front and rear with 4.10 gears, a 4:1 transfer case, electronic sway bar disconnect and heavy duty suspension.

Another benefit of solid axle vehicles is they tend to be easier and cheaper to "lift" with aftermarket suspension systems. This increases the distance between the axle and chassis of the vehicle. By increasing this distance, larger tires can be installed, which will increase the ground clearance, allowing it to traverse even larger and more difficult obstacles. In addition to higher ground clearance, many owners aim to increase suspension articulation or "flex" to give their Jeeps greatly improved off-road capabilities. Good suspension articulation keeps all four wheels in contact with the ground and maintains traction.

Useful features of the smaller Jeeps are their short wheelbases, narrow frames, and ample approach, breakover, and departure angles, allowing them to fit into places where full-size four-wheel drives have difficulty.

Summary of Jeep ownership[link]

• 1944–1953: Willys-Overland
• 1953–1964: Kaiser-Jeep (calling themselves "Willys Motors")
• 1964–1970: Kaiser-Jeep
• 1970–1987: AMC (w/ Renault controlling production in 1986)
• 1987–1998: Chrysler
• 1998–2007: DaimlerChrysler AG
• 2007–2009: Chrysler LLC
• 2009–present: Chrysler Group LLC

Jeep model list[link]

Historical and military models[link]

World War II era jeep built by Ford, using the Willys-Overland design

• 1940 Bantam Pilot—Prototype
• 1940 Bantam BRC-60—Prototype
• 1940 Willys Quad—Prototype
• 1940 Ford Pygmy—Prototype
• 1940 Budd Ford—Prototype
• 1941 Ford GP
• 1941 Willys MA
• 1941 Bantam BRC-40
• 1942 Willys MB (slat grille)
• 1942–1945 Willys MB (stamped grille)
• 1942–1945 Ford GPW
• 1942–1943 Ford GPA
• 1944 Willys MLW-1—Prototype (never finished)
• 1944 Willys MLW-2—Prototype
• 1946–1965 Willys Jeep Wagon
• 1947–1965 Willys Jeep Truck
• 1948–1950 VJ—Willys Jeepster
• 1950 X-98—Prototype
• 1953 BC Bobcat—Prototype

World War II era Willys jeep

• 1950–1955 M-38 (MC)
• 1952–1957 M38A1 (MD)
• 1952–1957 M38A1C
• 1953–1963 M170
• 1955 M38A1D
• 1959–1978 M151 MUTT
  • M151A1
  • M151A1C
  • M151A2
  • M718 Ambulance
  • M718A1 Ambulance
  • M825
• 1960–1968 Jeep M606
• 1956–1965 Jeep Forward Control (Military Variations)
  • M676
  • M677
  • M678
  • M679
• 1967–1969 Kaiser Jeep M715—based upon the civilian Jeep Gladiator

[edit] FC Trucks, VJ Jeepsters, & FJ Vans

• 1948–1950 Willys VJ Jeepster^[24]
• 1948–1949 VJ2 Jeepster^[25][26]
• 1949–1951 VJ3 Jeepster^[27]
• 1949 Alcoa Aluminum-bodied Jeepster Coupe (prototype)^[28]
• 1962 The Brazilian Jeepster (prototype)^[29][30]
• Jeepster Safari (concept)^[31]

(Forward Control Jeep)

• 1956–1965 Jeep Forward Control
  • FC-150
  • FC-160—Spain, India
  • FC-170
  • M676
  • M677
  • M678
  • M679

(Fleetvan Jeep)

• 1961–1975 Fleetvan
  • FJ-3
  • FJ-3A
  • FJ-6
  • FJ-6A
  • FJ-8
  • FJ-9

(Commando)

• 1966–1971 C101—Jeepster Commando
  • Hurst Jeepster (only 100 produced)
  • Hurst Half Cab
  • Revival Jeepster
  • Commando convertible
  • open body roadster
• 1972–1973 C104—Jeep Commando
  • Commando Half Cab

[edit] CJ models

(Civilian Jeep)

A USPS mail delivery vehicle made by Jeep

1982 Jeep Scrambler

• 1944 Agrijeep CJ-1
• 1944–1945 CJ-2
• 1945–1949 CJ-2A
• 1949–1953 CJ-3A
• 1950 CJ-V35
• 1950 CJ-4—Prototype
• 1950 CJ-4M—Prototype
• 1950 CJ-4MA—Prototypes
• 1953–1968 CJ-3B
• 1954–1983 CJ-5
  • 1961–1963 Tuxedo Park Mark III
  • 1969 Camper
  • 1969 462
  • 1970 Renegade I
  • 1971 Renegade II
  • 1972–1983 Renegade Models
  • 1973 Super Jeep
  • 1977–1979 Golden Eagle
  • 1977 Golden Eagle California Edition (available only through California AMC Dealerships)
  • 1980 Golden Hawk
  • 1979 Silver Anniversary CJ-5 Limited Edition (estimated 1,000 built)
• 1955–1975 CJ-6
• 1955–1968 CJ-3B Long—Spain
• 1960–1977 Jeep Rural—Brazil
• 1964–1967 CJ-5A/CJ-6A Tuxedo Park
• 1976–1986 CJ-7
  • 1982 Jamboree Limited Edition (2500 units)
• 1979 CJ-5 Silver Anniversary Limited Edition (estimated 1,000 built)
• 1981–1985 CJ-8 Scrambler
• 1981–1985 CJ-10

[edit] DJ models

(Dispatcher Jeep)

• 1955 USAF DJ
• 1955–1964 DJ-3A
  • Surrey Gala Package
• 1965–1975 DJ-5
• 1965–1973 DJ-6
• 1967–1975 DJ-5A
• 1970–1972 DJ-5B
• 1973–1974 DJ-5C
• 1975–1976 DJ-5D
• 1976 DJ-5E Electruck
• 1977–1978 DJ-5F
• 1979 DJ-5G
• 1982 DJ-5L

[edit] SJ (FSJ) models

(Full Size Jeep)

• 1963–1983 SJ Wagoneer
• 1963–1986 J-Series
  • Jeep Gladiator
  • Pioneer
  • Jeep Honcho
  • 1977–1979 Jeep Golden Eagle
  • 1980–198? Laredo
  • 10-4
• 1966–1969 SJ Super Wagoneer
• 1967–1969 Kaiser Jeep M715- based upon the civilian Jeep Gladiator
• 1974–1983 SJ Cherokee
  • S
  • 1978–1983 Limited
  • Classic
  • 1976–1983 Chief
  • Sport
  • Pioneer
  • 1980–1983 Laredo
  • 1977–1979 Golden Eagle
• 1984–1991 SJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer
  • 1991 Final Edition

[edit] XJ models

• 1984–2001 XJ Cherokee
  • 1984–2001 Base "SE"
  • 1984–1988 Chief
  • 1984–1990 Pioneer
  • 1985–1992 Laredo
  • 1987–1992/1998-2001 Limited
  • 1988–2001 Sport
  • 1991–1992 Briarwood
  • 1993–1997 Country
  • 1996–2001 Classic
• 1984–1990 XJ Wagoneer
  • 1984–1985 Broughwood
  • 1984–1990 Limited

[edit] MJ models

(Metric Ton Jeep Comanche)

• 1986–1992 MJ Comanche
  • 1986 Custom
  • 1986 X
  • 1986 XLS
  • 1987–1992 Base SE
  • 1987–1990 Chief
  • 1987–1992 Laredo
  • 1987–1990 Pioneer
  • 1987–1992 SporTruck
  • 1987–1992 Eliminator

[edit] YJ, TJ, LJ and JK models

(Jeep Wrangler)

• 1987–1995 Wrangler YJ
  • 1991–1993 Renegade
  • 1988–1995 Wrangler Long—Venezuela
  • 1995 Wrangler Rio Grande

2005 TJ Rubicon

• 1997–2006 Wrangler TJSe, Sport, Sahara models
  • 2002 TJ Se, X, Sport, Sahara models
  • 2003 TJ Rubicon, Rubicon Tomb Raider Edition, Sahara, Sport, X, Se models, Freedom Edition
  • 2004–2006 LJ Unlimited(15" Longer than a standard TJ) Rubicon, Sport, X, Se models
  • 2004–2005 Willys Edition (2004–1997 made, 2005–2001 made)
  • 2004 Columbia Edition
  • 2005 Rubicon Sahara Unlimited LJ (1000 made)
  • 2006 Golden Eagle Edition, 65 Year Anniversary Edition (1,675 Black 65th Anniversary Editions made)

2006 Golden Eagle

• 2007–2009 Wrangler JK
  • 2007–2009 JK Rubicon, Sahara, X

JK Rubicon at 2007 North American International Auto Show

• • 2010 JK Rubicon, Sahara, Mountain, Islander, Sport
  • 2011 Mojave Edition
  • 2011 Call of Duty : Black Ops Edition
  • 2011 70th Anniversary Edition

2010 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Mountain

ZJ, WJ, and WK models[link]

(Jeep Grand Cherokee)

Second generation ZJ

1994 ZJ Laredo Model

• 1993–1998 ZJ Grand Cherokee
  • 1993–1995 Base SE
  • 1993–1998 Laredo
  • 1993–1998 Limited
  • 1995–1997 Orvis "Limited Edition"
  • 1997–1998 TSi
  • 1998 5.9 Limited
• 1993 ZJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer
• 1999–2004 WJ Grand Cherokee
  • 2002–2003 Sport
  • 2002–2004 Special edition
  • 2002–2004 Overland
  • 2004 Columbia Edition
• Jeep Grand Cherokee: Five-passenger family-oriented SUV
  • WK: Grand Cherokee, 2005–2010 ("WK" is the designator for the 2005–2010 Grand Cherokee, marks the beginning of the -K designation compared to the -J designation)

XK models[link]

• 2006–2010 Jeep Commander
  • 2006 Base
  • 2007–2010 Sport
  • 2006–2010 Limited
  • 2007–2009 Overland

KJ models[link]

(Jeep Cherokee in Europe and Jeep Liberty only in US)

• 2002–2007 KJ
  • Sport
  • Limited
  • Renegade
  • 2003 Freedom Edition
  • 2004–05 Rocky Mountain Edition
  • 2004 Columbia Edition
  • 2006 65th Anniversary Edition
  • 2007 Latitude Edition(replaced Renegade)

Current models[link]

The Jeep brand currently produces five models:

• Jeep Wrangler
  • JK: The current version of the Wrangler, released as a 2007 model
  • JK Unlimited: The long wheelbase, 4-door version of the 2007 Wrangler
• Jeep Grand Cherokee: Five-passenger family-oriented SUV
  • WK: The Grand Cherokee, 2005–2010 ("WK" is the designator for the new Grand Cherokee, it is one of the first non-J-designated Jeeps)
  • 2005—present Laredo
  • 2005—present Limited
  • 2006—present Overland
  • 2006—present SRT-8
  • WK2 (2010—present)
• Jeep Liberty KK: A small SUV shared platform with the Dodge Nitro(replaced the Cherokee and kept the name outside North America)
• Jeep Compass MK: A small crossover SUV shared platform with the Dodge Caliber
• Jeep Patriot MK: A small crossover SUV shared platform with the Dodge Caliber

Concept vehicles[link]

• 1958 DJ-3A Pickup
• 1970 XJ001
• 1970 XJ002
• 1971 Jeep Cowboy
• 1977 Jeep II
• 1979 Jeep Jeepster II
• 1986 Cherokee Targa: A two-door Cherokee convertible (later revised as Jeep Freedom show car)
• 1987 Comanche Thunderchief: This vehicle was put into production later as the Comanche Eliminator
• 1989 Jeep Concept 1: Evolved into the ZJ Grand Cherokee
• 1989 Jeep Rubicon Wrangler: This vehicle was later put in production
• 1990 Jeep JJ: Essentially what would later be called the Icon
• 1990 Jeep Freedom: A revised Cherokee Targa
• 1991 Jeep Wagoneer 2000: A design study be the next generation Wagoneer, but was not put into production
• 1993 Jeep Ecco
• 1997 Jeep Cherokee Casablanca: A special edition of Cherokee, never produced
• 1997 Jeep Wrangler Ultimate Rescue: A tuned version of a regular TJ Wrangler developed for SEMA show
• 1997 Fender Jeep Wrangler
• 1997 Jeep Dakar: A fused version of a XJ Cherokee and TJ Wrangler
• 1997 Jeep Icon: A design study for the next-generation Wrangler
• 1999 Jeep Journey
• 1999 Jeep Jeepster Concept
• 2000 Jeep Cherokee Total Exposure
• 2000 Jeep Varsity: Subsequently put into production as the Compass
• 2000 Jeep Commander Concept: Subsequently put into production as the XK
• 2000 Jeep Willys
• 2001 Jeep Willys 2
• 2002 Jeep Wrangler Tabasco
• 2002 Jeep Wrangler Patriot: A special decal package for the Wrangler X/Sport
• 2002 Jeep Wrangler Mountain Biker
• 2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ) Concierge
• 2004 Jeep Treo
• 2004 Jeep Rescue
• 2004 Jeep Liberator CRD
• 2005 Jeep Hurricane: The 4-wheel steering system allows the vehicle to have both a zero turning circle, and "crab" sideways.^[32] Its engine was later put in the Grand Cherokee (WK) SRT-8
• 2005 Jeep Gladiator Concept: This vehicle was supposed to be put into production, but Jeep cancelled it
• 2005 Jeep Aggressor (the Rezo)
• 2007 Jeep Trailhawk
• 2008 Jeep Renegade
• 2010 Jeep J8
• 2010 Jeep Nukizer: Design study inspired by the Military Kaiser M-715

Jeep apparel[link]

Jeep is also a brand of apparel of outdoor lifestyle sold under license. It was reported that there are between 600 to 1,500 outlets in China, significantly outnumber Jeep auto dealers in the country.^[33][34]

Jeeps around the world[link]

Jeeps have been built and/or assembled around the world by various companies.^[35]

• Argentina – IKA Jeeps 1956–current; now owned by Chrysler^[36]
• Australia – Willys Motors Australia – 1940s–1980s^[37]
• Belgium –

The Troller T4

• Brazil – Willys Overland do Brasil, purchased by Ford to become Ford do Brasil – 1957–1985^[38] and the Troller T4 is a fiberglass bodied Jeep version built in Brazil. Troller was purchased by Ford do Brasil in 2007.
• Burma/Myanmar – Two Burmese companies produce unlicensed copies of jeeps; Myanmar Jeeps and Chin Dwin Star Jeeps.
• Canada – Kaiser Jeep – 1959–1969^[39]
• China – Beijing Jeep Corporation – 1983 to 2009 as Beijing-Benz DaimlerChrysler Automotive. Fiat-Chrysler plans to re-open Jeep production in China through joint venture with Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group (GAIG).^[40]
• Colombia – Willys Colombia – at least until 1999^[41]
• Egypt – Arab Organization for Industrialization subsidiary Arab American Vehicles based in Cairo produces the Jeep Cherokee^{[disambiguation needed ]}; the open-top, Wrangler-based Jeep AAV TJL.
• France – Hotchkiss and Auverland – 1952–1962^[42]
• India – Mahindra & Mahindra Limited – 1960s-current^[43]

• Iran – Pars Khodro, ShahBaaz, Sahra, and Ahoo – ShahBaaz based on DJ series, Sahra based on Jeep Wrangler and CJ series, and Ahoo based on Wagoneer
• Israel – Automotive Industries which produces the AIL Storm (Sufa) series of Jeep Wrangler-derivatives
• Italy – 1950s^[44]
• Japan – Mitsubishi Jeeps – 1953–1998^[45]
• Korea – Asia Motors, Ltd, Dong A Motors (SsangYong Motor Company) and Kia. (don't use Jeep name) – 1980s-current^[46]
• Mexico – VAM Jeeps – 1946–1987^[47]
• Netherlands – Nederlandse Kaiser-Frazer – 1954-1990s^[48]
• Philippines – Jeepneys;^[49] MD Juan Willys MB.;^[50] "E-jeepneys" or minibuses, LSV (low-speed vehicles) which uses electricity.^[51][52]
• Portugal – Bravia – 1960s–1980s
• Spain – Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas, S.A. (VIASA), absorbed by Ebro trucks, and later sold to Nissan – 1960-1990s^[53]
• Turkey – Tuzla – 1954-1970s^[54]
• Venezuela- Valencia Carabobo 1962–2011, 1962 Tejerias Edo Aragua Willys de Venezuela, S.A, 1979 -2011 Ensambladora Carabobo C.A Valencia Edo Carabobo

See also[link]

• AMC and Jeep transmissions
• American Motors
• Criticism of sport utility vehicles
• Jeep four wheel drive systems
• Jeep Jamboree: Off Road Adventure, a video game based on the then-current Jeep Wrangler YJ model
• Jeep Thrills
• Jeep parade
• Jeep trail
• Jeepney
• SUV and Compact SUV
• Willys

References[link]

Inline

General

• Allen, Jim (2004). Jeep. MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-1979-6. 
• Foster, Patrick R. (2003). Standard Catalog of Jeep 1940–2003. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87349-522-6. 
• Ludel, Moses (1992). Jeep Owner's Bible: A Hands-On Guide to Getting the Most from Your Jeep. Robert Bentley. ISBN 978-0-8376-0154-0. 
• Hartwell, Dickson (December 1960). "The Mighty Jeep". American Heritage Magazine 12 (1). http://www.americanheritage.com/content/mighty-jeep. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jeep

• Official website
• "Leeping Lena Joins the Army", October 1941 first detailed article on what became known as the Jeep
• Autobiography of a Jeep (1943). United Films, Prelinger Archives, Historical Public Domain video.
• Meet the Postwar Jeep August 1945 Popular Science

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Red Jacket from an 1835 lithograph by Henry Corbould, after a painting by Charles Bird King, printed by Charles Joseph Hullmandel. Published in History of the Indian Tribes of North America.

Red Jacket (known as Otetiani in his youth and Sagoyewatha Sa-go-ye-wa-tha after 1780) (c. 1750–January 20, 1830) was a Native American Seneca orator and chief of the Wolf clan.^[1] He negotiated on behalf of his nation with the new United States after the American Revolutionary War, when the Seneca as British allies were forced to cede much land, and signed the Treaty of Canandaigua. He helped secure some Seneca territory in New York state. His talk on "Religion for the White Man and the Red" (1805) has been preserved as an example of his great oratorical style.

Life[link]

Red Jacket's birthplace has long been a matter of debate. Some historians claim he was born at the Old Seneca Castle near present-day Geneva, New York, near the foot of Seneca Lake.^[2] Others believe he was born near Cayuga Lake and present-day Canoga,^[3] while others place his birth south of Branchport, on Keuka Lake near the mouth of Basswood Creek.^[4][5] It is known that he spent much of his youth at Basswood Creek, and his mother was buried there after her death.

Red Jacket lived much of his adult life in Seneca territory in the Genesee River Valley. He and the Mohawk chief Joseph Brant were bitter enemies and rivals, although they often met together at the Iroquois Confederacy's Longhouse. During the American Revolutionary War, when both Iroquois nations were allies of the British, Brant contemptuously referred to Red Jacket as "cow killer", alleging that at the Battle of Newtown in 1779, Red Jacket killed a cow and used the blood to claim he had killed an American rebel.^[6]

President's House, Philadelphia. Red Jacket met with George Washington, and later John Adams, in the presidential mansion in Philadelphia, then the temporary national capital.

Red Jacket became famous as an orator, speaking for the rights of his people. He played a prominent role in negotiations with the new United States federal government after the war. In 1792 he led a delegation of 50 people to Philadelphia. The US president George Washington presented him with a special "peace medal", a large oval of silver plate engraved with an image of Washington on the right-hand side shaking Red Jacket's hand; below was inscribed "George Washington", "Red Jacket", and "1792". Red Jacket wore this medal on his chest in every portrait painted of him. (Today the medal is held in the collection of the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society.^[7]) In 1794, Red Jacket was a signatory, along with Cornplanter and fifty other Iroquois leaders, of the Treaty of Canandaigua by which they were forced to cede much of their land.^[8] It confirmed peace with the United States, as well as the boundaries of the postwar the Phelps and Gorham Purchase (1788) of most of the Seneca land east of the Genesee River in western New York.

The Publick Universal Friend and her Philadelphia Society of Friends were the first settlers region in 1790. Despite the pillaging of the Native River-Settlement in Ah-Wa-Ga Owego, New York, by generals Clinton & Sullivan, the Society made peace with the then wary Seneca tribe of the Iroquois. Most of the Seneca tribe, including Red Jacket, recognised the universal FRIEND as Chieftain. The Seneca Tribe made peace within the Finger Lakes but experienced hardship in the Genesee Region and other parts of Western New York.^[9]

In 1797, by the Treaty of Big Tree, Robert Morris purchased rights from the Seneca for $100,000 to some lands west of Genesee River. (This area is present-day Geneseo in Livingston County). Red Jacket had tried to prevent the sale but, not able to convince the other chiefs, he gave up his opposition. As often occurred, Morris used gifts of liquor to the Seneca men and trinkets to the women to "grease" the sale.^{[citation needed]} Morris had previously purchased the land from Massachusetts, subject to the Indian title, then sold it to the Holland Land Company for speculative development. He retained only the Morris Reserve, an estate near present-day Rochester. During the negotiations, Brant told an insulting story about Red Jacket, but Cornplanter intervened and prevented the leader from attacking and killing Brant.^[10]

Monument at Forest Lawn Cemetery.

Red Jacket took his name, one of several he used, for a highly favored embroidered coat given to him by the British for his wartime services.^[11] The Seneca were allied with the British Crown during the American Revolution, both because of long trading relationships and in the hope they could limit colonial encroachment on their territory. After their ally lost, the Seneca were forced to cede much of their territory. In the War of 1812, Red Jacket supported the American side.^[12]

His later adult name, Segoyewatha, which roughly translates as "he keeps them awake", was given by the Seneca about 1780 in recognition of his oratory skill. When in 1805 Mr. Cram, a New England missionary, asked to do mission work among the Seneca, Red Jacket responded expressing how the Seneca had suffered at the hands of Europeans. His "Religion for the White Man and the Red" further expressed his profound belief that Native American religion was fitting and sufficient for Seneca and Native American culture. It has been documented and preserved as one of the best examples of oratory.^[13]

Red Jacket developed a problem with alcohol and deeply regretted having taken his first drink (see following quote). Asked if he had children, Red Jacket, who had lost most of his offspring to illness, said:

"Red Jacket was once a great man, and in favor with the Great Spirit. He was a lofty pine among the smaller trees of the forest. But, after years of glory, he degraded himself by drinking the firewater of the white man. The Great Spirit has looked upon him in anger, and his lightning has stripped the pine of its branches."^[14]

In his later years, Segoyewatha lived in Buffalo, New York. On his death, his remains were buried in an Indian cemetery. In 1876, William C. Bryant presented a plan to the Council of the Seneca Nation to rebury Red Jacket's remains in Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo.^[15] This was carried out on October 9, 1884. The proceedings, with papers by Horatio Hale, General Ely S. Parker, and others, were published (Buffalo, 1884).^[12]

According to Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, "Several portraits were made of him. George Catlin painted him twice, Henry Inman once, and Robert W. Weir did his portrait in 1828, when Red Jacket was on a visit to New York City. Fitz-Greene Halleck has celebrated him in song."^[12]

Speech to the U.S. Senate[link]

This famous speech, also known as his talk on “Religion for the White Man and the Red”, is one example of his great skill as an orator. This speech came about in 1805 as a response to Jacob Cram, a New England missionary. On this day, the two differing sides met in Buffalo Creek, New York, to further discuss their religious beliefs. After meeting with the leaders of the Seneca delegation, Red Jacket provided a thought-out response representing his people as a whole. His address took the words of Cram, “There is but one religion, and but one way to serve God, and if you do not embrace the right way, you cannot be happy hereafter”, and peacefully argued each side should have the right to worship the religion that suits them best.

Clashing cultures[link]

Red Jacket’s “Speech to the U.S. Senate,” came about at a trying time for the Iroquois of present-day New York State. They were coping with the loss of their forefathers’ lands, as a result of the constant increase of European immigrants. As their numbers grew, the two peoples' opposing cultures became more and more apparent. This speech provides clear examples of how these cultures clashed on the subject of religious beliefs.

From the beginning Red Jacket made it clear that he and his people would not change their religious stance based on the white man’s word. He began, “It was the will of the Great Spirit that we should meet together this day. He orders all things, and has given us a fine day for our Council.” He proceeded to count all the blessings on the day, attributing them to the Great Spirit. “For all these favors we thank the Great Spirit, and Him only.”

Red Jacket’s response argued that his peoples’ beliefs were very like those of the missionary, differing only in the names of their omnipresent and almighty creator. Their creation stories were the same. “There was a time when our forefathers owned this great island. Their seats extended from the rising to the setting sun. The Great Spirit had made it for the use of Indians. He had created the buffalo, the deer, and other animals for food .... He had caused the earth to produce corn for bread. All this He had done for his red children, because He loved them.” The difference between the faiths involved not whether an almighty creator existed, but which faith was the truth and deserved to be followed.

Red Jacket's oration raised questions as to the legitimacy of the white man’s beliefs. “You say that you are sent to instruct us how to worship the Great Spirit agreeably to his mind, and, if we do not take hold of the religion which you white people teach, we shall be unhappy hereafter. You say that you are right and we are lost.” Iroquois "separatist" belief held that there is not necessarily one true religion for all people. Red Jacket acknowledged that the Americans’ religious beliefs are based on a sacred text, but stated, “If it was intended for us as well as you, why has not the Great Spirit given to us, and not only to us, but why did he not give to our forefathers, the knowledge of that book, with the means of understanding it rightly?”

In conclusion he urged the Senators to accept the existence of different forms of belief. “The Great Spirit has made us all, but He has made a great difference between his white and red children ... to you He has given the arts. To these He has not opened our eyes. We know these things to be true. Since He has made so great a difference between us in other things, why may we not conclude that he has given us a different religion according to our understanding? The Great Spirit does right. He knows what is best for his children; we are satisfied.” “We do not wish to destroy your religion, or take it from you. We only want to enjoy our own.”

Civility[link]

In his “Speech to the U.S. Senate”, Red Jacket was respectful and open-minded, though skeptical, regarding his visitors’ beliefs, hoping that his audience would respond similarly. “We have listened with attention to what you have said. You requested us to speak our minds freely. This gives us great joy; for we now consider that we stand upright before you, and can speak what we think.” He went on to reassure his audience he understood they were far from home, and would waste no time in giving them his answer.

On the relations between his people and the first white settlers to come to their land, he said, “They found friends and not enemies ... they asked for a small seat. We took pity on them, granted their request; and they sat amongst us. We gave them corn and meat; they gave us poison." He argued that it was wrong to portray his people as savages, when they had shown kindness but received in return only "poison" (hard liquor). Further, “Yet we did not fear them. We took them to be friends. They called us brothers. We believed them and gave them a larger seat ... they wanted more land; they wanted our country. Our eyes were opened, and our minds became uneasy.” “You have got our country, but are not satisfied; you want to force your religion upon us.” The white settlers' actions did not encourage belief in their religion. “How shall we know when to believe, being so often deceived by the white people?”

Red Jacket recognized that the white settlors' religion was beset with divisive controversies, unlike his peoples' own faith. “We also have a religion, which was given to our forefathers, and has been handed down to us their children. We worship in that way. It teaches us to be thankful for all the favors we receive; to love each other, and to be united. We never quarrel about religion.”

He concluded with cordial well-wishes for his visitors. “You have now heard our answer to your talk, and this is all we have to say at present. As we are going to part, we will come and take you by the hand, and hope the Great Spirit will protect you on your journey, and return you safe to your friends.”

Rhetoric[link]

Red Jacket's "Speech to the U.S. Senate" narrates his ability to use a distinct form of rhetoric that distinguishes the difference in religious tolerance between the Indians and United States citizens. Red Jacket's emotional appeal to the members of Senate, who he feels are neglecting the Indians right of religious freedom, is an example of his attempt to persuade his audience to recognize their fallacies. One of the most important attributes to this speech is the recurring mention of Great Spirit, who oversees both red and white man according to Red Jacket, and he proceeds to recognize those attributes.

The beginning of the speech states,"But we will first look back a little, and tell you what our fathers have told us, and what we have heard from the white people". Red Jacket is speaking here to the history of the relations which the white man have treated the red man on their native soil. A common occurrence from the white man in this day was to push the ways of Western society on to those who he deemed less fortunate. Red Jacket goes on to speak more specifically about the way religion has been forced upon the Indian people from the Americans. One of the predominant center pieces of this time period was the negative relationships between the two cultures, and religion was and still to this day is considered a sacred personal choice one individual makes. Although Red Jacket recognizes that religion is an individual right, he explains that the Indian belief system has been inherited just in the same way the Americans have been handed down the Bible and Christianity. His point is summarized in statement he makes regarding how both people come from a similar Great Spirit, yet it is just up to the beholder how he accepts religion. The forced inducement of Christianity on the Indians by the American people violated the liberties of both people. Red Jacket states, "You have now become a great people, and we have scarcely a place left to spread our blankets. You have got our country, but are not satisfied; you want to force your religion upon us". One recognizes the sense that the Indians have already lost so much, their religion is the last part of their identity in this land.

Red Jacket continues to identify the religious continuities that exist between both people with his elaboration on the Great Spirit. He states, "You say there is but one way to worship and serve the Great Spirit. If there is but one religion, why do you white people differ so much about it? Why not all agreed, as you can all read the book?". Red Jacket distinguishes the fallacies that exist between the Americans speech and their actions. If the Indians are being secularized for their religious beliefs, yet they believe in one ultimate Creator, just like the Americans, how can they be viewed as a lesser body? Red Jacket says they do not understand the Americans mission to eradicate the Indians based on religion, but Red Jacket sees the Americans as divided in their beliefs. However, he goes on to say that the Great Spirit is not one that can tear the two people apart but ultimately unite them in their ability to peacefully coexist.

Red Jacket's ability to distinguish this form of religious discussion was very favorable to his legacy in history. He argues the injustices of the cultural system in the time period but does not back away from recognizing their common cultural and religious beliefs.

Honors and legacy[link]

A variety of structures, ships and places were named in his honor, especially in the Finger Lakes region and Buffalo:

• A complex of dormitory buildings at the University at Buffalo
• Red Jacket Dining Hall at SUNY Geneseo.
• The Red Jacket Building, an apartment and commercial building in Buffalo.
• A memorial statue and Red Jacket Park are in Penn Yan, New York near Keuka Lake. The statue was sculpted by Michael Soles.
• Red Jacket Yacht Club, which lies on the western shores of Cayuga Lake.
• The Red Jacket clipper ship, which set the unbroken speed record from New York to Liverpool.^[1]
• A public school system, Red Jacket Central, which serves the communities of Manchester and Shortsville in Ontario County, New York.
• The Red Jacket Volunteer Fire Department, which serves the Town of Seneca Falls.
• A section of land on the Buffalo River (New York) is named "Red Jacket Peninsula". On the eastern bank of the river is the plaque containing a brief bio of Red Jacket and river history.
• Red Jacket Parkway in South Buffalo
• The Boy Scouts of America had a Red Jacket Council that included west of Rochester and Orleans County, New York, until 1943; it became part of Otetiana Council. In 2010 it merged with Finger Lakes Council to form Seneca Waterways Council.
• The community of Red Jacket in southern West Virginia, although the leader was not known to have had any connection to that region.^[16]

• 

  Red Jacket wearing the "Peace Medal" given to him by George Washington. Portrait by Charles Bird King, ca. 1828, Colby College Museum of Art.

• 

  The Trial of Red Jacket, by John Mix Stanley, 1869.

See also[link]

U.S. Constitution, Native American influence

Further reading[link]

• Graymont, Barbara, The Iroquois in the American Revolution, 1972, ISBN 0-8156-0083-6
• Robert G. Koch, "Red Jacket: Seneca Orator", Crooked Lake Review, March 1992

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

• Baym, Nina, Robert S. Levine, and Arnold Krupat. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Vol. A. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2007. Print.
• Stone, William L. Life and times of Red-Jacket, Or, Sa-go-ye-wat-ha: Being the Sequel to the History of the Six Nations. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1841. Print.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Red Jacket

• An Account of Sa-Go-Ye-Wat-Ha, or Red Jacket, and His People at Project Gutenberg by John Niles Hubbard
• Red Jacket on Religion for the White Man and Red, Audio from Greatest Speeches in History Podcast
• "Red Jacket on Religion for the White Man and the Red", Bartleby Website, text online
• "Red Jacket, noted Indian orator, colorful character", Wisconsin History
• Red Jacket at Find a Grave

Jay Leno
Leno in July 2008
Birth name	James Douglas Muir Leno
Born	(1950-04-28) April 28, 1950 (age 62)[1] New Rochelle, New York, U.S.[1]
Medium	Television, Film, Stand up
Nationality	American
Years active	1973–present
Genres	Observational comedy, Political satire
Subject(s)	American culture, Everyday life
Influences	Johnny Carson, Robert Klein, Alan King, George Carlin,[2] Don Rickles, Bob Newhart, Rodney Dangerfield
Influenced	Dennis Miller[3]
Spouse	Mavis Leno (1980–present)
Notable works and roles	The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (host, 1992–2009, 2010–) The Jay Leno Show (host, 2009–2010)
Signature
Website	The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
Emmy Awards
Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series 1995 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno /ˈlɛnoʊ/ (born April 28, 1950)^[1] is an American stand-up comedian and television host.