Leshan 乐山
—  Prefecture-level city  —
乐山市
Leshan from the Dadu River
Location of Leshan Prefecture within Sichuan
Coordinates: 29°34′N 103°46′E / 29.567°N 103.767°E / 29.567; 103.767
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Sichuan
County-level divisions	4 Counties, 2 Autonomous Counties, 1 County-level city and 4 Districts
Time zone	China Standard (UTC+8)
Postal code	614000
Area code(s)	+86 (0)0833
Licence Plate Prefixes	川L
Website	leshan.gov.cn

Leshan (simplified Chinese: 乐山; traditional Chinese: 樂山; pinyin: Lèshān; Wade–Giles: Le-shan; literally "Happy mountain"; Sichuanese Pinyin: No²san¹; local pronunciation: [nʊʔ˧sã˥]) is a prefecture-level city located at the confluence of the Dadu and Min rivers in Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. Leshan is located on the southwestern fringe of the Red Basin in southern Sichuan, about 120 km from Chengdu.

Geography and climate[link]

Leshan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid. Winter is short, mild and dry, with a January average of 7.1 °C (44.8 °F), and while frost may occur, snow is rare. Summers are long, hot and humid, with highs often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), yet extended heat waves are rare. The daily average in July and August is around 26 °C (79 °F). Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and more than 70% of the annual total occurs from June to September.

Administrative divisions[link]

Map
#	Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2004 est.)	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)
1	Shizhong District	市中区	Shìzhōng Qū	560,000	825	679
2	Shawan District	沙湾区	Shāwān Qū	200,000	617	324
3	Wutongqiao District	五通桥区	Wǔtōngqiáo Qū	320,000	474	675
4	Jinkouhe District	金口河区	Jīnkǒuhé Qū	60,000	598	100
5	Emeishan City	峨眉山市	Éméishān Shì	430,000	1,168	368
6	Qianwei County	犍为县	Qiánwéi Xiàn	570,000	1,375	415
7	Jingyan County	井研县	Jǐngyán Xiàn	410,000	841	488
8	Jiajiang County	夹江县	Jiājiāng Xiàn	350,000	749	467
9	Muchuan County	沐川县	Mùchuān Xiàn	260,000	1,401	186
10	Ebian Yi Autonomous County	峨边彝族自治县	Ébiān Yízú Zìzhìxiàn	140,000	2,395	58
11	Mabian Yi Autonomous County	马边彝族自治县	Mǎbiān Yízú Zìzhìxiàn	180,000	2,383	76

Transport[link]

There is a passenger rail line that serves the Mianyang–Chengdu–Leshan inter-city area.

The Chengdu-Leshan Highway with a total length of 160 kilometers, was finished on January 14, 2000. This highway has since become very important to the city's development.

Historic monuments[link]

In 1996, the Mount Emei Scenic Area, including the Leshan Giant Buddha, the largest stone-carved buddha in the world, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Mount Emei is located within the county-level city of Emeishan, which is under the administrative jurisdiction of Leshan.

Buddha on Leshan Mountains

The ancestral home of Chinese writer, academic and politician Guo Moruo is preserved in the Shawan District of Leshan.^[1]

Culture[link]

Dialect[link]

The Leshan dialect, part of the Southern linguistic system, is very different from the dialects of other cities in the province of Sichuan, which belong to the Northern system. Some researchers say the pronunciation of Leshan dialects represent an archaic form of Chinese pronunciation.

Food[link]

Falling into the Sichuan cuisine family, Leshan is noted for its food culture in that it has all the street food from its surrounding areas, which has made it the one-stop street food city. Typical specialties include:

• Ma-La-Tang 麻辣烫 - Hot and spicy soup
• Bo-Bo-Ji 钵钵鸡 - Bobo chicken
• Shao-Kao 烧烤 - Street barbecue
• Qian-Wei Bao-Bing 犍为薄饼 - Qianwei Pancakes
• Dou-Fu-nao 豆腐脑 -

Local Card Game[link]

A popular card game called Two, Seven, Ten (simplified Chinese: 二七十; traditional Chinese: 貳柒拾; pinyin: Èr Qī Shí) is often enjoyed by the locals as an alternative to Mahjong.

Suits[link]

There are two suits: big and small (Chinese: 大小; pinyin: Dà Xiăo) differentiated by both colours and their characters/patterns. The big suit is red and the small suit is black.

The cards belonging to the big suit always carry three points more than those of the small suit if the meld (see below) carries points at all.

Melds[link]

When a player discards a card, any other player may "call" for it in order to complete a meld (a certain set of three or four cards) in their own hands. When a meld is declared through a discard, the player must state the type of meld to be declared and place the meld face up. The player must then discard a card (with the exception that they are making the second meld of four of a kind), and play continues to the left.

The disadvantage of doing this is that the player must now expose the completed meld to the other players, giving them information on the availability of cards left in the deck.

• Duì (simplified Chinese: 对; traditional Chinese: 對) meaning to make use of a pair) — A Duì is a set of three identical cards. If a duì is made by calling a card, a big duì carries three points whilst a small dui carries one point. If it is made in a player's hand during the initial drawing, their carry six and three points respectively.

• Kāi (simplified Chinese: 开; traditional Chinese: 開) — A Kāi is a set of four identical cards. A kāi in the big suit carries nine points and six points in the small suit if exposed; or they both gain three extra points for being concealed in a player's hand.

If a player is forming a second set of kāi all cards (both concealed in their hands and exposed on the table) considered, they should not discard any cards for that particular turn or they will not be able to win the game.

• Chī (Chinese: 吃) — A Chī is a meld of three suited tiles in sequence or any three cards of the same number. They do not carry any points unless they are formed by the numbers two, seven and ten.

When a chī is formed by calling, any melds that contains the card being called need to be exposed to other players as well.

• 2-7-10 The meld 2-7-10 is a special type of chī which can only be formed if they are of the same suit. A black or small 2-7-10 carries three points when exposed, and six if not; a red or big set carries six or nine points depending on its visibility to other players.

• Jiang (simplified Chinese: 将; traditional Chinese: 將) — The pair, while not a meld (and thus cannot be declared or formed with a discard, except if completing the pair completes the hand), is the final component to the standard hand. It consists of any two identical cards.

Gameplay[link]

The game starts by a chosen player (if the first game) or the winner (of the previous game) drawing the first two cards. Each player then draws two cards until the lead has 20 cards in their hand and announces the end of the drawing phase by drawing one last card and discarding the first card. So each player has 20 cards to start w= |seat_type

Sister Cities.[link]

• Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia
• Gilbert, Arizona, United States

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Government Website

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2011)

Lawrence LeShan (born 1920) is a psychologist, educator and the author of the best-selling How to Meditate (1974),^[1] one of the first practical guides to meditation. He has authored or co-authored approximately 75 articles in the professional literature and thirteen books on a diverse range of topics including psychotherapy, war, cancer treatment, and mysticism. He has also written science fiction under the pseudonym Edward Grendon.

Biography[link]

LeShan holds a Ph.D. in Human Development from the University of Chicago and has taught at Pace College, Roosevelt University, and the New School for Social Research. He worked as a clinical and research psychologist for more than 50 years, including six years as a psychologist in the U.S. Army.

In the 1960s and 1970s, LeShan conducted extensive research in the field of parapsychology. In books The Medium, the Mystic, and the Physicist and Alternate Realities, he investigated similarities between quantum mechanics and mystical thought. In World of the Paranormal: The Next Frontier, LeShan advanced these ideas further, claiming that psychic abilities such as telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition can be explained using quantum theory. While shared by many in the New Thought movement, LeShan's ideas have been criticized by skeptics as "quantum pseudo-mysticism."

In the 1980s, LeShan's focus shifted to the psychotherapy of cancer support, a field in which he is considered a pioneer. LeShan lives in New York City.

LeShan was married to the late Eda LeShan, who was also a writer.^[2]

Select bibliography[link]

• Beyond Technique: Psychotherapy for the 21st Century
• The Dilemma of Psychology: A Psychologist Looks at His Troubled Profession
• Cancer As a Turning Point: A Handbook for People with Cancer, Their Families, and Health Professionals
• You Can Fight For Your Life: Emotional Factors in the Treatment of Cancer
• The Psychology of War: Comprehending Its Mystique and Its Madness
• How to Meditate: A Guide to Self-Discovery
• The Medium, the Mystic, and the Physicist: Toward a General Theory of the Paranormal
• World of the Paranormal: The Next Frontier
• Alternate Realities: The Search for the Full Human Being
• An Ethic for the Age of Space: A Touchstone for Conduct Among the Stars
• Holistic Health: How to Understand and Use the Revolution in Medicine
• The Pattern of Evil: Myth, Social Perception and the Holocaust
• A New Science of the Paranormal: the Promise of Psychical Research (2009)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Cancer as a Turning Point
• Pop Matters review of The Psychology of War

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (September 2008)

Jiang Yan(江淹) was a poet and cifu writer in the Southern Dynasty of China, who occupies an important position in the history of the Southern Dynasty literature.

Jiang Yan says that he loves strange yet differences, which has relations with the admiration and pursuit of new and strange social trends and literary habits. This character also affects his making friends and writing style.