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Harold Lloyd's "Safety Last"- 1923
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 09 May 2013
As my final project for my music composition course, I wrote original music to this scene from Harold Lloyd's silent film "Safety Last". Harold is trying to ...
http://wn.com/Harold_Lloyd's_Safety_Last_1923
As my final project for my music composition course, I wrote original music to this scene from Harold Lloyd's silent film "Safety Last". Harold is trying to ...
Eddie Cantor in 1923 | 2 vaudeville songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 08 May 2013
Early sound film of comedian Eddie Cantor. Cantor went on to become the highest paid comedian of the 1930s, making several hit movies for Samuel Goldwyn (Who...
http://wn.com/Eddie_Cantor_in_1923_|_2_vaudeville_songs
Early sound film of comedian Eddie Cantor. Cantor went on to become the highest paid comedian of the 1930s, making several hit movies for Samuel Goldwyn (Who...
- published: 22 Feb 2007
- views: 116422
- author: KidMillions
Cycle-Skating - The New Sport of 1923
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 06 May 2013
Cycle-Skating - The New Sport of 1923. The precursor to rolling blading. Men in Paris enjoy this new sport. Check out the Sporting HIstory Channel: http://ww...
http://wn.com/Cycle-Skating_The_New_Sport_of_1923
Cycle-Skating - The New Sport of 1923. The precursor to rolling blading. Men in Paris enjoy this new sport. Check out the Sporting HIstory Channel: http://ww...
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 469220
- author: SportingHistory
Hyperinflation - Germany 1923
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 03 May 2013
A teaching resource to support an explantion of the economic process of inflation; how the Weimar Government reacted and how it contributed to the Year of Cr...
http://wn.com/Hyperinflation_Germany_1923
A teaching resource to support an explantion of the economic process of inflation; how the Weimar Government reacted and how it contributed to the Year of Cr...
- published: 09 Jun 2008
- views: 151390
- author: Plymhistnet
Delft (1923)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 19 Apr 2013
Filmbeelden van markante punten uit de binnenstad van Delft. Deze video of jouw TV-favoriet op DVD bestellen? Ga naar: http://www.beeldengeluid.nl/tvfavoriet.
http://wn.com/Delft_1923
Filmbeelden van markante punten uit de binnenstad van Delft. Deze video of jouw TV-favoriet op DVD bestellen? Ga naar: http://www.beeldengeluid.nl/tvfavoriet.
- published: 20 Sep 2007
- views: 32984
- author: BeeldenGeluid
The Queen Mother's wedding, 1923
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 03 May 2013
Silent newsreel footage of the wedding day of The Duke of York (later King George VI) and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) ...
http://wn.com/The_Queen_Mother's_wedding,_1923
Silent newsreel footage of the wedding day of The Duke of York (later King George VI) and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) ...
- published: 11 Dec 2007
- views: 815198
- author: TheRoyalChannel
Brancusi Filmed (1923-1939)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:24
- Updated: 09 May 2013
http://wn.com/Brancusi_Filmed_1923-1939
Felix the Cat - Felix Revolts - 1923
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:16
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
He Revolts!
http://wn.com/Felix_the_Cat_Felix_Revolts_1923
Safety Last 1923 Harold Lloyd reloj
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 73:34
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Actrices y actores, Bailarinas y bailarines los artistas más populares de la farándula, belleza y simpatía.Películas antiguas Safety Last 1923 Harold Lloyd r...
http://wn.com/Safety_Last_1923_Harold_Lloyd_reloj
Actrices y actores, Bailarinas y bailarines los artistas más populares de la farándula, belleza y simpatía.Películas antiguas Safety Last 1923 Harold Lloyd r...
- published: 23 Oct 2012
- views: 31253
- author: Cine en blanco y negro
Jailhouse Blues (Bessie Smith, 1923) Jazz Legend
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 06 May 2013
Jailhouse Blues (1923) Bessie Smith (Vocal) Irving Johns (Piano)
http://wn.com/Jailhouse_Blues_Bessie_Smith,_1923_Jazz_Legend
Jailhouse Blues (1923) Bessie Smith (Vocal) Irving Johns (Piano)
- published: 04 Jun 2009
- views: 14969
- author: RagtimeDorianHenry
Our Hospitality (1923)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 73:11
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
1923 Our Hospitality (Buster Keaton, Natalie Talmadge, Ralph Bushman)
http://wn.com/Our_Hospitality_1923
1923 Our Hospitality (Buster Keaton, Natalie Talmadge, Ralph Bushman)
- published: 15 Apr 2012
- views: 3074
- author: actordirectorfootage
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 117:18
- Updated: 04 May 2013
"The Hunchback of Notre Dame" is a 1923 American film directed by Wallace Worsley and produced by Carl Laemmle and Irving Thalberg. It stars Lon Chaney, Sr.,...
http://wn.com/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_1923_Full_Movie
"The Hunchback of Notre Dame" is a 1923 American film directed by Wallace Worsley and produced by Carl Laemmle and Irving Thalberg. It stars Lon Chaney, Sr.,...
- published: 07 Jan 2012
- views: 9087
- author: michaelTivey
Alice Comedies Short 1 Alice's Wonderland (1923)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:08
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
The "Alice Comedies" are a series of animated cartoons created by Walt Disney in the 1920s, in which a live action little girl named Alice (originally played...
http://wn.com/Alice_Comedies_Short_1_Alice's_Wonderland_1923
The "Alice Comedies" are a series of animated cartoons created by Walt Disney in the 1920s, in which a live action little girl named Alice (originally played...
- published: 13 Apr 2012
- views: 5279
- author: SuperOswaldLRFan
Sir Patrick Moore (1923-2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 22 Mar 2013
Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore, CBE, FRS, FRAS (4th March 1923 - 9th December 2012) was an English amateur astronomer who attained prominent status in tha...
http://wn.com/Sir_Patrick_Moore_1923-2012
Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore, CBE, FRS, FRAS (4th March 1923 - 9th December 2012) was an English amateur astronomer who attained prominent status in tha...
- published: 10 Dec 2012
- views: 1014
- author: George Pollen
![The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) [Silent Movie]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130510234405im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/o792vRfkKu0/default.jpg "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) [Silent Movie]")
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) [Silent Movie]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 100:44
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
"The Hunchback of Notre Dame" is a 1923 American film directed by Wallace Worsley and produced by Carl Laemmle and Irving Thalberg. It stars Lon Chaney, Sr.,...
http://wn.com/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_1923_Silent_Movie_
"The Hunchback of Notre Dame" is a 1923 American film directed by Wallace Worsley and produced by Carl Laemmle and Irving Thalberg. It stars Lon Chaney, Sr.,...
- published: 10 Jul 2012
- views: 4761
- author: TimelessClassicMovie
Pearl Harbor - Tennessee, 1923 (Isolated Score)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 08 May 2013
Isolated score from Pearl Harbor - Music by Hans Zimmer.
http://wn.com/Pearl_Harbor_Tennessee,_1923_Isolated_Score
Isolated score from Pearl Harbor - Music by Hans Zimmer.
- published: 11 Dec 2008
- views: 822586
- author: mistahimaskwa
Hyperinflation 1923 - 88 Jahre danach
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:15
- Updated: 12 Mar 2013
Heute vor 89 Jahren, am 15.11.1923 endete die Hyperinflation in Deutschland durch eine Währungsreform, bei der 4.200.000.000 Mark auf 4,20 Rentenmark abgewer...
http://wn.com/Hyperinflation_1923_88_Jahre_danach
Heute vor 89 Jahren, am 15.11.1923 endete die Hyperinflation in Deutschland durch eine Währungsreform, bei der 4.200.000.000 Mark auf 4,20 Rentenmark abgewer...
- published: 15 Nov 2011
- views: 1689
- author: Ulf Diebel
4. The Weimar Republic - 1923
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
A video about the crises the Weimar Republic encountered in 1923 and more importantly how it dealt with them. A video that can be used for GCSE or A-Level Hi...
http://wn.com/4_The_Weimar_Republic_1923
A video about the crises the Weimar Republic encountered in 1923 and more importantly how it dealt with them. A video that can be used for GCSE or A-Level Hi...
- published: 21 Jun 2010
- views: 31751
- author: worcesterjonny
Groningen (1923)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:47
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Stadsbeelden van Groningen, o.a. de Markt, de universiteit, de stations, het stadhuis, en het Be Quick-stadion. Tramrit met lijn 1 van de Halte naar de stad,...
http://wn.com/Groningen_1923
Stadsbeelden van Groningen, o.a. de Markt, de universiteit, de stations, het stadhuis, en het Be Quick-stadion. Tramrit met lijn 1 van de Halte naar de stad,...
- published: 20 Sep 2007
- views: 36159
- author: BeeldenGeluid
Arthur Gibbs and His Gang - The Charleston (1923)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 03 May 2013
This was the first recording of this famous dance. Charted at #1 in January 1924. Also #5 for Paul Whiteman in October 1925. Introduced in the Broadway music...
http://wn.com/Arthur_Gibbs_and_His_Gang_The_Charleston_1923
This was the first recording of this famous dance. Charted at #1 in January 1924. Also #5 for Paul Whiteman in October 1925. Introduced in the Broadway music...
- published: 14 Feb 2011
- views: 11824
- author: CatsPjamas1
The Royal Wedding (1923)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 18 Apr 2013
As the year suggests, this is the wedding of King George VI and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Queen Elizabeth II's future parents, as incarnated by Colin Firth ...
http://wn.com/The_Royal_Wedding_1923
As the year suggests, this is the wedding of King George VI and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Queen Elizabeth II's future parents, as incarnated by Colin Firth ...
- published: 28 Feb 2011
- views: 1231160
- author: BFIfilms
幻の映像 1923年関東大震災衝撃映像
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Updated: 02 May 2013
関東大震災の映像が70数年ぶりに発見されました.
http://wn.com/幻の映像 1923年関東大震災衝撃映像
EL JOROBADO DE NOTRE DAME (THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME, 1923, Full movie, Silent movie, Cinetel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 97:07
- Updated: 04 May 2013
París, siglo XV, una joven y hermosa gitana se dedica a bailar en la plaza frente a la catedral de Notre Dame. Fue comprada siendo muy joven, por Clopin, un ...
http://wn.com/EL_JOROBADO_DE_NOTRE_DAME_THE_HUNCHBACK_OF_NOTRE_DAME,_1923,_Full_movie,_Silent_movie,_Cinetel
París, siglo XV, una joven y hermosa gitana se dedica a bailar en la plaza frente a la catedral de Notre Dame. Fue comprada siendo muy joven, por Clopin, un ...
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 8266
- author: CINETELMULTIMEDIA
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
10 May 2013
The sophistication of a global network of thieves who drained cash machines around the globe of an astonishing $45 million in mere hours sent ripples through the security world, not merely for the size of the operation and ease with which it was carried out, but also for the threat that more such thefts may be in store ... Law enforcement agencies from more than a dozen nations were involved in the investigation, U.S ... (Read More ... The U.S ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Family Handout courtesy WOIO-TV
08 May 2013
CLEVELAND - In the years after his friend's daughter vanished while walking home from school, Ariel Castro handed out fliers with the 14-year-old's photo and performed music at a fundraiser held in her honor. When neighbors gathered for a candlelight vigil just a year ago to remember the girl, Castro was there too, comforting the girl's mother ... He would not say who the father was ... The house was always locked, he said ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: AP / Roadell Hickman
09 May 2013
Gina DeJesus gives a thumbs-up to well-wishers as she arrives Wednesday at her family home in Cleveland after a decade in captivity with two other women. The man suspected of being her captor has been charged with kidnapping and rape. (Emmanuel Dunand, AFP/Getty Images) ... The two other men who were arrested after the women were discovered will not be charged in the case, authorities said in a news conference ... All rights reserved. ....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP / /Tony Dejak
10 May 2013
An Ohio prosecutor has said he will seek aggravated murder charges, which could carry the death penalty, against a former Cleveland school bus driver accused of kidnapping and raping three women during a decade of captivity in his house ... Cuyahoga County prosecutor Timothy McGinty told a news conference that his office intends to pursue charges of kidnapping and sexual assault as well as aggravated murder ... First public appearance ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
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noodls
10 May 2013
(Source. FEI - Fédération Equestre Internationale). Ted Dwyer, former coordinator of the FEI World Cup™ Jumping Pacific League and international course designer and judge, has died in Australia just days before his 90th birthday. Ted lived in Young, New South Wales together with his wife, Judy and their two sons on a farm that had been in his family since 1868 ... He was inducted into the Equestrian Australia Hall of Fame in 2011 ... (noodl....(size: 3.8Kb)
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Yahoo Daily News
10 May 2013
(Getty/Hulton Archive) ... So ahead of the final between Wigan and Man City on Saturday, let's take a look back at some truly wonderful images from the 1923 final. The Empire Stadium at Wembley (which became Wembley Stadium) was built for the 1924 British Empire Exhibition and its very first event was the 1923 FA Cup final ... The size of the crowd that arrived on the day of the match was far beyond what anyone expected, though ... (Getty) ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
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Independent online (SA)
10 May 2013
RACING SUCCESS ... After being the sole British entry and placing fourth in the inaugural 1923 race, Bentley won the Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race in 1924 - and went on to win it four consecutive times from 1927 to 1930 ... LE MANS LIMITED EDITIONS ... THE BENTLEY BOYS ... John Duff ... After a fourth place finish in 1923, Duff returned to Le Mans the following year with Bentley co-driver Jack Clement to defeat the leading sports cars of the day ... ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
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Stockhouse
10 May 2013
http.//media.marketwire.com/attachments/201304/60218_west.jpghttp.//at.marketwire.com/accesstracking/AccessTrackingLogServlet?PrId=1016025&ProfileId=051205&sourceType=1. EXTON, PA -- (Marketwired) -- -- West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. (NYSE ... About West ... Established in 1923, West's 2012 sales were $1.3 billion. Contacts.. West ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
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Sydney Morning Herald
10 May 2013
Paul Cezanne paid Claude Monet one of the most famous backhanded compliments in the history of art when he wrote. ''Monet is just an eye, but, good God, what an eye!'' ... It was not until February 1923 that he underwent a cataract operation on one eye that partially restored his sight ... Advertisement ....(size: 1.4Kb)
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noodls
10 May 2013
(Source. West Pharmaceutical Services Inc) West Announces Third-Quarter 2013 Dividend. EXTON, PA -- (Marketwired) -- 05/10/13 -- (NYSE. WST) today announced that its Board has approved the payment of a third-quarter 2013 cash dividend of $0.19 per share ... Established in 1923, West's 2012 sales were $1.3 billion....(size: 1.7Kb)
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The News & Observer
10 May 2013
Bernice J. Blanchard, 89, born on September 20, 1923 to Everett C. and Chloe Penny Jones. Bernice graduated from Fuquay-Varina High School prior to her marriage to Roger C. Blanchard on July 2, 1949. Bernice was a beautician in the cosmetology industry until her retirement in 1990 ... Blanchard Sr ... Blanchard Jr ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
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Huffington Post
10 May 2013
Ever dreamed of owning Air Force One? Now you can! ... The bidding starts at $50,000 ... Loading Slideshow ... Also on HuffPost ... <a href=""http.//www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson">28th" President</a> of the United States (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Calvin Coolidge (1923-29) ... Harding</a> died of a heart attack in August 1923, Coolidge completed that term and then earned a term of his own ... Like....(size: 7.1Kb)
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noodls
10 May 2013
(Source. City of Springfield, MO). For Immediate Release Park Board Offers Discount Theme Park Tickets. Discount tickets and season passes are now available for Missouri theme parks through the Springfield-Greene County Park Board, in partnership with the Missouri Park and Recreation Association. Discount tickets and passes include ... Louis, until Sep. 25) General Admission $42.00 $52.99 ... Park Board Main Office, 1923 N....(size: 1.7Kb)
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The Los Angeles Times
10 May 2013
The preservation group Pasadena Heritage takes a turn toward the Modern when it hosts a May 19 tour of six homes built after 1940 ... the 1954 Norton House and the 1983 Hamlin House ... The Test house is unusual, Judy said, because it’s a 1952 redesign of what had been a 1923 bungalow built as living quarters for a gardener and chauffeur. PHOTO GALLERY. Houses on the Pasadena Heritage tour ... St. John Ave., Pasadena, (626) 441-6333 ... 0. ....(size: 3.8Kb)
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Newsday
10 May 2013
1904 -- 's 23-inning no-hit string ended. The streak included two innings on April 25, six on April 30, a perfect game against the Philadelphia A's on May 5, and six innings today ... The Big Train allowed only two hits and retired 28 batters in a row ... 1923 -- Setting several Pacific Coast League records, Pete Schneider of Vernon hit five homers and a double to knock in 14 runs in a 35-11 romp over Salt Lake City ... 5, 1997 ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
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San Francisco Chronicle
10 May 2013
Worldwide motorsport fans are eagerly waiting for the start of the annual and legendary 24 Hours of Le Mans iconic endurance race in France, June 22-23, 2013 ... Irvine, CA (PRWEB) May 09, 2013 ... Now in 2013, I am proud to drive with AF Corse, the top Ferrari GT team in the world ... The 24 Hours of Le Mans is the world’s oldest motorsport event that has been held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, France ... Martin J ... Interush, Inc....(size: 3.0Kb)
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Tampa Bay Online
10 May 2013
Numbers dont always mean everything, and they usually dont tell the entire story. But here are a few I wanted to mention this week. Three numbers belong to Walter and Lorene Darville. Both of them are turning 90 this year. Walter says he was born in his house in West Tampa back in 1923. Lorene was born in Madison, Fla., and only came here years later looking for work. If youre from that generation, you know those were lean years ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
This article is about the year 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1890s 1900s 1910s – 1920s – 1930s 1940s 1950s |
| Years: | 1920 1921 1922 – 1923 – 1924 1925 1926 |
| 1923 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1923 MCMXXIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2676 |
| Armenian calendar | 1372 ԹՎ ՌՅՀԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6673 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 79–80 |
| Bengali calendar | 1330 |
| Berber calendar | 2873 |
| British Regnal year | 12 Geo. 5 – 13 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2467 |
| Burmese calendar | 1285 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7431–7432 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬戌年十一月十五日 (4559/4619-11-15) — to —
癸亥年十一月廿四日(4560/4620-11-24) |
| Coptic calendar | 1639–1640 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1915–1916 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5683–5684 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1979–1980 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1845–1846 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5024–5025 |
| Holocene calendar | 11923 |
| Iranian calendar | 1301–1302 |
| Islamic calendar | 1341–1342 |
| Japanese calendar | Taishō 12 (大正12年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4256 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 12 民國12年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2466 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1923 |
Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – The Grouping: All major British railway companies are grouped into four larger companies, under terms of the Railways Act 1921.
- January 1–January 7 – Rosewood massacre, a violent, racially motivated conflict in Florida. At least eight people are killed, and the town of Rosewood is abandoned and destroyed.
- January 9 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory).
- January 10 – Poland annexes the Republic of Central Lithuania
- January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany to pay its reparation payments.
- January 17 – Juan de la Cierva invents the autogyro, a rotary-winged aircraft with an unpowered rotor.
- January 18 – Elon College's campus in North Carolina is destroyed by a fire.
- Undated – Hyperinflation in Germany means that 17,000 marks are now needed to buy an American dollar - well over double the amount needed at the end of the previous year.
February[link]
- February 9 – Billy Hughes resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after the Country Party refuses to govern in coalition with him as the leader of the Nationalist Party. Hughes is succeeded by his Treasurer, Stanley Bruce.
- February 23 – Albert Einstein visits Barcelona, Spain, at the invitation of scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa.
March[link]
- March – Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on a Paris stage (settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger, and costumes by Gabrielle Chanel). Antonin Artaud plays the part of Tiresias.
- March 1
- The USS Connecticut is decommissioned.
- Greece adopts the Gregorian calendar.
- March 2 – Time Magazine hits newsstands in the United States for the first time.
- March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.
- March 22 – Hockey Night in Canada is first broadcast on the Toronto Star's private station CFCA, making the first hockey broadcast ever.
- March 28 – Regia Aeronautica, the air force of Fascist Italy, is founded.
April[link]
- April 6 – The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed in Victoria Institution, Malaysia.
- April 12 – The Kandersteg International Scout Centre comes into existence.
- April 18 – Yankee Stadium opens its doors in the Bronx, NY
- April 23 – The Gdynia seaport is inaugurated.
- April 26 – The Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI, King of the United Kingdom) marries Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) in Westminster Abbey.
May[link]
- May 1 – Rahula College is established in Ceylon with the name of "Parakramabhahu Vidyalaya".
- May 9
- Southeastern Michigan receives a record 6 inches (15 cm) of snow after temperatures plummeted from 62 to 34 degrees between 1 and 6 pm on the previous day.[1]
- The premiere of Bertolt Brecht's play In the Jungle (Im Dickicht) at the Residenztheater in Munich is interrupted by Nazi demonstrators.
- May 23 – Belgium's SABENA Airlines is created.
- May 24 – The Irish Civil War ends.
- May 27 – The Ku Klux Klan in the United States defies a law requiring publication of its members.
June[link]
- June 9 – A military coup in Bulgaria ousts prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski (he is killed June 14).
- June 13 – President Li of China abandons his residence because a warlord has commanded forces to surround the mansion and cut off its water and electric supplies, in order to force him to abandon his post.
- June 16 – The storming of Ayan in Siberia concludes the Yakut Revolt and the Russian Civil War.
- June 18 – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, making 60,000 homeless.
- June 25 – Rapid Bucureşti is formed on the initiative of the Griviţa railroad workers (first named CFR Bucureşti).
July[link]
- July 10 – Large hailstones kill 23 in Rostov, Soviet Union.
- July 19 – July 20 – Pancho Villa is assassinated at Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua.
- July 24 – The Treaty of Lausanne, settling the boundaries of modern Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in the First World War.
- The Ottoman Empire is dissolved and is replaced with the Republic of Turkey after 624 years of Imperialism.
- Undated – Hyperinflation in Germany has seen the number of marks needed to purchase a single American dollar reach 353,000 - more than 200 times the amount needed at the start of the year.
August[link]
- August 2 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding, dies of a heart attack and is succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge as President of the United States.
- August 13
- The first major seagoing ship arrives at Gdynia, the newly constructed Polish seaport.
- Gustav Stresemann is named Chancellor of Germany and founds a coalition government for the Weimar Republic, where hyperinflation means that more than 4,600,000 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar.
- August 30 – Hurricane season begins, with a tropical storm northeast of Turks and Caicos.
September[link]
- September 1 – The Great Kantō earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing an estimated 142,807 people, but according to a Japanese construction research center report in 2005, 105,000 are confirmed dead.
- September 4 – In Lakehurst, New Jersey, the first American airship, the USS Shenandoah, takes to the sky for the first time.
- September 6 – The Italian navy occupies Corfu in retaliation for the murder of an Italian officer. The League of Nations protests and they leave on September 29.
- September 7 – International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) created.
- September 8 – Honda Point Disaster: Seven U.S. Navy destroyers run aground off the California coast.
- September 9 – Turkish head of state Atatürk founds the CHP.
- September 10 – Ireland joins the League of Nations.
- September 13 – Military coup in Spain: Miguel Primo de Rivera takes over, setting up a dictatorship. Trade unions are banned for 10 years.
- September 17 – A major fire in Berkeley, California erupts, consuming some 640 structures, including 584 homes in the densely built neighborhoods north of the campus of the University of California.
- September 18 – September 26 – Newspaper printers strike in New York.
- September 24 – Second hurricane of the season, a major hurricane north of Hispaniola.
- September 26 – In Bavaria, Gustav Ritter von Kahr declares independence from Berlin.
- September 30 – Outside Berlin, Major Ernst von Buchrucker, the leader of the Black Reichswehr attempts a putsch by seizing several forts.
October[link]
- October 2 – After two days of siege, Major Buckrucker and his men surrender.
- October 6 – The great powers of World War I withdraw from Istanbul.
- October 13
- Ankara replaces Constantinople as the capital of Turkey.
- The third hurricane of the season, the first recorded example of a storm crossing from the Eastern Pacific basin into the Atlantic basin, occurred in Oaxaca.
- October 14 – Fourth tropical storm of the year, formed just north of Panama.
- October 15 – Fifth tropical storm of the year, formed north of the Leeward Islands.
- October 16
- The sixth tropical storm developed in the Gulf of Mexico. It was a rare occurrence, it consisted of four active tropical storms simultaneously.
- Roy and Walt Disney found The Walt Disney Company.
- October 23 – In Germany, the Communists attempt a putsch in Hamburg. Street fighting in Hamburg for the next two days.
- October 25 – The putsch in Hamburg ends in failure.
- October 26 – In Persia, Reza Khan becomes Ahmad Shah Qajar's prime minister.
- October 27 – In Germany, General Hans von Seeckt orders the Reichswehr to dissolve the Social Democratic-Communist government of Saxony, which was refusing to accept the authority of the Reich government.
- October 29
- Turkey becomes a republic following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Kemal Atatürk is elected as the president.
- After two days of fighting, the Reichswehr take control of Saxony.
- October 30 – İsmet İnönü is appointed as the first prime minister of Turkey.
November[link]
- November 1 – The Finnish flag carrier Finnair airline is started in Aero Oy.
- November 8 – Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the attempt the next day.
- November 12 – Her Highness Princess Maud of Fife marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie in Wellington Barracks, London.
- November 15 – Inflation in the Weimar Republic: Hyperinflation in Germany reaches its height. One United States dollar is worth 4,200,000,000,000 Papiermark[2] (4.2 trillion on the short scale). Gustav Stresemann abolishes the old currency.
- November 23 – Gustav Stresemann's coalition government collapses in Germany.
December[link]
- December 12 – In Italy, the Po River dam bursts, killing 600.
- December 20 – BEGGARS Fraternity (the first social fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United States) is founded by nine men, who secured permission to do so from the Pope.
- December 27 – The crown prince of Japan survives an assassination attempt in Tokyo.
- December 29 – Vladimir K. Zworykin files his first patent (in the United States) for "television systems".
Date unknown[link]
- At the International Police Conference in Vienna, the International Criminal Police (Interpol) is set up.
- The Hoda Cha'arawi Association (formerly The Egyptian Feminist Union) is established in Egypt.
- Police strike in Australia.
- The American Law Institute is established.
- The Moderation League of New York becomes part of the movement for the repeal of prohibition in the United States.
- Marcel Duchamp's artwork The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même or The Large Glass) is completed in the United States.
- Rainbow trout introduced into the upper Firehole River in Yellowstone National Park, US.
- Struggling for a foothold in southern China, Sun Yatsen decides to ally his Nationalist party or Guomindang (Kuomintang) with the Communist Third International and Chinese Communist Party.
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 1
- Vulo Radev, Bulgarian film director (d. 2001)
- Roméo Sabourin, Canadian World War II spy (d. 1944)
- January 5 – Sam Phillips, American record producer (d. 2003)
- January 6 – Jacobo Timerman, Argentine writer (d. 1999)
- January 7 – Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic (d. 2003)
- January 8
- Johnny Wardle, English cricketer (d. 1985)
- Larry Storch, American actor
- January 11 – Ernst Nolte, German historian
- January 12 – Ira Hayes, U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1955)
- January 16
- Anthony Hecht, American poet (d. 2004)
- Walther Wever, German fighter ace (d. 1945)
- January 19 – Jean Stapleton, American actress (All In The Family)
- January 22 – Diana Douglas, American actress
- January 23
- Cot Deal, American major league baseball player and coach
- Stephanie Kwolek, inventor of Kevlar fibers
- January 25 – Arvid Carlsson, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- January 26 – Anne Jeffreys, American actress
- January 29 – Paddy Chayefsky, American writer (d. 1981)
- January 31 – Norman Mailer, American writer and journalist (d. 2007)
- February 2
- James Dickey, American poet and author (Deliverance) (d. 1997)
- Liz Smith, American gossip columnist
- February 3 – Edith Barney, American female professional baseball player (d. 2010)
- February 4 – Conrad Bain, Canadian-born actor
- February 7 – George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood and first grandchild of King George V (d. 2011)
- February 9 – Brendan Behan, Irish author (d. 1964)
- February 10 – Cesare Siepi, Italian opera singer (d. 2010)
- February 12 – Franco Zeffirelli, Italian film and opera director
- February 13
- Yfrah Neaman, Lebanese-born violinist (d. 2003)
- Chuck Yeager, American test pilot and NASA official
- February 17 – Jun Fukuda, Japanese film director (d. 2000)
- February 20 – Forbes Burnham, President of Guyana (d. 1985)
- February 22 – Norman Smith (record producer) English singer and record producer (d. 2008)
- February 23 – Mary Francis Shura, American writer (d. 1991)
- February 24 – David Soyer, American cellist (d. 2010)
- February 27 – Dexter Gordon, American jazz saxophone player (d. 1990)
- February 28
- Charles Durning, American actor
- Jean Carson, American actress (d. 2005)
March–April[link]
- March 4 – Sir Patrick Moore, British astronomer and broadcaster
- March 6
- Ed McMahon, American television personality (The Tonight Show) (d. 2009)
- Wes Montgomery, American musician (d. 1968)
- March 7 – Mahlon Clark, American musician (d. 2007)
- March 8 – Louk Hulsman, Dutch criminologist (d. 2009)
- March 9 – Walter Kohn, Austrian-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- March 10 – Val Logsdon Fitch, American nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 12
- Wally Schirra, American astronaut (d. 2007)
- Hjalmar Andersen, Norwegian speed-skater
- March 14 – Diane Arbus, American photographer (d. 1971)
- March 21
- Merle Keagle, American female professional baseball player (d. 1960)
- Shri Mataji Nirmala Srivastava, Indian founder of Sahaja Yoga (d. 2011)
- March 22 – Marcel Marceau, world renowned French mime (d. 2007)
- March 24
- Murray Hamilton, American actor (d. 1986)
- Michael Legat, English writer (d. 2011)
- March 25 – Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (d. 2003)
- March 26 – Bob Elliott, American comedian
- March 27 – Louis Simpson, Jamaican-born poet
- March 28 – Thad Jones, American jazz musician (d. 1986)
- March 30 – Milton Acorn, Canadian writer (d. 1986)
- April 2
- G. Spencer-Brown, British mathematician
- Alice Haylett, professional baseball player (d. 2004)
- April 4 – Peter Vaughan, English actor
- April 6 – Ramon Valdes, Mexican comedian (d. 1988)
- April 8
- George Fisher, American political cartoonist (d. 2003)
- Edward Mulhare, Irish actor (The Ghost and Mrs. Muir) (d. 1997)
- April 13 – Don Adams, American actor and comedian (Get Smart) (d. 2005)
- April 20
- Mother Angelica, American founder of the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN)
- Irene Lieblich, Polish-born painter (d. 2008)
- April 22
- Bettie Page, American model (d. 2008)
- Aaron Spelling, American television producer and writer (d. 2006)
- April 23 – Dolph Briscoe, Governor of Texas (d. 2010)
- April 25 – Albert King, American musician (d. 1992)
- April 30
- Al Lewis, American actor (The Munsters) (d. 2006)
- Francis Tucker, South African Rally Driver (d. 2008)
May–June[link]
- May 1 – Joseph Heller, American novelist (Catch-22) (d. 1999)
- May 2 – Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (d. 2008)
- May 3 – Ralph Hall, American politician
- May 4
- Assi Rahbani, Lebanese composer, musician, conductor, poet and author (d. 1986)
- Eric Sykes, English actor
- May 5 – Richard Wollheim, British philosopher (d. 2003)
- May 7 – Anne Baxter, American actress (d. 1985)
- May 10 – Heydar Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan from June 1993 to October 2003 (d. 2003)
- May 11 – Louise Arnold, American female professional baseball player (d. 2010)
- May 15
- John Lanchbery, English composer (d. 2003)
- Doris Dowling, American actress (d. 2004)
- May 16 – Merton Miller, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
- May 18 – Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2004)
- May 21
- Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (d. 2003)
- Dorothy Hewett, Australian writer (d. 2002)
- Ara Parseghian, American football coach
- May 23 – Kalidas Shrestha, Nepalese artist
- May 26
- James Arness, American actor (d. 2011)
- Roy Dotrice, British actor
- May 27 – Henry Kissinger, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- May 28
- György Ligeti, Hungarian composer (d. 2006)
- Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, Indian (Telugu) film actor (d. 1996)
- May 31 – Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (d. 2005)
- June 4 – Elizabeth Jolley, Australian writer (d. 2007)
- June 10 – Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (d. 1991)
- June 15 – Johnny Most, American basketball radio announcer (d. 1993)
- June 20 – Bjørn Watt-Boolsen, Danish actor (d. 1998)
- June 23 – Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian resistance member (d. 1945)
- June 24 – Jack Carter, American comedian
- June 25 – Sam Francis, American painter (d. 1994)
- June 27 – Gus Zernial, American baseball player and sports commentator (d. 2011)
- June 28 – Daniil Khrabrovitsky, Soviet film director (d. 1980)
July–August[link]
- July 2 – Wisława Szymborska, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
- July 4 – Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor
- July 6 – Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish Communist politician, Prime Minister and President of Poland
- July 8 – Harrison Dillard, American athlete
- July 10 – John Bradley, U.S. Navy flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1994)
- July 17 – Enrique Angelelli, Argentine bishop (d. 1976)
- July 18 – Jerome H. Lemelson, American inventor (d. 1997)
- July 20 – Stanisław Albinowski, Polish economist and journalist (d. 2005)
- July 21 – Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 22
- Bob Dole, American politician and Presidential candidate
- Mukesh, Indian singer (d. 1976)
- The Fabulous Moolah, American professional wrestler (d. 2007)
- July 23
- Witto Aloma, Cuban Major League Baseball player (d. 1997)
- Norma Zimmer, American singer (The Lawrence Welk Show) (d. 2011)
- Estelle Getty, American actress (The Golden Girls) (d. 2008)
- July 28 – H.S.S. Lawrence, Indian educator (d. 2009)
- July 29 – Jim Marshall, founder of Marshall Amplification (d. 2012)
- August 2 – Shimon Peres, Prime Minister of Israel, President of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- August 3
- Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of Coptic Christianity (d. 2012)
- Jean Hagen, American actress (d. 1977)
- August 5 – Devan Nair, third President of Singapore (d. 2005)
- August 6 – Moira Lister, Anglo-South African film, stage and television actress (d. 2007)
- August 11 – Sir Michael Kerry, QC, British civil servant, former Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor (d. 2012)
- August 16 – Millôr Fernandes, Brazilian cartoonist and playwright (d. 2012)
- August 20 – Jim Reeves, American country singer (d. 1964)
- August 21 – Larry Grayson, British comedian and game show host (d. 1995)
- August 23 – Henry F. Warner, American soldier, Medal of Honor (d. 1944)
- August 24 – Arthur Jensen, American educational psychologist
- August 26 – Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor and pianist
- August 29
- Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North Bradley, chairman of the BBC (d. 2006)
- Richard Attenborough, English actor
September–October[link]
- September 1
- Rocky Marciano, American boxer (d. 1969)
- Kenneth Roy Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian businessman and art collector (d. 2006)
- September 4 – Ram Kishore Shukla, Indian Politician (d. 2003)
- September 3 – Mort Walker, American cartoonist (Beetle Bailey)
- September 6 – King Peter II of Yugoslavia (d. 1970)
- September 7 – Madeleine Dring, British composer and actress (d. 1977)
- September 9 – Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2008)
- September 16 – Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore
- September 17 – Hank Williams, American country musician (d. 1953)
- September 18 – Queen Anne of Romania
- September 20 – Geraldine Clinton Little, Irish-born poet (d. 1997)
- September 22 – Dannie Abse, Welsh poet
- September 26 – Dev Anand, Legendary Indian actor, film producer, writer and director (d. 2011)
- October 3 – Edward Oliver LeBlanc, Dominican politician (d. 2004)
- October 4 – Charlton Heston, American actor (The Ten Commandments) (d. 2008)
- October 5
- Albert Guðmundsson, Icelandic professional football player and politician (d. 1994)
- Glynis Johns, British actress
- Ricardo Lavié, Argentine actor (d. 2010)
- October 10
- James "Jabby" Jabara, American aviator, the first American jet fighter ace (d. 1966)
- Murray Walker, British motor racing commenator
- October 13 – Faas Wilkes, Dutch football (soccer) player (d. 2006)
- October 15 – Italo Calvino, Italian writer (d. 1985)
- October 17 – Charles McClendon, Hall of Fame college football coach (d. 2001)
- October 23
- Frank Sutton, American actor (d. 1974)
- Sir Robin Day, British political broadcaster (d. 2000)
- October 24 – Denise Levertov, British-born American poet (d. 1997)
- October 25 – J. Esmonde Barry, Canadian healthcare activist and political commentator (d. 2007)
November–December[link]
- November 1
- Victoria de los Angeles, Catalan soprano (d. 2005)
- Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian author (d. 2001)
- November 2 – Cesare Rubini, Italian basketball player and coach (d. 2011)
- November 3 – Tomás Ó Fiaich, Northern Irish cardinal (d. 1990)
- November 5 – Kay Lionikas, Greek-American female professional baseball player (d. 1978)
- November 8 – Jack Kilby, American electrical engineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2005)
- November 13 – Linda Christian, Mexican film actress (d. 2011)
- November 17 – Aristides Maria Pereira, President of Cape Verde (d. 2011)
- November 18 – Alan Shepard, first American astronaut (d. 1998)
- November 20 – Nadine Gordimer, South African writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 22 – Arthur Hiller, Canadian film director
- November 23
- Billy Haughton, American harness driver and trainer (d. 1986)
- Julien J. LeBourgeois, American admiral
- November 25 – Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland
- November 26 – Pat Phoenix, British actress (d. 1986)
- December 1 – Stansfield Turner, American admiral and Director of Central Intelligence
- December 2 – Maria Callas, Greek soprano (d. 1977)
- December 3
- Dede Allen, American film editor ("Bonnie and Clyde") (d. 2010)
- Moyra Fraser, British actress (d. 2009)
- Abe Pollin, American sports owner (d. 2009)
- December 5 – Eleanor Dapkus, American female professional baseball player (d. 2011)
- December 12 – Bob Barker, American game show host (The Price Is Right)
- December 13
- Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Larry Doby, baseball player (d. 2003)
- Antoni Tàpies, Catalan painter (d. 2012)
- December 14
- Gerard Reve, Dutch writer (d. 2006)
- Sully Boyar, American actor (d. 2001)
- December 15 – Freeman Dyson, English-born physicist
- December 17 – Jaroslav Pelikan, American historian (d. 2006)
- December 19 – Gordon Jackson, Scottish actor (d. 1990)
- December 23 – James Stockdale, U.S. Navy admiral and vice presidential candidate (d. 2005)
- December 24 – George Patton IV, American general (d. 2004)
- December 25
- Sonia Olschanezky, World War II heroine (d. 1944)
- Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Founder of Satyananda Yoga and Bihar Yoga (d. 2009)
- December 27 – Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana Bantustan
Date unknown[link]
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 3 – Jaroslav Hasek, Czech writer (b. 1883)
- January 9
- Katherine Mansfield, British novelist (b. 1888)
- Edith Thompson, British murderer (hanged) (b. 1893)
- January 11 – Constantine I of Greece, King of Greece (b. 1868)
- January 18 – Wallace Reid, American actor (b. 1891)
- January 23 – Max Nordau, Hungarian author, philosopher, and Zionist leader (b. 1849)
- January 31 – Eligiusz Niewiadomski, Polish artist, political activist and assassin (executed) (b. 1869)
- February 3 – Kuroki Tamemoto, Japanese military leader (b. 1844)
- February 10 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
- February 23 – Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (b. 1852)
- March 8 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1837)
- March 26 – Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (b. 1844)
- March 27 – Sir James Dewar, Scottish chemist (b. 1842)
- March 28 – Michel-Joseph Maunoury, French general (b. 1847)
- April 4 – John Venn, British mathematician (b. 1834)
- April 5 – George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, English financier of Egyptian excavations (b. 1866)
- April 23 – Princess Louise of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Baden (b. 1838)
- June 9 – Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, third daughter of Queen Victoria (b. 1846)
- June 10 – Pierre Loti, French writer and naval officer (b. 1850)
- June 24 – Edith Södergran, Finnish author (b. 1892)
July–December[link]
- July 10 – Albert Chevalier, English music hall comedian (b. 1861)
- July 20 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (b. 1878)
- August 2 – Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States (b. 1865)
- August 23 – Henry C. Mustin, American naval aviation pioneer (b. 1874)
- August 24 – Kato Tomosaburo, 21st Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1861)
- September 9 – Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca, 8th President of Brazil (b. 1855)
- September 23
- John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, British politician and editor (b. 1838)
- Carl L. Boeckmann, Norwegian-American artist (b. 1867)
- October 30 – Andrew Bonar Law, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1858)
- November 9 (among those killed in Munich Beer Hall Putsch):
- Oskar Körner, businessman (b. 1875)
- Karl Laforce, student (b. 1904)
- Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, diplomat and revolutionary (b. 1884)
- November 14 – Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (b. 1845)
- November 19 – Lee Stack, British army officer and Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (b. 1899)
- November 30 – Martha Mansfield, American actress (b. 1899)
- December 12 – Raymond Radiguet, French author (b. 1903)
- December 13 – Théophile Steinlen, Swiss painter (b. 1859)
- December 22 – Georg Luger, German firearms designer (b. 1849)
- December 27 – Gustave Eiffel, French engineer and architect (Eiffel tower) (b. 1832)
Date unknown[link]
- Dorila Antommarchi, Colombian poet (b. 1850s)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Robert Andrews Millikan
- Chemistry – Fritz Pregl
- Physiology or Medicine – Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod
- Literature – William Butler Yeats
- Peace – Aidan Houlihan
References[link]
- ^ National Weather Service
- ^ Tonge, Stephen. "Weimar Germany 1919-1933". A Web of English History. http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
http://wn.com/1923
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people with the same name, see Harold Lloyd (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) |
| Harold Lloyd | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Harold Clayton Lloyd |
| Born | (1893-04-20)April 20, 1893 Burchard, Nebraska, United States |
| Died | March 8, 1971(1971-03-08) (aged 77) Beverly Hills, California, United States |
| Medium | Motion pictures (silent and sound) |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1913–1963 |
| Genres | Slapstick |
| Influences | Charlie Chaplin |
| Influenced | Buster Keaton,[1] Jackie Chan |
| Spouse | Mildred Davis (m. February 10, 1923 – August 18, 1969; her death) |
| Notable works and roles | Safety Last! (1923) The Freshman (1925) The Kid Brother (1927) |
| Academy Awards | |
| 1953 Lifetime Achievement | |
Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr. (April 20, 1893 – March 8, 1971) was an American film actor and producer, most famous for his silent comedies.[2]
Harold Lloyd ranks alongside Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton as one of the most popular and influential film comedians of the silent film era. Lloyd made nearly 200 comedy films, both silent and "talkies", between 1914 and 1947. He is best known for his "Glasses Character", a resourceful, success-seeking go-getter who was perfectly in tune with 1920s era America.
His films frequently contained "thrill sequences" of extended chase scenes and daredevil physical feats, for which he is best remembered today. Lloyd hanging from the hands of a clock high above the street in Safety Last! (1923) is one of the most enduring images in all of cinema.[citation needed] Lloyd did many of these dangerous stunts himself, despite having injured himself in August, 1919 while doing publicity pictures for the Roach studio. An accident with a bomb mistaken as a prop resulted in the loss of the thumb and index finger of his right hand [3] (the injury was disguised on future films with the use of a special prosthetic glove, though the glove often did not go by unnoticed).
Although Lloyd's individual films were not as commercially successful as Charlie Chaplin's on average, he was far more prolific (releasing twelve feature films in the 1920s while Chaplin released just three), and made more money overall ($15.7 million to Chaplin's $10.5 million).
Contents |
Early life and early roles[link]
Lloyd was born in Burchard, Nebraska to James Darsie Lloyd and Elizabeth Fraser; his paternal great-grandparents were from Wales. When he was a child, his parents divorced and Lloyd chose to stay with his father, who was always dreaming up grand get-rich-quick schemes that ended in disasters. They eventually ended up in Omaha where Lloyd had his first acting experience in a local stock company. He attended East High School and San Diego High School and received his stage training at the School of Dramatic Art (San Diego). In 1912, his father J. Darsie "Foxy" Lloyd was awarded the then-massive sum of $6,000 in a personal injury judgment (although this was split evenly between Lloyd and his lawyer) after being run over by an Omaha beer truck. Reportedly, on the toss of a coin ("Heads is New York or Nashville or where I decide!, tails is San Diego"), he and Lloyd moved west.
Lloyd had acted in theatre since boyhood, and started acting in one-reel film comedies shortly after moving to California. He soon began working with Thomas Edison's motion picture company, and eventually formed a partnership with fellow struggling actor and director Hal Roach, who had formed his own studio in 1913. The hard-working Lloyd became the most successful of Roach's comic actors between 1915 and 1919.
Lloyd hired Bebe Daniels as a supporting actress in 1914; the two of them were involved romantically and were known as "The Boy" and "The Girl." In 1919, she left Lloyd to pursue her dramatic aspirations. Lloyd replaced Daniels with Mildred Davis in 1919. Lloyd was tipped off by Hal Roach to watch Davis in a movie. Reportedly, the more Lloyd watched Davis the more he liked her. Lloyd's first reaction in seeing her was that "she looked like a big French doll!"[citation needed] Davis retired from acting in 1923, and Jobyna Ralston became Lloyd's co-star.
From 1915 to 1917, Lloyd and Roach created more than 60 one-reel comedies.
Silent shorts and features[link]
By 1918, Lloyd and Roach had begun to develop his character beyond an imitation of his contemporaries. Harold Lloyd would move away from tragicomic personas, and portray an everyman with unwavering confidence and optimism. The "Glasses Character" (often named "Harold" in the silent films) was a much more mature comedy character with greater potential for sympathy and emotional depth, and was easy for audiences of the time to identify with. The Glasses Character is said to have been created after Roach suggested that Harold was too handsome to do comedy, without some sort of disguise; previously, he had worn a fake mustache as the Chaplinesque "Lonesome Luke". Unlike most silent comedy personas, "Harold" was never typecast to a social class, but he was always striving for success and recognition. Within the first few years of the character's debut, he had portrayed social ranks ranging from a starving vagrant in From Hand to Mouth to a wealthy socialite in Captain Kidd's Kids.
Beginning in 1921, Roach and Lloyd moved from shorts to feature length comedies. These included the acclaimed Grandma's Boy, which, (along with Chaplin's The Kid), pioneered the combination of complex character development and film comedy, the highly popular Safety Last! (1923), which cemented Lloyd's stardom (and is the oldest film on the American Film Institute's List of 100 Most Thrilling Movies), and Why Worry? (1923).
Lloyd and Roach parted ways in 1924, and Lloyd became the independent producer of his own films. These included his most accomplished mature features Girl Shy, The Freshman (his highest-grossing silent feature), The Kid Brother, and Speedy, his final silent film. Welcome Danger was originally a silent film but Lloyd decided late in the production to remake it with dialogue. All of these films were enormously successful and profitable, and Lloyd would eventually become the highest paid film performer of the 1920s.[4] They were also highly influential and still find many fans among modern audiences, a testament to the originality and film-making skill of Lloyd and his collaborators. From this success he became one of the wealthiest and most influential figures in early Hollywood.
Talkies and transition[link]
In 1924, Lloyd formed his own independent film production company, the Harold Lloyd Film Corporation, with his films distributed by Pathé and later Paramount and Twentieth Century-Fox. Lloyd was a founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Released a few weeks before the start of the Great Depression, Welcome Danger was a huge financial success, with audiences eager to hear Lloyd's voice on film. Lloyd's rate of film releases, which had been one or two a year in the 1920s, slowed to about one every two years until 1938.
The films released during this period were: Feet First, with a similar scenario to Safety Last which found him clinging to a skyscraper at the climax; Movie Crazy with Constance Cummings; The Cat's-Paw, which was a dark political comedy and a big departure for Lloyd; and The Milky Way, which was Lloyd's only attempt at the fashionable genre of the screwball comedy film.
To this point the films had been produced by Lloyd's company. However, his go-getting screen character was out of touch with Great Depression movie audiences of the 1930s. As the length of time between his film releases increased, his popularity declined, as did the fortunes of his production company. His final film of the decade, Professor Beware, was made by the Paramount staff, with Lloyd functioning only as actor and partial financier.
On March 23, 1937, Lloyd sold the land of his studio Harold Lloyd Motion Picture Company to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The location is now the site of the Los Angeles California Temple.[5]
Lloyd produced a few comedies for RKO Radio Pictures in the early 1940s but otherwise retired from the screen until 1947. He returned for an additional starring appearance in The Sin of Harold Diddlebock, an ill-fated homage to Lloyd's career, directed by Preston Sturges and financed by Howard Hughes. This film had the inspired idea of following Harold's Jazz Age, optimistic character from The Freshman into the Great Depression years. Diddlebock opened with footage from The Freshman (for which Lloyd was paid a royalty of $50,000, matching his actor's fee) and Lloyd was sufficiently youthful-looking to match the older scenes quite well. Lloyd and Sturges had different conceptions of the material and fought frequently during the shoot; Lloyd was particularly concerned that while Sturges had spent three to four months on the script of the first third of the film, "the last two thirds of it he wrote in a week or less". The finished film was released briefly in 1947, then shelved by producer Hughes. Hughes issued a recut version of the film in 1951 through RKO under the title Mad Wednesday. Such was Lloyd's disdain that he sued Howard Hughes, the California Corporation and RKO for damages to his reputation "as an outstanding motion picture star and personality", eventually accepting a $30,000 settlement.
Marriage and home life[link]
Main article: Harold Lloyd Estate
Lloyd married his leading lady, Mildred Davis, on Saturday, February 10, 1923. Together, they had two children: Gloria Lloyd (1924–2012),[6] and Harold Clayton Lloyd, Jr., (1931–1971).[7] They also adopted Gloria Freeman (1924–1986) in September 1930, whom they renamed Marjorie Elizabeth Lloyd, but who was known as "Peggy" for most of her life. Lloyd, for a time, discouraged Davis from continuing her acting career. He later relented, but by that time her career momentum was lost. Davis died in 1969, two years before Lloyd's death. Lloyd's son was gay, and according to Annette D'Agostino Lloyd (no relation) in the book Harold Lloyd: Master Comedian, Harold Sr. took this in good spirit. Harold Jr. died from complications of a stroke.
_02.jpg)
Lloyd's Beverly Hills home, "Greenacres", was built in 1926–1929, with 44 rooms, 26 bathrooms, 12 fountains, 12 gardens, and a nine hole golf course. The estate left the possession of the Lloyd family in 1975, after a failed attempt to maintain it as a public museum.
The grounds were subsequently subdivided, but the main house and the estate's principal gardens remain and are frequently used for civic fundraising events and as a filming location, appearing in films like Westworld and The Loved One. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Radio and retirement[link]
In October 1944, Lloyd emerged as the director and host of The Old Gold Comedy Theater, an NBC radio anthology series, after Preston Sturges, who had turned the job down, recommended him for it. The show presented half-hour radio adaptations of recently successful film comedies, beginning with Palm Beach Story with Claudette Colbert and Robert Young.
Some saw The Old Gold Comedy Theater as being a lighter version of Lux Radio Theater, and it featured some of the best-known film and radio personalities of the day, including Fred Allen, June Allyson, Lucille Ball, Ralph Bellamy, Linda Darnell, Susan Hayward, Herbert Marshall, Dick Powell, Edward G. Robinson, Jane Wyman, and Alan Young, among others. But the show's half-hour format—which meant the material might have been truncated too severely—and Lloyd's sounding somewhat ill at ease on the air for much of the season (though he spent weeks training himself to speak on radio prior to the show's premiere, and seemed more relaxed toward the end of the series run) may have worked against it.
The Old Gold Comedy Theater ended in June 1945 with an adaptation of Tom, Dick and Harry, featuring June Allyson and Reginald Gardiner and was not renewed for the following season. Many years later, acetate discs of 29 of the shows were discovered in Lloyd's home, and they now circulate among old-time radio collectors.
Lloyd remained involved in a number of other interests, including civic and charity work. Inspired by having overcome his own serious injuries and burns, he was very active as a Shriner with the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children. He was a Past Potentate of Al-Malaikah Shrine in Los Angeles, and was eventually selected as Imperial Potentate of the Shriners of North America for the year 1949–50.[8]
He appeared as himself on several television shows during his retirement, first on Ed Sullivan's variety show Toast of the Town June 5, 1949 and again on July 6, 1958. He appeared as the Mystery Guest on What's My Line? on April 26, 1953, and twice on This Is Your Life: on March 10, 1954 for Mack Sennett, and again on December 14, 1955 on his own episode. During both appearances, Lloyd's hand injury can clearly be seen.[9]
Lloyd studied colors, microscopy, and was very involved with photography, including 3D photography and color film experiments. Some of the earliest 2-color Technicolor tests were shot at his Beverly Hills home (These are included as extra material in the Harold Lloyd Comedy Collection DVD Box Set). He became known for his nude photographs of models, such as Bettie Page and stripper Dixie Evans, for a number of men's magazines. He also took photos of Marilyn Monroe lounging at his pool in a bathing suit, which were published after their deaths. In 2004, his granddaughter Suzanne produced a book of selections from his photographs, Harold Lloyd's Hollywood Nudes in 3D! (ISBN 1-57912-394-5).
Lloyd also provided encouragement and support for a number of younger actors, such as Debbie Reynolds, Robert Wagner, and particularly Jack Lemmon, whom Harold declared as his own choice to play him in a movie of his life and work.
Renewed interest[link]
File:HaroldLloyd dvd2.jpg
The Harold Lloyd Comedy Collection of DVDs, released November 2005.
Lloyd kept copyright control of most of his films and re-released them infrequently after his retirement. Lloyd did not grant cinematic release because in the main most theaters could not accommodate an organist, and Lloyd did not wish his work to be accompanied by a pianist: "I just don't like pictures played with pianos. We never intended them to be played with pianos". Similarly, his features were never shown on television as Lloyd's price was high: "I want $300,000 per picture for two showings. That's a high price, but if I don't get it, I'm not going to show it. They've come close to it, but they haven't come all the way up". As a consequence, his reputation and public recognition suffered in comparison with Chaplin and Keaton, whose work has generally been more available.
Also, Lloyd's film character was so intimately associated with the 1920s era that attempts at revivals in 1940s and 1950s were poorly received, when audiences viewed the 1920s (and silent film in particular) as old-fashioned.
In the early 1960s, Lloyd produced two compilation films, featuring scenes from his old comedies, Harold Lloyd's World of Comedy and The Funny Side of Life. The first film was premiered at the 1962 Cannes Film Festival, where Lloyd was feted as a major rediscovery. The renewed interest in Lloyd helped restore his status among film historians. Throughout his later years he screened his films for audiences at special charity and educational events, to great acclaim, and found a particularly receptive audience among college audiences: "Their whole response was tremendous because they didn't miss a gag; anything that was even a little subtle, they got it right away".
Following his death, and after extensive negotiations, most of his feature films were leased to Time-Life Films in 1974. As Tom Dardis confirms: "Time-Life prepared horrendously edited musical-sound-track versions of the silent films, which are intended to be shown on TV at sound speed, and which represent everything that Harold feared would happen to his best films".
Through the efforts of Kevin Brownlow and David Gill and the support of granddaughter Suzanne Lloyd Hayes, the British Thames Silents series re-released some of the feature films in the early 1990s on home video, at corrected projection speeds and with new orchestral scores by Carl Davis. More recently, the remainder of Lloyd's great silent features and many shorts were fully restored, with new orchestral scores by Robert Israel. These are now frequently shown on the Turner Classic Movies (TCM) cable channel. An acclaimed 1990 documentary (Harold Lloyd: The Third Genius) by Brownlow and Gill, which was shown as part of the PBS series American Masters, also created a renewed interest in Lloyd's work in the early 1990s. A DVD Collection of restored versions of most of his feature films (and his more important shorts) was released by New Line Cinema in partnership with the Harold Lloyd Trust in November 2005, along with limited theatrical screenings in New York and other cities in the US, Canada and Europe. Annette Lloyd has also said that if there is a large-enough show of support by fans, a second collection may be released in the future[citation needed].
Academy Award[link]
In 1953, Lloyd received a special Academy Award for being a "master comedian and good citizen." The second citation was a snub to Chaplin, who at that point had fallen foul of McCarthyism and who had had his entry visa to the United States revoked. Regardless of the political overtones, Lloyd accepted the award in good spirit.
Death[link]
Lloyd died at age 77 from prostate cancer on March 8, 1971, in Beverly Hills, California.[4][10][11] He was interred in a crypt in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.
Walk of Fame[link]
Harold Lloyd has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. His was only the fourth ceremony preserving his handprints, footprints, autograph, and outline of his famed glasses (which were actually a pair of sunglasses with the lenses removed), at Grauman's Chinese Theatre, in 1927. In 1994, he was honored with his image on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.
Filmography[link]
Main article: Harold Lloyd filmography
Further reading[link]
- Lloyd, Harold and Stout, W.W. (1928, revised 1971). An American Comedy. Dover.
- Agee, James (1958, 2000). "Comedy's Greatest Era" from Life magazine (9/5/1949), reprinted in Agee on Film. McDowell, Obolensky, Modern Library.
- Cahn, William (1964). Harold Lloyd's World of Comedy. Duell, Sloane & Pearce.
- Lahue, Kalton C. (1966). World of Laughter: The Motion Picture Comedy Short, 1910–1930. University of Oklahoma Press.
- Brownlow, Kevin (1968, revised 1976). "Harold Lloyd" from The Parade's Gone By. Alfred A. Knopf, University of California Press.
- McCaffrey, Donald W. (1968). 4 Great Comedians: Chaplin, Lloyd, Keaton, Langdon. A.S. Barnes.
- Robinson, David (1969). The Great Funnies: A History of Film Comedy. E.P. Dutton.
- Durgnat, Raymond (1970). "Self-Help with a Smile" from The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image. Dell.
- Lacourbe, Roland (1970). Harold Lloyd. Paris: Editions Seghers.
- Gilliatt, Penelope (1973). "Physicists" from Unholy Fools: Wits, Comics, Disturbers of the Peace. Viking.
- Mast, Gerald (1973, revised 1979). The Comic Mind: Comedy and the Movies. University of Chicago Press.
- Schickel, Richard (1974). Harold Lloyd: The Shape of Laughter. New York Graphic Society. ISBN 0-8212-0595-1.
- Kerr, Walter (1975, 1990). The Silent Clowns. Alfred A. Knopf, Da Capo Press.
- McCaffrey, Donald W. (1976). Three Classic Silent Screen Comedies Starring Harold Lloyd. Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-1455-8.
- Byron, Stuart and Weis, Elizabeth (1977). The National Society of Film Critics on Movie Comedy. Grossman/Viking.
- Reilly, Adam (1977). Harold Lloyd: The King of Daredevil Comedy. Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-601940-X.
- Everson, William K. (1978). American Silent Film. Oxford University Press.
- Maltin, Leonard (1978). The Great Movie Comedians. Crown Publishers.
- Dardis, Tom (1983). Harold Lloyd: The Man on the Clock. Viking. ISBN 0-14-007555-0.
- Hayes, Suzanne Lloyd (ed.), (1992). 3-D Hollywood with Photography by Harold Lloyd. Simon & Schuster.
- D'Agostino, Annette M. (1994). Harold Lloyd: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28986-7.
- Dale, Alan (2002). Comedy is a Man in Trouble: Slapstick In American Movies. University of Minnesota Press.
- Vance, Jeffrey, and Lloyd, Suzanne (2002). Harold Lloyd: Master Comedian. Harry N Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1674-6.
- Lloyd, Annette D'Agostino (2003). The Harold Lloyd Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-1514-2.
- Mitchell, Glenn (2003). A-Z of Silent Film Comedy. B.T. Batsford Ltd..
- Lloyd, Suzanne (2004). Harold Lloyd's Hollywood Nudes in 3-D. Black Dog & Leventhal. ISBN 978-1-57912-394-9.
- Lloyd, Annette D'Agostino (2009). Harold Lloyd: Magic in a Pair of Horn-Rimmed Glasses. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-332-6.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Documentary: Harold Lloyd — The Third Genius.
- ^ Obituary Variety, March 10, 1971, page 55.
- ^ An American Comedy; Lloyd and Stout; 1928; page 129
- ^ a b "Died". Time (magazine). March 22, 1971. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904932,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-08. "Harold Lloyd, 77, comedian whose screen image of horn-rimmed incompetence made him Hollywood's highest-paid star in the 1920s; of cancer; in Hollywood. He usually played a feckless Mr. Average who triumphed over misfortune. "My character represented the white-collar middle class that felt frustrated but was always fighting to overcome its shortcomings," he once explained. Lloyd usually did his own stunt work, as in Safety Last (1923), in which he dangled from a clock high above the street; he was protected only by a wooden platform two floors below."
- ^ Los Angeles California Temple "Los Angeles California Temple". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. http://www.ldschurchtemples.com/cgi-bin/pages.cgi?los_angeles Los Angeles California Temple. Retrieved 2008-06-08. "The land for the Los Angeles California Temple was purchased from Harold Lloyd Motion Picture Company on March 23, 1937."
- ^ "Gloria Lloyd, daughter of Harold Lloyd, dies". Variety. February 11, 2012. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118050115?refCatId=13. Retrieved 2012-02-011.
- ^ "Harold Lloyd, Jr. Dies. Actor, Son of Comedy Star". New York Times. June 10, 1971. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E16F6355F127A93C2A8178DD85F458785F9. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ^ "Harold LLoyd" "In 1949, Harold’s face graced the cover of TIME Magazine as the Imperial Potentate of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, their highest-ranking position. He devoted an entire year to visiting 130 temples across the country giving speeches for over 700,000 Shriners. The last twenty years of his life he worked tirelessly for the twenty-two Shriner Hospitals for Children and in the 1960’s, he was named President and Chairman of the Board."
- ^ Harold Lloyd "Harold Lloyd". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0516001/#self Harold Lloyd. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ^ "Harold Lloyd, Bespectacled Film Comic, Dies of Cancer at 77". Los Angeles Times. March 9, 1971. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/601315582.html. Retrieved 2008-06-08. "Comedian Harold Lloyd, 77, who bumbled through more than 300 films as a bespectacled victim of life's difficulties, died of cancer Monday at his Beverly Hills home."
- ^ Illson, Murray (March 9, 1971). "Horn-Rims His Trademark; Harold Lloyd, Screen Comedian, Dies at 77". New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A14F93A55127B93CBA91788D85F458785F9. Retrieved 2008-06-08. "A pair of inexpensive, horn-rimmed eyeglass frames without lenses, the shy expression of a somewhat bewildered adolescent and a single-track ambition made Harold Clayton Lloyd the highest-paid screen actor in Hollywood's golden age of the nineteen twenties."
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Harold Lloyd |
- Harold Lloyd at the Internet Movie Database
- Official site – the official site of Harold Lloyd
- HaroldLloyd.us — a site with articles and information, maintained by Annette D'Agostino Lloyd
- Harold Lloyd Forum part of ComedyClassics.org
- Harold Lloyd Photos at Silent Ladies & Gents
- BBC Radio Interview with Suzanne Lloyd (2002)
- Harold Lloyd in The Sin Of Harold Diddlebock at The Internet Archive
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lloyd, Harold |
| Alternative names | Lloyd, Harold Clayton |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | April 20, 1893 |
| Place of birth | Burchard, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Date of death | March 8, 1971 |
| Place of death | Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
http://wn.com/Harold_Lloyd
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lloyd
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Eddie Cantor | |
|---|---|
 Eddie Cantor (right) with Bert Gordon, aka "the Mad Russian" |
|
| Born | Edward Israel Iskowitz (1892-01-31)January 31, 1892 New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | October 10, 1964(1964-10-10) (aged 72) Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor, comedian, dancer, singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 1907–53 |
| Spouse | Ida Cantor (1914–62) 5 daughters |
Eddie Cantor (January 31, 1892 – October 10, 1964), born Edward Israel Iskowitz,[1] was an American "illustrated song" performer, comedian, dancer, singer, actor and songwriter.[2] Familiar to Broadway, radio, movie and early television audiences, this "Apostle of Pep" was regarded almost as a family member by millions because his top-rated radio shows revealed intimate stories and amusing anecdotes about his wife Ida and five daughters. Some of his hits include "Makin' Whoopee," "Ida," "If You Knew Susie," "Ma! He's Makin' Eyes at Me," "Margie" and "How Ya Gonna Keep 'Em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree?)" He also wrote a few songs, including "Merrily We Roll Along," the Merrie Melodies Warner Bros. cartoon theme.
His eye-rolling song-and-dance routines eventually led to his nickname, "Banjo Eyes." In 1933, the artist Frederick J. Garner caricatured Cantor with large round eyes resembling the drum-like pot of a banjo. Cantor's eyes became his trademark, often exaggerated in illustrations, and leading to his appearance on Broadway in the musical Banjo Eyes (1941).
His charity and humanitarian work was extensive, and he is credited with coining the phrase and helping to develop The March of Dimes.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Cantor was born in New York City, the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, Meta and Mechel Iskowitz. His mother died in childbirth one year after his birth, and his father died of pneumonia when Eddie was two, leaving him to be raised by his beloved grandmother, Esther Kantrowitz.[3] As a child, he attended Surprise Lake Camp.[4] A misunderstanding when signing her grandson for school gave him her last name of Kantrowitz (shortened by the clerk to Kanter). Esther died on January 29, 1917, two days before he signed a long-term contract with Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. to appear in his Follies.
He had adopted the first name "Eddie" when he met his future wife Ida Tobias in 1903, because she felt that "Izzy" wasn't the right name for an actor. Cantor married Ida in 1914. They (famously) had five daughters, Marjorie, Natalie, Edna, Marilyn and Janet, who provided comic fodder for Cantor's longtime running gag, especially on radio, about his five unmarriageable daughters. Several radio historians, including Gerald Nachman (Raised on Radio), have said that this gag did not always sit well with the girls.
He was the second president of the Screen Actors Guild, serving from 1933 to 1935. He invented the title "The March of Dimes" for the donation campaigns of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which was organized to combat polio. It was a play on the The March of Time newsreels popular at the time. He began the first campaign on his own radio show in January 1938, asking people to mail a dime to the nation's most famous assumed polio victim, President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Other entertainers joined in the appeal via their own shows, and the White House mail room was deluged with 2,680,000 dimes.
Following the death of daughter Marjorie at the age of 44, both Eddie's and Ida's health declined rapidly. Ida died in August 1962 of "cardiac insufficiency."[3][5] On October 10, 1964 in Beverly Hills, California, Eddie Cantor suffered another heart attack and died, aged 72. He is buried in Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery. Cantor was awarded an honorary Academy Award the year of his death, for distinguished service to the film industry.
Stage[link]
Saloon songs to vaudeville[link]
By his early teens Cantor began winning talent contests at local theaters and started appearing on stage. One of his earliest paying jobs was doubling as a waiter and performer, singing for tips at Carey Walsh's Coney Island saloon, where a young Jimmy Durante accompanied him on piano. He made his first public appearance in Vaudeville in 1907 at New York's Clinton Music Hall. In 1912, he was the only performer over the age of 20 to appear in Gus Edwards's Kid Kabaret, where he created his first blackface character, "Jefferson." He later toured with Al Lee as the team "Cantor & Lee." Critical praise from that show got the attention of Broadway's top producer, Florenz Ziegfeld, who gave Cantor a spot in the Ziegfeld rooftop post-show, Midnight Frolic (1917).[3]
Broadway[link]
A year later, Cantor made his Broadway debut in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1917. He continued in the Follies until 1927,[6] a period considered the best years of the long-running revue. For several years Cantor co-starred in an act with pioneer African-American comedian Bert Williams, both appearing in blackface; Cantor played Williams's fresh-talking son. Other co-stars with Cantor during his time in the Follies included Will Rogers, Marilyn Miller, Fanny Brice and W.C. Fields.[7] He moved on to stardom in book musicals, starting with Kid Boots (1923) and Whoopee! (1928).[6]
- Ziegfeld Follies of 1917 - revue - performer
- Ziegfeld Follies of 1918 - revue - performer, co-composer and co-lyricist for "Broadway's Not a Bad Place After All" with Harry Ruby
- Ziegfeld Follies of 1919 - revue - performer, lyricist for "(Oh! She's the) Last Rose of Summer"
- Ziegfeld Follies of 1920 - revue - composer for "Green River," composer and lyricist for "Every Blossom I See Reminds Me of You" and "I Found a Baby on My Door Step"
- The Midnight Rounders of 1920 - revue - performer
- Broadway Brevities of 1920 - revue - performer
- Make It Snappy (1922) - revue - performer, co-bookwriter
- Ziegfeld Follies of 1923 - revue - sketch writer
- Kid Boots (1923) - musical comedy - actor in the role of "Kid Boots" (the Caddie Master)
- Ziegfeld Follies of 1927 - revue - performer, co-bookwriter
- Whoopee! (1928) - musical comedy - actor in the role of "Henry Williams"
- Eddie Cantor at the Palace (1931) - solo performance
- Banjo Eyes (1941) - musical comedy - actor in the role of "Erwin Trowbridge"
- Nellie Bly (1946) - musical comedy - co-producer
Radio and recordings[link]
Radio[link]
Cantor appeared on radio as early as February 3, 1922, as indicated by this news item from Connecticut's Bridgeport Telegram:
- Local radio operators listened to one of the finest programs yet produced over the radiophone last night. The program of entertainment which included some of the stars of Broadway musical comedy and vaudeville was broadcast from the Newark, N. J. station WDY and the Pittsburgh station KDKA, both of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. The Newark entertainment started at 7 o'clock: a children's half-hour of music and fairy stories; 7:[35?], Hawaiian airs and violin solo; 8:00, news of the day; and at 8:20 a radio party with nationally known comedians participating; 9:55, Arlington time signals and 10:01, a government weather report. G. E. Nothnagle, who conducts a radiophone station at his home 176 Waldemere Avenue said last night that he was delighted with the program, especially with the numbers sung by Eddie Cantor. The weather conditions are excellent for receiving, he continued, the tone and the quality of the messages was fine.[8]
Cantor's appearance with Rudy Vallee on Vallee's The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour on February 5, 1931 led to a four-week tryout with NBC's The Chase and Sanborn Hour. Replacing Maurice Chevalier, who was returning to Paris, Cantor joined Chase and Sanborn on September 13, 1931. This hour-long Sunday evening variety series teamed Cantor with announcer Jimmy Wallington and violinist Dave Rubinoff. The show established Cantor as a leading comedian, and his scriptwriter, David Freedman, as “the Captain of Comedy.” Cantor soon became the world's highest-paid radio star. His shows began with a crowd chanting "We want Can-tor! We want Can-tor!," a phrase said to have originated in vaudeville, when the audience chanted to chase off an act on the bill before Cantor. Cantor's theme song was his own lyric to the Leo Robin/Richard Whiting song, "One Hour with You." His radio sidekicks included Bert Gordon, (comic Barney Gorodetsky, aka "The Mad Russian") and Harry Parke (better known as "Parkyakarkus"). Cantor also discovered and helped guide the career of singer Dinah Shore, first featuring her on his radio show in 1940, as well as other performers, including Deanna Durbin, Bobby Breen and Eddie Fisher.
Indicative of his effect on the mass audience, he agreed in November 1934 to introduce a new song by the songwriters J. Fred Coots and Haven Gillespie that other well-known artists had rejected as being "silly" and "childish." The song, "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town," immediately had orders for 100,000 copies of sheet music the next day. It sold 400,000 copies by Christmas of that year.
His NBC radio show, Time to Smile, was broadcast from 1940 to 1946, followed by his Pabst Blue Ribbon Show from 1946 through 1949. He also served as emcee of The $64 Question during 1949-'50, and hosted a weekly disc jockey program for Philip Morris during the 1952-'53 season. In addition to film and radio, Cantor recorded for Hit of the Week Records, then again for Columbia, for Banner and Decca and various small labels.
His heavy political involvement began early in his career, including his participation in the strike to form Actors Equity in 1919, provoking the anger of father figure and producer, Florenz Ziegfeld. At the 1939 New York World's Fair, Cantor publicly denounced antisemitic radio personality Father Charles Coughlin and was dropped by his sponsor, Camel cigarettes. A year and a half later, it was his friend Jack Benny who was able to get him back on the air.
Recordings[link]
Cantor began making phonograph records in 1917, recording both comedy songs and routines and popular songs of the day, first for Victor, then for Aeoleon-Vocalion, Pathé and Emerson. From 1921 through 1925 he had an exclusive contract with Columbia Records, returning to Victor for the remainder of the decade.
Cantor was one of the era's most successful entertainers, but the 1929 stock market crash took away his multi-millionaire status and left him deeply in debt. However, Cantor's relentless attention to his own earnings in order to avoid the poverty he knew growing up caused him to use his writing talent, quickly building a new bank account with his highly popular, bestselling books of humor and cartoons about his experience, Caught Short! A Saga of Wailing Wall Street [9] in 1929 "A.C." (After Crash), and Yoo-Hoo, Prosperity!
Cantor was also a composer, with his most famous song seldom attributed to him. In 1935, along with Charles Tobias and Murray Mencher, Cantor wrote "Merrily We Roll Along," which he recorded in the 1950s. It was adapted as the themesong for the Merrie Melodies series of animated cartoons, distributed by Warner Brothers Pictures between 1937 and 1964. Cantor himself was frequently caricatured in Warner cartoons of the period, (see Film and television: Animation).
Film and television[link]
Cantor also bounced back between movies and on radio. He had previously appeared in a number of short films, performing his Follies songs and comedy routines, and two silent features (Special Delivery and Kid Boots) in the 1920s. He was offered the lead in The Jazz Singer after it was turned down by George Jessel. Cantor also turned the role down (so it went to Al Jolson), but he became a leading Hollywood star in 1930 with the film version of Whoopee!, shot in two-strip Technicolor. He continued making films over the next two decades until his last starring role in If You Knew Susie (1948).
Filmography[link]
- Widow at the Races (1913)
- A Few Moments With Eddie Cantor, Star of "Kid Boots" (1923) (DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film short film)
- Kid Boots (1926)
- Special Delivery (1927)
- A Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic (1929) (short)
- Glorifying the American Girl (1929)
- That Party in Person (1928) (short)
- Insurance (1930) (short)
- Getting a Ticket (1930) (short)
- Whoopee! (1930)
- Palmy Days (1931)
- Talking Screen Snapshots (1932) (short)
- The Kid from Spain (1932)
- Roman Scandals (1933)
- The Hollywood Gad-About (1934) (short)
- Kid Millions (1934)
- Strike Me Pink (1936)
- Ali Baba Goes to Town (1937)
- The March of Time Volume IV, Issue 5 (1937) (short)
- Forty Little Mothers (1940)
- Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943)
- Show Business (1944) (also producer)
- Hollywood Canteen (1944)
- Screen Snapshots: Radio Shows (1945) (short)
- American Creed (1946) (short)
- Meet Mr. Mischief (1947) (short) (appears on poster)
- If You Knew Susie (1948)
- Screen Snapshots: Hollywood's Happy Homes (1949) (short)
- The Story of Will Rogers (1952)
- Screen Snapshots: Memorial to Al Jolson (1952) (short)
- The Eddie Cantor Story (1953) (cameo)
Television[link]
In the 1950s, he was one of the alternating hosts of the television show The Colgate Comedy Hour, in which he would introduce variety acts and play comic characters like "Maxie the Taxi." However, the show landed Cantor in an unlikely controversy when a young Sammy Davis, Jr. appeared as a guest performer. Cantor embraced Davis and mopped Davis's brow with his handkerchief after his performance. Worried sponsors led NBC to threaten cancellation of the show; Cantor's response was to book Davis for two more weeks.
On May 25, 1944, pioneer television station WPTZ (now KYW-TV) in Philadelphia presented a special telecast featuring Eddie Cantor, which was also fed to the NBC television station in New York City, WNBT (now WNBC). Cantor, one of the first major stars to agree to appear on television, was to sing "We're Havin' a Baby, My Baby and Me". Arriving shortly before airtime at the Philadelphia studios, Cantor was reportedly told to cut the song because the NBC New York censors considered some of the lyrics too risqué. Cantor refused, claiming no time to prepare an alternative number. NBC relented, but the sound was cut and the picture blurred on certain lines in the song. This is considered the first instance of television censorship.[citation needed]
Animation[link]
Cantor appears in caricature form in numerous Looney Tunes cartoons produced for Warner Bros., although he was often voiced by an imitator. Beginning with I Like Mountain Music (1933), other animated Cantor cameos include Shuffle Off to Buffalo (Harman-Ising, 1933) and Billboard Frolics (Friz Freleng, 1935). Eddie Cantor is one of the four "down on their luck" stars (along with Bing Crosby, Al Jolson and Jack Benny) snubbed by Elmer Fudd in What’s Up, Doc? (Bob McKimson, 1950). In Farm Frolics (Bob Clampett, 1941), a horse, asked by the narrator to "do a canter," promptly launches into a singing, dancing, eye-rolling impression. The Cantor gag that got the most mileage, however, was his oft-repeated wish for a son after five famous daughters. Slap Happy Pappy (Clampett, 1940) features an “Eddie Cackler” rooster who wants a boy, to little avail. Other references can be found in Baby Bottleneck (Clampett, 1946) and Circus Today (Tex Avery, 1940). In Porky’s Naughty Nephew (Clampett, 1938) a swimming Cantor gleefully adopts a "buoy." [10] An animated Cantor also appears prominently in Walt Disney's Mother Goose Goes Hollywood (Wilfred Jackson, 1938) as Little Jack Horner, who sings "Sing a Song of Sixpence."
Books and merchandising[link]
Cantor's popularity led to merchandising of such products as Eddie Cantor's Tell It to the Judge game from Parker Brothers. In 1933, a set of 12 Eddie Cantor caricatures by Frederick J. Garner were published by Brown & Bigelow. These advertising cards were purchased in bulk as a direct-mail item by such businesses as auto body shops, funeral directors, dental laboratories and vegetable wholesale dealers. With the full set, companies could mail a single Cantor card each month for a year to their selected special customers as an ongoing promotion. Cantor was often caricatured on the covers of sheet music and in magazines and newspapers. Cantor was depicted as a balloon in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade,[11] one of the very few balloons based on a real person.
In addition to Caught Short!, Cantor wrote or co-wrote at least seven other books, including booklets released by the then-fledgling firm of Simon & Schuster, with Cantor’s name on the cover. (Some were "as told to" or written with David Freedman). Customers paid a dollar and received the booklet with a penny embedded in the hardcover. They sold well, and H. L. Mencken asserted that these books did more to pull America out of the Great Depression than all government measures combined.
Bibliography[link]
- My Life Is in Your Hands by Eddie Cantor (1928) with David Freedman; Harper & Bros.
- Caught Short!: A Saga of Wailing Wall Street by Eddie Cantor (1929) Simon & Schuster
- Between the Acts by Eddie Cantor (1930) Simon & Schuster
- Yoo-Hoo, Prosperity!: The Eddie Cantor Five-Year Plan by Eddie Cantor (1931) with David Freedman; Simon & Schuster
- The Rise of the Goldbergs by Gertrude Berg (1931) Forward by Eddie Cantor; Barse & Co.
- Your Next President! by Eddie Cantor (1932) with David Freedman, Illus. by S.L. Hydeman; Ray Long & Richard R. Smith, Inc.
- Eddie Cantor in An Hour with You: A Big Little Book (1934) Whitman
- Eddie Cantor Song and Joke Book (1934) Illus. by Ben Harris; M. Witmark & Sons
- Ziegfeld: The Great Glorifier by Eddie Cantor (1934) with David Freedman; Alfred H. King
- World's Book of Best Jokes by Eddie Cantor (1943) World Publishing Co.
- Hello, Momma by George Jessel (1946) Forward by Eddie Cantor, Illus. by Carl Rose; World Publishing Co.
- Take My Life by Eddie Cantor (1957) with Jane Kesner Ardmore; Doubleday
- No Man Stands Alone by Barney Ross (1957) Forward by Eddie Cantor; B. Lippincott Co.
- The Way I See It by Eddie Cantor (1959) with Phyllis Rosenteur, ed.; Prentice-Hall
- As I Remember Them by Eddie Cantor (1963) Duell, Sloan & Pearce
- Yoo-Hoo, Prosperity! and Caught Short! by Eddie Cantor (1969) Greenwood Press
- The Golden Age of Sound Comedy: Comic Films and Comedians of the Thirties by Donald W. McCaffrey (1973) A.S. Barnes
- Radio Comedy by Arthur Frank Wertheim (1979) Oxford University Press
- The Vaudevillians: A Dictionary of Vaudeville Performers by Anthony Slide (1981) Arlington House
- American Vaudeville as Seen by Its Contemporaries by Charles W. Stein, ed. (1984) Alfred A. Knopf
- Eddie Cantor: A Life in Show Business by Gregory Koseluk (1995) McFarland
- Eddie Cantor: A Bio-Bibliography by James Fisher (1997) Greenwood Press
- Banjo Eyes: Eddie Cantor and the Birth of Modern Stardom by Herbert G. Goldman (1997) Oxford University Press
- The Great American Broadcast: A Celebration of Radio's Golden Age by Leonard Maltin (1997) Dutton
- My Life Is in Your Hands and Take My Life by Eddie Cantor (2000) Cooper Square Press
- Film Clowns of the Depression: Twelve Defining Comic Performances by Wes D. Gehring (2007) McFarland
- Eddie Cantor in Laugh Land by Harold Sherman (2008) Kessinger Publishing
Tributes[link]
| “ | It is nice to be important, but it is more important to be nice. | ” |
|
—Eddie Cantor |
||
Cantor was profiled on the program This Is Your Life, in which an unsuspecting person (usually a celebrity) would be surprised on live television by host Ralph Edwards, with a half-hour tribute. Cantor was the only subject who was told of the surprise in advance; he was recovering from a heart attack and it was felt that the shock might harm him.
On October 29, 1995, as part of a nationwide celebration of the 75th anniversary of radio, he was posthumously inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame at Chicago's Museum of Broadcasting Communication.
In 1953 Warner Bros., in an attempt to duplicate the box-office success of The Jolson Story, filmed a big-budget Technicolor feature film, The Eddie Cantor Story. The film found an audience but might have done better with someone else in the leading role. Actor Keefe Brasselle played Cantor as a caricature with high-pressure dialogue and bulging eyes wide open; the fact that Brasselle was considerably taller than Cantor didn't lend realism either. Eddie and Ida Cantor were seen in a brief prologue and epilogue set in a projection room, where they are watching Brasselle in action; at the end of the film Eddie tells Ida, "I never looked better in my life"... and gives the audience a knowing, incredulous look. George Burns, in his memoir All My Best Friends, claimed that Warner Bros. created a miracle producing the movie in that "it made Eddie Cantor's life boring".
Something closer to the real Eddie Cantor story is his self-produced 1944 feature Show Business, a valentine to vaudeville and show folks that was RKO's top-grossing film that year. Probably the best summary of Cantor's career is in one of the Colgate Comedy Hour shows. The Colgate hour was a virtual video autobiography, with Cantor recounting his career, singing his familiar hits, and re-creating his singing-waiter days with his old pal Jimmy Durante. This show has been issued on DVD as Eddie Cantor in Person.
As talented as Cantor was, he is an excellent example of the mega star who virtually vanishes with the passing of time. His biographer, Gregory Koseluk, wrote in 1995 that Eddie "is all but forgotten," (from Eddie Cantor: A Life in Show Business [Introduction]). In recent years, Eddie Cantor has been a recurring character on HBO's series Boardwalk Empire, where he is played by Stephen DeRosa. He appeared in three episodes of the show's first season and one episode of the second season.
Sources[link]
Goldman, Herbert G. (1997). Banjo Eyes: Eddie Cantor and the Birth of Modern Stardom. New York: Oxford University Press.
Watch[link]
- A Few Moments with Eddie Cantor, Star of "Kid Boots" (1923) A six-minute film made in Phonofilm by Lee De Forest featuring Cantor telling monologues and singing two songs.
Listen to[link]
- Command Performance 1942-03-01 ep001 - Eddie Cantor
- Command Performance 1942-04-01_ep006 Kay Kyser & Eddie Cantor
- The Chase and Sanborn Hour with Eddie Cantor (excerpts)
- Free OTR: The Eddie Cantor Show (30 1936-52 episodes)
- OTR Network Library: The Eddie Cantor Show (11 1936-52 episodes)
References[link]
- ^ Kenrick, John.Who's Who in Musicals: Ca-Cl Musicals101.com, accessed September 5, 2011
- ^ Obituary Variety, October 14, 1964.
- ^ a b c "Eddie Cantor Dead" The New York Times (abstract), October 11, 1964, p. 1
- ^ Epstein, Lawrence. "The Haunted Smile" (2002). PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-162-2, p.38
- ^ "Deaths", The New York Times, August 10, 1962, p. 14
- ^ a b "Eddie Cantor Broadway Credits" Internet Broadway database listing, retrieved December 24, 2009
- ^ Cullen, Frank; Hackman, Florence; McNeilly, Donald. "Vaudeville, Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers" (2007). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93853-8, p. 193
- ^ "Radio Operators Hear a Good Concert," Bridgeport Telegram, February 4, 1922.
- ^ "'Caught short! A saga of wailing Wall street', OCLC Number: 381325" worldcat.org, accessed September 5, 2011
- ^ From "The Warner Bros. Cartoon Companion," E.O. Costello, ed.
- ^ New York Daily News (2008-11-28). "Floating back in time with Macy's balloons, 1940, photo No.11". http://www.nydailynews.com/news/galleries/entertainment/entertainment.html. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eddie Cantor |
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- Eddie Cantor official site
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cantor, Eddie |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | January 31, 1892 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | October 10, 1964 |
| Place of death | Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
http://wn.com/Eddie_Cantor
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cantor
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bessie Smith | |
|---|---|
 1936 photograph by Carl Van Vechten |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1894-04-15)April 15, 1894 Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States |
| Died | September 26, 1937(1937-09-26) (aged 43) Clarksdale, Mississippi, United States |
| Genres | Blues, Jazz |
| Occupations | Singer, actress |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1912–1937 |
| Labels | Columbia |
| Associated acts | Ma Rainey, Alberta Hunter, Ethel Waters |
Bessie Smith (April 15, 1894 – September 26, 1937) was an American blues singer.
Nicknamed The Empress of the Blues, Smith was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s.[1] She is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and, along with Louis Armstrong, a major influence on subsequent jazz vocalists.[2]
Contents |
Life[link]
The 1900 census indicates that Bessie Smith was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee in July 1892. However, the 1910 census recorded her birthday as April 15, 1894, a date that appears on all subsequent documents and was observed by the entire Smith family. Census data also contributes to controversy about the size of her family. The 1870 and 1880 censuses report three older half-siblings, while later interviews with Smith's family and contemporaries did not include these individuals among her siblings.
Bessie Smith was the daughter of Laura (née Owens) and William Smith. William Smith was a laborer and part-time Baptist preacher (he was listed in the 1870 census as a "minister of the gospel", in Moulton, Lawrence, Alabama.) He died before his daughter could remember him. By the time she was nine, she had lost her mother and a brother as well. Her older sister Viola took charge of caring for her siblings.[3]
To earn money for their impoverished household, Bessie Smith and her brother Andrew began busking on the streets of Chattanooga as a duo: she singing and dancing, he accompanying her on guitar. Their favorite location was in front of the White Elephant Saloon at Thirteenth and Elm streets in the heart of the city's African-American community.
In 1904, her oldest brother, Clarence, covertly left home by joining a small traveling troupe owned by Moses Stokes. "If Bessie had been old enough, she would have gone with him," said Clarence's widow, Maud. "That's why he left without telling her, but Clarence told me she was ready, even then. Of course, she was only a child."[4]
In 1912, Clarence returned to Chattanooga with the Stokes troupe. He arranged for its managers, Lonnie and Cora Fisher, to give Smith an audition. She was hired as a dancer rather than a singer, because the company also included the unknown singer, Ma Rainey. Smith eventually moved on to performing in various chorus lines, making the "81" Theater in Atlanta her home base. There were times when she worked in shows on the black-owned T.O.B.A Theater Owners Booking Association circuit. She would rise to become its biggest star after signing with Columbia Records.
By 1923, when she began her recording career, Smith had taken up residence in Philadelphia. There she met and fell in love with Jack Gee, a security guard whom she married on June 7, 1923, just as her first record was released. During the marriage—a stormy one, with infidelity on both sides—Smith became the highest paid black entertainer of the day, heading her own shows, which sometimes featured as many as 40 troupers, and touring in her own railroad car. Gee was impressed by the money, but never adjusted to show business life, or to Smith's bisexuality. In 1929, when she learned of his affair with another singer, Gertrude Saunders, Bessie Smith ended the relationship, although neither of them sought a divorce.
Smith eventually found a common-law husband in an old friend, Richard Morgan, who was Lionel Hampton's uncle and the antithesis of her husband. She stayed with him until her death.[5]
Career[link]
All contemporary accounts indicate that while Rainey did not teach Smith to sing, she probably helped her develop a stage presence.[6] Smith began forming her own act around 1913, at Atlanta's "81" Theater. By 1920, Smith had established a reputation in the South and along the Eastern Seaboard.
In 1920, sales figures for "Crazy Blues," an Okeh Records recording by singer Mamie Smith (no relation) pointed to a new market. The recording industry had not directed its product to blacks, but the success of the record led to a search for female blues singers. Bessie Smith was signed by Columbia Records in 1923 and her first session for Columbia was February 15, 1923. For most of 1923, her records were issued on Columbia's regular A- series; when the label decided to establish a "race records" series, Smith's "Cemetery Blues" (September 26, 1923) was the first issued.
She scored a big hit with her first release, a coupling of "Gulf Coast Blues" and "Downhearted Blues", which its composer Alberta Hunter had already turned into a hit on the Paramount label. Smith became a headliner on the black T.O.B.A. circuit and rose to become its top attraction in the 1920s.[7] Working a heavy theater schedule during the winter months and doing tent tours the rest of the year (eventually traveling in her own railroad car), Smith became the highest-paid black entertainer of her day.[8] Columbia nicknamed her "Queen of the Blues," but a PR-minded press soon upgraded her title to "Empress".
Smith was gifted with a powerfully strong voice that recorded very well from her first record, made during the time when recordings were made acoustically. With the coming of electrical recording (circa 1925), the sheer power of her voice was even more evident.
She made 160 recordings for Columbia, often accompanied by the finest musicians of the day, most notably Louis Armstrong, James P. Johnson, Joe Smith, Charlie Green and Fletcher Henderson.
Broadway[link]
Smith's career was cut short by a combination of the Great Depression,which nearly put the recording industry out of business, and the advent of "talkies", which spelled the end for vaudeville. She never stopped performing, however. While the days of elaborate vaudeville shows were over, Smith continued touring and occasionally singing in clubs. In 1929, she appeared in a Broadway flop called Pansy, a musical in which top critics said she was the only asset.
Film[link]
In 1929, Smith made her only film appearance, starring in a two-reeler titled St. Louis Blues, based on W. C. Handy's song of the same name. In the film, directed by Dudley Murphy and shot in Astoria, she sings the title song accompanied by members of Fletcher Henderson's orchestra, the Hall Johnson Choir, pianist James P. Johnson and a string section—a musical environment radically different from any found on her recordings.
Swing era[link]
In 1933, John Hammond, who also mentored Billie Holiday, asked Smith to record four sides for Okeh (which had been acquired by Columbia Records in 1925). He claimed to have found her in semi-obscurity, working as a hostess in a speakeasy on Philadelphia's Ridge Avenue.[9] Bessie Smith worked at Art's Cafe on Ridge Avenue, but not as a hostess and not until the summer of 1936. In 1933, when she made the Okeh sides, Bessie was still touring. Hammond was known for his selective memory and gratuitous embellishments.[10]
Bessie Smith was paid a non-royalty fee of $37.50 for each selection and these Okeh sides, which were her last recordings. Made November 24, 1933, they serve as a hint of the transformation she made in her performances as she shifted her blues artistry into something that fit the "swing era". The relatively modern accompaniment is notable. The band included such swing era musicians as trombonist Jack Teagarden, trumpeter Frankie Newton, tenor saxophonist Chu Berry, pianist Buck Washington, guitarist Bobby Johnson, and bassist Billy Taylor. Benny Goodman, who happened to be recording with Ethel Waters in the adjoining studio, dropped by and is barely audible on one selection. Hammond was not entirely pleased with the results, preferring to have Smith revisit her old blues groove. "Take Me for a Buggy Ride" and "Gimme a Pigfoot (And a Bottle of Beer)", both written by Wesley Wilson, continue to be ranked among her most popular recordings.[11] Billie Holiday, who credited Smith as her major influence along with Louis Armstrong, would go on to record her first record for Columbia three days later under the same band personnel.
Death[link]
On September 26, 1937, Smith was critically injured in a car accident while traveling along U.S. Route 61 between Memphis, Tennessee, and Clarksdale, Mississippi. Her lover, Richard Morgan, was driving and, probably mesmerized by the long stretch of straight road, misjudged the speed of a slow-moving truck ahead of him. Tire marks at the scene suggested that Morgan tried to avoid the truck by driving around its left side, but he hit the rear of the truck side-on at high speed. The tailgate of the truck sheared off the wooden roof of Smith's old Packard. Smith, who was in the passenger seat, probably with her right arm or elbow out the window, took the full brunt of the impact. Morgan escaped without injuries.
The first people on the scene were a Memphis surgeon, Dr. Hugh Smith (no relation), and his fishing partner Henry Broughton. In the early 1970s, Dr. Smith gave a detailed account of his experience to Bessie's biographer Chris Albertson. This is the most reliable eyewitness testimony about the events surrounding Bessie Smith's death.
After stopping at the accident scene, Dr. Smith examined Bessie Smith, who was lying in the middle of the road with obviously severe injuries. He estimated she had lost about a half-pint of blood, and immediately noted a major traumatic injury to her right arm; it had been almost completely severed at the elbow.[12] But Dr. Smith was emphatic that this arm injury alone did not cause her death. Although the light was poor, he observed only minor head injuries. He attributed her death to extensive and severe crush injuries to the entire right side of her body, consistent with a "sideswipe" collision.[13]
Broughton and Dr. Smith moved the singer to the shoulder of the road. Dr. Smith dressed her arm injury with a clean handkerchief and asked Broughton to go to a house about 500 feet off the road to call an ambulance.
By the time Broughton returned approximately 25 minutes later, Bessie Smith was in shock. Time passed with no sign of the ambulance, so Dr. Smith suggested that they take her into Clarksdale in his car. He and Broughton had almost finished clearing the back seat when they heard the sound of a car approaching at high speed. Dr. Smith flashed his lights in warning, but the oncoming car failed to stop and plowed into the doctor's car at full speed. It sent his car careering into Bessie Smith's overturned Packard, completely wrecking it. The oncoming car ricocheted off Dr. Smith's car into the ditch on the right, barely missing Broughton and Bessie Smith.[14]
The young couple in the new car did not have life-threatening injuries. Two ambulances arrived on the scene from Clarksdale; one from the black hospital, summoned by Mr. Broughton, the other from the white hospital, acting on a report from the truck driver, who had not seen the accident victims.
Bessie Smith was taken to Clarksdale's G.T. Thomas Afro-American Hospital, where her right arm was amputated. She died that morning without regaining consciousness. After Smith's death, an often repeated but now discredited story emerged about the circumstances; namely, that she had died as a result of having been refused admission to a "whites only" hospital in Clarksdale. Jazz writer/producer John Hammond gave this account in an article in the November 1937 issue of Down Beat magazine. The circumstances of Smith's death and the rumor promoted by Hammond formed the basis for Edward Albee's 1959 one-act play The Death of Bessie Smith.[15]
"The Bessie Smith ambulance would not have gone to a white hospital, you can forget that." Dr. Smith told Albertson. "Down in the Deep South cotton country, no ambulance driver, or white driver, would even have thought of putting a colored person off in a hospital for white folks."[16]
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Smith's funeral was held in Philadelphia on Monday, October 4, 1937. Her body was originally laid out at Upshur's funeral home. As word of her death spread through Philadelphia's black community, the body had to be moved to the O.V. Catto Elks Lodge to accommodate the estimated 10,000 mourners who filed past her coffin on Sunday, October 3.[17] Contemporary newspapers reported that her funeral was attended by about seven thousand people. Far fewer mourners attended the burial at Mount Lawn Cemetery, in nearby Sharon Hill. Gee thwarted all efforts to purchase a stone for his estranged wife, once or twice pocketing money raised for that purpose.[18]
The grave remained unmarked until August 7, 1970, when a tombstone—paid for by singer Janis Joplin and Juanita Green, who as a child had done housework for Smith—was erected.[19]
Dory Previn wrote a song of Janis Joplin and the tombstone called "Stone for Bessie Smith" on her album Mythical Kings and Iguanas.
The Afro-American Hospital, now the Riverside Hotel in Clarksdale, was the site of the dedication of the fourth historic marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail.[20]
Selective awards and recognitions[link]
Grammy Hall of Fame[link]
Recordings of Bessie Smith were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. This special Grammy Award was established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."
| Bessie Smith: Grammy Hall of Fame Award[21] | ||||
| Year Recorded | Title | Genre | Label | Year Inducted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1923 | "Downhearted Blues" | Blues (Single) | Columbia | 2006 |
| 1925 | "St. Louis Blues" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 1993 |
| 1928 | "Empty Bed Blues" | Blues (Single) | Columbia | 1983 |
National Recording Registry[link]
In 2002 Smith's recording of the single, "Downhearted Blues", was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry.[22] The board selects songs on an annual basis that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[23]
"Downhearted Blues" was included in the list of Songs of the Century by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts in 2001. It is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock 'n' roll.[24]
Inductions[link]
| Year Inducted | Category | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame | Jazz at Lincoln Center, NYC | ||
| 1989 | Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award | |||
| 1989 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | "Early influences" | ||
| 1981 | Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame | |||
| 1980 | Blues Hall of Fame | |||
U.S. Postage Stamp
| Year Issued | Stamp | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | 29 cents Commemorative stamp | U.S. Postal Stamps | |
Digital remastering[link]
Technical faults in the majority of her original gramophone recordings—especially variations in recording speed, which raised or lowered the apparent pitch of her voice, misrepresented the "light and shade" of her phrasing, interpretation and delivery. They altered the apparent key of her performances (sometimes raised or lowered by as much as a semitone.) The fact that the "centre hole" in some of the master recordings had not been in the true middle of the master disc meant that there were wide variations in tone, pitch, key and phrasing, as commercially released records revolved around the spindle.
Given those historic limitations, the current digitally remastered versions of her work deliver significant, very positive differences in the sound quality of Smith's performances. Some critics believe that the American Columbia Records compact disc releases are somewhat inferior to subsequent transfers made by the late John R.T. Davies for Frog Records.[citation needed]
Popular culture[link]
- The 1948 short story "Blue Melody" by J.D. Salinger and the 1959 play The Death of Bessie Smith by Edward Albee both deal with Smith's death.
- Jack Peñate's song 'Learning Lines' off his first album refers to 'Bessie Smith, sings the blues' in its chorus.
References[link]
- ^ Jasen, David A.; Gene Jones (September 1998). Spreadin' Rhythm Around: Black Popular Songwriters, 1880–1930. Schirmer Books. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-02-864742-5.
- ^ Bessie Smith at sparknotes.com
- ^ Albertson. Bessie (Revised and Expanded Edition), Yale University Press (New Haven), 2003. ISBN 0-300-09902-9.
- ^ Albertson, 2003, page 11.
- ^ Albertson, 2003.
- ^ Albertson, 2003, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Oliver, Paul. "Bessie Smith", in Kernfeld, Barry. ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, 2nd Edition, Vol. 3. London: MacMillan, 2002. p. 604.
- ^ Albertson, 2003, pp. 80.
- ^ Hammond, "John Hammond On Record", p. 120.
- ^ Albertson, Bessie, pp. 224–225.
- ^ Albertson. Bessie (Revised and Expanded Edition), Yale University Press (New Haven), 2003. ISBN 0-300-09902-9
- ^ "Blues Legend Bessie Smith Dead 50 Years". Schenectady Gazette. 26 September 1987. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a2VGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-ecMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1073,6477849&dq=theater+owners+booking+association&hl=en. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
- ^ Chris Albertson: Bessie: Empress of the Blues (Sphere Books, London, 1972) ISBN 0-300-09902-9), pp. 192–195
- ^ Chris Albertson: Bessie: Empress of the Blues (Sphere Books, London, 1972) ISBN 0-300-09902-9), p.195
- ^ Love, Spencie (1997). One Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 67. ISBN 978-0-8078-4682-7. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J-F3sSgLA_AC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=G.T.+Thomas+Hospital+clarksdale&source=bl&ots=pgJluPHI-I&sig=u-jPmqmQcCjPXplUvWnnIEvppak&hl=en&ei=Hi2rToCWH4mw8gOLiIygCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=G.T.%20Thomas%20Hospital%20clarksdale&f=false.
- ^ Chris Albertson: Bessie: Empress of the Blues (Sphere Books, London, 1972) ISBN 0-300-09902-9), p.196
- ^ Chris Albertson, Bessie: Empress of the Blues (Sphere Books, London, 1975, ISBN 0-349-10054-3)
- ^ Albertson, Bessie, pp. 2–5 and 277.
- ^ Albertson, Bessie, p. 277.
- ^ "Historical marker placed on Mississippi Blues Trail". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. January 25, 2007. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07025/756420-37.stm. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Database
- ^ 2002 Registry choices
- ^ Librarian of Congress Names 50 Sound Recordings to the Inaugural National Recording Registry
- ^ 500 Songs That Shaped Rock
Further reading[link]
- Albertson, Chris, Liner notes, Bessie Smith: The Complete Recordings, Volumes 1 – 5, Sony Music Entertainment, 1991.
- Albertson, Chris, Bessie (Revised and Expanded Edition), Yale University Press (New Haven), 2003. ISBN 0-300-09902-9.
- Barnet, Andrea (2004). All-Night Party: The Women of Bohemian Greenwich Village and Harlem, 1913–1930. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books. ISBN 1-56512-381-6.
- Brooks, Edward, The Bessie Smith Companion: A Critical and Detailed Appreciation of the Recordings, Da Capo Press (New York), 1982. ISBN 0-306-76202-1.
- Davis, Angela Y., Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday, Pantheon Books (New York), 1998. ISBN 0-679-45005-X.
- Eberhardt, Clifford, Out of Chattanooga, Ebco (Chattanooga), 1994.
- Feinstein, Elaine, Bessie Smith, Viking (New York), 1985, ISBN 0-670-80642-0.
- Grimes, Sara, Backwaterblues: In Search of Bessie Smith, Rose Island Pub. (Amherst), 2000, ISBN 0-9707089-0-4.
- Kay, Jackie, Bessie Smith, Absolute (New York), 1997. ISBN 1-899791-55-8.
- Manera, Alexandria, Bessie Smith, Raintree (Chicago), 2003. ISBN 0-7398-6875-6.
- Martin, Florence, Bessie Smith, Editions du Limon (Paris), 1994. ISBN 2-907224-31-X.
- Oliver, Paul, Bessie Smith, Cassell (London), 1959.
- Palmer, Tony, All You Need is Love: The Story of Popular Music, Grossman Publishers/Viking Press (New York), 1976. ISBN 0-670-11448-0.
- Welding, Pete; Byron, Tony (eds.), Bluesland: Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters, Dutton (New York), 1991. ISBN 0-525-93375-1.
External links[link]
- Interview with Bessie Smith biographer Chris Albertson
- Bessie Smith at Find A Grave Memorial
- Bessie Smith discography at Discogs
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Smith, Bessie |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American blues singer |
| Date of birth | April 15, 1894 |
| Place of birth | Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States |
| Date of death | September 26, 1937 |
| Place of death | Clarksdale, Mississippi, United States |
http://wn.com/Bessie_Smith
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Smith
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Patrick Moore, see Patrick Moore (disambiguation).
| Sir Patrick Moore CBE, FRS, FRAS |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore (1923-03-04) 4 March 1923 (age 89)[1] Pinner, Middlesex, England |
| Occupation | Writer, broadcaster and astronomer |
| Television | The Sky at Night |
| Political party | United Country Party (dissolved 1980) |
| Website | |
| sirpatrickmoore.com/biography/ | |
Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore, CBE, FRS, FRAS (born 4 March 1923) is a British amateur astronomer who has attained prominent status in astronomy as a writer, researcher, radio commentator and television presenter, and who is credited as having done more than any other person to raise the profile of astronomy among the British general public.[citation needed]
He is a former president of the British Astronomical Association, co-founder and former president of the Society for Popular Astronomy (SPA), author of over 70 books on astronomy, and presenter of the world's longest-running television series with the same original presenter, The Sky at Night on the BBC. As an amateur astronomer, he became known as a specialist on observing the Moon and creating the Caldwell catalogue. Idiosyncrasies such as his rapid diction and monocle have made him a popular and instantly recognisable figure on British television.
Moore is also a self-taught xylophone and piano player and an accomplished composer, and a former amateur cricketer, golfer, and chess player. In addition to his many popular science books, he has written numerous works of fiction, and was the presenter of the 1990s TV series GamesMaster. An opponent of fox hunting, he is an outspoken critic of the European Union, and served as chairman of the short-lived anti-immigration United Country Party. He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II; his fiancée was killed during the war and he has never married or had children.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Moore was born in Pinner in Middlesex on 4 March 1923 to Captain Charles Trachsel Caldwell-Moore MC (died 1947[2]) and Gertrude, née White (died 1981[2]) and moved to Bognor Regis, and later East Grinstead (both in Sussex), where he spent his childhood.[1] His youth was marked by heart problems, which left him in poor health, and as a result he was educated at home by private tutors.[1] He developed an interest in astronomy at the age of six[3] and joined the British Astronomical Association at the age of eleven.[4] He was invited to run a small observatory in East Grinstead at the age of fourteen, after his mentor – the man who ran the observatory – was killed in a road accident.[5] At the age of sixteen he began wearing a monocle – an unusual step for a young man even in 1939 – after an oculist told him his right eye was weaker than his left eye.[6] Three years later, he began wearing a full set of dentures.[7]
Moore lied about his age in order to join the RAF and fight in World War II at the age of sixteen,[8] and from 1940 until 1945 he served as a navigator in RAF Bomber Command, reaching the rank of Flight lieutenant. He first received his flying training in Canada, during which time he met Albert Einstein and Orville Wright while on leave in New York.[9] The war had a significant influence on his life: his only romance ended when his fiancée, a nurse called Lorna, was killed by a bomb which struck her ambulance. Moore subsequently remarked that he never married because "there was no one else for me...second best is no good for me...I would have liked a wife and family, but it was not to be."[10] In his autobiography he stated that after sixty years he still thought about her, and that because of her death "if I saw the entire German nation sinking into the sea, I could be relied upon to help push it down."[11]
Moore stated that he was "exceptionally close" to his mother Gertrude,[2] a talented artist who lived with him at his Selsey home, which is still adorned with her paintings of "bogeys" – little friendly aliens – which she regularly produced and which were sent out annually as Moore's Christmas cards.[12] Moore wrote the foreword for Gertrude's 1974 book Mrs Moore In Space.[13]
Career in astronomy[link]
After the war, Moore rejected a government grant to study at Cambridge University, citing a wish to "stand on my own two feet".[4] He wrote his first book in 1952, Guide to the Moon (later retitled Patrick Moore on the Moon), which was published a year later.[4] He wrote it on a 1908 Woodstock typewriter, which he continued to use in writing every book of his career.[11] He also began teaching, first in Woking and then at Holmewood House School in Langton Green.[14] His second book was a translation of a work of French astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs (Moore speaks fluent French).[15] After writing his second original science book, Guide to the Planets, he penned his first work of fiction, entitled The Master of the Moon.[16] This was the first of numerous young-adult fiction books based on space adventures (including the late 1970s series the Scott Saunders Space Adventure); he did write a more adult novel as well as a farce novel titled Ancient Lights, though he did not wish to find a publisher for either work.[17]
During his time as a teacher at Holmewood he set up at his home a 12 ½ inch reflector telescope, which he kept with him into his old age.[5] He developed a particular interest in the Moon, particularly the far side, a small part of which is visible from Earth as a result of the Moon's libration; the Moon has remained his specialist subject all through his life.[5] He named the Mare Orientale (Eastern Sea) in 1946,[18] along with H P Wilkins, though German astronomer Julius Heinrich Franz has also been credited with the discovery.[19] Moore was also credited with the discovery of the transient lunar phenomenon, describing the short-lived glowing areas on the lunar surface in 1968.[18]
He made his first television appearance in a debate over the existence of flying saucers following a spate of sightings in the 1950s; Moore argued against Lord Dowding and a few other UFO proponents.[20] Following this, he was invited to present a live astronomy programme; he later noted that the greatest difficulty was in settling on an appropriate theme tune, Jean Sibelius' Pelléas et Mélisande was eventually chosen, and remained a key part of the show throughout its existence.[21] The name of the show was originally planned to be Star Map, before The Sky at Night was thought of as a better enticement in the Radio Times.[21] On 26 April 1957, at 10:30 pm, Moore presented the first episode of The Sky at Night, which was about the Comet Arend–Roland.[21] The show was pitched to casual viewers up to professional astronomers, in a format which has remained consistent since its inception.[22] Moore has presented every episode each month, except July 2004, when he was replaced by Chris Lintott because Moore suffered a near-fatal bout of food poisoning caused by eating a contaminated goose egg.[23] Moore appears in the Guinness World Records book as the world's longest-serving TV presenter, by virtue of having presented the show since 1957. Since 2004, the programme has been presented from Moore's home, as he is no longer able to travel to the studios, owing to arthritis. Over the years he received many more financially lucrative offers to take his programme onto other networks, but has rejected them because he holds a 'gentlemen's agreement' with the BBC.[24]
One of the highlights of the series came in 1959, when as a reward for his assistance in mapping the Lunar surface the Russians allowed Moore to be the first Westerner to see the photographic results of the Luna 3 probe, and to show them live on air.[25] Less successful was the transmission of the Luna 4 probe, which ran into technical difficulties – it was also around this time that Moore famously swallowed a large fly that flew into his mouth; both episodes were live and so Moore had to continue on regardless.[26] He was later invited to visit the Soviet Union, where he met Yuri Gagarin, the first man to journey into outer space.[27] For the fiftieth episode of Sky at Night, broadcast September 1961, Moore became the first person ever to show a live broadcast of a direct telescope view of a planet; the result was another unintended 'comedy episode', as cloud obscured all view of outer space.[28]
In 1965, he was appointed Director of the newly constructed Armagh Planetarium in Northern Ireland, a post he held until 1968.[29] His stay outside England would be short partly because of the beginning of the The Troubles, a dispute Moore wanted no part of.[30] He was appointed Armagh County secretary for the Scout movement, but resigned after he was told not to allow Catholics.[31] In developing the Planetarium, Moore travelled to Japan to secure a Goto Mars projector.[32] He also helped with the redevelopment of the Birr Telescope south of the border.[33] Later on he was also a key figure in the development of the Herschel Museum of Astronomy in Bath.[34]
In June 1968 he returned to England, settling in his current home in Selsey after resigning his post in Armagh.[35] During the Apollo programme, Moore was a presenter of the Apollo 8 mission, stating that "this is one of the great moments of human history", only to have his broadcast interrupted by a showing of Jackanory.[36] He was also a presenter of the Apollo 9 and Apollo 10 mission, and was co-presenter along with James Burke, of the BBC's television's coverage of the Moon landing missions.[36] Moore does not remember his words at "The Eagle Has Landed" moment, and the BBC lost all the tapes of the broadcast.[37] He continued to present Apollo missions 12 through 17.[38]
He was elected as a member of the International Astronomical Union in 1966;[39][40] having twice edited the Union's General Assembly newsletters he remains the only amateur astronomer to be a member of the IAU.[41] He attempted to establish an International Union of Amateur Astronomers, though this venture failed due to lack of interest.[42] During the 1970s and 80s, he reported on the Voyager and Pioneer programes, often from NASA headquarters.[43] During this time he became increasingly annoyed by conspiracy theorists asking ludicrous questions, as well as by reporters who often asked him questions such as "Why waste money on space research when there is so much to be done here?"; he later said then when asked these type of questions "I know that I'm dealing with an idiot."[44] Another question that annoys him is "what is the difference between astronomy and astrology?"[45] Despite this he always made a point of responding to all letters delivered to his house, and he sent a variety of standard replies to all letters asking basic questions, as well as those from conspiracy theorists, proponents of hunting and 'cranks'.[46] Despite his fame, as of 2003 his phone number was listed in the telephone directory and he was happy to show members of the public round his observatory.[47]
He compiled the Caldwell catalogue of astronomical objects and in 1982, asteroid 2602 Moore was named in his honour.[48] In February 1986 he presented a special Sky at Night episode on the approach of Halley's Comet, though he later stated that the BBC's better-funded Horizon team "made a complete hash of the programme."[49] In January 1998, part of Moore's observatory in his garden was destroyed by a tornado, which passed through the area; the observatory was subsequently rebuilt.[50] Moore campaigned unsuccessfully against the closure of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in 1998.[51] One of Moore's favourite type of The Sky at Night episodes have been those that focus on an eclipse, and he has stated that "there is nothing in nature to match the glory of a total eclipse of the Sun."[52] Moore was the BBC's presenter for the total eclipse in England in 1999 (the next such event will occur in 2090), though the view he and his team had from Cornwall was completely obscured by cloud.[53] Moore was the patron for the South Downs Planetarium & Science Centre, which was opened in 2001.[54]
On 1 April 2007, a 50th anniversary semi-spoof edition of the programme was broadcast on BBC One, with Moore depicted as a Time Lord and featuring, as special guests, amateur astronomers Jon Culshaw (impersonating Moore presenting the very first The Sky at Night) and Brian May. On 6 May 2007, a special edition of The Sky at Night was broadcast on BBC One, to commemorate the programme's 50th anniversary, with a party in Moore's garden at Selsey, attended by amateur and professional astronomers. Moore celebrated the record breaking 700th episode of The Sky at Night at his home in Sussex on 6 March 2011. He presented with the help of special guests Professor Brian Cox, Jon Culshaw and Lord Rees, the Astronomer Royal.
It was reported in January 2012 that because of arthritis and the effects of an old spinal injury he was no longer able to operate a telescope. However he was still able to present The Sky at Night from his home.[55]
Activism and political beliefs[link]
Moore is noted for his conservative political views. In the 1970s, he was Chairman of the anti-immigration United Country Party, a position he held until the party was absorbed by the New Britain Party in 1980. He campaigned for Edmund Iremonger in 1979, as both men agreed that the French and Germans were not to be trusted.[56] Iremonger and Moore gave up political campaigning after deciding that they were Thatcherites.[56] Moore later campaigned on behalf of Douglas Denny (UKIP) for the Chichester constituency in 2001.[57] A Tory voter for many years, he now remains a supporter and patron of the eurosceptic UK Independence Party.[58] He briefly supported the Liberal Party in the 1950s, though condemned the Liberal Democrats, stating that he believed they could alter their position radically and "would happily join up with the BNP or the Socialist Workers Party... if [by doing so] they could win a few extra votes."[57] He has also stated his admiration for the Official Monster Raving Loony Party,[59] and wrote in his autobiography that Liechtenstein had the best political system in the world.[60] Moore was a critic of George W. Bush's Iraq War,[61] and has stated that "the world was a safer place when Ronald Reagan was in the White House".[62]
Proudly declaring himself to be English (rather than British) with "not the slightest wish to integrate with anybody".[59] Moore denies being ultra-right despite asking "can anyone please tell me where he [Enoch Powell] went wrong?",[63] citing his opposition to blood sports and capital punishment.[59] He devoted an entire chapter ("The Weak Arm of the Law") of his autobiography to denouncing modern British society, particularly "motorist-hunting" policemen, sentencing policy, as well as the Race Relations Act, Sex Discrimination Act and the "Thought Police / Politically Correct Brigade".[64] He later wrote that "homosexuals are mainly responsible for the spreading of AIDS (the Garden of Eden is home of Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve)".[65]
In an interview with Radio Times, he provocatively asserted that the BBC was being "ruined by women", commenting that: "The trouble is that the BBC now is run by women and it shows: soap operas, cooking, quizzes, kitchen-sink plays. You wouldn’t have had that in the golden days." In response, a BBC spokeswoman described Moore as being one of TV's best-loved figures and remarked that his "forthright" views were "what we all love about him".[66] In his June 2002 appearance on Room 101 he banished female news readers into Room 101.[67]
"I may be accused of being a dinosaur, but I would remind you that dinosaurs ruled the Earth for a very long time."—Moore responds to those who criticise his Euro-sceptic and right-wing beliefs.[68]
He is an opponent of fox hunting and blood sports.[69] Though not a vegetarian, he has stated that he holds "a deep contempt for people who go out to kill merely to amuse themselves."[70] He has been a lifelong animal lover, actively supporting many animal welfare charities (particularly Cats Protection). He has a particular affinity for cats and has stated that "a catless house is a soulless house".[71]
Other interests and popular culture[link]
Because of his long-running television career and eccentric demeanour, Moore is widely recognised and has become a popular public figure. In 1976, this was used to good effect for an April Fool's spoof on BBC Radio 2, when Moore announced that at 9.47 am, a once-in-a-lifetime astronomical event was going to occur that meant that if listeners could jump at the exact moment of an imminent celestial event they would experience a temporary floating sensation.[72] The BBC received many telephone calls from listeners alleging that they actually experienced the sensation.[72] He also was a key figure in the establishment of the International Birdman event in Bognor Regis, which was initially held in Selsey.[73]
Aside from presenting The Sky at Night, Moore has appeared in a number of other television and radio shows, including Just a Minute and, from 1992 until 1998, playing the role of GamesMaster in the television show of the same name: a character who professed to know everything there is to know about video gaming.[74] He would issue video game challenges and answer questions on cheats and tips presented in the Consoletation Zone.
Moore also was a keen amateur actor, appearing regularly in local plays.[75] He also appeared in self-parodying roles, in several episodes of The Goodies and on the Morecambe and Wise show, and also broadcast with Kenneth Horne only a few days before Horne's death.[76] He had a minor role in the fourth radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and a lead role in the Radio 1 sci-fi BBC/20th Century Fox radio play, Independence Day UK in which amongst other things, Moore fills in as a Navigator. He also appeared in It's a Celebrity Knockout, Blankety Blank and Face the Music. He has appeared on television at least once in a film prop space suit. He has also appeared as himself in the Doctor Who story The Eleventh Hour.
A keen amateur chess player, Moore often carries a pocket set around with him and has been honoured with the title of Vice President of Sussex Junior Chess Association.[77] In 2003, he presented Sussex Junior David Howell with the best young chess player award on Carlton Television's Britain's Brilliant Prodigies show. Moore himself had represented Sussex in his youth.[27]
Moore was also an enthusiastic amateur cricketer, playing for the Selsey Cricket Club well into his seventies.[78] He also played for the Lord's Taverners, a cricketing charity team, as a bowler with an unorthodox action. Though an accomplished leg spin bowler, he was an 11th order batter and a poor fielder.[79] The jacket notes to his 1960s book "Suns, Myths and Men" state that his hobbies include "chess, which he plays with a peculiar leg-spin, and cricket." He also played golf, and won a Pro-Am competition in Southampton in 1975.[80]
Until being forced to give up owing to arthritis, Moore was a keen musician and accomplished xylophone player, having first played the instrument at the age of thirteen.[81] He has composed a substantial corpus of works, including two operettas.[82] Moore has also had a ballet entitled 'Lyra's Dream' written to his music. He once performed at a Royal Command Performance, and has also performed a duet with Evelyn Glennie.[83] In 1998, as a guest on Have I Got News For You, he accompanied the show's closing theme tune on the xylophone and as a pianist, he once accompanied Albert Einstein playing The Swan by Camille Saint-Saëns on the violin (of which no recording was made).[84] In 1981 he performed a solo xylophone rendition of the Sex Pistols' "Anarchy in the U.K." in a Royal Variety Performance.[85]
On 7 March 2006 he was hospitalised and fitted with a pacemaker because of a cardiac abnormality.[86] Before such health problems he was an extensive traveller, and has set foot on all seven continents, (including Antarctica); he has stated that his favourite two countries were Iceland and Norway.[87]
He is a friend of Queen guitarist and astrophysicist Brian May, who is an occasional guest on The Sky at Night.[88] The pair have co-authored a book with Chris Lintott, entitled Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. In February 2011, Moore completed (with Robin Rees and Iain Nicolson) his comprehensive Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy for Cambridge University Press. In addition he wrote Bureaucrats: How to Annoy Them under the pseudonym R. T. Fishall, which was published by Sidgwick & Jackson in 1981.[89] In 1986 he was identified as the co-author of a book published in 1954 called Flying Saucer from Mars, attributed to Cedric Allingham, which was intended as a practical joke on UFO believers;[90] Moore has never admitted his involvement. He once joined the Flat Earth Society as an ironic joke.[91]
Honours and appointments[link]
In 1945, Moore was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1968, he was appointed OBE and promoted to CBE in 1988. In 1999 Moore became the Honorary President of the East Sussex Astronomical Society, a position which he still holds. In 2001, he was knighted for "services to the popularisation of science and to broadcasting".[92] In the same year, he was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, allowing him to use the letters FRS after his name.[93] In June 2002, he was appointed as Hon. Vice President of the Society for the History of Astronomy. Also in 2002, Buzz Aldrin presented Moore a BAFTA for services to television.[94]
Bibliography[link]
Moore has written a large number of popular books. The website Astronomy Now Online estimates that Moore has published over a thousand books on popular science, including all known editions and reprints.[95] The list below is therefore not exhaustive:
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See also[link]
- Jack Horkheimer (American counterpart)
References[link]
- Specific
- ^ a b c Moore 2003, p. 1
- ^ a b c Moore 2003, p. 4
- ^ Moore, Patrick (1997). Exploring the night sky with binoculars. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 1-85361-447-5.
- ^ a b c Moore 2003, p. 3
- ^ a b c Moore 2003, p. 12
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 35
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 60
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 2
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 30
- ^ "Why Patrick Moore is married to the Moon". This is London article. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-23380963-details/Why+Patrick+Moore+is+married+to+the+Moon/article.do. Retrieved 2007-04-03. [dead link]
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 5
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 242
- ^ Moore, Gertrude L. (1974), Mrs Moore In Space, Cassell and Co Ltd, ISBN 0-304-29426-8
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 6
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 15
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 16
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 18
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 14
- ^ "Who Discovered Orientale?". Ipod.org. http://www.lpod.org/ots//index.php?p=63. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 21
- ^ a b c Moore 2003, p. 23
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 24
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 257
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 28
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 39
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 40
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 41
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 42
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 54
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 56
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 57
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 58
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 61
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 113
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 62
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 67
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 69
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 70
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 151
- ^ "Individual Membership" (PDF). International Astronomical Union. 2011. http://www.iau.org/static/membership/ind_memb_nat_memb.pdf. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 166
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 154
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 140
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 145
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 155
- ^ Moore 2003, pp. 189–92
- ^ Moore 2003, pp. 194–98
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 101
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 119
- ^ "Town picks up the pieces after tornado". BBC News website. 9 January 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/45580.stm. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
- ^ Moore 2003, pp. 175–86
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 121
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 139
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 260
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/9034627/Sir-Patrick-Moore-I-cant-operate-my-telescope-anymore.html Sir Patrick Moore Daily Telegraph report 24 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 167
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 168
- ^ "UKIP Dorset Party Patrons Page". Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070206150349/http://www.ukipdorset.org/patron.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ a b c Moore 2003, p. 169
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 171
- ^ "Interviews: Patrick Moore". b3ta. http://www.b3ta.com/interview/patrickmoore/. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 172
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 170
- ^ Moore 2003, pp. 197–201
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 223
- ^ The BBC is being ruined by women, says Patrick Moore, Adam Sherwin, Times Online, 8 May 2007.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 253
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 173
- ^ "Patrick Moore attacks hunting law". BBC News. 11 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7936812.stm. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 86
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 244
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 252
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 254
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 188
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 246
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 247
- ^ Herbert Scarry. "Sussex v. Ireland Junior Match 2002". The Irish Chess Union. http://www.icu.ie/articles/display.php?id=123. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- ^ Byrnes, Sholto (28 February 2005). "Patrick Moore: Life on Earth". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/sir-patrick-moore-in-tune-with-music-of-the-spheres-2198463.html?origin=internalSearch. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 78
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 81
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 103
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 108
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 107
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 31
- ^ The Daily Telegraph – 21 August 1981, pg 21, "Xy-Moore-phone"
- ^ "Pacemaker for Sir Patrick Moore - March 8, 2006". BBC News. 8 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4785340.stm. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ Moore 2003, pp. 202–218
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 249
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 220
- ^ Allan, C. and Campbell, S. Flying Saucer from Moore's?, Magonia v. 23 (July 1986): 15-18
- ^ "The Flat Earth and its Advocates: A List of References". Library of Congress Science Reference Guides. http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/flatearth.html. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
- ^ "2001 New Year's Honours List on news.bbc.co.uk". BBC News. 30 December 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/new_year_honours_2000/1092601.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 258
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 72
- ^ "Patrick Moore's Bibliography". astronomynow.com. 29 July 2011. http://www.astronomynow.com/mag/1007/PatrickMooreBooks.html. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- General
- Moore, Patrick (2003), The Autobiography, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7472-6427-9
External links[link]
- Biography at the BBC website
- Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Brian May, Patrick Moore and Chris Lintott
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Moore, Patrick |
| Alternative names | Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore |
| Short description | Writer, broadcaster and astronomer |
| Date of birth | 4 March 1923 |
| Place of birth | Pinner, Middlesex, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Patrick_Moore
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
