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- Anarchists
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Argenteuil
Coordinates: 48°57′00″N 2°15′00″E / 48.9500°N 2.2500°E / 48.9500; 2.2500
Argenteuil (French pronunciation: [aʁʒɑ̃tœj]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.3 km (7.6 mi) from the center of Paris. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil.
Argenteuil is the second most populous commune in the suburbs of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt) and the most populous one in the Val-d'Oise department, although it is not its prefecture, which is shared between the communes of Cergy and Pontoise.
The name Argenteuil is recorded for the first time in a royal charter of 697 as Argentoialum, from a Latin/Gaulish root argento meaning "silver", "silvery", "shiny", perhaps in reference to the gleaming surface of the river Seine, on the banks of which Argenteuil is located, and from a Celtic suffix -ialo meaning "clearing, glade" or "place of".
Argenteuil was founded as a convent in the 7th century (→ Pierre Abélard, Convent of Argenteuil). The monastery that arose from the convent was destroyed during the French Revolution.
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Barcelona
Barcelona (English /bɑrsɨˈloʊnə/, Catalan: [bərsəˈɫonə], Spanish: [barθeˈlona]) is the capital of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of 101.4 km2 (39 sq mi). The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km2 (310 sq mi), being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, Madrid and Milan. About five million people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the main component of an administrative area of Greater Barcelona, with a population of 3,218,071 in an area of 636 km² (density 5,060 hab/km²). It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge (512 m/1,680 ft).
Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon, Barcelona became one of the most important cities of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona. The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions, including the 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona, the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition (Expo 1929), the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures, and the 2004 World Urban Forum.
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Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Catalonia
Catalonia (English /kætəˈloʊniə/, /kætəˈloʊnjə/; Catalan: Catalunya [kətəˈɫuɲə] or [kataˈluɲa]; Spanish: Cataluña [kataˈluɲa]; Occitan: Catalonha [kataˈluɲɔ]) is an autonomous region of Spain in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula, with the official status of a "nationality". Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona which is the second largest Spanish city by population after Madrid. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an official population of 7,535,251. Its borders essentially reflect those of the former Principality of Catalonia. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east (580 km coastline). The official languages are Catalan, Spanish and Aranese (Occitan).
The name Catalunya (Catalonia) began to be used in the late 11th century in reference to the group of counties that comprised the Marca Hispanica. The origin of the term is subject to diverse interpretations. A theory suggests that Catalunya derives from the term "Land of Castles", having evolved from the term castlà, the ruler of a castle (see castellan). This theory therefore suggests that the names Castile and Catalonia have the same etymology.
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Essonne
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo, the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
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France
France (English
i/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Francoist Spain
Francoist Spain refers to a period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975 when Spain was under the authoritarian dictatorship of Francisco Franco.
The regime was formed on 1 October 1936[citation needed] by Francisco Franco and the National Defense Committee (a faction of the Spanish army rebelling against the Republic). The regime was entrenched upon the victory in the Spanish Civil War, which the regime called the Guerra de Liberación Nacional, of the rebel Nacionales coalition. Besides the internal support, Franco's rebellion had been backed from abroad by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, while the Second Spanish Republic was backed by the Stalinist Soviet Union and Mexico.
At the end of the Spanish Civil War, according to the calculations of the regime, there were more than 270,000 men and women held in the regime's prisons and some 500,000 fled into exile. Large numbers of those captured were returned to Spain or interned in Nazi concentration camps as stateless enemies. Between six and seven thousand exiles from Spain died in Mauthausen. It has been estimated that more than 200,000 Spaniards died in the first years of the dictatorship, from 1940–42, as a result of political repression, hunger and disease related to the conflict.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Arnaud Montebourg
Arnaud Montebourg (born October 30, 1962, in Clamecy, Nièvre) is a French politician, and a deputy of the fifth district of Saône-et-Loire to the French National Assembly for the Socialist Party. He has also been elected president of the local assembly of Saône et Loire after local elections in 2008. Montebourg was also candidate to the socialist presidential primary of 2011.
He has been named France's Minister of Industrial Renewal in the New French government appointed under Prime Minister of France Jean-Marc Ayrault in May 16, 2012.
He is the son of Michel Montebourg, a civil servant employed in the Ministry of Economy and Finances, and Leïla Ould Cadi, a professor of Algerian descent, who was born to a family of Wālis from Hachem, northern Algeria.
Arnaud Montebourg became an attorney following university. Together with the notable attorney Thierry Levy, he defended Christian Didier, charged in the 1994 slaying of René Bousquet. The former Vichy official had been indicted for war crimes and was soon to be tried. Didier was convicted in 1995 and received a 10-year sentence.
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Aurelio Galfetti
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Aurélie Filippetti
Aurélie Filippetti (born June 17, 1973, in Villerupt) is a French politician and novelist of Italian descent. Her family originates from Gualdo, Umbria. Since 16 May 2012, she is Minister of Culture and Communication in the government of François Hollande.
Her first novel Les derniers jours de la classe Ouvrière (The Lasts Days of the Working Class), published by Stock in 2003, has been translated into several languages. In 2003, Filippetti wrote the script for the theatre production Fragments d'humanité. She was a delegate of the French Greens for the Paris municipality and acted as the technical adviser for the Minister of the Environment, Yves Cochet, from 2001 to 2002.
In 2008, Filippetti said she was groped by International Monetary Fund chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn and stated she would “forever make sure” she was never “alone in a room with him.”
She is member of the National Assembly of France, representing the Moselle département, and is a member of the Socialist Party.
She is an alumnus of the elite École normale supérieure de Fontenay–Saint-Cloud, she received an agrégation in Classic Literature.
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Cecilia Malmström
Anna Cecilia Malmström (born 15 May 1968) is a Swedish politician currently serving as European Commissioner for Home Affairs in the Barroso Commission. Prior to her appointment as commissioner, she had served as a Member of the European Parliament 1999–2006 and as Swedish Minister for European Union Affairs 2006–2010. She is a member of the Liberal People's Party, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.
Malmström was born in Brännkyrka församling in Stockholm but grew up in Gothenburg and in France (where she studied literature in 1987 at the University of Paris. She has also worked at Stuttgart and Barcelona. She currently resides in Lindholmen, Gothenburg, with her husband and twins. She speaks Swedish, English, Catalan, Spanish and French fluently, and a good standard German and Italian.
Malmström was a student at Gothenburg University from 1992 to 1999: assistant researcher (1994); PhD in political science with thesis titled The Region, Power and Glory: Regional Parties in Western Europe (1998); Lecturer at the Department of Government (1998–99). She has researched and taught in European politics, regionalism, immigration, and terrorism. Malmström has been a member of the Liberal Party since the late 1980s, sitting as party executive since 1997, and was a member of in the Västra Götaland Regional Council from 1998–2001. In 2007, when Jan Björklund was elected party leader, she was appointed first vice party chairman.
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Christiane Taubira
Christiane Taubira or Christiane Taubira-Delannon (born 2 February 1952, Cayenne, French Guiana) is a French politician who on 15 May, 2012, was appointed Minister of Justice of France in the new Ayrault government under President François Hollande.
Having served as president of her party Walwari, Taubira startingin 1993 served as a deputy at the French National Assembly, and was re-elected in 1997. Non-affiliated in 1993, she then voted for the investiture of the conservative Edouard Balladur cabinet of ministers in 1993. In 1994, she became a Member of the European Parliament (MEP), being the fourth on the Énergie Radicale list led by Bernard Tapie. In June 1997, she then joined the Socialist Party (PS), and then-Prime Minister Lionel Jospin (PS) commissioned her for a report on gold search in Guiana.
Christiane Taubira gave her name to the 21 May 2001 law that recognizes the Atlantic slave trade and slavery as a crime against humanity. In 2002, she was a Left Radical Party (PRG) candidate for the presidency, although she did not belong to the party. She gained 2.32% of the votes. After 2002, she became vice-president of the Left Radical Party. She was elected again as deputy on 16 June 2002, and joined the socialist group in the Assembly.
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Claude Guéant
Claude Guéant (born 17 January 1945) is a French civil servant. The former Chief of Staff to Nicolas Sarkozy, he served as Minister of the Interior from 27 February 2011 until 15 May 2012. He is a member of the conservative Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).
Claude Guéant was born in Vimy. He studied law in Paris at a university. He then entered Sciences-Po and then the ENA administration school (Thomas More promotion of 1971). After graduating from the ENA, he became chief of staff of the prefect of the Finistère department, and then, in 1974, general secretary of Guadeloupe for economic affairs. In 1977, he entered the Ministry of Interior as a technical counsellor of Christian Bonnet, an office which he held until François Mitterrand's election in 1981.
Nominated sub-prefect (sous-préfet hors-classe), he then worked alongside the prefect of the region Centre. Guéant then became general secretary of the prefecture of the Hérault department and then of the Hauts-de-Seine. In 1991, he was nominated prefect of the Hautes-Alpes department.
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Cécile Duflot
Cécile Duflot (born 1 April 1975 in Villeneuve-Saint-Georges) is a French politician. She is Minister of Territorial Equality and Housing in the Ayrault Cabinet. Until June 2012, she was Party Secretary (i.e. leader) of Europe Écologie–The Greens, a position she held from November 2006 and was, with Jean-Luc Bennahmias, the only Green leader to have served two consecutive terms (although Dominique Plancke served three non-consecutive ones). In May 2012 she announced her resignation from this role.
The eldest daughter of a railway unionist and a physics and chemistry teacher (who was herself also a unionist), Cécile Duflot spent her childhood and adolescence in district of Montereau-Surville before returning to her native town, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, in the early 1990s. She is a town planner by profession, a graduate of the ESSEC (top French Business School), and holds a master's degree in Geography.
Her first activist commitments were in the Jeunesse ouvrière chrétienne ("Young Christian Workers") and the Ligue pour la protection des oiseaux ("Birds' Protection League").
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Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde, better known under the name of Franco, (Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko]; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general, dictator and the leader of the Nationalist military rebellion in the Spanish Civil War, and totalitarian head of state of Spain, from October 1936 (as a unified nation from 1939 onwards) until his death in November 1975. He came to power while recognizing the principles of the far-right Falange movement, although this was for propaganda reasons, as he belonged to no political party before becoming Head of State. As head of state, Franco used the titles Caudillo de España and Generalísimo, but also was called formally as His Excellency, The Head of State.
Franco was from a military family, and although originally intent on entering the Spanish Navy, he instead became a soldier. He participated in the Rif War in Morocco, becoming the youngest general in Europe by 1926. After returning to the Spanish mainland, he saw service suppressing an anarchist-led strike in 1934, defending the stability of Alcalá-Zamora's conservative government. Following the formation of a Popular Front government, made up of various left-wing factions, instability heightened. Violence between militant groups rose sharply with assassination of conservative parliamentary leader José Calvo Sotelo, in retaliation for the killing of José Castillo. Franco and his co-conspirators used Calvo's death as their pretext for war, as they had already initiated the plan for their rebellion.
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François Hollande
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa ɔlɑ̃d]; born 12 August 1954) is the 24th President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra. He previously served as the First Secretary of the French Socialist Party from 1997 to 2008 and as a Deputy of the National Assembly of France for Corrèze's 1st Constituency from 1988 to 1993 and then again from 1997 to 2012. He also served as the Mayor of Tulle from 2001 to 2008 and the President of the General Council of Corrèze from 2008 to 2012.
He was elected President of France on 6 May 2012, defeating the incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy, and was inaugurated on 15 May. He is the second Socialist President of the Fifth French Republic, after François Mitterrand who served from 1981 to 1995.
Hollande was born in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Upper Normandy, to a middle-class family. His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009), was a social worker, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande, an ear, nose, and throat doctor who "had once run for the extreme right in local politics." The surname "Hollande" is "believed to come from Calvinist ancestors who escaped Holland (the Netherlands) in the 16th century and took the name of their old country." Hollande was raised Catholic but quietly rebelled against the strict religious brothers chosen by his father to educate him. The family moved to Neuilly, a suburb of Paris, when Hollande was 13.
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Geneviève Fioraso
Geneviève Fioraso is a French politician, representative of the first district of Isère since June 2007, and a member of the Socialist Party. On May 16th 2012 she was appointed Minister for Higher Education and Research in the French government of Jean-Marc Ayrault .
Since 2008 she has been deputy for the Economy, Universities and Research for the City Council of Grenoble. During her previous term she was Deputy assistant for the Economy, Innovation, Trade and Craft, and First Vice-President of Metro -Agglomeration community of the Grenoble Alpes Métropole-, in charge of economic development. Since 2003, she has been the CEO of the S.E.M. Minatec Entreprises (public-private venture, entrusted with the marketing of high-tech building of Minatec). She also serves as Chair of the Institut d'Administration des Entreprises Grenoble, Business Administration Institute of Grenoble.
Born in Amiens in 1954, the youngest of six children, Fioraso obtained her high-school diploma BA at the age of 16 years old and married at 18. A student of Hypo-Khâgne, she continued her studies and obtained two masters degrees (English, and Economics), then worked as an English teacher in Amiens. In 1978 she left teaching and moved to Grenoble, where she served first as Information Officer, then managing Documentation and Press for the City of Grenoble, where she began collaborating with Hubert Dubedout, city's mayor and MP, and became his parliamentary attaché in 1983.
wn.com/Geneviève_Fioraso -
Janet Napolitano
Janet Napolitano (/nəpɒlɨˈtænoʊ/; born November 29, 1957) is the third and current United States Secretary of Homeland Security, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She is the fourth person (including an acting Secretary) to hold the position, which was created after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009. She was Arizona's third female governor, and the first woman to win re-election. Prior to her election as governor, she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2002. She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office. Napolitano is the 1977 Truman Scholar from New Mexico. Forbes ranked her as the world's 15th most powerful woman in 2011.
Janet Napolitano was born on November 29, 1957, in New York City, the daughter of Jane Marie (née Winer) and Leonard Michael Napolitano, who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. She is of half Italian ancestry and is a Methodist. She was the eldest of three children; she has a younger brother and sister. She was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 and was voted Most Likely to Succeed. She graduated from Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California, where she won a Truman Scholarship, and was valedictorian. In 1978, she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of the Santa Clara's exchange programme through IES Abroad. She then received her Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Virginia School of Law. After law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M. Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and then joined Schroeder's former firm, the Phoenix law firm Lewis and Roca.
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Laurent Fabius
Laurent Fabius (French pronunciation: [loʁɑ̃ fabjys]; born 20 August 1946) is a French Socialist politician. He served as Prime Minister from 17 July 1984 to 20 March 1986. He was 37 years old when he was appointed and is, so far, the youngest Prime Minister of the Fifth Republic. He is now Foreign Minister since 16 May 2012.
Fabius was born in Paris, the son of Louise (née Strasburger-Mortimer; 1911–2010) and André Fabius (1908–1984). His parents were Jewish and converted to Catholicism, and Fabius was raised an assimilated Catholic. His secondary education was at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and Lycée Louis-le-Grand. He was a graduate of institutions that are training grounds for academics (École Normale Supérieure), senior civil servants (École Nationale d'Administration) and future leaders (Sciences Po).
After his studies, he became an auditor for the Council of State. Member of the Socialist Party (PS) since 1974, he was first elected to the National Assembly in 1978 for the fourth constituency of Seine Maritime département. He quickly gained entry to the circle of François Mitterrand, the leader of the party.
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Lionel Jospin
Lionel Jospin (French pronunciation: [ljɔnɛl ʒɔspɛ̃]; born 12 July 1937) is a French politician, who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002.
Jospin was the Socialist Party candidate for President of France in the elections of 1995 and 2002. He was narrowly defeated in the final runoff election by Jacques Chirac in 1995. He ran for President again in 2002, and was eliminated in the first round due to finishing behind both Chirac and the far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen, following which he immediately announced his retirement from politics.
Lionel Jospin was born to a Protestant family in Meudon (Hauts-de-Seine), a suburb of Paris. He is the son of Robert Jospin, a negationnist socialist close to Robert Faurisson. He attended the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly before studying at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He was active in the UNEF students' union, protesting against the war in Algeria (1954–62). He completed his military service as an officer in charge of armoured training in Trier (Germany).
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Manuel Valls
Manuel Valls (French: [manyɛl vals], Catalan: [mənuˈɛɫ ˈβaʎs], born August 13, 1962) is a French Socialist Party (PS) politician, deputy since 2002 and mayor of Évry. On May 16, 2012 he was appointed Minister of the Interior (Homeland security) in the French government of Jean-Marc Ayrault.
Valls was born in Barcelona, Spain, and became a naturalized French citizen in 1982. He is a prominent supporter of F.C. Barcelona, the famous club whose anthem was composed by a namesake of his, the cousin of his father. As reported on the Swiss Newspapers last week he is the son of a Spanish citizen, while his mother is a Ticinese, Swiss-Italian from Valle di Blenio, Canton Ticino.
After serving as an advisor on youth issues for Prime Minister Michel Rocard from 1988 to 1991, he was communications advisor to Prime Minister Lionel Jospin from 1997 to 2001.
He sought the PS nomination for President of France in the 2012 election. Finally ranked 5th of the first round of the PS primary, he called for a François Hollande vote in the second round. Valls is often considered in France as a representative of the social-liberal wing of the French Socialist Party, sharing common orientations with Scandinavian style Social Democracy and Blairism.
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Marisol Touraine
Marisol Touraine (French pronunciation: [ma.ʁi.sɔl tu.ʁɛn]; born 7 March 1959 in Paris) is a member of the National Assembly of France. She represents the Indre-et-Loire department, and is a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche. Since 16 May 2012 she is the Minister for Health and Social Affairs. She is fluent in Spanish. Touraine specialized in economic and social issues at the École Normale Supérieure.
Governmental functions
Electoral mandates
National Assembly of France
General Council
Touraine is the daughter of French sociologist Alain Touraine and Chilean academic Adriana Arenas Pizarro (d. 1990). She has a brother, Philippe, who is professor of endocrinology. She is also first cousin of Alberto Arenas, Chile's Budget Director during Michelle Bachelet's presidency.
Touraine is married to diplomat Michel Reveyrand de Menthon, who is currently French ambassador to Chad. She is a mother of three.
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Marylise Lebranchu
Marylise Lebranchu (born 25 April 1947 in Loudéac, Côtes-d'Armor) is a member of the National Assembly of France. She represents the Finistère department, and is a member of the Socialist Party and of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche parliamentary group.
On May 16, 2012, she was named Minister of the Reform of the State and of Decentralization in the first Cabinet of French President [[Francois Hollande] and Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault.
She had already served in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Lionel Jospin from 1997 to 2002. From 2000 to 2002, she served as Minister of Justice.
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Michel Rocard
Michel Rocard (French pronunciation: [miʃɛl ʁɔkaʁ]; born 23 August 1930) is a French politician, member of the Socialist Party (PS). He served as Prime Minister under François Mitterrand from 1988 to 1991, during which he created the Revenu minimum d'insertion (RMI), a social minimum welfare program for indigents, and led the Matignon Accords regarding the status of New Caledonia. He is currently a member of the European Parliament, and has been strongly involved in European policies. As of August 2007, he has accepted a mission in a Commission under the authority of Sarkozy's Minister of Education, Xavier Darcos.
He was born at Courbevoie (Hauts-de-Seine) in a Protestant family, son of the nuclear physicist Yves Rocard, and entered politics as a student leader whilst studying at the Paris Institute of Political Studies (a.k.a. Sciences-Po). He became Chair of the French Socialist Students (linked to the main French Socialist party at the time, the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO)), and studied at the École nationale d'administration (ENA). A finance inspector (senior official) and anti-colonialist, he went to Algeria and wrote a report regarding the widely ignored refugee camps of the Algerian War (1954–62). This report was leaked to the newspapers Le Monde and France Observateur in April 1959, almost costing Rocard his job.
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Michel Sapin
Michel Sapin (French pronunciation: [mi.ʃɛl sa.pɛ̃] ; born 9 April 1952) is a French politician and a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Indre department, and is a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche. On 16 May 2012, he became the Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Affairs in the Ayrault Cabinet.
Michel Sapin was born on April 9, 1952 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, France. He attended the Lycée Henri IV, followed by Paris-Sorbonne University, where he received a B.A. in History and an MPhil in Geography. He then attended the École Normale Supérieure, the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, and the École nationale d'administration.
From 1989 to 1994, he served as councillor for Nanterre. From 1995 to 2001, he was the Mayor of Argenton-sur-Creuse. He has served again as such since 2002. He served as Deputy Minister of Justice from May 1991 to April 1992, Finance Minister from April 1992 to March 1993, and Minister of Civil Servants and State Reforms from March 2000 to May 2002.
wn.com/Michel_Sapin -
Nicole Bricq
Nicole Bricq (French pronunciation: [ni.kɔl bʁik] ; born 10 June 1947) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Seine-et-Marne department. She is a member of the Socialist Party. On May 16th 2012, she was appointed Ministry of Ecology, Energy, and Sustainable Development in the government of Jean-Marc Ayrault.
wn.com/Nicole_Bricq -
Pierre Moscovici
Pierre Moscovici (born September 16, 1957) is a French politician, a member of the Departmental Council of Doubs and a Member of the French Parliament. He is a member of the French Socialist Party (PS), which is part of the Party of European Socialists. He has been National Secretary of his party since 1995.
Born in Paris, he is the son of the influential Romanian-Jewish social psychologist Serge Moscovici and of the psychoanalyst Marie Bromberg-Moscovici.[1] Pierre Moscovici obtained a DEA in economics and in philosophy, and he graduated from the École nationale d'administration (where he studied under Dominique Strauss-Kahn). He was also a president of À gauche en Europe, a group founded by Strauss-Kahn and Michel Rocard.
Initially active in the Revolutionary Communist League, he left in 1984 to join the PS and, in 1986, became secretary of the "experts' group" created by Claude Allègre.
From 1997 to 2002, he was Minister for European Affairs in the government of Lionel Jospin. On 20 July 2004, he was elected one of the 14 Vice-Presidents of the European Parliament and was re-elected on 17 January 2007.
wn.com/Pierre_Moscovici -
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939. The war began after a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals under the leadership of José Sanjurjo against the elected government of the Second Spanish Republic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The rebel coup was supported by a number of conservative groups including the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right, monarchists such as the religious conservative Carlists, and the Fascist Falange. The uprising was authoritarian and anti-separatist in inspiration; anti-Basque and anti-Catalan feeling marked the Nationalist zone.
Following the only partially successful coup, Spain was left militarily and politically divided. From that moment onwards, general Francisco Franco began a protracted war of attrition against the established government for the control of the country. The rebel forces received the support of Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy, as well as neighbouring Portugal, while the Soviet Union and Mexico intervened in support of the Republican government or loyalist side.
wn.com/Spanish_Civil_War -
Stéphane Le Foll
Stéphane Le Foll (born 9 February 1960 in Le Mans) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the West of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists, and was first elected in 2004.
wn.com/Stéphane_Le_Foll -
Tatsuo Kawabata
Tatsuo Kawabata (川端 達夫, Kawabata Tatsuo?, born January 24, 1945) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Ōmihachiman, Shiga, he attended Kyoto University and received a master's degree from it. He was elected for the first time in 1986. His elder brother is former mayor of Omihachiman Gohei Kawabata. In September 2011 he was appointed as Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications in the cabinet of newly appointed prime minister Yoshihiko Noda.
wn.com/Tatsuo_Kawabata -
Theresa May
Theresa Mary May (née Brasier, born 1 October 1956) is a British Conservative politician who is Home Secretary in the Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition government. She was elected to Parliament in 1997 as the Member of Parliament for Maidenhead, and served as the Chairman of the Conservative Party, 2003–04. Appointed to the Privy Council in 2003, she became Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Shadow Minister for Women before being appointed Home Secretary and the Minister for Women and Equality in David Cameron's Cabinet on 11 May 2010.
May was born 1 October 1956 in Eastbourne, Sussex. She is the daughter of Rev Hubert Brasier, a Church of England clergyman and Mrs Zaidee Brasier. Her education was completed at a combination of state primary, independent convent and state secondary schools. She initially attended Heythrop Primary School, Oxfordshire, followed by St. Juliana's Convent School for Girls, a Roman Catholic independent school in Begbroke, which closed in 1984. At the age of 13, she gained a place at the former Holton Park Girls' Grammar School in Wheatley in Oxfordshire. In 1971, the school was abolished and became the site of the new Wheatley Park Comprehensive School during her time as a pupil. May then attended the University of Oxford where she read Geography at St Hugh's College, taking a BA (Hons) in 1977.
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Valérie Fourneyron
Valérie Fourneyron (born October 14, 1959) is a member of the National Assembly of France. She represents the Seine-Maritime department, and is a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche. She is, since 16 May 2012, Minister for Sport, Youth, and Community Life in the Ayrault Cabinet.
She holds a number of other elected political offices. For example, since 2008 she is the mayor of Rouen.
wn.com/Valérie_Fourneyron -
Vic Toews
Victor "Vic" Toews, PC QC MP ( /ˈteɪvz/; born September 10, 1952) is a Canadian politician. He has represented Provencher in the Canadian House of Commons since 2000, and currently serves in the cabinet of Prime Minister Stephen Harper as Minister of Public Safety. He previously served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1995 to 1999, and was a senior cabinet minister in the government of Gary Filmon. Toews is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada.
Toews was born September 10, 1952, in Filadelfia, Boquerón Department, Paraguay, son of Reverend Victor David Toews (1918-1993) and Anna Peters. Vic Toews has five siblings: Bernhard, Clara, Marlene, Edward, and Esther. He speaks Mennonite Low German (his mother tongue), Spanish and English. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in History from the University of Winnipeg (1973), and a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Manitoba (1976). Toews was called to the Manitoba Bar in 1977. He joined the provincial Ministry of Justice in 1976 and became a Crown attorney the following year. Vic Toews great grand parents were killed in a bomb blast in Molotschna, South Russia (now Molochansk, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine) during the Russian Civil War that followed the Russian Revolution.
wn.com/Vic_Toews -
Victorin Lurel
Victorin Lurel (born 20 August 1951 in Vieux-Habitants, Guadeloupe) is a politician from Guadeloupe who was elected to the French National Assembly in 2002 and is also the current head of the Regional council of the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. His term began on 22 April 2004 and got renewed on 14 March 2010.
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Vincent Peillon
Vincent Benoît Camille Peillon (French pronunciation: [vɛ̃.sɑ̃ pɛ.jɔ̃] ; born 7 July 1960 at Suresnes) is Minister for Education in the French Government. He is a longstanding French politician and since 2004 has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for North West France (allied with the Socialist Party and the Party of European Socialists).
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Vladimir Kolokoltsev
Lieutenant-General Vladimir Alexandrovich Kolokoltsev (Колокольцев Владимир Александрович; born in May 11, 1961 in Nizhniy Lomov in Penza) is a Russian politician and policeman who was the Moscow Police Commissioner (2009-2012).
Currently, he is the Russian Minister of Internal Affairs (Since May 21, 2012).
He is in police service from 1982 and started his career in police unit on guard of foreign diplomatic missions accredited in Moscow.
In 1984, he was appointed to the position of platoon commander of separate patrol battalion of Gagarinskiy district executive committee in Moscow.
He entered the Higher Political College of the Ministry of Interior of the USSR and studied at the faculty of jurisprudence. He graduated from this college at 1989.
Afterwards he returned to police service on the position of detective of Criminal Investigation Unit of Kuntshevskiy district executive committee in Moscow. Then he was appointed to the position of the deputy chief of police station No. 20 in Moscow and later on – the chief of police station No. 8 in Moscow.
wn.com/Vladimir_Kolokoltsev -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata
Valls, Manuel Filmography
Valls, Manuel Filmography
Valls, Manuel Filmography
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Interview : Manuel Valls dénonce le Massacre d'Échirolles (Kevin et Sofiane)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Réagissez avec la communauté par un ▶▶▶"J'aime" ou ▶▶▶"Je n'aime pas", plus un commentaire et Abonnez-vous à ma chaîne YouTube ▶▶▶ bit.ly (02 octobre 2012)
http://wn.com/Interview_Manuel_Valls_dénonce_le_Massacre_d'Échirolles_Kevin_et_Sofiane
Réagissez avec la communauté par un ▶▶▶"J'aime" ou ▶▶▶"Je n'aime pas", plus un commentaire et Abonnez-vous à ma chaîne YouTube ▶▶▶ bit.ly (02 octobre 2012)
Bourdin direct : Manuel Valls - 05/02
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:26
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Jean-Jacques Bourdin reçoit Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
http://wn.com/Bourdin_direct_Manuel_Valls_05_02
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Jean-Jacques Bourdin reçoit Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 259
- author: BFMTV
Manuel valls et sa haine du tunisien et ennahda
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Manuel_valls_et_sa_haine_du_tunisien_et_ennahda
Manuel Valls - Des paroles et des actes France 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 142:39
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Des paroles et des actes Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Diff. le 06-12-12 Le ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault, Manuel Valls, évoque la situation du pays, ses décisions récentes, et répond aux questions des journalistes et aux remarques de Marine Le Pen, présidente du Front National. Présent sur de nombreux dossiers, Manuel Valls fait partie des hommes politiques, nommés par le président François Hollande, qui ont occupé l'espace médiatique depuis l'élection présidentielle de mai 2012. En 2011, il a publié «L'Energie du changement. L'abécédaire optimiste» (Eyrolles), détaillant ses idées politiques. Il est interrogé par Nathalie Saint-Cricq pour la séquence «Le Révélateur», François Lenglet pour la séquence «Pure économie» et Jeff Wittenberg pour la séquence «Pure politique»
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_Des_paroles_et_des_actes_France_2
Des paroles et des actes Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Diff. le 06-12-12 Le ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault, Manuel Valls, évoque la situation du pays, ses décisions récentes, et répond aux questions des journalistes et aux remarques de Marine Le Pen, présidente du Front National. Présent sur de nombreux dossiers, Manuel Valls fait partie des hommes politiques, nommés par le président François Hollande, qui ont occupé l'espace médiatique depuis l'élection présidentielle de mai 2012. En 2011, il a publié «L'Energie du changement. L'abécédaire optimiste» (Eyrolles), détaillant ses idées politiques. Il est interrogé par Nathalie Saint-Cricq pour la séquence «Le Révélateur», François Lenglet pour la séquence «Pure économie» et Jeff Wittenberg pour la séquence «Pure politique»
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 6778
- author: france2replaytv
Tariq ramadan vs manuel valls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
tariq ramadan vs manuel valls
http://wn.com/Tariq_ramadan_vs_manuel_valls
Débat Marine Le Pen vs Manuel Valls - 06/12/2012 France 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:12
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 06/12/2012 sur France 2.
http://wn.com/Débat_Marine_Le_Pen_vs_Manuel_Valls_06_12_2012_France_2
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 06/12/2012 sur France 2.
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 14375
- author: SerieTV ReplayFR
DUEL - Marine Le Pen VS Manuel Valls - Des paroles et des actes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:20
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
Marine Le Pen, Présidente du Front National débat en duel face à Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault et de François Hollande. dans l'émission des Paroles et des actes sur France 2.
http://wn.com/DUEL_Marine_Le_Pen_VS_Manuel_Valls_Des_paroles_et_des_actes
Marine Le Pen, Présidente du Front National débat en duel face à Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault et de François Hollande. dans l'émission des Paroles et des actes sur France 2.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 41510
- author: France DomTom
Bourdin Direct : Manuel Valls 15/01
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:35
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Jean-Jacques Bourdin reçoit Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
http://wn.com/Bourdin_Direct_Manuel_Valls_15_01
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Jean-Jacques Bourdin reçoit Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 392
- author: BFMTV
Débat entre Marine Le Pen et Manuel Valls - Fr2 2012-12-06 22-05-08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:06
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 6 décembre 2012 sur France 2.
http://wn.com/Débat_entre_Marine_Le_Pen_et_Manuel_Valls_Fr2_2012-12-06_22-05-08
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 6 décembre 2012 sur France 2.
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 30324
- author: poemeFrancais
Eric Zemmour : Les couleuvres de Manuel Valls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Eric Zemmour : Les couleuvres de Manuel Valls
http://wn.com/Eric_Zemmour_Les_couleuvres_de_Manuel_Valls
Manuel Valls et la régularisation des sans-papiers - Désintox
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Désintox Une production ARTE / 2P2L / Libération Plus de vidéos sur www.arte.tv
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_et_la_régularisation_des_sans-papiers_Désintox
Désintox Une production ARTE / 2P2L / Libération Plus de vidéos sur www.arte.tv
- published: 08 Jan 2013
- views: 3967
- author: ARTE
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:49
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_Vs_Polony_Pulvar_1_POL_Ruquier_101211_Onpc
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
- published: 11 Dec 2011
- views: 8860
- author: wOof Fullhdready
Policiers agressés par une femme voilée. Manuel VALLS s'en contrefout. 31-07-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Policiers_agressés_par_une_femme_voilée_Manuel_VALLS_s'en_contrefout_31-07-2012
Echange Vif entre Jean François Copé et Manuel Valls sur le Droit de vote des étrangers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Vidéo
http://wn.com/Echange_Vif_entre_Jean_François_Copé_et_Manuel_Valls_sur_le_Droit_de_vote_des_étrangers
Manuel Valls accueilli à Asnières par des Anti Corrida (Paris : 28 01 13).m2ts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Manuel Valls accueilli à Asnières par des Anti Corrida ("les militants citoyens et du crac") (Paris : 28 01 13)
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_accueilli_à_Asnières_par_des_Anti_Corrida_Paris_28_01_13m2ts
Manuel Valls accueilli à Asnières par des Anti Corrida ("les militants citoyens et du crac") (Paris : 28 01 13)
- published: 28 Jan 2013
- views: 2927
- author: Radaep1
Marine Le Pen vs Manuel Valls - Débat dans Des Paroles Et Des Actes - France 2 - 06/12/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:20
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Marine Le Pen vs Manuel Valls Débat dans l'émission Des Paroles et des Actes sur France 2 le 6 décembre 2012 présentée par David Pujadas.
http://wn.com/Marine_Le_Pen_vs_Manuel_Valls_Débat_dans_Des_Paroles_Et_Des_Actes_France_2_06_12_2012
Marine Le Pen vs Manuel Valls Débat dans l'émission Des Paroles et des Actes sur France 2 le 6 décembre 2012 présentée par David Pujadas.
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 791
- author: jossramm
Le jeune Manuel Valls se paie la tete du Papi Ould Kablia!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:17
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Le_jeune_Manuel_Valls_se_paie_la_tete_du_Papi_Ould_Kablia!
Assemblée nationale : Réponse de Gilbert Collard à Manuel Valls en séance publique.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Retenue pour vérification du droit au séjour : Gilbert Collard répond à Manuel Valls en séance publique à l'Assemblée nationale : "Laval, c'est vous !" www.gilbertcollard.fr
http://wn.com/Assemblée_nationale_Réponse_de_Gilbert_Collard_à_Manuel_Valls_en_séance_publique
Retenue pour vérification du droit au séjour : Gilbert Collard répond à Manuel Valls en séance publique à l'Assemblée nationale : "Laval, c'est vous !" www.gilbertcollard.fr
- published: 12 Dec 2012
- views: 10189
- author: collardofficiel
Manuel Valls et le groupe Bilderberg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
avant-de-voter.blogspot.fr We Are Change Paris questionne Manuel Valls sur sa participation au groupe Bilderberg.
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_et_le_groupe_Bilderberg
avant-de-voter.blogspot.fr We Are Change Paris questionne Manuel Valls sur sa participation au groupe Bilderberg.
- published: 17 Sep 2012
- views: 6876
- author: Rémy Hergé
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Français refuse de serrer la main de Moncef Marzouki(Vidéo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:25
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Français refuse de serrer la main de Moncef Marzouki www.facebook.co m www.facebook.co m www.facebook.co m
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls,_ministre_de_l'Intérieur_Français_refuse_de_serrer_la_main_de_Moncef_MarzoukiVidéo
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Français refuse de serrer la main de Moncef Marzouki www.facebook.co m www.facebook.co m www.facebook.co m
- published: 20 Jul 2012
- views: 5014
- author: momointello
Bourdin direct : Manuel Valls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:41
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
http://wn.com/Bourdin_direct_Manuel_Valls
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 1864
- author: BFMTV
Débat Marine Le Pen vs Manuel Valls (Des paroles et des actes - France 2) 06/12/2012 Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 92:15
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Débat entre Manuel Valls et Marine Le Pen Suite de la vidéo ici: youtu.be
http://wn.com/Débat_Marine_Le_Pen_vs_Manuel_Valls_Des_paroles_et_des_actes_France_2_06_12_2012_Part_1
Débat entre Manuel Valls et Marine Le Pen Suite de la vidéo ici: youtu.be
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 1855
- author: madinouk
cortex s'adresse a manuel valls (affaire fichier stic violvocal) !!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
cortex s'adresse a manuel valls (affaire fichier stic violvocal) !! Pour + de vidéos : Abonnez vous : goo.gl
http://wn.com/cortex_s'adresse_a_manuel_valls_affaire_fichier_stic_violvocal_!!
cortex s'adresse a manuel valls (affaire fichier stic violvocal) !! Pour + de vidéos : Abonnez vous : goo.gl
- published: 10 Jan 2013
- views: 299
- author: MrChtuneuh
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Interview : Manuel Valls dénonce le Massacre d'Échirolles (Kevin et Sofiane)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Réagissez avec la communauté par un ▶▶▶"J'aime" ou ▶▶▶"Je n'aime pas", plus un commentaire et Abonnez-vous à ma chaîne YouTube ▶▶▶ bit.ly (02 octobre 2012)
http://wn.com/Interview_Manuel_Valls_dénonce_le_Massacre_d'Échirolles_Kevin_et_Sofiane
Réagissez avec la communauté par un ▶▶▶"J'aime" ou ▶▶▶"Je n'aime pas", plus un commentaire et Abonnez-vous à ma chaîne YouTube ▶▶▶ bit.ly (02 octobre 2012)
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 1564
- author: ReportageTube
Débat Marine Le Pen vs Manuel Valls - 06/12/2012 France 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:12
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 06/12/2012 sur France 2.
http://wn.com/Débat_Marine_Le_Pen_vs_Manuel_Valls_06_12_2012_France_2
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 06/12/2012 sur France 2.
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 10851
- author: Serie ReplayTV
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:49
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_Vs_Polony_Pulvar_1_POL_Ruquier_101211_Onpc
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
- published: 11 Dec 2011
- views: 8666
- author: wOof Fullhdready
DUEL - Marine Le Pen VS Manuel Valls - Des paroles et des actes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:20
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Marine Le Pen, Présidente du Front National débat en duel face à Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault et de François Hollande. dans l'émission des Paroles et des actes sur France 2.
http://wn.com/DUEL_Marine_Le_Pen_VS_Manuel_Valls_Des_paroles_et_des_actes
Marine Le Pen, Présidente du Front National débat en duel face à Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault et de François Hollande. dans l'émission des Paroles et des actes sur France 2.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 39643
- author: FranceDomTomTV
Manuel Valls - Des paroles et des actes France 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 142:39
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Des paroles et des actes Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Diff. le 06-12-12 Le ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault, Manuel Valls, évoque la situation du pays, ses décisions récentes, et répond aux questions des journalistes et aux remarques de Marine Le Pen, présidente du Front National. Présent sur de nombreux dossiers, Manuel Valls fait partie des hommes politiques, nommés par le président François Hollande, qui ont occupé l'espace médiatique depuis l'élection présidentielle de mai 2012. En 2011, il a publié «L'Energie du changement. L'abécédaire optimiste» (Eyrolles), détaillant ses idées politiques. Il est interrogé par Nathalie Saint-Cricq pour la séquence «Le Révélateur», François Lenglet pour la séquence «Pure économie» et Jeff Wittenberg pour la séquence «Pure politique»
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_Des_paroles_et_des_actes_France_2
Des paroles et des actes Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Diff. le 06-12-12 Le ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault, Manuel Valls, évoque la situation du pays, ses décisions récentes, et répond aux questions des journalistes et aux remarques de Marine Le Pen, présidente du Front National. Présent sur de nombreux dossiers, Manuel Valls fait partie des hommes politiques, nommés par le président François Hollande, qui ont occupé l'espace médiatique depuis l'élection présidentielle de mai 2012. En 2011, il a publié «L'Energie du changement. L'abécédaire optimiste» (Eyrolles), détaillant ses idées politiques. Il est interrogé par Nathalie Saint-Cricq pour la séquence «Le Révélateur», François Lenglet pour la séquence «Pure économie» et Jeff Wittenberg pour la séquence «Pure politique»
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 5959
- author: france2replaytv
BFMTV 2012 : l'interview de Manuel Valls par Le Point
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Christophe Ono-dit-Biot, directeur adjoint de la rédaction du Point, invite Manuel Valls à donner son point de vue sur la vague de violence en France. Le député socialiste évoque également la légalisation du cannabis.
http://wn.com/BFMTV_2012_l'interview_de_Manuel_Valls_par_Le_Point
Christophe Ono-dit-Biot, directeur adjoint de la rédaction du Point, invite Manuel Valls à donner son point de vue sur la vague de violence en France. Le député socialiste évoque également la légalisation du cannabis.
- published: 26 Jun 2011
- views: 573
- author: BFMTV
Débat entre Marine Le Pen et Manuel Valls - Fr2 2012-12-06 22-05-08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:06
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 6 décembre 2012 sur France 2.
http://wn.com/Débat_entre_Marine_Le_Pen_et_Manuel_Valls_Fr2_2012-12-06_22-05-08
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 6 décembre 2012 sur France 2.
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 28396
- author: poemeFrancais
Interview of Manuel Valls - President of the "Communauté d'Agglomération Evry Centre Essonne"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 29 Aug 2011
Evry and its surrounding area is located 18.6 miles (30 km) south of Paris and 9.3 miles (15 km) away from the airport of Orly which will have its own TGV station in the next 10 years. It is quite an exceptional area: with a population of 116000, over 60000 jobs, more than 5000 public and private institutions, many of which are big companies. Some company headquarters are particularly large such as Snecma, Accor and Ariane Espace, and also a large number of SMEs and SMIs.
http://wn.com/Interview_of_Manuel_Valls_President_of_the_Communauté_d'Agglomération_Evry_Centre_Essonne
Evry and its surrounding area is located 18.6 miles (30 km) south of Paris and 9.3 miles (15 km) away from the airport of Orly which will have its own TGV station in the next 10 years. It is quite an exceptional area: with a population of 116000, over 60000 jobs, more than 5000 public and private institutions, many of which are big companies. Some company headquarters are particularly large such as Snecma, Accor and Ariane Espace, and also a large number of SMEs and SMIs.
- published: 08 Aug 2011
- views: 272
- author: ParisRegionChannel
Policiers agressés par une femme voilée. Manuel VALLS s'en contrefout. 31-07-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Policiers_agressés_par_une_femme_voilée_Manuel_VALLS_s'en_contrefout_31-07-2012
Echange Vif entre Jean François Copé et Manuel Valls sur le Droit de vote des étrangers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Vidéo
http://wn.com/Echange_Vif_entre_Jean_François_Copé_et_Manuel_Valls_sur_le_Droit_de_vote_des_étrangers
Eric Zemmour : Les couleuvres de Manuel Valls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Eric Zemmour : Les couleuvres de Manuel Valls
http://wn.com/Eric_Zemmour_Les_couleuvres_de_Manuel_Valls
Echange Vif entre Eric Ciotti et Manuel Valls sur La Sécurité
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Une vidéo de l'Assemblée Nationale
http://wn.com/Echange_Vif_entre_Eric_Ciotti_et_Manuel_Valls_sur_La_Sécurité
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur, répondait aux questions des auditeurs de RTL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:16
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur, répondait aux questions des auditeurs de RTL
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls,_ministre_de_l'Intérieur,_répondait_aux_questions_des_auditeurs_de_RTL
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur, répondait aux questions des auditeurs de RTL
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 291
- author: radiortl
Assemblée nationale : Réponse de Gilbert Collard à Manuel Valls en séance publique.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Retenue pour vérification du droit au séjour : Gilbert Collard répond à Manuel Valls en séance publique à l'Assemblée nationale : "Laval, c'est vous !" www.gilbertcollard.fr
http://wn.com/Assemblée_nationale_Réponse_de_Gilbert_Collard_à_Manuel_Valls_en_séance_publique
Retenue pour vérification du droit au séjour : Gilbert Collard répond à Manuel Valls en séance publique à l'Assemblée nationale : "Laval, c'est vous !" www.gilbertcollard.fr
- published: 12 Dec 2012
- views: 8122
- author: collardofficiel
![[5/6] DPDA - 8 Mars 2012 : François Bayrou Vs Manuel Valls - HD](http://web.archive.org./web/20130209161604im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/ZIwFi2Y_Gds/default.jpg "[5/6] DPDA - 8 Mars 2012 : François Bayrou Vs Manuel Valls - HD")
[5/6] DPDA - 8 Mars 2012 : François Bayrou Vs Manuel Valls - HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:14
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Emission des paroles et des actes du 08/03/2012 avec François Bayrou - partie 5/6 Duel Bayrou / Manuel Valls
http://wn.com/_5_6_DPDA_8_Mars_2012_François_Bayrou_Vs_Manuel_Valls_HD
Emission des paroles et des actes du 08/03/2012 avec François Bayrou - partie 5/6 Duel Bayrou / Manuel Valls
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 7364
- author: phrancque
BFMTV : Bourdin 2012 - Manuel Valls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:56
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Député-maire socialiste d'Evry
http://wn.com/BFMTV_Bourdin_2012_Manuel_Valls
BFMTV : Bourdin 2012 - Manuel Valls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:38
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Député-maire PS d'Évry
http://wn.com/BFMTV_Bourdin_2012_Manuel_Valls
Bourdin direct : Manuel Valls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:41
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
http://wn.com/Bourdin_direct_Manuel_Valls
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 1774
- author: BFMTV
p1 IMMIGRATION Manuel Valls vs Brice Hortefeux mots croisés 30-04-2012 debat croises
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:33
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
p1 IMMIGRATION Manuel Valls vs Brice Hortefeux mots croisés 30-04-2012 debat croise croisé
http://wn.com/p1_IMMIGRATION_Manuel_Valls_vs_Brice_Hortefeux_mots_croisés_30-04-2012_debat_croises
p1 IMMIGRATION Manuel Valls vs Brice Hortefeux mots croisés 30-04-2012 debat croise croisé
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 4469
- author: Alexandre silva
ALGERIA DELLYS Conferance de Presse de Manuel Valls Avec Dahou a Alger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
الحكومة الجزائرية الإلكترونية www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/ALGERIA_DELLYS_Conferance_de_Presse_de_Manuel_Valls_Avec_Dahou_a_Alger
الحكومة الجزائرية الإلكترونية www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.facebook.com
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 81
- author: ALGERIA DELLYS
Manuel Valls chahuté à son arrivée à Amiens
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Les habitants d'Amiens, manifestement excédés par les récentes violences, ont vertement chahuté et hué le ministre de l'Intérieur lors de son arrivée dans la ville. L'escorte de Manuel Valls a donc dû jouer des coudes pour lui permettre d'accéder à la salle où il doit s'exprimer cet après-midi.
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_chahuté_à_son_arrivée_à_Amiens
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Les habitants d'Amiens, manifestement excédés par les récentes violences, ont vertement chahuté et hué le ministre de l'Intérieur lors de son arrivée dans la ville. L'escorte de Manuel Valls a donc dû jouer des coudes pour lui permettre d'accéder à la salle où il doit s'exprimer cet après-midi.
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 5138
- author: BFMTV
Manuel Valls élu l'homme politique le plus sexy de l'année ! Piégé par Olivier Bourg (Fun Radio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Le ministre de l'intérieur Manuel Valls est victime du "Coup de Bourg" d'Olivier Bourg sur Fun Radio. Toutes les semaines dans la LIBRE ANTENNE DE KAREL, OLIVIER BOURG piège un people !!!! C'est le COUP DE BOURG SUR FUN RADIO !!!
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_élu_l'homme_politique_le_plus_sexy_de_l'année_!_Piégé_par_Olivier_Bourg_Fun_Radio
Le ministre de l'intérieur Manuel Valls est victime du "Coup de Bourg" d'Olivier Bourg sur Fun Radio. Toutes les semaines dans la LIBRE ANTENNE DE KAREL, OLIVIER BOURG piège un people !!!! C'est le COUP DE BOURG SUR FUN RADIO !!!
- published: 17 Dec 2012
- views: 2054
- author: funradio
Manuel Valls : "le désaveu de Nicolas Sarkozy"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
images France 2
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls_le_désaveu_de_Nicolas_Sarkozy
7:37
Interview : Manuel Valls dénonce le Massacre d'Échirolles (Kevin et Sofiane)
Réagissez avec la communauté par un ▶▶▶"J'aime" ou ▶▶▶"Je n'aime pas", plus un commentaire...
published: 03 Oct 2012
author: ReportageTube
Interview : Manuel Valls dénonce le Massacre d'Échirolles (Kevin et Sofiane)
Réagissez avec la communauté par un ▶▶▶"J'aime" ou ▶▶▶"Je n'aime pas", plus un commentaire et Abonnez-vous à ma chaîne YouTube ▶▶▶ bit.ly (02 octobre 2012)
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 1564
- author: ReportageTube
40:12
Débat Marine Le Pen vs Manuel Valls - 06/12/2012 France 2
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 06/12/2012 sur France ...
published: 06 Dec 2012
author: Serie ReplayTV
Débat Marine Le Pen vs Manuel Valls - 06/12/2012 France 2
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 06/12/2012 sur France 2.
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 10851
- author: Serie ReplayTV
15:49
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc...
published: 11 Dec 2011
author: wOof Fullhdready
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
Manuel Valls Vs Polony & Pulvar 1 [POL] Ruquier 101211 Onpc
- published: 11 Dec 2011
- views: 8666
- author: wOof Fullhdready
40:20
DUEL - Marine Le Pen VS Manuel Valls - Des paroles et des actes
Marine Le Pen, Présidente du Front National débat en duel face à Manuel Valls, ministre de...
published: 07 Dec 2012
author: FranceDomTomTV
DUEL - Marine Le Pen VS Manuel Valls - Des paroles et des actes
Marine Le Pen, Présidente du Front National débat en duel face à Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault et de François Hollande. dans l'émission des Paroles et des actes sur France 2.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 39643
- author: FranceDomTomTV
142:39
Manuel Valls - Des paroles et des actes France 2
Des paroles et des actes Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Diff. le 06-12-12 Le minist...
published: 08 Dec 2012
author: france2replaytv
Manuel Valls - Des paroles et des actes France 2
Des paroles et des actes Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur Diff. le 06-12-12 Le ministre de l'Intérieur du gouvernement de Jean-Marc Ayrault, Manuel Valls, évoque la situation du pays, ses décisions récentes, et répond aux questions des journalistes et aux remarques de Marine Le Pen, présidente du Front National. Présent sur de nombreux dossiers, Manuel Valls fait partie des hommes politiques, nommés par le président François Hollande, qui ont occupé l'espace médiatique depuis l'élection présidentielle de mai 2012. En 2011, il a publié «L'Energie du changement. L'abécédaire optimiste» (Eyrolles), détaillant ses idées politiques. Il est interrogé par Nathalie Saint-Cricq pour la séquence «Le Révélateur», François Lenglet pour la séquence «Pure économie» et Jeff Wittenberg pour la séquence «Pure politique»
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 5959
- author: france2replaytv
10:09
BFMTV 2012 : l'interview de Manuel Valls par Le Point
Christophe Ono-dit-Biot, directeur adjoint de la rédaction du Point, invite Manuel Valls à...
published: 26 Jun 2011
author: BFMTV
BFMTV 2012 : l'interview de Manuel Valls par Le Point
Christophe Ono-dit-Biot, directeur adjoint de la rédaction du Point, invite Manuel Valls à donner son point de vue sur la vague de violence en France. Le député socialiste évoque également la légalisation du cannabis.
- published: 26 Jun 2011
- views: 573
- author: BFMTV
40:06
Débat entre Marine Le Pen et Manuel Valls - Fr2 2012-12-06 22-05-08
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 6 décembre 2012 sur Fr...
published: 06 Dec 2012
author: poemeFrancais
Débat entre Marine Le Pen et Manuel Valls - Fr2 2012-12-06 22-05-08
Débat Marine Lepen vs Manuel Valls dans des paroles et des actes du 6 décembre 2012 sur France 2.
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 28396
- author: poemeFrancais
3:46
Interview of Manuel Valls - President of the "Communauté d'Agglomération Evry Centre Essonne"
Evry and its surrounding area is located 18.6 miles (30 km) south of Paris and 9.3 miles (...
published: 08 Aug 2011
author: ParisRegionChannel
Interview of Manuel Valls - President of the "Communauté d'Agglomération Evry Centre Essonne"
Evry and its surrounding area is located 18.6 miles (30 km) south of Paris and 9.3 miles (15 km) away from the airport of Orly which will have its own TGV station in the next 10 years. It is quite an exceptional area: with a population of 116000, over 60000 jobs, more than 5000 public and private institutions, many of which are big companies. Some company headquarters are particularly large such as Snecma, Accor and Ariane Espace, and also a large number of SMEs and SMIs.
- published: 08 Aug 2011
- views: 272
- author: ParisRegionChannel
4:25
Policiers agressés par une femme voilée. Manuel VALLS s'en contrefout. 31-07-2012
...
published: 01 Aug 2012
author: EasterlEgg
Policiers agressés par une femme voilée. Manuel VALLS s'en contrefout. 31-07-2012
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 19712
- author: EasterlEgg
11:16
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur, répondait aux questions des auditeurs de RTL
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur, répondait aux questions des auditeurs de RTL...
published: 08 Oct 2012
author: radiortl
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur, répondait aux questions des auditeurs de RTL
Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur, répondait aux questions des auditeurs de RTL
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 291
- author: radiortl
3:39
Assemblée nationale : Réponse de Gilbert Collard à Manuel Valls en séance publique.
Retenue pour vérification du droit au séjour : Gilbert Collard répond à Manuel Valls en sé...
published: 12 Dec 2012
author: collardofficiel
Assemblée nationale : Réponse de Gilbert Collard à Manuel Valls en séance publique.
Retenue pour vérification du droit au séjour : Gilbert Collard répond à Manuel Valls en séance publique à l'Assemblée nationale : "Laval, c'est vous !" www.gilbertcollard.fr
- published: 12 Dec 2012
- views: 8122
- author: collardofficiel
Vimeo results:
4:15
Desolation
TimeLapse Showfest 2012 Official Selection
http://www.timelapses.es/blog/2012/07/timelapse...
published: 10 Oct 2012
author: LovetheFrame
Desolation
TimeLapse Showfest 2012 Official Selection
http://www.timelapses.es/blog/2012/07/timelapse-showfest-proyeccion-de-timelapses-en-cine/
Soundtrack by Álvaro Rodriguez Barroso
Production: Pedro Pablo Figueroa
Postproduction: Israel Fernández & Manuel Benito de Valle
Shot & Cut by Rafael Asquith
Contact:
info@lovetheframe.net
www.lovetheframe.net/
facebook.com/LovetheFrame
twitter.com/lovetheframe
Copyright © 2012 LovetheFrame, All Rights Reserved. Feel free to contact for reproduction or commercial purpose.
4:10
The birds of Spain
After many hours of hard work, throughout continental Spain (I leave the islands for the n...
published: 26 Aug 2012
author: Wildglimpses
The birds of Spain
After many hours of hard work, throughout continental Spain (I leave the islands for the next time), I managed to edit this short film about the birds of my beloved country. Living and working in the richest European country regarding birds, I tried to film some of the Spanish specialities, mainly for non-Spanish birders. With so many different habitats and species, I had to move, driving to special locations sometimes separated more than 1000 km. The good thing was that after so many years birdwatching and working with birds, I really knew pretty well where to look for...
Mainly shot with Canon HDLRS cameras and 400 5.6 lens (sometimes plus 1.4x and 2x III).
Music by Armand Amar (thank you again): http://www.armandamar.com/
Main locations:
- Riglos and Valle de Tena (Pyrenees, Huesca)
- Bardenas Reales (Navarra)
- Montes de Toledo and Andújar (Jaén)
- Albufera de Valencia and Dénia
- Tablas de Daimiel (Ciudad Real) and Doñana (Huelva)
- Coast of Murcia and Almeria
Species list: (order by appearance)
- Bubo bubo, Gypaetus barbatus, Tichodroma muraria, Chersophilus duponti, Otis tarda, Falco naumanni, Pterocles orientalis, Bucanetes githagineus, Cercotrichas galactotes, Aquila adalberti, Sylvia hortensis, Aegypius monachus, Cyanopica cyana, Galerida theklae, Sturnus unicolor, Dryocopus martius, Dendrocopos leucotos, Phylloscopus bonelli, Serinus citrinella, Montifringilla nivalis, Pyrrhocorax graculus, Prunella collaris, Luscinia svecica, Merops apiaster, Upupa epops, Circus pygargus, Larus genei, Porphyrio porphyrio, Oxyura leucocephala, Marmaronetta angustirostris, Phoenicopterus ruber-Platalea leucorodia, Grus grus.
SPECIAL THANKS TO ARCADIO CALVO (the clip of the Spanish Imperial Eagles is his), without his knowledge and support it would have been even more difficult.
Also thanks to:
Virtudes Abad, Marino López, Manuel Aguilera, José Polo, Carlos Rodriguez, Isabel González, Jacinto Rodenas, Ruben Ramos
5:50
Once, When We Were Young (OFFF MX)
Six friends, coming of age at the end of the world.
Directed, Written & Edited by Rob Chi...
published: 23 Aug 2012
author: Rob Chiu
Once, When We Were Young (OFFF MX)
Six friends, coming of age at the end of the world.
Directed, Written & Edited by Rob Chiu. Produced by Astridd Campos Morales, Manuel Alcalá & Rob Chiu. Executive Producers Cocolab, Centro & Hector Ayuso Ros. Director of Photography Paul O'Callaghan. Music composed by Ben Lukas Boysen.
Cast: Emiliano Cortés, Alejandro Caballero, Paula Morales, Víctor Corral, Braian Salazar, Ximena Alvarado, Eduardo Leyva. Voice Over: Luis de Velasco. Post production by Night Shift Paris. Julien Desplanques, Mathieu Hue, Nolwenn Hajo. Post-producer: Florent Quint. Colorist: Mathieu Caplanne. Compositing artists: Olivier Stéphant, Julien Bonnet, Jeff Descoubes. Intern/rotoscope: Florian Lamy. Sound recordists: Manuel Becerril, Francisco Quiles, Ignacio Osorio Santiago. Camera assistant: Gilberto Corona. Sound Engineer: Uriel Esquenazi. Drivers: Alejandro Garcia & Victor Rodriguez. Thank you Frank Beltrán, Jochen Hirschfeld, Tigre Pictures, Miguel Angel Iglesias for the vans & the production office, MCO, Hector Ayuso Ros & Aimée Campos
Filmed on location in México D.F. 2012. Iztapalapa de Cuitláhuac, Peñón de los Baños, Colonia del Valle, Santa Maria de la Ribera
1:32
San Salvador (1947)
La ciudad de San Salvador es la capital de la República de El Salvador. Es, además, la cab...
published: 04 Mar 2010
author: Memoria de Cuba
San Salvador (1947)
La ciudad de San Salvador es la capital de la República de El Salvador. Es, además, la cabecera del departamento y municipio homónimos. Como capital de la nación, la ciudad alberga las sedes del Gobierno y la Consejo de Ministros de El Salvador, Asamblea Legislativa, Corte Suprema de Justicia y demás instituciones y organismos del Estado, así como la residencia oficial del Presidente de la República. Es la mayor ciudad del país desde el punto de vista económico, asiento de las principales industrias y empresas de servicios de El Salvador. Es también la sede del Arzobispado católico.
Después de las victorias sobre las huestes pipiles en las batallas de Acajutla y Tacuzcalco, el conquistador Pedro de Alvarado intentó someter a los nativos de la capital del Señorío de Cuzcatlán a su arribo el 18 de junio de 1524. Los cuscatlecos, sin embargo, huyeron a las montañas vecinas y el extremeño tuvo que replegarse hacia la zona de la actual Guatemala. La primera villa de San Salvador se fundó a menos de un año de esta expedición, por una misión no documentada al mando de Gonzalo de Alvarado.La primera mención que existe acerca de este asentamiento es una carta del mismo Pedro de Alvarado en Guatemala el 6 de mayo de 1525 haciendo notar que no se podía celebrar un cabildo por la ausencia de Diego de Holguin quien había partido a tomar el puesto de Alcalde ordinario de la villa de San Salvador.
Debido a las frecuentes rebeliones en el sitio por parte de los nativos, se estableció una nueva villa en el lugar conocido actualmente como Ciudad Vieja, al sur de la actual localidad de Suchitoto (1 de abril de 1528). Su trazado original tardó quince días y llegó a ser poblada por un número de 50 a 60 viviendas,teniendo por alcaldes a Antonio de Salazar y Juan de Aguilar.
Después de la pacificación de la región, la pequeña localidad fue abandonada a poco a poco y el nuevo asentamiento se ubicó, el año de 1545, en el valle de Zalcuatitán renombrado como “Valle de las Hamacas”. Se estima que tal acampamiento estuvo en la llamada cuesta del Palo Verde, y que fue conocida como “la Aldea”. Al norte de ese emplazamiento se comenzó a trazar la Plaza Mayor, donde se ubica actualmente la Plaza Libertad; al Este, se erigió la Iglesia consagrada al Santísimo Salvador del Mundo. El 27 de septiembre de 1546, mediante trámites de los procuradores Alonso de Oliveros y Hernán Méndez de Sotomayor, y por petición del Secretario de la Real Corona Juan de Samano ante el infante don Felipe por la ausencia del emperador Carlos V de Alemania y I de España, se elevó la villa a la categoría de ciudad por Real Provisión.
Durante la época colonial la ciudad fue parte de la Alcaldía Mayor de San Salvador, y estaba bajo la autoridad principal de la región: la Capitanía General de Guatemala. En el siglo XVII, la actividad principal de esta región fue el añil, para su exportación a Europa. En la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, debido a las Reformas borbónicas, que tenían como objetivo mejorar el cobro de impuestos y crear monopolios estatales, se creó la Intendencia de San Salvador en 1785; la propia ciudad fue cabecera de su partido.
San Salvador tuvo un destacado rol en los años previos a la independencia de Centroamérica. Fue allí donde se dio la primera rebelión en 1811 en contra de las autoridades de la Capitanía, y una más en 1814, ambas sin éxito. Con la declaración del Plan de Iguala por Agustín de Iturbide, las entonces provincias de la Capitanía declararon su emancipación el 15 de septiembre de 1821. Las noticias de este suceso llegaron a San Salvador el 21 de septiembre.
A partir de entonces las antiguas intendencias fueron gobernadas independientemente. De hecho en San Salvador regía un Jefe Político. Pero, en definitiva, todas estaban aún bajo la dirección de una Junta Provisional Consultiva con sede en Guatemala. Meses después llegó desde México una invitación de Iturbide para que las provincias se unieran al nuevo Imperio. La Junta decidió su anexión el 5 de enero de 1822; solo dos ayuntamientos, de los 170 que conformaban la región, se negaron: San Salvador y San Vicente.En los siguientes dos años la ciudad enfrentó dos invasiones desde Guatemala, que las fuerzas defensoras pudieron repeler. Sin embargo, en febrero de 1823, Vicente Filísola asedió a la ciudad y la ocupó; su estadía acabó debido al retiro del poder de Iturbide.
Con el nacimiento de la República Federal de Centroamérica en 1824, la ciudad se vio envuelta en los turbulentos años que enfrentaron a liberales y conservadores. Para separarse de la influencia de poder que ejercía la ciudad de Guatemala, Francisco Morazán decidió crear un distrito federal en San Salvador en 1834. La situación caótica de la región creó un estado de pobreza general. Tal condición provocó, además, una epidemia de cólera en 1836.
La economía del país cambió gradualmente en la segunda mitad del
Youtube results:
38:14
[5/6] DPDA - 8 Mars 2012 : François Bayrou Vs Manuel Valls - HD
Emission des paroles et des actes du 08/03/2012 avec François Bayrou - partie 5/6 Duel Bay...
published: 09 Mar 2012
author: phrancque
[5/6] DPDA - 8 Mars 2012 : François Bayrou Vs Manuel Valls - HD
Emission des paroles et des actes du 08/03/2012 avec François Bayrou - partie 5/6 Duel Bayrou / Manuel Valls
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 7364
- author: phrancque
20:41
Bourdin direct : Manuel Valls
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: BFMTV
Bourdin direct : Manuel Valls
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Manuel Valls, ministre de l'Intérieur
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 1774
- author: BFMTV
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
09 Feb 2013
Thick snow is blanketing the north-eastern US as a major storm cuts power to thousands of homes and plays havoc with transport schedules. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Connecticut and Maine are all on an emergency footing, with millions of residents being warned to stay indoors. Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick has temporarily banned all non-essential traffic on the state's roads ... Worse to come? ... Stay home." ... Light....(size: 5.7Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Adam Moss
07 Feb 2013
Juror in Texas case wishes he heard more evidence. 12 minutes ago. Blizzard threatens New England; 1 to 2 feet feared. 17 minutes ago. UN. US air raids kill hundreds of Afghan children. 27 minutes ago. Ohio Amish set for sentencing in beard attacks. 44 minutes ago. Add-ons let semi-autos fire like military weapons. 1 hour ago. Deals!. View All. . . . . . ... St ... ....(size: 15.7Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
09 Feb 2013
NEW DELHI (AP) — Indian news channels are reporting that a Kashmiri man convicted in the 2001 attack on India's Parliament has been hanged ... World news. Last 24 hours....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: USAF / Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.
07 Feb 2013
Updated. February 7, 2013 12.29AM. WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama has directed the Justice Department to give Congress’ intelligence committees access to classified legal advice providing the government’s rationale for drone strikes against American citizens working with al-Qaida abroad, a senior administration official and Democratic lawmakers said Wednesday ... The unclassified memo says it is legal for the government to kill U.S ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
09 Feb 2013
For all of his liberal positions on the environment, taxes and health care, President Barack Obama is a hawk when it comes to the war on terror. From deadly drones to secret interrogations to withholding evidence in terror lawsuits, Obama's Democratic White House has followed the path of his predecessor, Republican President George W. Bush. The U.S ... 11, 2001 ... His confirmation was delayed for three weeks and nearly derailed ... soil ... security....(size: 9.1Kb)
U~T San Diego
09 Feb 2013
It said the demonstration would also protest "French interference" after comments earlier in the week by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls, who denounced Belaid's killing as an attack on "the values of Tunisia's Jasmine revolution." ... Protesters denounced Valls' remarks, claiming they showed that France is interfering in Tunisia's internal affairs....(size: 3.3Kb)
Reuters
09 Feb 2013
Some of the Islamist demonstrators shouted "France, out", in response to remarks by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls which were rejected by Jebali, the prime minister, on Friday. "We must support all those who fight to maintain values and remain aware of the dangers of despotism, of Islamism that threatened those values today through obscurantism," Valls had said on Europe 1 radio on Thursday in comments on Tunisia....(size: 3.0Kb)
Seattle Post
09 Feb 2013
It said the demonstration would also protest "French interference" after comments earlier in the week by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls, who denounced Belaid's killing as an attack on "the values of Tunisia's Jasmine revolution." ... Protesters denounced Valls' remarks, claiming they showed that France is interfering in Tunisia's internal affairs....(size: 4.4Kb)
Star Tribune
09 Feb 2013
It said the demonstration would also protest "French interference" after comments earlier in the week by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls, who denounced Belaid's killing as an attack on "the values of Tunisia's Jasmine revolution." ... Protesters denounced Valls' remarks, claiming they showed that France is interfering in Tunisia's internal affairs....(size: 4.6Kb)
The Associated Press
09 Feb 2013
Seattle Post
09 Feb 2013
Khaleej Times
09 Feb 2013
Voa News
09 Feb 2013
Demonstrators shouted anti-French slogans to protest what they called "French interference," responding to French Interior Minister Manuel Valls' comments against rising "Islamist fascism" after Belaid's murder. Belaid's family has accused the ruling party of being complicit in the murder, an accusation the ruling party denies ... But Mr ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Huffington Post
09 Feb 2013
It said the demonstration would also protest "French interference" after comments earlier in the week by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls, who denounced Belaid's killing as an attack on "the values of Tunisia's Jasmine revolution." ... Protesters denounced Valls' remarks, claiming they showed that France is interfering in Tunisia's internal affairs....(size: 8.5Kb)
The Washington Post
09 Feb 2013
6 of Chokri Belaid. Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend. Personal Post. Images from around the world ... WorldViewsWhy Switzerland has so many guns ... Map ... Ennahda said the demonstration would also protest “French interference” after comments earlier in the week by French Foreign Minister Manuel Valls, who denounced the killing as an attack on “the values of Tunisia’s Jasmine revolution.” ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Guardian
09 Feb 2013
6,000 demonstrate in capital to back leader Rachid Ghannouchi after show of anger from mourners for murdered Chokri Belaïd. Supporters of Tunisia’s ruling Ennahda party demonstrate in the capital, Tunis. Photograph. Zoubeir Souissi/Reuters ... The party denies any involvement ... Some of the demonstrators shouted "France out" after the French interior minister, Manuel Valls, blamed Belaïd's murder on "Islamic fascism" ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Al Jazeera
09 Feb 2013
Ennahda said the demonstration would also be a protest against "French interference" after comments earlier in the week by Manuel Valls, French foreign minister, who denounced the killing as an attack on "the values of Tunisia's Jasmine revolution". Tunis' main thoroughfare, Avenue Bourguiba, was bustling on Saturday morning, with full cafes and shops reopened after a general strike a day earlier ... Share ... ....(size: 18.1Kb)
North Jersey
07 Feb 2013
"We must continue this work of dismantling these networks that want to act on our territory or sneak out individuals to carry out jihad," Interior Minister Manuel Valls said on French television Tuesday. "We are also fighting an internal enemy." ... Valls said on BFM-TV that there are "probably a handful" of French who went to Mali and authorities know of several who wanted to get there ... ....(size: 11.4Kb)
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This article contains translated text and needs attention from someone approaching dual fluency. Please see this article's entry on Pages needing translation into English for discussion. If you have just labeled this page as needing such attention, please add {{subst:Duflu | pg= Manuel Valls | Language = | Comments = }} ~~~~to the bottom of the WP:PNTCU section on Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English. |
| Manuel Valls | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |
|
| Minister of the Interior | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 16 May 2012 |
|
| President | François Hollande |
| Prime Minister | Jean-Marc Ayrault |
| Preceded by | Claude Guéant |
| Mayor of Évry | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 18 March 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Christian Olivier |
| Member of the National Assembly from Essonne's 1st constituency |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 19 June 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | Jacques Guyard |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1962-08-13) 13 August 1962 (age 49) Barcelona, Spain |
| Political party | Socialist Party |
| Alma mater | University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Website | Official website |
Manuel Valls (French: [manyɛl vals], Catalan: [mənuˈɛɫ ˈβaʎs], born August 13, 1962) is a French Socialist Party (PS) politician, deputy since 2002 and mayor of Évry. On May 16, 2012 he was appointed Minister of the Interior (Homeland security) in the French government of Jean-Marc Ayrault.
Valls was born in Barcelona, Spain, and became a naturalized French citizen in 1982. He is a prominent supporter of F.C. Barcelona, the famous club whose anthem was composed by a namesake of his, the cousin of his father. As reported on the Swiss Newspapers last week he is the son of a Spanish citizen, while his mother is a Ticinese, Swiss-Italian from Valle di Blenio, Canton Ticino.
After serving as an advisor on youth issues for Prime Minister Michel Rocard from 1988 to 1991, he was communications advisor to Prime Minister Lionel Jospin from 1997 to 2001.
He sought the PS nomination for President of France in the 2012 election. Finally ranked 5th of the first round of the PS primary, he called for a François Hollande vote in the second round. Valls is often considered in France as a representative of the social-liberal wing of the French Socialist Party, sharing common orientations with Scandinavian style Social Democracy and Blairism.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Origins, family[link]
Carlos Manuel Valls looks upon himself as "son of Catalonia" with a "Spanish spirit", as he was born in Barcelona, because his parents "were on vacation and wanted their eldest son to be born there". He got French nationality in 1982.
His paternal grandfather was editor-in-chief in a Catholic and republican newspaper in Spain. During the Spanish Civil War, he hides at his home some catholic church members persecuted by some trotskyists and anarchists. After Francisco Franco's victory, he had been forbidden to continue his job of editor. His father is the painter Xavier Valls (1923-2006)[1] · ,[2] also born in Barcelona, who emigrated to Paris by the late 1940s. There he met his future wife Luisangela Galfetti, sister of the Swiss architect Aurelio Galfetti. He is also cousin of Manuel Valls Gorina, who composed the Hymn of FC Barcelona.
Thanks to family melting pot Manuel Valls is fluent in French, Spanish, Catalan and Italian.[3] He was married in 1987 with Nathalie Soulié, they got 4 chidren before divorcing. He married 1 July 2010[4] with Anne Gravoin who is violonist awarded by the Conservatoire de Paris[5] · .[6]
Political involvement[link]
He joined in 1980 at 17 years old the French Socialist Party (PS) to support Michel Rocard. Within the PS, he defends the second left, Rocard, more pragmatic face of François Mitterrand. While studying history at the University of Paris I Tolbiac he was part of the progressist student union, the UNEF-ID.
Between 1983 and 1986 he was a member of the staff of the member of parliament Robert Chapuis, deputy for Ardeche, and in 1988 succeeded Henri Kaminska as head of PS Bezons Argenteuil. At 24 he was elected to the Regional Council of Ile de France, which becomes senior vice president in 1998. Between 1991 and 1993 is attached interministerial delegate of the Winter Olympics in Albertville 1992. He then became national secretary of the Socialist Party of communication and first secretary of the federation in Val d'Oise. Then handles the communication and media relations of the Cabinet of Lionel Jospin, Prime Minister of France between 1997 and 2002.
In March 2001 and in 2008, he was elected mayor of Evry and in 2002 deputy in the French National Assembly by the First District of Essonne, was reelected in 2007.
In the succession of François Hollande in front of PS in November 2008, takes sides in favor of Ségolène Royal. Following the results (considering controversial) claims the arbitration court against the suspicions of electoral fraud in the strongholds of North and Seine-Maritime, in favor of Martine Aubry.
2011 primaries and presidential campaign[link]
On June 13, 2009, Manuel Valls announced his intention to run for the Socialist primary in 2011 for the 2012 presidential election. June 30, 2009 he founded the club "Left needs optimism," "Legal and Financial Support" to present to the primary socialiste29. On 7 June 2011, he confirmed his candidacy for the Socialist primary.
On the evening of the first round, Oct. 9, 2011, Manuel Valls achieved a score of 6% of the vote, just behind Ségolène Royal, and was eliminated in the first round of the Socialist primary. On the night of his defeat, he endorsed Francois Hollande in the second round.
During the 2012 presidential election, he was the communications director of the PS nominee Francois Hollande, becoming one of the pillars of the campaign team.
Political orientations[link]
He is commonly classified in the "right wing" of the Socialist Party with a similar approach as the German and Scandinavian Social Democracies. He defined himself in the past as "Blairite" or "clintonien" and describes his position "is in the tradition of Pierre Mendes France, Lionel Jospin and Michel Rocard" (Socialist primary of 2011). It can be included to the third-way movement.
He preaches for an "economically realistic" political speech without any "demagoguery". He voices his dissent in the party by his vision of individual responsabilities ("The new proposal of the left must be the individual self-realization: to allow everyone to become what it is") and his positions againts a system wher some people live only from nationnal solidarity.
Describing himself as "reformist rather than revolutionary," he wants to "reconcile the left to the liberal approach."
Economic policy and European integration[link]
Among the desired economic reforms, it is particularly favorable to the establishment of "social VAT", designed primarily to increase the VAT number of consumer products called "non essential" in exchange for reducing contribution with on wages ("Fiscal policy will have to undergo an increase in VAT. This is the VAT or social protection-that I propose.")
It also calls for extending the contribution period to set the age of retirement and "alignment of the special [retirement] on the general scheme. "
In 2010, he expressed support for the control of the European Commission on national budgets, saying it is "definitely" necessary. "In the world as it is, who needs large sets, we need more integration of our economic policies, more coordination, it is true in monetary terms, this is true on the fiscal and this is true for taxes, "said he.
International issues[link]
Asked in July 2011 on his attendance at a meeting of the Bilderberg Group, he confirmed that he was invited to Washington two years ago, while considering that this group was too "Atlanticist" and was open to the world. Similarly, he considers that "it would have to be too large leftist organizations, political, social," in European and global level.
Social issues[link]
Immigration[link]
In his book "To finish with the old socialism ... and finally to be left", he expressed support for "quota" of immigration, approves the extension of the pension contribution to 41 years provided that they imagine starting a 'la carte, "according to the arduous career, and regrets the" fatwas non-GM "and antinuclear.
Safety[link]
Elected to a city with security problems, he advocates a policy of firmness and is favorable to the municipal police, armed if necessary (primary Socialists of 2011). It stigmatizes the other hand what he calls "the politics of numbers" Fillon government.
Secularism[link]
Secularism In opposite, he demanded an overhaul of the 1905 law separating church and state saying that "nobody wants to touch it, but it is bypassed at all times; everyone seeks a subterfuge to achieve its ends . [...] Our country can not escape even if the revision is not a review with a large R. The law has also been amended several times since its adoption. The Republic could thus offer a symbolic moment to breathe new life to secularism. It should be a public review of the application of secularism that goes through a parliamentary debate. What a beautiful way to restore the ideal layman in the heart of French society and make a shared value. "
In 2002, he opposed the store Franprix Evry who intends to sell only halal products.
Cannabis[link]
On 12 October 2009, Manuel Valls expressed "total disagreement" with the proposed decriminalization or legalization of cannabis made framed by Daniel Vaillant who did attempt to deprive traffickers including a source of income, arguing Valls risk of loss benchmarks, of late prohibited, and that "the drug, [...] source of the underground economy, can not be treated well."
Political strategies[link]
In the summer of 2011, he states that "men and women like Dominique de Villepin, Bayrou or Corinne Lepage, to name a few, may belong, if they wish, a majority with broad ". He advocates a political cooperation with the humanist center and center left on some issues.
Former mandates[link]
Minister of Interior : Since May 2012
Member of the National Assembly of France for Essonne (1st constituency) : 2002-2012 (Became minister in May). Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007.
Vice-president of the Regional Council of Ile-de-France : 1998-2002 (Resignation).
Regional councillor of Ile-de-France : 1986-2002 (Resignation).
Mayor of Évry : Since 2001. Reelected in 2008.
Municipal councillor of Évry : Since 2001. Reelected in 2008.
Deputy-mayor of Argenteuil : 1989-1998 (Resignation).
Municipal councillor of Argenteuil : 1989-1998 (Resignation).
Works[link]
- Les habits neufs de la gauche, éditions Robert Laffont, 2006
- La laïcité en face, a dialog with Virginie Malabard, Éditions Desclée de Brouwer, 2005
- Pour en finir avec le vieux socialisme... et être enfin de gauche, a dialog with Claude Askolovitch, Robert Laffont, 2008
References[link]
- ^ (French)Biographie de Xavier Valls on claude-bernard.com website
- ^ (Spanish) Ana María Preckler, Historia del arte universal de los siglos XIX y XX, Editorial Complutense, 2003, tome II, p. 509
.
This 8474917077 lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it. Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the {{Cite book}} or {{citation}} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (June 2012) - ^ (French)Ce qu'il faut savoir de Manuel Valls », www.lejdd.fr, May 16, 2012.
- ^ (French)« Manuel Valls va se marier en juillet », Le Nouvel Observateur, January 10, 2010.
- ^ (French)« La table de chevet de... Manuel Valls », Les Échos, nb60, February 15, 2008, p.50.
- ^ (French)« Manuel Valls ouvre les fenêtres de la musique », Radio classique, May 16, 2008.
External links[link]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Claude Guéant |
Minister of the Interior 2012–present |
Incumbent |
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Valls, Manuel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | French politician |
| Date of birth | 1962-08-13 |
| Place of birth | Barcelona |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls
Related pages:
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Valls | |||
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| — Municipality — | |||
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 Valls
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| Coordinates: 41°17′18″N 1°15′7″E / 41.28833°N 1.25194°E / 41.28833; 1.25194Coordinates: 41°17′18″N 1°15′7″E / 41.28833°N 1.25194°E / 41.28833; 1.25194 | |||
| Country |  Spain |
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| Community |  Catalonia |
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| Province | Tarragona | ||
| Comarca | Alt Camp | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Albert Batet | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 55.28 km2 (21.34 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 215 m (705 ft) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • Total | 25,158 | ||
| • Density | 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Vallencs | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Website | Official website | ||
Valls is the capital of the comarca of Alt Camp, in Catalonia, Spain. The typical food is calçots and also typical are the human towers called castells. It is the birthplace of the composer Robert Gerhard (1896–1970).
Twin towns[link]
References[link]
- Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Valls |
- Official website (Catalan)
- Information - Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan)
- Statistical information - Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya (Catalan)
- Net.art about Valls city (Catalan)
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This article about a location in Catalonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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|
| Born | (1962-08-26) August 26, 1962 (age 49) Geneva, Switzerland |
|---|---|
| Era | 21st-century philosophy |
| Main interests | Islamic studies Theology Philosophy Politics Interfaith dialogue Literature |
| Website | www.tariqramadan.com |
Tariq Ramadan (Arabic: طارق رمضان; born 26 August 1962 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Swiss academic and writer. He is also a Professor of Contemporary Islamic Studies in the Faculty of Oriental Studies at Oxford University. He advocates the study and re-interpretation of Islamic texts, and emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of Western Muslims.[1]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Tariq Ramadan is the son of Said Ramadan and Wafa Al-Bana, who was the eldest daughter of Hassan al Banna, who in 1928 founded the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Gamal al-Banna, the liberal Muslim reformer is his great-uncle. His father was a prominent figure in the Muslim Brotherhood and was exiled by Gamal Abdul Nasser[2] from Egypt to Switzerland, where Tariq was born.
Tariq Ramadan studied Philosophy and French literature at the Masters level and holds a PhD in Arabic and Islamic studies from the University of Geneva. He also wrote a PhD dissertation on Friedrich Nietzsche, entitled Nietzsche as a Historian of Philosophy.[3]
He taught at the College de Saussure, a high school in Geneva, Switzerland, and held a lectureship in Religion and Philosophy at the University of Fribourg from 1996 to 2003. In October 2005 he began teaching at St Antony's College at the University of Oxford on a Visiting Fellowship. In 2005 he was a senior research fellow at the Lokahi Foundation.[4][5] In 2007 he successfully applied for the professorship in Islamic studies at the University of Leiden, but then declined to take up the position, citing professional reasons.[6][7] He was also a guest professor of Identity and Citizenship at Erasmus University Rotterdam,[8][9][10] till August 2009 when the City of Rotterdam and Erasmus University dismissed him from his positions as "integration adviser" and professor, stating that the program he chairs on Iran's Press TV, Islam & Life, was "irreconcilable" with his duties in Rotterdam.[11][12] Ramadan described this move as Islamophobic and politically charged.[13] Beginning September 2009, Ramadan, was appointed to the His Highness Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani Chair in Contemporary Islamic Studies at Oxford University.[14]
Ramadan established the Mouvement des Musulmans Suisses (Movement of Swiss Muslims), which engages in various interfaith seminars. He is an advisor to the EU on religious issues and was sought for advice by the EU on a commission on “Islam and Secularism”.In September 2005 he was invited to join a task force by the government of the United Kingdom.[2] He is also the President of the Euro-Muslim Network, a Brussels-based think-tank.[15]
He is widely interviewed and has produced about 100 tapes which sell tens of thousands of copies each year.[16]
As of 2009, Tariq Ramadan was persona non grata in Tunisia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,[17] Libya and Syria because of his "criticism of these undemocratic regimes that deny the most basic human rights".[18]
U.S. visa revocation and subsequent lifting[link]
In February 2004, Tariq Ramadan accepted the tenured position of Henry R. Luce Professor of Religion, Conflict and Peacebuilding at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, United States. He was granted a nonimmigrant visa on May 5, however, on July 28, his H-1B visa was revoked by the State Department.[19] In August 2004, spokesman for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement cited the "ideological exclusion provision" of the USA PATRIOT Act as the grounds for Ramadan's visa revocation.[20] In October, the University of Notre Dame filed a H-1B petition on Ramadan's behalf. After hearing no response from the government by December, Ramadan resigned his position from the university.
In September 2005, Ramadan filed an application for a B Visa to allow him to participate at speaking arrangements with various organizations and universities. The government did not issue a decision on Ramadan's visa application, so the American Civil Liberties Union and the New York Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit on January 25, 2006 against the United States government on behalf of the American Academy of Religion, the American Association of University Professors and the PEN American Center – three groups who had planned on meeting with Ramadan in the US – for revoking Ramadan's visa under the "ideological exclusion provision". The ACLU and NYCLU argued that the ideological exclusion provision was in violation of the First Amendment and Fifth Amendment rights of those three groups and that the government's actions violated the Administrative Procedures Act.[21] After two months had passed without a decision being made, the plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction. Pursuant to the injunction, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ordered the government on June 23, 2006 to issue its decision on Ramadan's pending B Visa application within 90 days.[22]
On September 19, 2006, the government formally denied Ramadan's visa application. A State Department statement said: "A U.S. consular officer has denied Dr. Tariq Ramadan's visa application. The consular officer concluded that Dr. Ramadan was inadmissible based solely on his actions, which constituted providing material support to a terrorist organization."[23][24] Between December 1998 and July 2002, Ramadan had given donations totalling $940 to two charity organizations, the Committee for Charity and Support for the Palestinians (CBSP) or Comité de Bienfaisance et de Secours aux Palestiniens and the Association de Secours Palestinien.[25] The United States Treasury designated both the CBSP and ASP terrorist fundraising organizations for their alleged links to Hamas on August 22, 2003.[26] The U.S. Embassy told Ramadan that he "reasonably should have known" that the charities provided money to Hamas. In an article in The Washington Post, Ramadan asked: "How should I reasonably have known of their activities before the U.S. government itself knew?"[25][27][28][29]
On February 2, 2007, the ACLU and NYCLU amended their complaint, arguing that the government's explanation for denying Ramadan's visa application was not "facially legitimate and bona fide" and that the ideological exclusion provision of the PATRIOT Act was in violation of the First and Fifth Amendments. They also argued that Ramadan's denial violated the First Amendment rights of those who wanted to hear him speak. In his decision on December 20, 2007, District Judge Paul A. Crotty ruled that the government's justification for denying Ramadan's visa was "facially legitimate and bona fide" and noted that the Court "has no authority to override the Government's consular decision".[30]
In January 2008, the ACLU appealed Crotty's ruling. Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU National Security Project and lead attorney in the case, stated:
"The government's shifting positions only underscore why meaningful judicial review – the kind of oversight that the district court failed to provide – is so important. In Professor Ramadan’s case and many others, the government is using immigration laws to stigmatize and exclude its critics and to censor and control the ideas that Americans can hear. Censorship of this kind is completely inconsistent with the most basic principles of an open society."
Ramadan himself remarked:
"The U.S. government's actions in my case seem, at least to me, to have been arbitrary and myopic. But I am encouraged by the unwavering support I have received from ordinary Americans, civic groups and particularly from scholars, academic organizations, and the ACLU. I am heartened by the emerging debate in the U.S. about what has been happening to our countries and ideals in the past six years. And I am hopeful that eventually I will be allowed to enter the country so that I may contribute to the debate and be enriched by dialogue."[31]
On July 17, 2009, the US federal appeals court reversed the ruling of the lower district court. The three-judge panel on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit – composed of Judges Jon O. Newman, Wilfred Feinberg and Reena Raggi – ruled that the Court had "jurisdiction to consider the claim, despite the doctrine of consular nonreviewability". They stated that government was required by law to "confront Ramadan with the allegation against him and afford him the subsequent opportunity to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that he did not know, and reasonably should not have known, that the recipient of his contributions was a terrorist organization." Under the limited review permitted by the 1972 Supreme Court ruling in Kleindienst v. Mandel, the panel concluded that the "record does not establish that the consular officer who denied the visa confronted Ramadan with the allegation that he had knowingly rendered material support to a terrorist organization, thereby precluding an adequate opportunity for Ramadan to attempt to satisfy the provision that exempts a visa applicant from exclusion under the 'material support' subsection if he 'can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that [he] did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist organization.'" Additionally, the panel agreed with the plaintiffs' contention that their First Amendment rights had been violated. The panel remanded the case to a lower court to determine if the consular officer had confronted Ramadan with the "allegation that he knew that ASP provided funds to Hamas and then providing him with a reasonable opportunity to demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence, that he did not know, and should not have reasonably known, of that fact."[32]
Following the ruling, Ramadan stated, "I am very gratified with the court's decision. I am eager to engage once again with Americans in the kinds of face-to-face discussions that are central to academic exchange and crucial to bridging cultural divides." Melissa Goodman, staff attorney with the ACLU National Security Project, issued a statement saying, "Given today's decision, we hope that the Obama administration will immediately end Professor Ramadan's exclusion. We also encourage the new administration to reconsider the exclusion of other foreign scholars, writers and artists who were barred from the country by the Bush administration on ideological grounds."[33]
On January 20, 2010, after more than five years of waiting, the American State Department has decided, in a document signed by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, to lift the ban that prohibited Ramadan (as well as Professor Adam Habib from South Africa) from entering the United States. On the lifting of this ban, Ramadan has stated:
Coming after nearly six years of inquiry and investigation, Secretary Clinton’s order confirms what I have affirmed and reaffirmed from day one: the first accusations of terrorist connections (subsequently dropped), then donations to Palestinian solidarity groups, were nothing more than a pretense to prohibit me from speaking critically about American government policy on American soil. The decision brings to an end a dark period in American politics that saw security considerations invoked to block critical debate through a policy of exclusion and baseless allegation.
On April 8, 2010, Ramadan spoke as part of a panel discussion at the Great Hall of Cooper Union in New York City, his first public appearance since the State Department lifted the ban.[34] The group debated the lengths to which Western nations should go to accommodate their Muslim populations.
Views[link]
Ramadan works primarily on Islamic theology and the position of Muslims in the West and within Muslim majority countries. In general, he believes it necessary to interpret the Qur'an, not simply to read the Arabic text, in order to understand its meaning and to practice Islamic philosophy.[35] He also emphasizes the difference between religion and culture, which he believes are too often confused, arguing that citizenship and religion are separate concepts which should not be mixed. He claims that there is no conflict between being both a Muslim and a European; a Muslim must accept the laws of his country. But he is opposed to some politicians or people who try to circumvent or to give a new sense of their own laws.
He believes that Western Muslims must create a "Western Islam" just as there is a separate "Asian Islam" and an "African Islam", which take into account cultural differences.[36] By this he means that European Muslims must re-examine the fundamental texts of Islam (primarily the Qur'an) and interpret them in light of their own cultural background, influenced by European society.
He rejects a binary division of the world into dar al-Islam (the abode of Islam) and dar al-harb (the abode of war), on the grounds that such a division is not mentioned in the Qur'an. He has been also known to cite favourably the Dar al-Da'wa (Abode of Information Dissemination).[37] However, Ramadan has articulated both the "ideological geography" of the West and the duty of da'wa in an original fashion and one that is starkly more pro-integration than the more conservative "loyal resident alienage" articulated by such jurists as al-Qaradawi. For Ramadan, the West is neither the Abode of War nor the Abode of da'wa but "dar al-shahada," the "Abode of Testimony" [to the Islamic Message]. He argues that Muslims are "witnesses before mankind"; they must continue to review the fundamental principles of Islam and take responsibility for their faith.
Importantly, for him the "Islamic message" to which Muslims are expected to bear witness is not primarily the particularist, socially conservative code of traditionalist jurists, but a commitment to universalism and the welfare of non-Muslims; it is also an injunction not merely to make demands on un-Islamic societies but to express solidarity with them.[38][39]
"... the European environment is a space of responsibility for Muslims. This is exactly the meaning of the notion of "space of testimony" [dar al-shahada] that we propose here, a notion that totally reverses perspectives: whereas Muslims have, for years, been wondering whether and how they would be accepted, the in-depth study and evaluation of the Western environment entrusts them, in light of their Islamic frame of reference, with a most important mission... Muslims now attain, in the space of testimony, the meaning of an essential duty and of an exacting responsibility: to contribute, wherever they are, to promoting good and equity within and through human brotherhood. Muslims' outlook must now change from the reality of "protection" alone to that of an authentic "contribution."
He emphasizes a Muslim's responsibility to his community, whether it be Islamic or not. He criticizes the 'us vs. them' mentality that some Muslims advocate against the West. He also advocates having Muslim scholars in the West who are versed in Western mores, and not relying on religious studies that come only from the Islamic world. He wants more Islamic philosophy written in European languages. He thinks that European Muslims' reliance on an "external" Islam, leaves them feeling inadequate and impure, which is one of the main causes of alienation from European culture.
He believes that most Muslims in the West are quietly and successfully integrating into society. The main problems for the community come from those who are ignorant of Western society.
He also worries about Western perceptions of Islam. He says the Muslim community has been bad at representing itself, and that this has allowed westerners to confuse Islam with cultural traits, as well as political problems. For example, he believes that many notionally Islamic countries have governments which betray the principles of Islam.
He believes that the Muslim leadership in Europe is partially responsible for the sometimes shaky relations between Muslims and the rest of society. He believes that they have been overly defensive, and have not properly explained the philosophy of Islam, nor have they engaged sufficiently with non-Muslim society.
He stresses that a Muslim's freedom of religion is very extensive in the West, and that permission for "un-Islamic" activities, such as drinking, or pre-marital sex, does not compel Muslims to do anything. Only a few situations warrant the invocation of the "clause of conscience" which allows a Muslim to make it clear that certain actions or behaviours are in contradiction of their faith. These are, participating in a war whose sole desire is for power or control; fighting or killing a fellow Muslim, unless their attitude is unjust or wrong; participating in an unlawful transaction (such as purchasing insurance, burial, incorrect slaughter). He stresses that in such cases the situation should be carefully analysed, and the degree of compulsion considered. Only non-violence and negotiation are acceptable in these cases.[40]
Ramadan has voiced his opposition to all forms of capital punishment but believes the Muslim world should remove such laws from within, without any Western pressure, as such would only further alienate Muslims, and instead bolster the position of those who support hudud punishments.
He has said "Muslim populations are convincing themselves of the Islamic character of these practices through a rejection of the west, on the basis of a simplistic reasoning that stipulates that 'the less western, the more Islamic'."[41]
Politically, Ramadan was opposed to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He believes that jihad against the United States military in Iraq was justified as an act of resistance to oppression.
He has condemned suicide bombing and violence as a tactic.[42] Perhaps more importantly, he believes that terrorism is never justifiable, even though it is sometimes understandable.[43]
He was opposed to the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools.
Ramadan wrote that the Muslim response to Pope Benedict XVI's speech on Islam was disproportionate, and was encouraged by reactionary Islamic regimes in order to distract their populations, and that it did not improve the position of Islam in the world.[44]
Ramadan wrote an article entitled, Les (nouveaux) intellectuels communautaires, which French newspapers Le Monde and Le Figaro refused to publish. Oumma.com did eventually publish it. In the article he criticizes a number of French Jewish intellectuals and figures such as Alexandre Adler, Alain Finkielkraut, Bernard-Henri Lévy, André Glucksmann and Bernard Kouchner, for allegedly abandoning universal human rights, and giving special status to the defence of Israel. Ramadan was accused, in return, of having used inflammatory language.[45][46]
Debate[link]
In a French television debate in 2003 with Nicolas Sarkozy, Sarkozy accused Ramadan of defending the stoning of adulterers, a punishment stipulated in the section of the Islamic penal code known as hudud, roots being in Mosaic law as mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible and not having been abrogated by later revelations, consequently Sura 6 verse 89 of the Quran is interpreted in orthodox Islam as sanctioning the death penalty for certain crimes. Ramadan replied that Sarkozy was wrong. He said that he opposed stoning and that he favored “a moratorium” on such practices to have time to discuss the law outright. Many people, including Sarkozy, were outraged. Ramadan later defended his position arguing that, because it involved religious texts, the law would have to be properly understood and contextualised. Ramadan argued that in Muslim countries, the simple act to "condemn" won't change anything, but with a "moratorium", it could open the way for further debate. He thinks that such a debate can only lead to an abolishment of these rules.[47] He further engaged in similar debates on the issue, notably at the Cambridge Union with Sir Bernard Crick, among others, in 2008.
Critical reception[link]
Some academics have greeted his works with enthusiasm, detecting liberalising and rationalising tendencies.[48]
Praise[link]
Paul Donnelly[disambiguation needed 
] at the liberal[49] online magazine Salon.com asked rhetorically: "Tariq Ramadan: The Muslim Martin Luther?".[50] Similarly, an article at the self-described liberal[51] The American Prospect praised Ramadan and his work in particular as an "entire corpus consists of a steady and unyielding assault on Muslim insularity, self-righteousness, and self-pity."[52]
Criticism[link]
In a book published by Encounter Books, Caroline Fourest analysed Tariq Ramadan's 15 books, 1,500 pages of interviews, and approximately 100 recordings,[53][54] and concludes "Ramadan is a war leader," and the "political heir of his grandfather," Hassan al-Banna, stating that his discourse is, "often just a repetition of the discourse that Banna had at the beginning of the 20th century in Egypt," and that he "presents [al-Banna] as a model to be followed."[16][55] She argues that "Tariq Ramadan is slippery. He says one thing to his faithful Muslim followers and something else entirely to his Western audience. His choice of words, the formulations he uses – even his tone of voice – vary, chameleon-like, according to his audience."[53] Tariq Ramadan responded that Caroline Fourest's book was filled with inaccuracies and untruths, a few of which she later acknowledged on her blog[56].
Olivier Guitta, writing in The Weekly Standard, welcomed the U.S. decision to refuse Ramadan a visa, based on Ramadan's supposed links to terrorist organizations and claiming that his father was the likely author of "'The Project'... a roadmap for installing Islamic regimes in the West by propaganda, preaching, and if necessary war." He further claimed that the former head of the French antiracism organization SOS Racisme, "Malek Boutih told Ramadan after talking with him at length: ‘Mr. Ramadan, you are a fascist.’"[16] In an interview with Europe 1 Boutih likened him to "a small Le Pen[disambiguation needed ]";[57] in another interview he accused him of having crossed the line of racism and anti-Semitism, thus not genuinely belonging to the alter-globalization movement. Similarly, self-described conservative[58] Daniel Pipes concurred with the revocation of Ramadan's visa on grounds of Ramadan's alleged ties with Islamic extremism.[59] After the lifting of the visa revocation, an article in the National Review criticized the double standard of lifting the visa restriction on Ramadan, but not for Issam Abu Issa who was banned by the Bush Administration for being a whistleblower against the Palestinian Authority's corruption.[60]
Bertrand Delanoë, Socialist mayor of Paris, declared Ramadan unfit to participate at the European Social Forum, as not even "a slight suspicion of anti-Semitism" would be tolerable. Talking to the Paris weekly Marianne, Fadela Amara, president of Ni Putes Ni Soumises (Neither Whores Nor Submissive, a French feminist movement), Aurélie Filippetti, municipal counsellor for The Greens in Paris, Patrick Klugman, leading member of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France and Dominique Sopo, head of SOS-Racisme accuse Ramadan of having misused the alter-globalization movement's ingenuousness to advance his "radicalism and anti-Semitism."[61] Similarly, an article in the online publication of Alliance for Workers' Liberty published 40 reasons why Ramadan was a reactionary, criticizing views on Islamic extremism, women's rights and anti-Semitism.[62] Egyptian intellectual Tarek Heggy has also charged Ramadan with saying different things to different audiences.[63] Other criticisms have included claims that that an essay attacking French intellectuals was anti-semitic [64] and that he has shown excessive generosity in his rationalization of the motives behind acts of terrorism, such as in the case of [Mohammed Merah].[65]
Response to some of the criticism[link]
Ramadan vehemently denies contacts with terrorists or other Islamic fundamentalists and the charges of anti-Semitism and double talk, attributing the charges to misinterpretation and an unfamiliarity with his writings.[66] He stated: "I have often been accused of this 'double discourse', and to those who say it, I say – bring the evidence. I am quite clear in what I say. The problem is that many people don't want to hear it, particularly in the media. Most of the stories about me are completely untrue: journalists simply repeat black propaganda from the internet without any corroboration, and it just confirms what they want to believe. Words are used out of context. There is double-talk, yes, but there is also double-hearing. That is what I want to challenge."[42] In answer to criticism of his response to September 11th, Ramadan replied that two days after the attacks he had published an open letter, exhorting Muslims to condemn the attacks and the attackers, and not to "hide behind conspiracy theories."[67] and that less than two weeks after the attacks he had stated that “The probability [of bin Laden's guilt] is large, but some questions remain unanswered ... But whoever they are, Bin Laden or others, it is necessary to find them and that they be judged,” and that the interview had been conducted before any evidence was publicly available.[68]
Public reception[link]
One of the world's top 100 innovators of the 21st Century (one of the world's top 7th religious leaders) by Time Magazine in 2000
One of the world's top 100 most influential intellectuals in the world by Time Magazine in 2004
An online poll provided by the American Foreign Policy magazine in 2009 and in 2010 placed Ramadan on the 49th spot in a list of the world’s top 100 contemporary intellectuals.[69]
In 2008, an open online poll, Tariq Ramadan was voted the 8th top most intellectual person in the world on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals by Prospect Magazine (UK).
Selected works[link]
- The quest for meaning: developing a philosophy of pluralism, 2010, ISBN 978-0-14-191957-7
- What I Believe, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-538785-8
- Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-533171-4
- In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-530880-8
- Western Muslims and the future of Islam, 2004. ISBN 0-19-517111-X
- Islam, the West, and the Challenge of Modernity, 2001. ISBN 0-86037-311-8
- To Be a European Muslim, 1999. ISBN 0-86037-300-2
References[link]
- ^ Tariqramadan.com, Western Muslims and The Future of Islam, Oxford University Press, USA; (November 27, 2003).
- ^ a b Kéchichian, Joseph A. . "Ramadan, Tariq Said." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford Islamic Studies Online(accessed 30-Mar-2010)
- ^ Tariq Ramadan. What I Believe. Oxford University Press. p. 12
- ^ Official website
- ^ Islamic scholar gets Oxford job – BBC – Saturday, 27 August 2005
- ^ "Omstreden moslimtheoloog op Leidse leerstoel", Elsevier.nl 6 November 2007 (Dutch)
- ^ "Leiden: Tariq Ramadan turns down appointment", Islam in Europe Blog, 28 November 2007
- ^
- Tariqramadan.com Tariq Ramadan's website
- How Muslims can be European too, article about Ramadan in The Christian Science Monitor
- A case for reform, New Statesman article
- Living together: an interview with Tariq Ramadan, Red Pepper
- Tariq Ramadan Has an Identity Issue, New York Times profile.
- Trying to Bridge A Great Divide, Ramadan named as a "Next Wave innovator" by Time Magazine
- Profile – Tariq Ramadan, by Andrew Hussey, New Statesman
- ^ Interview: Tariq Ramadan, Prospect magazine interview by Ehsan Masood
- ^ Under suspicion, an article on Ramadan, at signandsight.com
- Islamic “Reformism” and Jihad: On the Discourse of Tariq Ramadan, Paul Landau, adapted from chapter 8 of Le Sabre et le Coran, translated from the French by Transatlantic Intelligencer , 2005
- The State Department was right
- Mother Jones article on Muslim Brotherhood
- Bridging the Widening Gap between Islam & Christianity MSNBC Video
- Humphrys in Search of God with Tariq Ramadan (BBC)
- "Reading the Koran", by Tariq Ramadan, January 6, 2008 NYT Sunday Book Review cover article
- ^ "Dutch university fires Islamic scholar Ramadan", The Guardian 18 August 2009
- ^ "Tariq Ramadan sacked over Iran TV connections", Swiss info website, 19 August 2009
- ^ An Open Letter to my Detractors in The Netherlands by Tariq Ramadan
- ^ Islamic Studies Chair is appointed – University 30 Jul 09
- ^ Euro-Muslim Network > About us > Board of Trustees
- ^ a b c The State Dept. Was Right to deny Tariq Ramadan a visa, Olivier Guitta, Weekly Standard, 10/16/2006, Volume 012, Issue 05
- ^ Caldwell, Christopher. Reflections on the Revolution in Europe, Doubleday, 2009, page 292. ISBN 978-0-385-51826-0
- ^ Tariq Ramadan answers his Dutch detractors Published: 18 August 2009 12:25 | Changed: 26 August 2009 10:56
- ^ Lacking Visa, Islamic Scholar Resigns Post at Notre Dame – Washington Post – Wednesday, December 15, 2004
- ^ "Tariq Ramadan". American Civil Liberties Union. 2006-01-24. http://www.aclu.org/safefree/general/23588res20060124.html. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- ^ "Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff – Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief". 2006-01-25. http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/complaint012506.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- ^ Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff, 463 F. Supp. 2d 400, p. 58 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
- ^ Judge Orders U.S. to Decide if Muslim Scholar Can Enter – NY Times, 24 June 2006
- ^ Oxford Professor Denied Visa Due to Alleged Hamas Links – NY Sun, 26 September 2006
- ^ a b Why I’m Banned in the USA, Tariq Ramadan, Washington Post, October 1, 2006; Page B01
- ^ United States Treasury. Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence. Available UStreas.gov. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ "A Visa Revoked", Washington Post editorial
- ^ US Inconsistent in Denying Tariq Ramadan Visa: Judge, at Islamonline.net
- ^ John Tirman. "Banned in America". AlterNet. http://www.alternet.org/rights/19741.
- ^ "Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff – Opinion and order". 2007-12-20. http://www.aclu.org/images/exclusion/asset_upload_file33_33325.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- ^ "ACLU Asks Federal Appeals Court to Lift Ban on Renowned Scholar". American Civil Liberties Union. 2008-01-23. Archived from the original on 2009-08-30. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fsafefree%2Fexclusion%2F33770prs20080123.html&date=2009-08-30. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- ^ Am. Acad. of Religion v. Napolitano (2d Cir. 2009). UScourts.gov Text
- ^ "Federal Appeals Court Rules In Favor Of U.S. Organizations That Challenged Exclusion Of Prominent Muslim Scholar". American Civil Liberties Union. 2009-07-17. http://www.aclu.org/safefree/exclusion/40359prs20090717.html. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- ^ Tracy, Marc (April 9, 2010). "Live, From New York, It's Tariq Ramadan". http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/30306/live-from-new-york-it%E2%80%99s-tariq-ramadan/. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ Reading the Koran. Tariq RAMADAN (2008-01-07). Retrieved on 2011-01-30.
- ^ Tariq RAMADAN. Tariq RAMADAN. Retrieved on 2011-01-30.
- ^ Laurence, Jonathan. (2007-05-01) The Prophet of Moderation: Tariq Ramadan's Quest to Reclaim Islam. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved on 2011-01-30.
- ^ Ramadan, Tariq – To Be a European Muslim – Publisher: Islamic Foundation Pg 150
- ^ Reading Tariq Ramadan: Political Liberalism, Islam, and "Overlapping Consensus" [Full Text] Ethics & International Affairs, Volume 21.4 (Winter 2007)
- ^ Ramadan, Tariq. To Be a European Muslim (1999) ISBN 0-86037-300-2
- ^ We must not accept this repression The Muslim conscience demands a halt to stonings and executions – The Guardian – Tariq Ramadan – Wednesday March 30, 2005
- ^ a b "Not a Fanatic after all?" Hussey, Andrew. New Statesman, 9/12/2005, Vol. 134 Issue 4757, p16-17. Newstatesman.com
- ^ The modern Muslim, Steve Paulson, Salon.com – 2/20/2007
- ^ A struggle over Europe's religious identity – Tariq Ramadan for the International Herald Tribune. 20 September 2006
- ^ Denistouret.net
- ^ NYtimes.com
- ^ Ian Buruma, New York Times, 4 February 2007, Has an Identity Issue
- ^ For Example: Western Muslims and the Future of Islam, By: Brown, L. Carl, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb2005, Vol. 84, Issue 1
- ^ Martin, Patrick. "Salon and the decay of American liberal journalism". WSWS. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/jun2001/salo-j29.shtml.
- ^ Tariq Ramadan: The Muslim Martin Luther?, Paul Donnelly[[{{subst:DATE|date=October 2011}}|{{subst:DATE|date=October 2011}}]] [disambiguation needed ], Salon.com, February 15, 2002
- ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20070205222445/http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=About+Us
- ^ March, Andrew. "Who's Afraid of Tariq Ramadan?". The American Prospect. http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=whos_afraid_of_tariq_ramadan.
- ^ a b Encounter Books » Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan
- ^ Extracts of the book here (French)
- ^ Debate between Tariq Ramadan and Alain Gresh (chief ed. of Le Monde diplomatique), L'Islam en questions, Sindbad 2002, 1st ed., pp. 33–34, citation of Ramadan: "I have studied Hassan al-Banna's ideas with great care and there is nothing in this heritage that I reject."
- ^ Vraies prefaces et petit tour de passe-passe"
- ^ Enquête préliminaire sur des propos tenus par Tariq Ramadan, Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France, January 5, 2004. Malek Boutih: Tariq Ramadan est un petit Le Pen[[{{subst:DATE|date=October 2011}}|{{subst:DATE|date=October 2011}}]] [disambiguation needed ] arabe (Tariq Ramadan is a small Le Pen)
- ^ Scrutiny Increases for a Group Advocating for Muslims in U.S.
- ^ Pipes, Daniel. "Why Revoke Tariq Ramadan's U.S. Visa?". DanielPipes.org. http://www.danielpipes.org/2043/why-revoke-tariq-ramadans-us-visa.
- ^ Rubin, Michael. "Tariq Ramadan vs. Issam Abu Issa". National Review. http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/193414/tariq-ramadan-vs-issam-abu-issa/michael-rubin.
- ^ Delanoë: Ramadan n’a pas sa place au FSE, Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France, October 27, 2003.
- ^ Coleman, Yves. "40 reasons why Tariq Ramadan is a reactionary". Alliance for Workers' Liberty. http://www.workersliberty.org/node/4004.
- ^ Campus-watch.org, Tarek Versus Tariq (Comments on Tariq Ramadan), by Valentina Colombo, November 23 2008
- ^ Philip Carmel, "Muslim fundamentalist hero of anti-global crowd," JTA, November 30, 1999
- ^ Paul Sheehan, "It's wrong to make victim of child killer," Sydney Morning Herald, March 29, 2012
- ^ What you fear is not who I am, Tariq Ramadan, Globe and Mail, August 30, 2004
- ^ Scholar under siege defends his record
- ^ Islamica Magazine – Why Tariq Ramadan?
- ^ The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers, December 2009
Further reading[link]
- "Tariq Ramadan and the Oxford Haskalah Attempt (February 18, 2011).
- Berman, Paul, 'Who's Afraid of Tariq Ramadan?', in The New Republic, June 2007.
- Wie is er bang voor Tariq Ramadan?, Paul Berman, 2007, ISBN 978-90-290-8063-7 Translation from Dutch:'Who is Afraid of Tariq Ramadan?' This is presumably a version of the long essay by Paul Berman in The New Republic of June 2007, which may still be under copyright protection.
- Berman, Paul, The Flight of the Intellectuals; ISBN 978-1-933633-51-0
- Lionel Favrot : Tariq Ramadan dévoilé – hors série de Lyon Mag'.
- Nicholas Tampio, "Constructing the Space of Testimony: Tariq Ramadan’s Copernican Revolution" "Political Theory", Vol 39.5 (2011).
- Irfan Khawaja, Review of Paul Berman's "The Flight of the Intellectuals" and Tariq Ramadan's "What I Believe" [1], "Reason Papers: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Normative Studies," vol. 33 (Fall 2011), pp. 165-89.
- Frère Tariq: Discours, stratégie et méthode de Tariq Ramadan, Caroline Fourest; ISBN 2-246-66791-7
- Frère Tariq, Extraits exclusifs, Un livre de Caroline Fourest, L'Express, October 18, 2004
- Translated into English as Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan. New York: Encounter Books. 2008. pp. 262 pages. ISBN 978-1-59403-215-8.
- Tariq Ramadan und die Islamisierung Europas, Ralph Ghadban; ISBN 3-89930-150-1
- Le sabre et le coran, Tariq Ramadan et les frères musulmans à la conquéte de l'Europe, Paul Landau, 2005, ISBN 2-268-05317-2
- Jonathan Laurence, "The Prophet of Moderation: Tariq Ramadan's Quest to Reclaim Islam" 'Foreign Affairs, (May/June 2007).
- Jack-Alain Léger, Tartuffe fait Ramadan, Denoël, 2003,
- À contre Coran, livre de Jack-Alain Léger, mars 2004, collection « Hors de moi », éditions HC
- Andrew F. March, "Reading Tariq Ramadan: Political Liberalism, Islam and 'Overlapping Consensus'," Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 21.4 (Winter 2007).
- "Law as a Vanishing Mediator in the Theological Ethics of Tariq Ramadan," European Journal of Political Theory, (Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2011, pp. 177-201.).
- "The Post-Legal Ethics of Tariq Ramadan: Persuasion and Performance in 'Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation' (A Review Essay)," Middle East Law and Governance, (2010).
- Faut-il faire taire Tariq Ramadan ?, Aziz Zemouri; ISBN 2-84187-647-0
- Tariq Ramadan on the Arab Spring: A Revolution in Suspense
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tariq Ramadan |
- Official website
- Tariq Ramadan audio and video lectures from Halal Tube
- Tariq Ramadan argues for a new understanding of what it means to be a “moderate” Muslim
- Tariq Ramadan Debates Moustafa Bayoumi on Proposed Islamic Center Near Ground Zero – video by Democracy Now!
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ramadan, Tariq |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1962-08-26 |
| Place of birth | Geneva, Switzerland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Tariq_Ramadan
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Ṭāriq Ramaḍān
http://cs.wn.com/Tariq Ramadan
http://es.wn.com/Tariq Ramadan
http://ru.wn.com/Рамадан, Тарик
http://nl.wn.com/Tariq Ramadan
http://pl.wn.com/Tariq Ramadan
http://fr.wn.com/Tariq Ramadan
http://de.wn.com/Tariq Ramadan
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| Marine Le Pen | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Leader of the National Front | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 16 January 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Jean-Marie Le Pen |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 14 July 2009 |
|
| Constituency | North-West France |
| In office 20 July 2004 – 13 July 2009 |
|
| Constituency | Île-de-France |
| Regional Councillor | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 26 March 2010 |
|
| Constituency | Nord-Pas-de-Calais |
| In office 28 March 2004 – 21 March 2010 |
|
| Constituency | Île-de-France |
| In office 15 March 1998 – 28 March 2004 |
|
| Constituency | Nord-Pas-de-Calais |
| Municipal Councillor | |
| In office 23 March 2008 – 24 February 2011 |
|
| Constituency | Hénin-Beaumont |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen (1968-08-05) 5 August 1968 (age 43) Neuilly-sur-Seine, France |
| Nationality |  France |
| Political party | National Front (1986–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
SIEL (2011–present) |
| Domestic partner | Louis Aliot (2009–present) |
| Children | Joan Louis Mathilde |
| Residence | Saint-Cloud Henin-Beaumont Millas |
| Alma mater | Pantheon-Assas Paris II University |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Website | [6] |
Marine Le Pen (French pronunciation: [ma.ʁin lə.pɛn]; born Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen; 5 August 1968) is a lawyer by profession, a French right-wing politician and the president of the Front National (FN), the third-largest political party in France, since 16 January 2011. She is the youngest daughter of the French politician Jean-Marie Le Pen, former president of the FN and currently its honorary chairman.
She joined the FN in 1986, its Executive Committee in 2000 and was a vice-president of the FN for eight years (2003–2011). She currently is an ex-officio member of the FN Executive Office, Executive Committee and Central Committee.
She has been a regional councillor since 1998 (Île-de-France: 2004–2010, Nord-Pas-de-Calais: 1998–2004, 2010–present), a Member of the European Parliament since 2004 (Île-de-France: 2004–2009, North-West France: 2009–present) and was a municipal councillor in Hénin-Beaumont, Pas-de-Calais for three years (2008–2011).
In 2010, she was a candidate for the leadership of the FN set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen on 5 October 1972.[1][2][3][4] She successfully succeeded him during the FN congress in Tours, Indre-et-Loire.[5][6][7] On 16 January 2011, she was elected with 67.65% (11,546 votes) as the second president of the Front National.[8]
Marine Le Pen's doctrine is described as significantly more democratic and republican than her nationalist father; While her father wanted to completely abolish immigration, she would like to reduce it; She proposed to establish a referendum on each issue. However, she also strongly opposes illegal immigration, abortion, same-sex marriage, euthanasia and communitarianism in the country.
On April 21 2011, she was ranked 71 in the most influential person in the 2011 Time 100 .[9]
She was a candidate in the 2012 French presidential election.[10] On 22 April 2012, she polled 17.90% (6,421,426 votes) in the first round and finished in third position behind François Hollande and incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy.[11][12][13]
Marine Le Pen will represented as the FN leader at the legislative election in Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, on May 14 2012.[14]
Contents
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Early life[link]
Childhood[link]
Born in 1968 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, she is the youngest of the three daughters of Jean-Marie Le Pen, a Brittany politician and a former paratrooper with his first wife Pierrette Lalanne. She was baptized April 25, 1969, the Madeleine church, by Father Pohpot. Her godfather was Henri Botey, a relative of Jean-Marie Le Pen.
She has two sisters: Yann and Marie Caroline. The three were teased at school that "papa" was a "fascist". In 1976, Marine survived a bomb attack on the family as they slept in their beds.[15] She was eight when a bomb meant for her father exploded in the stairwell outside the family's apartment. The blast ripped a hole into the outside wall of the building. Marine, her two older sisters and their parents were unharmed.[16]
She was a student at the lycée Florent Schmitt at Saint-Cloud. Her parents publicly divorced in 1987.[17][18]
Legal studies and work[link]
She studied law in the Pantheon-Assas Paris II University, graduating with a Master of Laws in 1991 and a Master of Advanced Studies (DEA) in criminal law in 1992.[8] Registered at the Paris bar association, she worked as a lawyer for six years (1992–1998).[8] Part of her legal work involved representing illegal immigrants. In France, when a defendant cannot afford a lawyer, one is chosen to represent him or her. She often fulfilled this role. In 1992, she received the certificate as a lawyer (CAPA) and became a lawyer practicing in Paris. She then argues regularly before the criminal chamber of the 23rd District Court of Paris which judges immediate appearances. She reported that she was brought in this context, to defend illegal aliens. She is member of the Bar of Paris until 1998, when she joined the legal department of the National Front.
Private life[link]
She was married in 1995 to Frank Chauffroy, a business executive who worked for the National Front, she has three children (Joan, Louis and Mathilde) [17]. Divorced in 1999, she remarried Eric Lorio, former national secretary of the National Front and a former adviser to the Regional election in Nord-Pas de Calais, which she also divorced. Since 2009, she is in a relationship with Louis Aliot, at this time the general secretary from 2005 to 2010, then the vice president of the National Front in charge of the Project.[19] She currently reside in Saint-Cloud. She also have an appartment in Henin-Beaumont, and bought in 2010 with Louis Aliot a house in Millas[20]
Political career and media[link]
First steps and rise within the FN (1986–2010)[link]
In 1986, at the age of 18, Marine Le Pen joined the FN. In 2000, she became president of Generations Le Pen, a loose association close to the party aimed at "de-demonizing the Front National".[17] In 1998, she joined the FN's juridical branch, which she led until 2003.
In 2000, she joined the FN Executive Committee (bureau politique). In 2003, she became vice-president of the FN.[17] In 2006, Jean-Marie Le Pen entrusted her with the management of his 2007 presidential campaign. In 2007, she became one of the two executive vice-presidents of the FN and was in charge of training, communication and publicity.[8]
In 1998, she acquired her first political mandate when she was elected regional councillor in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais. From 2002, she began to establish her parliamentary base in the former coal mining area of the Pas-de-Calais.[17]
Her aim is to expand the political influence of the FN and transform it into a "big popular party that addresses itself not only to the electorate on the right but to all the French people".[3] She has frequently stated that she rules out any political alliance with the Union for a Popular Movement.[21][22]
She has at numerous times distanced herself from some of Jean-Marie Le Pen's controversial statements,[23] notably those relating to war-crimes. The media point to her attempts to improve the party's image.[24]
Internal campaign for the FN leadership (2010–2011)[link]
Her candidature was endorsed by an overwhelming majority of senior executives[25] and notably by Jean-Marie Le Pen, founder of the FN.[26][27]
She spent four months campaigning for the FN leadership, holding meetings with FN members in 51 departments to explain in detail her political views and projects for the party.[28] All the other departments were visited by one of her official supporters.[25]
On 3 September 2010, she launched her internal campaign at Cuers, Var.[29] During a meeting in Paris on 14 November 2010, she claimed: "My project is not to assemble our political family, or rather is not only to assemble our political family. It consists of shaping the Front National as the center of grouping of the whole French people". She also explained why the FN leadership and the candidature for the presidential election must not be dissociated: thus the next FN leader will run in the 2012 presidential election.[30] During her final meeting at Hénin-Beaumont on 19 December 2010, she claimed that the FN presents the real debates of the next presidential campaign.[31][32] Most of her campaign tours throughout France were reported in local newspapers and regional television programmes.
In December 2010 and early January 2011, FN members voted by post to elect their new president and the hundred members of the Central Committee. The party held its congress at Tours for two days (15–16 January 2011).[33] On 16 January 2011, Marine Le Pen was officially elected with 67.65% (11,546 votes) as the new president of the Front National[8][34] and Jean-Marie Le Pen became de facto its honorary chairman. Her challenger Bruno Gollnisch polled 32.35% (5,522 votes).
Controversy[link]
Marine Le Pen stirred up controversy during the internal campaign. During a speech to the party faithful in Lyon on 10 December 2010, she said that the weekly illegal blocking of public streets and squares throughout France (notably the rue Myrha in the 18th arrondissement of Paris) for Muslim prayers is comparable with an occupation of parts of French territory. The fact that she had mentioned World War II[35] brought claims from the media and politicians that she had drawn a controversial parallel with the German occupation of France (May 1940 – December 1944).
The whole political and media class strongly criticised her statement,[36][37] which was widely commented on by different political analysts.[38][39][40][41] Whereas the CRIF,[42] the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM)[43] and the LICRA[44] denounced her statement, other groups like the MRAP[45] and the LDH[46] declared their intention of lodging a formal complaint. The imam of the Great Mosque of Paris and former president of the CFCM, Dalil Boubakeur, claimed that though her parallel was questionable and condemnable, she had asked a valid question.[47]
A member of the FN's Executive Committee, Louis Aliot, denounced "the attempted manipulation of opinion by communitarian groups and those really responsible for the current situation in France".[48] On 13 December 2010, she confirmed her statement during a press conference held in the FN's headquarters in Nanterre.[49][50][51] After Jean-François Kahn's comments on BFM TV on 13 December 2010, she denounced "state manipulation" mounted from the Elysée with the intention of demonizing her in public opinion.[52][53]
President of the FN (2011–present)[link]
As a president of the Front National, Marine Le Pen currently sits as an ex-officio member among the FN Executive Office (8 members),[54] the Executive Committee (42 members)[55] and the Central Committee (3 ex-officio members, 100 elected members, 20 co-opted members).[56]
During her opening speech in Tours on 16 January 2011, she advocated to "restore the political framework of the national community" and to implement the direct democracy which enables the "civic responsibility and the collective tie" thanks to the participation of public-spirited citizens for the decisions. The predominant political theme was the uncompromising defence of a protective and efficient State, which favours secularism, prosperity and liberties. She also denounced the "Europe of Bruxelles" which "everywhere imposed the destructive principles of ultra-liberalism and Free trade, at the expense of public utilities, employment, social equity and even our economic growth which became within twenty years the weakest of the world.[57]
After the traditional Joan of Arc and Labor Day march in Paris on 1 May 2011, she gave her first speech in front of 3.000 supporters.[58][59] On 11 August 2011, she held an exceptional press conference about the current systemic crisis.[60]
On 10 and 11 September 2011, she made her political comeback with the title "the voice of people, the spirit of France" in the convention center of Acropolis in Nice.[61] During her closing speech on 11 September 2011, she tackled the audience about immigration, insecurity, the economic and social situation, reindustrialization and 'strong state'.[62]
During a demonstration held in front of the Senate on 8 December 2011, she expressed during a speech her "firm and absolute opposition" to the right of foreigners to vote.[63]
She regularly holds thematic press conferences[64] and interventions[65] on varied issues in French, European and international politics.
Media rise (2002–2011)[link]
Her various appearances on television and radio have played an important role in her political rise at national and local levels. Her political personality regularly attracts the attention of the French media[66][67][68][69][70] as well as the European,[18][71][72][73][74] the Middle Eastern[75][76] and the US press.[77][78][79]
On 5 May 2002, after the run-off in the 2002 presidential election, she took part in a televised debate on France 3. Political analysts compared her appearance to a "media baptism" and claim that her political emergence has its roots in this debate.
During the programme Mots croisés (Crossed Words) on France 2 on 5 October 2009,[80] Marine Le Pen quoted sections of Frédéric Mitterrand's autobiographical novel The Bad Life, accusing him of having sex with underage boys and engaging in "sex tourism", demanding his resignation as a Minister of Culture.[81][82][83][84] According to French political commentator Jérôme Fourquet, during the Mitterrand case she broke through and gained a media ascendancy over the party.[85]
Hosted on France 2 by journalist and commentator Arlette Chabot, À vous de juger (You Be The Judge) was one of France's foremost political programmes. For her first appearance as a guest debater on 14 January 2010, Marine Le Pen opposed Éric Besson, then Minister of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Mutually Supportive Development.[86] For her first appearance as a main guest on 9 December 2010, she was successively questioned on economic, societal and immigration matters by Arlette Chabot and political commentator Alain Duhamel, then debated with the socialist mayor of Évry Manuel Valls and finally was matched against Rachida Dati, former Minister of Justice.[87] Her appearance attracted 3,356,000 viewers (14.6% of the televised audience),[88] which represented the highest viewing figures for 2010 and the fourth best since the start of the series in September 2005.[89]
In December 2010, French journalist Guillaume Tabard described her as the "revelation of the year". He further described her as "first an electoral phenomenon" and "a media phenomenon after".[90]
Hosted on France 2 by journalist and anchorman David Pujadas, Des paroles et des actes (Words and Acts) replaced À vous de juger. For her first appearance as a main guest on 23 June 2011, Le Pen opposed Cécile Duflot, national secretary of the Greens.[91][92] Her appearance attracted 3,582,000 viewers which represented 15.1% of the televised audience.[93][94]
Hosted on TF1 by anchorwoman Laurence Ferrari and political commentator François Bachy, Parole directe (Direct Speech) is one of France's foremost political programmes. For her first appearance as a sole guest on 15 September 2011, Le Pen attracted an average of 6 million viewers (23.3% of the televised audience) with a peak of 7.3 million in the second half of the programme.[95][96]
International media[link]
At an international level, she was invited by the Québec web-radio Rockik in December 2008,[97] the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Canada) in May 2010[98] and the Israeli radio 90FM in March 2011.[99] In March 2011, she appeared on the front cover page of The Weekly Standard magazine with the heading "The Future of the European Right?".[100] During a press conference organized on 13 January 2012 by the European American Press Club, she spoke in front of international journalists about various topical and thematic issues.[101]
On 4 April 2011, she appeared for the first time as a candidate in the 2011 Time 100 Poll.[102] On 21 April, she was listed in the 2011 Time 100.[9] Vladimir Zhirinovsky, leader of the right-wing Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and vice chairman of the State Duma, wrote a commentary about her political destiny.[103]
Ideology[link]
She is described as far more democratic and republican than her nationalist father; She wants to considerably reduce immigration although her father wants to abolish it. She also wants to establish a referendum. However she also opposes same-sex marriage, euthanasia, and abortion.
Economy[link]
Marine Le Pen claims that the FN's immigration programme is better known among the voters; she thus concentrates on the party's economic and social programme.[104][105]
Opposed to free trade and autarky, she advocates protectionism as a median way. In her view, if one considers the economy to be a raging river, then free trade is like allowing the torrent to rush along unchecked; autarky equates to the erection of a dam whereas protectionism is to install a sluice gate. "Protectionism is not autarky ! ... Our position is not extreme – as our opponents would have it believed – but one which favours the middle way".[30]
In 2010, she vigorously criticized the pension plan drawn up by Nicolas Sarkozy and his liberal-conservative government.[106][107]
She paid tribute to the economist Maurice Allais, who died on 9 October 2010.[108] The sole French laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economics (1988), Allais had expressed concerns about the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the single European currency, free trade and Globalization and the 2004 European Constitution.[109][110]
She favours the repeal of the 1973 Pompidou-Giscard Law, which makes it illegal for France to borrow at zero or a low rate of interest from the Banque de France and forces the country to borrow at higher rate on the international financial markets. In her view, the national debt has grown steeply because of this law. She claimed that in 2010 France had already refunded 1.355 trillion euros of accrued interest on loans at a time when the national debt represented around 1.650 trillion euros.[105][111]
She claims to be attached to the French public utilities, the civil servants and the general interest.[112][113] She thus opposes the programmed privatization of the French Post Office (La Poste) : in her view, "the privatization, with the aim of only making profitable, will result in the removal of post offices in the rural areas where the relinquishment of the state is already high". In October 2009, she claimed that three post offices had already disappeared each day in France since 1 January 2009.[114][115] She said that the liberalization of the French public utilities had been ratified by the former Prime Minister Lionel Jospin during the Barcelona summit on 15 and 16 March 2002.[116][117] She had also warned that the UMP government planned a "progressive privatization of the French Social Security system from 2011" – a condition imposed by the financial markets.[118]
During a press conference in June 2011, she advocated to reintroduce the Havana Charter and implement an "International Trade Organization" (in place of World Trade Organization), in order to reorganize the world trade exchanges.[119] Signed by 53 countries and rejected by the US in 1951, this Charter was a trade agreement that would have established an international currency known as the bancor.[120] She claimed that the "Havana Charters's proposals perfectly fit into her economic philosophy"[119] and that "its first article conciliates international trade and employment".[121]
During her speech at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. in November 2011, she proposed "three essential solutions to stop the current world systemic crisis and turn the world towards a greater justice and greater prosperity": reintroduction of a "polymetallic standard" in the International monetary systems as a world standard of reference and exchanges in order to establish a "free monetary system" and struggle against speculation; the ratification of the modernized Havana Charter by the 1948 signatory nations and incoming emerging countries, in order to favour a "reasonable protectionism that encourages cooperation in trade among nations through the end of 'unbridled free trade'"; application of the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act, which legally separated investment banking and commercial banking, to “the banking system of each country”.[120][121] In her view, these solutions will be able to bring a global support for employment thanks to the integration of "full employment" appearing as one of the main targets of the Havana Charter and for industry thanks to the authorization of state aids appearing in the Charter's article 13.[121]
In October 2011, she advocated to implement a drastic regulation of the banking sector separating by law the deposit banks from the merchant banks. She claimed that "the deposit banks should be rescued by a temporary and partial nationalization". In her view, "the balance sheet of the banks should be the object of a transparency operation".[122]
In October 2011, she pledged to "cut immediately seven expenses as harmful as expensive" in order to preserve in the short term France's AAA credit rating and save €30 billion a year.[123]
A president of the Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF), Laurence Parisot regularly levels strong criticism at the FN's economic and social programme.[124] She replied that "the FN is not the friend of the CAC 40 and is fighting the social regression brought about by the MEDEF and inflicted on the French people by the allies of the UMP and the PS".[125] After Parisot's new criticism, she claims that "the philosophy of the FN's economic project comes down to some words: construction of a strong, protective and strategist state, reasoned protections at the boundaries, support to the small and medium enterprises, and get back the monetary sovereignty, only able to assure France's recovery".[126] She also replied that "Laurence Parisot, this is the exact opposite of her democratic and republican project, a project of hope which puts back man and nation in the center of politics".[127] After the publication of Parisot's critical book relating to the FN economic project, she suggested a "direct and public debate" with the president of the MEDEF.[128]
Agriculture and environment[link]
In her view, "the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2013 will be unable to protect our farmers from speculators and savage global competition, or to compensate for the excesses of the multinationals of the food processing industry and large-scale distributors. The CAP after 2013 will remain wedged between the ultraliberal and internationalist market logic of the European Commission and a future ‘green’ CAP, in reality serving the neo-capitalists of ecological business".[129]
During her first visit at the Paris International Agricultural Show on 25 February 2011,[130] Marine Le Pen denounced the CAP as an "unbearable bureaucracy" and advocated to substitute it for a "French agricultural policy". She also claimed that "leaving the EU, we could allocate 15 billions of euros to our agriculture".[131][132][133]
She claims that 'internationalist organisations' such as the EU, FAO, United Nations and G-20 are directly responsible for the food crises throughout the world. She advocates France's food independence with regard to multinationals[134] and "a realignment of the farm aid politics to the third countries in order to favour their food sovereignty in particular by the reintroduction of localized food crops".[135]
She advocates the implementation of the "autarky of big spaces" and an "economy in concentric circles". In her view, it is an "ecological heresy to consume products grown at 20,000 km away and recycle waste thousands km further". She claims that we should "produce to the closest", "distribute on the spot", "consume as a priority products of its region" and then "in the nearby region" if not produced on the spot. She seeks to implement "contracts of cooperation" if necessary goods like coffee are not produced in Europe.[136]
Energy and transport[link]
Marine Le Pen regularly denounces sharp rises in energy prices[137][138] (gas,[139] gasoline,[140][141][142] electricity[143]) which has "harmful consequences on the purchasing power of the working and middle-class families".[140][141][142] In her view, this rise mainly stems from the European liberalization of the energy sector, jointly implemented by right wing and socialist governments since 1996.[137][139][143]
She advocates an immediate reduction of 20% of the domestic tax on oil products (TIPP), a surchage of fantastic profits of the largest gas and oil companies and a struggle against international speculation on basic products such as food and energy.[137][138][140][141][142] She considers that "a strong state has authority to be the guarantor of public utilities, being the exclusive owner of the strategic companies of public utility and the regulator of tariffs".[139]
After a fatal event occurred on 12 September 2011 in the Centraco nuclear installation located on the Marcoule Nuclear Site, she claimed that "this accident illustrated the dangerousness of this energy and the necessity to consider a progressive and well-thought-out exit from nuclear power". In her view, "the State must secure the 58 French nuclear power plants and invest in researches to process nuclear waste". She advocates to "start the energy diversification of France, in particular with an ambitious programme of research into hydrogen".[144]
She favours accompanied combined transport (ferroutage) and public transport.[136]
Taxation[link]
Marine Le Pen denounces the current corporate tax as "a crying injustice". She claims that the main groups of CAC 40 only pay 8% of corporate tax whereas the small offices/home offices, the small and medium entreprises, the craftsmen and the shopkeepers fully pay 33.33%. She advocates to implement a flexible corporate tax according to the use of profits: heavier when the profits benefit the shareholders and lighter when the profits turn towards profit sharing, salaries, employment and productive investment, enabling a relocation of activities.[145]
European Union and globalization[link]
MEP, she holds globalization, intergovernmental organizations, 'euro-mondialism', free trade and ultra-liberalism responsible for the decline of agriculture[146] and the fishing industry,[147] deindustrialization, offshoring and structural unemployment.[148][149][150] Advocating a 'Europe of the nations' like a loose confederation of sovereign nation states, she opposes supranationalism,[151] the euro and the eurozone,[152] the technocracy of Brussels,[153] and the EU's federalism.[154]
She opposes the establishment of a direct European tax, which is favoured by the leaders of the European Parliament and European Commission. She claims that an indirect European tax already exists, since France is a net annual contributor to the EU budget by up to 7 billion euros annually.[155]
She claims that the Treaty of Lisbon is the 'gravedigger of the independence and identity of the European nations' and the 'executioner of public utilities in the name of a cult of profitability and free competition – both mortal enemies of public interest'.[113][115] In her view, the Treaty of Lisbon is an 'exact copy' of the European Constitution which was twice rejected by referendum: first in France by 54.67% of the voters on 29 May 2005[156][157] and then in Netherlands by 61.54% of the voters on 1 June 2005.[158] She thus regretted that the Treaty of Lisbon had been imposed on the French people by parliament in order to avoid another referendum.[159][160] She also criticized its approval by the Socialist Party.[115] She denounces the Treaty's amending implemented by the EU leaders, notably Germany.[161] In her view, the revision is aimed at "solving the euro" and "forever eliminating the budgetary sovereignty of the states to institute a kind of supranational European monetary fund".[162]
Opposed to the accession of Turkey to the European Union, she prefers the option of a "privileged partnership".[163]
Euro and eurozone[link]
She regrets the absence of a public debate in France about the relevance of the single currency and claims that such a debate promoted by economists exists in Germany.[164]
She claims that the implementation of the Euro entailed a rise in prices and its abandonment would lead to an increase in purchasing power.[165] Quoting economic data from Eurostat (annual average growth, unemployment, GDP gap), she notes that "the European countries which did not enter the euro display higher performances than countries in the eurozone for ten years".[165] Interviewed in October 2011 by Adam Boulton on Sky News, she cited the UK's relative stability as an example of how France's economy need not suffer from pulling out of the euro. She noticed that "United Kingdom is not in the eurozone and does not have the least desire to be in it. UK does not tolerate this kind of taking away of its freedom".[73]
In order to recover monetary sovereignty, she advocates that France should gradually leave the euro with a new conversion rate fixed to 1 euro = 1 franc. In her view, France should jointly negotiate a "grouped departure" from the euro and eurozone. This departure should take effect on the same day and include the other European countries (such as Ireland, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium) which are suffering because of the single currency.[166] Since the present government and the whole political class had strongly criticized her economic plan, she submitted a new document detailing how a successful departure of United Kingdom, Spain and Italy from the European Monetary System (EMS) had been achieved from September 1992.[167]
She explains the tenet and the mechanism of a competitive devaluation (J curve),[167] which "will quickly have a positive effect on employment and purchasing power, stimulating industry, international trade and enabling to fight offshorings".[165] Quoting extracts from a book by the French economist Alain Cotta, she claims that a devaluation of the franc will not bring about inflation.[165]
She anticipates a "total economic federalization of the eurozone". In her view, "this option which is favoured by the European technostructure, presents all the features of a totalitarian utopia". She claims that a "monstrous superstructure, already named 'European ministry of Finance', would decide in the opaqueness our policies of education, health and security". In her view, "the federal headlong rush also supposes a massive financial transfer of our countries towards Southern and Eastern Europe, at the detriment of the most vulnerable French people".[164]
About successive bailout plans, she laments that "the contributing countries, France in particular, throw in the hole of the European debt billions which dig their deficits and come them closer to the eye of the cyclone".[164] In her view, "the hundred of billions paid do not product any result, will not settle any problem, will not rescue a eurozone already in bankruptcy and push France into the chasm of excessive debt, whereas the French debt has already exploded under the mandate of Nicolas Sarkozy". Fearing that "France falls into the excessive debt", she refuses "any new assistance plan in order to bail out one after the other the countries suffering because of the single currency".[168]
She asserts that despite the expansion of the abilities of the European Financial Stability Facility, reassuring announcements and new austerity plans, Greece is sinking, social devastation is intensifying and the anger of the people bursts out.[164] On July 2011, she claimed that "after the seventeen billions of the first Greek bailout plan, the fifteen billions of the new assistance plan to Greece will make heavy our own already huge debt".[169][170] During her press conference organized on 6 September 2011 at the Pont de la Concorde in front of the National Assembly, she vigorously denounced the favourable voting by Socialist and UMP-NC MPs of second Greek bailout plan.[171][172][173]
Geopolitics and intergovernmental organizations[link]
She pledged to pull France out of NATO, saying that the National Front has from day one been opposed to NATO membership.[174] Interviewed in October 2011 by Kommersant, she claimed that "she believed in a multipolar world".[74][175]
In her view, France has also to revise its geostrategic relations with the USA.[174] She regularly denounces France's bandwagoning towards the USA. She advocates that France takes its independence towards US and regains the geopolitical independence beloved by Charles de Gaulle.[176]
In May 2011, she claimed that the "old institutions" such as World Trade Organization, World Bank and International Monetary Fund were "expired".
In 2011, she advocated the "replacement of WTO by an 'International Trade Organization', founded on the sane principles of protection, interest of people and support to small and medium entreprises, the 'humbles' faced with the 'powerful' and cartels".[119][121]
In her view, IMF which "has become an infernal machine at the service of the ultraliberal ideology, is in its current form an extremely harmful institution". She claims that "the structural adjustment plans that IMF imposes on countries where it operates, systematically result in privatization of public utilities, dismantling of the state, drop in salaries and pensions, and removal of protections at boundaries". In her view, "peoples are always the first victims of IMF like in Argentina in 2001 and today in Greece". She claims that "the in-depth results of IMF are disastrous : rise in debts and sharp increase in rhythm of financial crises for two decades". She consequently advocates the abolition of IMF.[177] On 28 July 2011, she reacted after the publication of the IMF yearly report on France. In a letter addressed to the managing director of IMF Christine Lagarde, she explained in detail the "four pillars to get out France of the debt and straighten out our public accounts".[178]
Immigration[link]
Illegal immigration[link]
Marine Le Pen advocates to "vote for the abolition of the law enabling the regularization of the illegal immigrants". In her view, "this measure corresponds with the interest of France, the respect of its authority and the most elementary justice".[62]
In July 2011, she wrote an open letter to policemen, gendarmes and customs officers concerning the policy of the fight against illegal immigration.[179] She criticized the "passivity and inactivity of the UMP government faced with the collapse of expulsions of illegal immigrants" as well as its "blind submissiveness to very questionable European injunctions". Denouncing a "sharp fall in deportations since the beginning of 2011 after a decrease of near 5% in 2010", she claimed that "most of the detention centres are almost empty in 2011". Advocating the "return of any foreigner illegally entered to France towards his/her country of origin", she claims that she "refuses to give up the fight against illegal immigration".[179]
She favours a "radical change of politics in order to drastically reduce upstream the influx of illegal immigrants towards France". In her view, this policy requires to "cut the 'suction pumps' of illegal immigration while France is in this field one of the most incentive countries in the world".[179] Implemented in 2000 by Lionel Jospin's government, the aide médicale d'Ėtat (AME) grants free medical care to illegal immigrants. Denouncing a "state scandal" and an "increasing financial black hole for the French social security system", she "pledges to repeal the AME as soon as she will come to power".[118][179] She claims that, in the wake of selected immigration and then endured immigration, Nicolas Sarkozy is imposing health-care immigration on the French people.[118]
In February 2011, she claimed that in the wake of the Arab Spring, Europe and particularly France would be confronted with a surge in illegal immigration. She denounced "the EU's tragic helplessness to respond to this new migratory challenge" and "the EU's disability to face these emergency situations and to control effectively the migratory flows".[180]
Accompanied by the vice-president of the FN Louis Aliot and Mario Borghezio MEP (Lega Nord), she travelled to Lampedusa on 14 March 2011.[181] She met the island's mayor Bernardino De Rubeis (Movement for Autonomies) and visited a housing center for illegal immigrants. She said that "Europe can't welcome everyone... We would be pleased to take them all in our boat, but it's not big enough. We'll all go to the bottom. We would be adding one misery to another" and "I also want to offer my support to the inhabitants of Lampedusa who have had the feeling of being completely abandoned". Around 9,000 migrants had already reached Lampedusa by boat since mid-January 2011 when protests in Tunisia unleashed a revolution across the Arab world.[182][183][184][185] During an international press conference held in Rome on 15 March 2011, she explained the situation of illegal immigration in Lampedusa, emphasized "the helplessness of EU" and how "each nation is more efficient to deal with the issue", and proposed solutions to settle this issue.[186]
In order to curb the illegal immigration influx from Tunisia and Libya, she has enjoined Nicolas Sarkozy to announce France's immediate and definitive withdrawal from Schengen Area and to reinstate urgently customs controls in all the borders of the country. She claimed that the UMP government's deceptive announcements about Schengen issue aimed at concealing its political inactivity and attempting to cheat public opinion.[187][188] In her view, the announcement of a technical adjustment of Schengen Agreement proposed by Nicolas Sarkozy and Silvio Berlusconi during the 26 April 2011 French-Italian summit "will not settle strictly anything". Reminding that United Kingdom and Ireland have refused the Agreement, she claims that only the withdrawal from Schengen Area will enable France to re-establish necessary customs controls and stop immigration.[189] She claims that "traffics and networks of smugglers thrive when a country does not control its borders".[179]
Legal immigration[link]
Marine Le Pen seeks to establish a moratorium on legal immigration.[190][191] During a press conference on 21 February 2011, she unveiled "the 2010 real figures of immigration" based on data transmitted by highrankers of the Minister of the Interior, detailed the welfare benefits to which the legal and illegal immigrants are entitled, and proposed concrete solutions based on working models in the UK and the Netherlands.[192] In July 2011, she claims that "with 203,000 residence permits allocated in 2010 versus 114,000 in 2000 under Lionel Jospin, the UMP power promotes a laxer than ever policy of legal immigration".[179]
On 28 November 2010, 52.9% of the Swiss voters and 15 5/2 cantons approved the popular iniative "for the deportation of criminal foreigners" while the governmental counterproposal was rejected by 54.2% of voters and all the 20 6/2 cantons. She praised "the great victory of the Swiss people against the ruling elite".[193] Afterwards, she took part in debates on Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) with the SVP national councillor Oskar Freysinger[194] and then on Radio Cité Genève.[195]
Interviewed by The Daily Telegraph, she praised David Cameron's pledge to cut net annual immigration to UK from around 200,000 to "tens of thousands".[196] In February 2011, David Cameron expressed a rejection of multiculturalism during a speech at Munich security conference.[197] Afterwards, she congratulated him, for what she claimed was an endorsement of the FN's views on the failure of multiculturalism and immigration.[198]
Citizenship and nationality[link]
In her view, citizenship is indivisible from nationality and rests on the equality of all people before the law; the latter should preclude preferential treatment based on the membership of a social, ethnic or religious category.[199] As a result, she favours the repeal of affirmative action[199][200] and the restoration of the "republican meritocracy".[200][201]
She claims that filiation should be the normal route to French nationality, with naturalization the exception:[199] "nationality is inherited or merited".[190] In her view, naturalization can only be obtained after a check on the ability of assimilation to republican principles.[199] In order to settle the immigration issue, she advocates a reform of the nationality regulations so as to remove dual citizenship and the automatic acquisition of French nationality.[191] On 30 May 2011, she wrote a letter to the Members of Parliament about dual citizenship: she claimed that "in the dual citizenship lie one of the main ferments of breach of the republican cohesion that France needs more than ever and a potent brake on the assimilation of French people from immigration".[202][203]
She favours an enforcement of the law regarding loss of nationality.[190] In her view, a foreigner who does not respect the law in France should be deprived of French nationality; equally any foreigner committing serious crimes and offences in France should be returned to his or her country of origin.[190]
She favours a 'French first' policy with regard to employment, welfare and accommodation.[190][191]
Communitarianism and secularism[link]
Advocating that the FN remains a non-denominational party, Marine Le Pen regularly states her attachment to secularism (laïcité) in French society.[204] She vigorously defends the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, stipulating that the French republic does not recognise, grant a salary or subsidise any form of religious worship.[199][204][205]
She favours a ban on any communitarian or religious demands in schools, and seeks an amendment to the Constitution stating that the French republic does not recognize any community (denominations and ethnic groups).[190][205] Opposed to the financing of mosques from public funds, she further seeks to deny their financing from foreign assets.[190][204][205] In her view, the construction, maintenance and financing of places of worship should be a matter for groups of worshippers operating within a regulated framework.[190][199] She advocates to implement "the separation of the mosque and the state" and opposes the training of Imams by the French republic.[205]
On 29 November 2009, 57.5% of Swiss voters and 19 ½ cantons approved the popular initiative "for a ban on the construction of new minarets" (without retroactive effect on the four minarets already built in Switzerland). She congratulated the Swiss people on the overwhelming approval of the ban and denounced the ruling elite for its contempt of direct democracy.[206][207][208][209]
In February 2010, the fast food chain Quick announced that eight of its franchises would offer exclusively halal meals. This decision immediately triggered a controversy among the French political class from the Socialist Party, the UMP (Lionnel Luca MP) and the FN.[210] The controversy was particularly sharp in Roubaix (Nord) : the socialist mayor René Vandierendonck even threatened a lawsuit and she wrote two official statements about the matter.[210][211] Denouncing an "accelerated policy of Islamisation" and a "breach of the constitutional principle of secularism", she claimed that Quick had been owned by the French state since October 2006 and that the UMP state is the owner of Quick through the Caisse des dépôts et consignations (Qualium Investissement subsidiary), which holds 99.63% of its capital.[210][211]
Interviewed by Radio 1 in June 2011, she said that unlike the leader of the PVV Geert Wilders, she is “not waging war against Islam” and "is fighting the Islamisation of French society". Emphasizing her divergence with the Dutch MP, she claimed : “That’s the difference between Geert Wilders and me. He reads the Qur’an literally: you can’t interpret the Qur’an – or indeed the Bible – literally. I resist fundamentalists who want to impose their will and law on France. Sharia Law is not compatible with our principles, our values or democracy.”[212]
Societal issues[link]
Marine Le Pen is opposed to the repeal of the 1975 Veil Law (Loi Veil) which framed abortion in a restrictive legislative provision. She claims that an unfavorable socio-economical background is a determining factor for the majority of women who have undergone an abortion. Consequently, she advocates a strongly pro-family policy more conducive to the nurturing and raising of children. Favourable to a policy aimed at increasing the birth rate, she explains her views on abortion in her autobiography À contre flots.[213]
She is strictly opposed to any softening of the law against euthanasia.[214]
She supports a referendum on whether to reinstate the capital punishment in France, which was abolished in 1981.[215] The electorate would have the choice between restoring the death penalty and introduce a 'real' life imprisonment (without parole). Currently, French lifers are eligible for parole after serving 18 to 22 years, except in small number of cases.[216]
National politics and overseas[link]
On the 70th anniversary of the Appeal of 18 June, Marine Le Pen held a press conference at the FN's headquarters. Drawing a parallel with the fall of France in June 1940, she denounced the weakening of the nation state, German domination within the EU and subservience to Atlanticism. Her goal was to "become the personification of national ambition and to return to France a spirit of greatness and an awareness of its place in history".[217]
She remains committed to France's territorial sovereignty, including the Overseas departments and territories. During a debate on Radio Cité Genève with Éric Bertinat, an SVP member of the Grand Council of Geneva, she vigorously opposed his proposal that the French departments of Ain and Haute-Savoie be incorporated into Switzerland.[218]
During her opening speech, she reminded that France is present in three oceans and possesses the second-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering 11 million km2[57][219] During her opening speech, she also emphasized the importance of the French language and Francophonie. She claimed that "our national language is spreading through the five continents, privilege that it shares only with English" and that "the Francophonie has to vibrate in the lands of Asia, Americas, Europe and Africa again".[57]
In April 2011, she wrote a letter to all the prefects of France.[220] She denounced "the weakening of the state", "the discouragement of its personnels" and "the ineffectiveness of its governance". She claimed that the history of France shows us that as soon as there is a gap of the state, the local baronies reconstruct. She proposed a politic of re-establishment of the state which will lean on the high-ranking and devoted civil servants.[221]
Mayotte[link]
In a referendum on becoming an overseas department held on 29 March 2009, 95.22% of the Mahoran voters approved the change of status. An overseas collectivity from 2003, Mayotte became France's 101 department on 31 March 2011. A third of the population of Mayotte are illegal migrants, mostly from the nearby islands of the archipelago which make up the independent Comoran state.[222] In her view, the accession of Mayotte to an overseas department will create a new in-draught for illegal immigration, which constitutes a threat for the stability of the island. She claims that the departmental status of the island requires the relinquishment of the jus soli wished in 2005 by François Baroin, then Minister of Overseas and the implementation of the 'French first' policy in the granting of welfare aids.[223]
New Caledonia[link]
Reasserting her indefectible attachment to the French Caledonia, she stated that "New Caledonia is in France and must stay there". In her view, "the creation of a citizenship and an acknowledgment of a 'Kanak identity' organize a true dismemberment of the sovereignty and a breach of the unity of the French republic". In June 2010, she claimed that "the official acknowledgment of the flag of the separatists of FNLKS as emblem of New Caledonia would constitute an affront to France and would show the true will of the UMP government to get rid of this French territory".[224] She stated that "the only flag of New Caledonia, a French territory, is the French flag in accordance with the article 2 of the French constitution". In February 2011, she again claimed that "the controversial solution of the two flags, contrary to the Nouméa Accord, which was supported by the Prime Minister François Fillon, is an additional proof of the will of the government and Nicolas Sarkozy to want to get rid of a part of France".[225]
International politics[link]
Europe[link]
She advocates forging a privileged partnership with Russia. She claims that a French-Russian partnership is necessitated by "obvious civilization and geostrategic factors" as well as France's "energy security interests". In her view, "France's interests are in Europe, but in Great Europe, especially including its partnership with Russia".[174] Interviewed by Kommersant, she claimed that "the process of demonization of Russia is taking place at the level of the EU leadership and at the wishes of the US, which is trying to create a unipolar world." Interviewed about democracy in Russia and Vladimir Putin, she replied: "We also do not have an ideal democracy in France and, therefore, do not have the right to give Russia lessons in democracy. But I openly admit that, to some extent, I admire Vladimir Putin. He makes mistakes, but who doesn’t? The situation in Russia is complicated, and one cannot expect all the problems stemming from the collapse of the Soviet Union to be quickly resolved – they require time. I think that Vladimir Putin has principles and a vision of the future that is necessary to ensure Russia’s prosperity, which it deserves.[74][175]
She claims that the Front National is a "patriotic" party with more in common with the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and its "opposition to the totalitarian character of the EU and its desire to remove people's sovereignty" than the British National Party (BNP).[196]
On 8 June 2011, Marine Le Pen and the leader of the Freedom Party of Austria Heinz-Christian Strache held in the European Parliament a joint press conference about "globalization, migration and economic threats in the UE".[226] Both are aiming at strengthening the ties between their two respective movements and also with other eurosceptic parties.[227]
In a statement written on 20 July 2011, she wrote that "If Belgium is going to split, if Flanders pronounces its independence, which seems more and more credible a possibility, the French republic would do well to welcome Wallonia to its heart." She said that "on this eve of the Belgian National Day, it is nevertheless the responsibility of France and the French to extend a hand to the Walloons". She claimed that "the historic and fraternal links that unite our two people are too strong for France to abandon the Walloons". She suggested any such plan to become part of France should be agreed by a referendum in both countries.[228][229][230]
In a statement about the 2011 Norway attacks, she reiterated her condolences to the Norwegian people and recalled her determination to fight mercilessly against all forms of violence and barbarity. In reply to a MRAP's statement, she claimed that "the Norwegian slaughter was the work of a lone lunatic who must be ruthlessly punished".[231]
In October 2011, after her resignation from the Alliance of European National Movements (AENM), she joined the European Alliance for Freedom (EAF), a Pan-European sovereignist platform created in late 2010.[232]
Middle East and Asia[link]
In October 2011, she denounced a "violence wave" in Tunisia and "numerous deadly attacks" perpetrated against the Copt minority in Egypt. She claimed that "the revolutions in Maghreb, which have been led in the name of freedom and human rights, turned into a democratic fiasco and the eruption of violent islamist movements". In her view, "these violent attacks illustrate the extreme fragility of the democratic processes in countries faced with the growing influence of radical islamist movements and the threats that hang over individual freedom". She also "expressed deepest concern faced with the possibility of seeing to surge islamist dictatorships on Europe's doorstep".[233]
About the situation in Libya, she claimed that the confrontations pertained to a civil war in which France's interest was not to interfere. She regretted the haste of the French diplomacy which had "prematurely recognized the National Transitional Council which spoke in the name of the Libyan rebels". She claimed that the transfer of the US command towards NATO increased the submissiveness of the French Armed Forces. Denouncing "the US supremacy" in the military intervention, she "refused the idea that France slavishly followed the USA in this new stalemate".[234] One month after the launching of hostilities, she claimed that "France mired into the 'vote-catching war' of Sarkozy". She noticed that "the United Nations' mandate had largely been overstepped", that "the war dragged on" and that "the deaths of civilians increased". Denouncing the planned dispatch of British, French and Italian military advisers, she lamented the decision of French authorities to compromise further France in "a new Afghanistan".[235][236]
Interviewed by the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz about the fact that some of her European senior colleagues had formed alliances with, and visited, some Israeli settlers and groups, Marine Le Pen said : "The shared concern about radical Islam explains the relationship ... but it is possible that behind it is also the need of the visitors from Europe to change their image in their countries ... As far as their partners in Israel are concerned, I myself don't understand the idea of continuing to develop the settlements. I consider it a political mistake and would like to make it clear in this context that we must have the right to criticize the policy of the State of Israel – just as we are allowed to criticize any sovereign country – without it being considered anti-Semitism. After all, the National Front has always been Zionistic and always defended Israel's right to exist". She also opposed the immigration of French Jews to Israel in response to radical Islam, explaining: "The Jews of France are Frenchmen, they're at home here, and they must stay here and not emigrate. The country is obligated to provide solutions to the development of radical Islam in the problematic regions".[75]
In a statement about the death of Osama bin Laden, she welcomed his "salutary elimination" and claimed that his execution was "a right and appropriate answer to the death of the victims in the 2011 Marrakech bombing".[237]
She regularly claims that France should promptly withdraw its troops from Afghanistan.[176]
Africa[link]
Marine Le Pen claims that "with the help or the protection of western major powers (including unfortunately France in front row), Africa became for the decolonization a privileged ground of all the lobbies which maintain on its territory unacceptable, criminal and 'neo-colonialist' networks of corruption". She also claims that "whereas Africa struggles to find the ways of growth and thus future prosperity, whereas starvation or disease decimate millions of innocent souls, whereas skillfully maintained conflicts discourage the most dynamic and talented African elites, French-African relations are marred by an unforgivable misdemeanour: corruption". She advocates to "have a dialogue with Africa in line with our common history and our mutual interests" and "implement a real partnership which enables a harmonious development of the African continent". In her view, "the only reasonable way lies in a close relationship between the European and African continents, because the development of the African continent will break the migratory stranglehold which threats us and enable the two continents to live their own identities in peace, security and prosperity".[238]
She claimed that only diplomacy, negotiation and consultation were able to settle the tangle of the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, which had begun in the aftermath of the run-off of the 2010 presidential election, when both Laurent Gbagbo and Alassane Ouattara have claimed victory and taken the presidential oath of office.[239][240][241]
Interviewed in January 2011 by the monthly panafrican magazine Première Ligne, she denounced the interference of France and the international community in internal politics of Côte d'Ivoire and criticized Nicolas Sarkozy's support for Alassane Ouattara as a "political mistake". Denouncing a "double standards diplomacy", she claimed that the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is not legitimate to decide a military intervention in Côte d'Ivoire since it had not intervened in Niger after the coup d'état led by Salou Djibo on 18 February 2010.[239][240]
In parliamentary questions addressed to the European Commission,[242] she denounced the violation of the article 5 of the fourth complementary agreement to Ouagadougou Political Agreement, which had planned the completion of disarmament and reunification of Côte d'Ivoire before the organization of elections.[241]
On 12 September 2011, she strongly criticised that the Rwandan president Paul Kagame be received by Nicolas Sarkozy. She claimed that "welcoming Kagame whose regime is accused in a United Nations report of 'crimes against humanity' against civilian populations in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sarkozy once more demonstrated his contempt for law and justice". She also claimed, that "accepting to receive Kagame in Paris, he sullied the reputation of the French army outrageously accused by Kigali of having taken part in the Rwandan Genocide.[243]
Elections (1993–2012)[link]
2012 presidential election[link]
Main article: French presidential election, 2012
Main article: Marine Le Pen presidential campaign, 2012
Marine Le Pen stood in the 2012 French presidential election. On 16 May 2011, her presidential candidacy was unanimously validated by the FN Executive Committee.[244] On 10 and 11 September 2011, her political comeback in Nice prefigured the launching of her presidential campaign.[62] During a press conference on 6 October 2011, she officially unveiled the line-up of her presidential campaign team.[245]
On 19 November 2011, she presented in Paris the main thematic issues of her presidential project: sovereign people and democracy, Europe, reindustrialization and strong state, family and education, immigration and assimilation versus communitarianism, geopolitics and international politics.[246][247][248] During a press conference held on 12 January 2012,[249] she presented in detail the assessment of her presidential project[250] and a plan of debt paydown of France.[251] During a press conference held on 1 February 2012, she presented an outline of her presidential project for the overseas departments and territories of France.[252]
On 11 December 2011, she held her first presidential meeting in Metz.[253][254] From early January to mid April 2012, she held weekly meetings in the major French cities. On 17 April 2012, between 6,000 and 7,000 people took part in her final meeting organized at the Zenith in Paris.[255][256]
On 13 March 2012, she publicly announced that she had the 500 necessary signatures to take part in the presidential election.[257][258] On 19 March 2012, the Constitutional Council officially validated her candidature and the one of nine others competitors.[10]
On 22 April 2012, she polled 17.90% (6,421,426 votes) in the first round and finished in third position behind François Hollande and incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy.[11][12][13] Her national result was higher in percentage and votes than those of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the 2002 presidential election (16.86%, 4,804,772 votes in the first round; 17.79%, 5,525,034 votes in the run-off).[259]
She was in the lead in Gard (25.51%, 106,646 votes) whereas Sarkozy and Hollande respectively polled 24.86% (103,927 votes) and 24.11% (100,778 votes).[260][12] She came first in her municipal stronghold of Hénin-Beaumont (35.48%, 4,924 votes) whereas Hollande and Sarkozy respectively polled 26,82% (3,723 votes) and 15,76% (2,187 votes).[261] She globally achieved her highest results east of a line from Le Havre in the north to Perpignan in the south.[262] In contrast, she globally polled less in western France, especially big cities such as Paris, overseas and among the French citizens living abroad (5.95%, 23,995 votes).[263] However, she got significative results in two rural departments in western France such as Orne (20.00%, 34,757 votes)[264] and Sarthe (19.17%, 62,516 votes).[265]
She achieved her highest regional result in Picardy (25.03%, 266,041 votes),[266] her highest departmental result in Vaucluse (27.03%, 84,585 votes),[267] her highest overseas result in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (15.81%, 416 votes).[268]
In addition to Picardy, she also polled over 20% in ten other regions : Corsica (24.39%, 39,209 votes),[269] Champagne-Ardenne (23.91%, 172,632 votes),[270] Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (23.87%, 650,336 votes),[271] Lorraine (23.66%, 308,392 votes),[272] Languedoc-Roussillon (23.45%, 363,880 votes),[273] Nord-Pas-de-Calais (23.29%, 517,115 votes),[274] Alsace (22.12%, 219,252 votes),[275] Franche-Comté (21.29%, 141,972 votes),[276] Burgundy (20.36%, 191,148 votes),[277] Upper Normandy (20.15%, 207,520 votes).[278] In addition to Vaucluse, she also polled over 25% in nine other departments : Aisne (26.33%, 78,452 votes),[279] Meuse (25.82%, 29,038 votes),[280] Corse-du-Sud (25.71%, 19,081 votes),[281] Pas-de-Calais (25.53%, 216,753 votes),[282] Gard (25.51%, 106,646 votes),[260] Haute-Marne (25.26%, 27,624 votes),[283] Aube (25.12%, 40,740 votes),[284] Haute-Saône (25.12%, 36,807 votes),[285] Oise (25.08%, 109,339 votes).[286] In addition to Saint Pierre and Miquelon, she also polled over 10% in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (12.51%, 665 votes),[287] in New Caledonia (11.66%, 10,409 votes),[288] in Saint Barthélemy (11.41%, 310 votes),[289] in French Guiana (10.48%, 3,920 votes)[290] and in Réunion (10.31%, 37,549 votes).[291]
.svg)
She achieved her lowest regional result in Île-de-France (12.28%, 655,926 votes),[292] her lowest departmental result in Paris (6.20%, 61,503 votes),[293] her lowest overseas result in Wallis and Futuna (2.37%, 152 votes).[294]
In addition to Île-de-France, she polled less 15% in Brittany (13.24%, 262,095 votes)[295] and in Pays de la Loire (14.39%, 308,806 votes).[296] In addition to Paris, she polled less 10% in Hauts-de-Seine (8.51%, 62,447 votes).[297] In addition to Wallis and Futuna, she polled less 5% in Mayotte (2.77%, 996 votes)[298] and in Martinique (4.76%, 6,960 votes).[299]
A French sociologist, Sylvain Crépon who analysed the social and occupational groups of the FN voters in 2012, explained : "The FN vote is made up of the victims of globalisation. It is the small shopkeepers who are going under because of the economic crisis and competition from the out-of-town hypermarkets; it is low-paid workers from the private sector; the unemployed. The FN scores well among people living in poverty, who have a real fear about how to make ends meet."[262] Crépon also analysed the increase of the FN vote in "rural" areas and the recent sociological changes in these areas made up of small provincial towns and new housing-estate commuter belts built on the distant outskirts of the cities : "The rural underclass is no longer agricultural. It is people who have fled the big cities and the inner suburbs because they can no longer afford to live there. Many of these people will have had recent experience of living in the banlieues (high immigration suburbs) - and have had contact with the problems of insecurity."[262] Commentators also pointed that there are more young people and women voting for the party in 2012.[262]
During a speech delivered in Paris on 1 May 2012 after the traditional Joan of Arc and Labor Day march, she has refused to back either incumbent president Sarkozy or socialist Hollande in the run-off on 6 May. Addressing the party's annual rally at Place de l'Opéra, she vowed to cast a blank ballot and told her supporters to vote with their conscience, saying : "Hollande and Sarkozy - neither of them will save you. On Sunday I will cast a blank protest vote. I have made my choice. Each of you will make yours." Accusing both candidates of surrendering to Europe and financial markets, she asked : "Who between Francois Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy will impose the austerity plan in the most servile way? Who will submit the best to the instructions of the IMF, the ECB or the European Commission?"[300]
European elections[link]
North-West France in 2009[link]
Main article: European Parliament election, 2009 (France)
In the 2009 election, Marine Le Pen led the FN list in the North-West France's constituency.
Attaining the best result among the seven FN European lists, her list polled 10.18% (253,009 votes)[301] and only won one of the ten seats of MEP.[302]
Her list achieved its highest regional result in Picardy (12.57%, 63,624 votes),[303] its highest departmental result in Aisne (13.40%, 19,125 votes),[304] its highest municipal results in Pas-de-Calais : Hénin-Beaumont (27.92%, 1,799 votes),[305] Courcelles-lès-Lens (26.57%),[306] Noyelles-Godault (24.72%).[307] Her list also polled over 10% in Nord-Pas-de-Calais (10.90%, 115,350 votes)[308] and in four other departments : Pas-de-Calais (12.88%, 52,671 votes),[309] Oise (12.46%, 24,997 votes),[310] Somme (11.99%, 19,502 votes),[311] Eure (10.06%, 15,793 votes).[312]
Île-de-France in 2004[link]
Main article: European Parliament election, 2004 (France)
In the 2004 election, she led the FN list in the Île-de-France's constituency. Her list polled 8.58% (234,893 votes) and only won one of the fourteen seats of MEP.[313]
Parliamentary elections[link]
Paris in 1993[link]
Main article: French legislative election, 1993
At the age of 24, she was for the first time a parliamentary candidate in the Paris' 16th constituency (17th arrondissement of Paris). Whereas Bernard Pons was re-elected as MP with 63.14% (22,545 votes) in the first round, she arrived in third position with 11.10% (3,963 votes) behind the socialist candidate (11.85%, 4,233 votes).[314]
Lens in 2002[link]
Main article: French legislative election, 2002
In the 2002 election, she was a candidate at Lens in the Pas-de-Calais' 13th constituency. There are many workers and unemployed people in this economically deprived constituency, one of the socialist strongholds in northern France.
She polled 24.24% (10,228 votes) in the first round and achieved 32.30% (12,266 votes) in the run-off whereas her socialist challenger Jean-Claude Bois polled 38.20% (16,120 votes) in the first round and was re-elected as MP with 67.70% (27,510 votes) in the run-off.[315]
Hénin-Beaumont in 2007[link]
Main article: French legislative election, 2007
In the 2007 election, Marine Le Pen and her substitute Steeve Briois, who emphasise the importance of local politics, represented the FN at Hénin-Beaumont in the Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency.
Located in the former coal mining area, this constituency is characterized by a higher level of unemployment than the national average, a significant number of citizens in recipient of welfare such as the Revenu minimum d'insertion (RMI) and the closure of important factories like Metaleurop North with the loss of 870 jobs. A few months previously, Steeve Briois had asked her to contest this constituency, one of the socialist strongholds in northern France. Explaining the choice of this area, she declared that the constituency was symbolic, with unemployment, offshoring and insecurity representing the major problems of France.[316] Asserting his disappointment with the incumbent socialist MP Albert Facon, Daniel Janssens, who had been a socialist activist for thirty years and a first deputy mayor of Leforest for 24 years, led her support committee during the electoral campaign.
Among the fourteen candidates running in the first round, she came second with 24.47% (10,593 votes) whereas Facon came top with 28.24% (12,221 votes).[317] In order to take part in the run-off, a parliamentary candidate must cross the minimal threshold of 12.50% of the registered voters. Throughout France, she thus was the only FN candidate able to compete in a run-off.[318] Between the first round and the run-off, she received the support of historic figures of Gaullism like Alain Griotteray, Michel Caldagués and the souverainiste MEP Paul-Marie Coûteaux.[319]
In the run-off, she achieved 41.65% (17,107 votes) winning 17.18% and 6,514 votes within a week whereas Albert Facon was re-elected as MP with 58.35% (23,965 votes).[317] She attained her highest results in three municipalities: Courcelles-lès-Lens (48.71%),[320] Noyelles-Godault (47.85%),[321] Hénin-Beaumont (44.54%, 4,729 votes).[322] Her results in the first round and the run-off are higher than those of Steeve Briois in 2002 (20.06%, 8,768 votes; 32.08%, 12,129 votes) whereas Facon lost 9.57% and 1,718 votes within five years (67.92%, 25,683 votes).[323]
According to political analysts, she confirmed her political presence in this economically deprived area achieving a very high percentage of votes thanks to economic and social matters like deindustrialization, unemployment and a feeling of abandonment rather than issues such as immigration and insecurity.[318]
Hénin-Beaumont in 2012[link]
Main article: French legislative election, 2012
Marine Le Pen represented as the FN leader at Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, where the new constition regrouped Henin-Beaumont, had her best score in the presidential election.[324] She will be opposed to Philippe Kemel and Jean-Luc Mélenchon.[325]
Regional elections[link]
Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 2010[link]
Main article: French regional elections, 2010
In the 2010 elections, Marine Le Pen led the FN regional list in Nord-Pas-de-Calais and the departmental list in Pas-de-Calais whereas Steeve Briois figured in second position.[326] Largely spread during the electoral campaign, her regional programme included several topics about social, economic, political and cultural issues.[327]
In the first round, her list polled 18.31% (224.871 votes) and arrived in third position in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[328] In Pas-de-Calais, her list polled 19.81% (96,556 votes) overtaking the one of the UMP (15.91%, 77,550 votes)[329] and largely came top in Hénin-Beaumont (39.08%, 2,949 votes).[330] Whereas Jean-Marie Le Pen's FN list attained 20.30% (296,283 votes) in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur,[331] she nationally achieved the second highest result among the FN regional lists. In Pas-de-Calais, her result was higher in percentage than the one of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first round of the 2002 presidential election (18.41%, 135,330 votes).[332] In order to take part in the run-off, a regional list must cross the minimal threshold of 10% of the valid votes.
In the run-off, her list polled 22.20% (301,190 votes) and arrived in third position in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[328] Eighteen FN councillors were elected among the 113 of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais' regional council.[333] Whereas Jean-Marie Le Pen's list attained 22.87% (387,374 votes) with 21 councillors elected,[331] she nationally achieved the second highest result among the FN regional lists. In Pas-de-Calais, her list polled 24.37% (130,720 votes) overtaking the one of the UMP (22.63%, 121,365 votes)[329] and achieved its highest municipal results in Hénin-Beaumont (44.23%, 3,829 votes)[330] and Courcelles-lès-Lens (40.60%).[334] Her list nationally realized the second highest departmental FN result behind Vaucluse (26.54%).[335] Her regional result and the one in Pas-de-Calais were higher in percentage than those of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the run-off of the 2002 presidential election (21.89%, 445,357 votes;[336] 22.17%, 170,967 votes).[332]
Thanks to her political success, she confirmed her regional presence and reinforced her internal position within the FN. As a member of the standing committee and a president of the regional group (Front National/Gathering for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais), she led a resolute opposition facing the left-wing regional executive managed by Daniel Percheron.
Île-de-France in 2004[link]
Main article: French regional elections, 2004
In the 2004 elections, she led the FN regional list in Île-de-France and the departmental list in Hauts-de-Seine.
Her list polled 12.26% (448,983 votes) in the first round and achieved 10.11% (395,565 votes) with fifteen councillors elected in the run-off.[337][338]
She exercised the leadership of her regional group for five years and left it in February 2009 since she preferred to devote her energy to the European election campaign in the North-West France's constituency.[339] A member of the standing committee, she led a strong opposition facing the left-wing regional executive managed by Jean-Paul Huchon.
Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 1998[link]
Main article: French regional elections, 1998
In the 1998 elections, she figured on the FN list in Nord-Pas-de-Calais and was a regional councillor for six years (1998–2004).[17]
Municipal elections[link]
Hénin-Beaumont in 2008[link]
Main article: French municipal elections, 2008
Since 2001, Gérard Dalongeville has been the mayor of Hénin-Beaumont, an economically deprived town in the former coal mining area.
A municipal councillor since 1995,[340] Steeve Briois led the FN list while Marine Le Pen was in second position. The FN list came second with 28.53% (3,650 votes) in the first round and achieved 28.83% (3,630 votes) with five councillors elected in the run-off.[341][342] In order to take part in the run-off, a municipal list must cross the minimal threshold of 10% of the votes cast.
Despite their electoral failure, Steeve Briois and Marine Le Pen led a sharp opposition against the re-elected mayor Gérard Dalongeville, his first vice-mayor Marie-Noëlle Lienemann and their left-wing team.
2009 Hénin-Beaumont by-election[link]
A municipal by-election was held in Hénin-Beaumont on 28 June and 5 July 2009. Like in 2008, Steeve Briois was the FN top candidate whereas she figured in second position.
The FN list was largely in the lead with 39.33% (4,485 votes) in the first round and achieved 47.62% (5,504 votes) with eight councillors elected in the run-off.[343] Despite a weekly increase of 1,019 votes, the FN again failed its attempt to win the municipality.[344]
Steeve Briois, Marine Le Pen and the six other FN councillors led the sole political opposition against the new mayor Daniel Duquenne and his successor Eugène Binaisse.
On 24 February 2011, she resigned as a municipal councillor because of the law on the accumulation of mandates ("cumul des mandats").[345] In a letter entitled "I stay in Hénin-Beaumont !", she explained that her political action is more efficient for the city at regional and European levels than in the municipal council.[346]
Political mandates[link]
Local mandates[link]
- Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : (15 March 1998 – 28 March 2004); since 26 March 2010: member of the standing committee, leader of the FN group.
- Regional councillor of Île-de-France (28 March 2004 – 21 March 2010) : member of the standing committee, leader of the FN group until February 2009.
- Municipal councillor of Hénin-Beaumont (23 March 2008 – 24 February 2011).
European mandates[link]
Member of the European Parliament in the Île-de-France constituency (20 July 2004 – 13 July 2009) : Non-Inscrits (20 July 2004–14 January 2007/14 November 2007–13 July 2009) ; Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty (15 January 2007 – 13 November 2007).
- Member : Committee on Culture and Education (21 July 2004–14 January 2007/15 January 2007–30 January 2007), Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (31 January 2007 – 13 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Israel (15 September 2004–13 March 2007/14 March 2007–13 July 2009)
- Substitute : Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (21 July 2004–14 January 2007/31 January 2007–13 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand (15 March 2007 – 13 July 2009)[347]
Member of the European Parliament in the North-West France constituency : Non-Inscrits (since 14 July 2009)
- Member : Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (since 16 July 2009), Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly (since 16 September 2009)
- Substitute : Committee on International Trade (since 16 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Canada (16 September 2009 – 14 November 2010)[347][348]
Bibliography[link]
- À contre flots, Jacques Grancher, 2006 ISBN 2-7339-0957-6 (autobiography)
(French) Welcome to a ruthless world (extract from À contre-flots chapter one, p. 9 to p. 22).
- Pour que vive la France, Jacques Grancher, 2012, 260 pages
(French) [349]
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- ^ "France election: Le Pen 'to cast blank vote' in run-off". BBC News. 1 May 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17906203. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: North-West France". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/01.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"France: list of the 72 MEPs by constituency (2009–2014)". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/elections/resultats/accueil-resultats/downloadFile/attachedFile_3/RPE-24-09-09.pdf. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Picardy". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/022/022.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Aisne". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/022/002/002.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Hénin-Beaumont". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/062/062427.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Courcelles-lès-Lens". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/062/062249.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Noyelles-Godault". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/062/062624.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/031.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/062/062.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Oise". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/022/060/060.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Somme". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/022/080/080.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Eure". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/023/027/027.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2004 European election results: Île-de-France". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/eur2004/007/index.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"1993 French legislative election results: Paris' 16th constituency" (in French). Le Figaro. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://elections.figaro.net/cgi/histo_req1?page=15%26offs=15%26action=L1993%26re=%26dep=75%26Valider=Lancez+la+recherche%26version=figaro&title=R%C3%A9sultats%20%C3%A9lections%20l%C3%A9gislatives%20de%201993%20-%2016%C3%A8me%20circonscription%20de%20Paris%C2%A0%C2%BB. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2002 French legislative election results: Pas-de-Calais' 13th constituency". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2002/062/circons13.html. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Marine Le Pen : Pas-de-Calais in her sights". Reuters (boursier.com). 6 June 2007. http://www.boursier.com/vals/all/marine-le-pen-repart-en-conquete-dans-le-pas-de-calais-feed-25326.htm. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2007 French legislative election results: Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/062/circons14.html. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"Hénin-Beaumont, Marine Le Pen's Vitrolles ?". CEVIPOF. http://www.cevipof.com/bpf/analyses/Fourquet_HeninBeaumont.pdf. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Marine Le Pen: support from two Gaullist stalwarts". Yves Daoudal's website. 13 June 2007. http://yvesdaoudal.hautetfort.com/archive/2007/06/13/deux-gaullistes-historiques-soutiennent-marine.html. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2007 French legislative election results: Courcelles-lès-Lens". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/062/06224914.html. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2007 French legislative election results: Noyelles-Godault". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/062/06262414.html. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2007 French legislative election results: Hénin-Beaumont". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/062/06242714.html. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2002 French legislative election results: Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2002/062/circons14.html. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ (French)"Nord-Pas-de-Calais: list of the FN candidates in 2010". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/C2031L005.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Nord-Pas-de-Calais in force: regional programme (2010–2014)". Front National. 26 February 2010. http://www.frontnational.com/pdf/programme_npdc_regionales2010.pdf. Retrieved 14 November 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/031.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/062/062.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Hénin-Beaumont". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/062/062427.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/093/093.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2002 French presidential election results: Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2002/031/062/3162.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Nord-Pas-de-Calais: list of the 18 FN regional councillors (2010–2014)". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/E2031L005.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Courcelles-lès-Lens". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/062/062249.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Vaucluse". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/093/084/084.html. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2002 French presidential election results: Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2002/031/031.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2004 French regional elections results: Île-de-France". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/reg2004/011/011.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"Île-de-France: list of the 15 FN regional councillors (2004–2010)". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/reg2004/011/E2011L002.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"Île-de-France: Marine Le Pen has left the presidency of the FN group" (in French). Le Point. 10 February 2009. http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-politique/2009-02-10/marine-le-pen-a-quitte-la-presidence-du-groupe-fn-a-la-region-idf/917/0/315903. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"Biography of Steeve Briois". Steeve Briois' website. http://briois.ublog.com/about.html. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2008 municipal election results in Hénin-Beaumont : first round and run-off" (in French). Le Figaro. http://elections.lefigaro.fr/resultats/elections-municipales-2008/2eme-tour/pas-de-calais/62110/henin-beaumont/. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Hénin-Beaumont: list of the 5 FN municipal councillors" (in French). Le Figaro. http://elections.lefigaro.fr/resultats/elections-municipales-2008/2eme-tour/pas-de-calais/62110/henin-beaumont/liste-1.php. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 Hénin-Beaumont municipal by-election results : first round and run-off". Minister of the Interior. 7 August 2009. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/elections/resultats/elections-municipales/2009/henin-beaumont-pas-calais/downloadFile/file/62_Mun_Par_28_juin_5_juillet_09_Henin_Beaumont_T1T2.pdf?nocache=1249634749.32. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
- ^ Steven Erlanger (6 July 2009). "Left Wins French Local Election With Backing of Center-Right". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E0DF153FF935A35754C0A96F9C8B63. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Accumulation of mandates : Marine Le Pen leaves the municipal council of Hénin-Beaumont". Le Parisien (AFP). 24 February 2011. http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/cumul-des-mandats-marine-le-pen-quitte-le-conseil-municipal-d-henin-beaumont-24-02-2011-1330084.php. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ (French)"I stay in Hénin-Beaumont !". Nations Presse Info. 24 February 2011. http://www.nationspresse.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Lettre-de-Marine-Le-Pen-aux-habitants-dH%C3%A9nin-Beaumont.pdf. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Marine Le Pen MEP_Archives". European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/archive/alphaOrder/view.do?language=EN&id=28210. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ "Marine Le Pen MEP". European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/public/geoSearch/view.do?country=FR&partNumber=1&zone=Nord-Ouest&language=EN&id=28210. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ Marine Le Pen donne sa vision « alternationaliste » du monde dans un livre à paraître, Abel Mestre, Caroline Monot
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marine Le Pen |
- Official
- Other
- (English) Profile on the European Parliament's official website
- (English) Has Marine Le Pen made France's Front National respectable? RFI English
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jean-Marie Le Pen |
Leader of the National Front 2011–present |
Incumbent |
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Le Pen, Marine |
| Alternative names | Le Pen, Marion Anne Perrine |
| Short description | French politician |
| Date of birth | 5 August 1968 |
| Place of birth | Neuilly-sur-Seine (France) |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Marine_Le_Pen
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Marine Le Penová
http://id.wn.com/Marine Le Pen
http://es.wn.com/Marine Le Pen
http://ru.wn.com/Ле Пен, Марин
http://nl.wn.com/Marine Le Pen
http://pt.wn.com/Marine Le Pen
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http://fr.wn.com/Marine Le Pen
http://hi.wn.com/मरिन ले पेन
http://de.wn.com/Marine Le Pen
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jean-François Copé | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Secretary General of the Union for a Popular Movement | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 17 November 2010 |
|
| Preceded by | Xavier Bertrand |
| Mayor of Meaux | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 1 December 2005 |
|
| Preceded by | Ange Anziani |
| In office 19 June 1995 – 20 June 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | Jean Lion |
| Succeeded by | Ange Anziani |
| Minister of the Budget | |
| In office 31 May 2005 – 18 May 2007 |
|
| Prime Minister | Dominique de Villepin |
| Preceded by | Dominique Bussereau |
| Succeeded by | Éric Woerth |
| Member of the National Assembly for Seine-et-Marne's 6th constituency |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 26 June 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | Nicole Bricq |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1964-05-05) 5 May 1964 (age 48) Boulogne-Billancourt, France |
| Political party | Rally for the Republic (Before 2002) Union for a Popular Movement (2002–present) |
| Alma mater | Institute of Political Studies, Paris National School of Administration, Strasbourg |
| Website | Official website |
Jean-François Copé (born 5 May 1964), is a French politician. He is currently Mayor of Meaux, Deputy (Député) for the 6th constituency of Seine-et-Marne, and acts as President of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) Group in the French National Assembly. He was appointed Spokesperson for the French Government between 2002 and 2007, and assumed other tenures in the government—including Minister of the Budget—in the same time frame. In November 2010, he became General Secretary of the Union for a Popular Movement.
Contents |
Life[link]
Jean-François Copé, born in Boulogne-Billancourt (Hauts-de-Seine), is the son of Professor Roland Copé, a surgeon of Romanian Jewish origin, and Monique Ghanassia of Algerian Jewish origin. His father, Roland Copé, is the son of Marcu Hirs Copelovici, a physician born in Bessarabia, and Gisele Lazerovici. His mother, Monique Ghanassia, is the daughter of Ismael André Ghanassia, a lawyer in Algiers, son of Moïse Ghanassia and Djouhar Soussi from Miliana in Algeria, and Lise Boukhabza, granddaughter of a Tunisian rabbi.[1]
Raised in a French Jewish family, he describes himself as "a non-practicing Jew" ("Juif non pratiquant").[2] He studied at the École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel, and then at Lycée Victor Duruy, where he obtained his Baccalauréat. In 1985, he entered Science-Po for 2 years, before attending the Ecole nationale d'administration, from which he graduated in 1989. He followed training seminars on New Public Management in the United States, and he is a proponent of Benchmarking on budget matters. Divorced, he has 4 children, François-Xavier, Pierre-Alexis and Raphaëlla from his wedding, and Faustine, from his current union.
Career[link]
Following his graduation in 1989, he joined the Caisse des dépôts et consignations until 1991. He then worked as head of cabinet for the CEO at Dexia, while teaching Local Economy and Finance at Science-Po. He left those attributions in 1993, to get involved within RPR.
In 1997, he came back to teaching as an Associate Professor of Economy and Finance at Paris 8 University, up until 2002. He also returned to the Caisse des dépôts et consignations between 1997 and 1999, before joining the supervisory board of Dexia from 2000 to 2002.
Political functions[link]
After serving in various political roles in the RPR and the Balladur government, he became spokesperson for the government of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin in 2002. On 24 November 2004, he became Minister of the Budget and spokesperson for the government in the Raffarin III government; he was renewed in this function in the following Villepin government. Following the 2007 parliamentary election, he became leader of the UMP parliamentary group in the 13th Legislature.
In 1995, he became Mayor of Meaux at 35, and was reelected in 2001 and 2008. Because of his nomination in the government in 2002, he had to step down in favor of Ange Anziani. Nonetheless, he took back the office in 2005 after Anziani's resignation. He was also regional councillor of Ile-de-France from 1998 to 2007 and was list leader of the UMP-UDF in Ile-de-France in the 2004 regional elections.
He became deputy of the 5th constituency of Seine-et-Marne in 1995, following the nomination of the incumbent to the Juppé government. However, he was defeated in 1997 by a Socialist candidate in a difficult RPR-PS-FN three-way second round race. In 2002, he was elected in the 6th constituency. He was re-elected there by the first round in 2007, becoming President of the UMP Group in the French National Assembly at the same time.
In November 2010, he became General Secretary of the Union for a Popular Movement.
Political career[link]
Governmental functions
Secretary of State for Relationships with Parliament and Government's spokesman : 2002–2004.
Minister deleguated to Interior and Government's spokesman : March–November 2004.
Minister of Budget, Budget Reform and Government's spokesman : 2004–2005.
Minister of Budget, State Reform and Government's spokesman: 2005–2007.
Electoral mandates
National Assembly of France
President of the Union for a Popular Movement Group in the National Assembly : Since 2007–2010 (Resignation).
Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-et-Marne : 1995–1997 / Reelected in 2002, but he became secretary of State / Since 2007. Elected in 1995, reelected in 2002, 2007.
Regional Council
Regional councillor of Ile-de-France : 1998–2007 (Resignation). Reelected in 2004.
Municipal Council
Mayor of Meaux : 1995–2002 (Resignation) / Since 2005. Reelected in 2001, 2005, 2008.
Deputy-mayor of Meaux : 2002–2005.
Municipal councillor of Meaux : Since 1995. Reelected in 2001, 2008.
Agglomeration community Council
Président of the Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Meaux : Since 2003. Reelected in 2008.
Member of the Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Meaux : Since 2003. Reelected in 2008.
Political functions
General Secretary of the Union for a Popular Movement : Since 2010.
Deputy General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 2001–2002.
Bibliography[link]
Books by Jean-François Copé[link]
- 1990 : Finances locales – Economica (Reissued in 1993 (ISBN 978-2717825688), and with François Werner in 1997 (ISBN 978-2717833034))
- 1999 : Ce que je n'ai pas appris à l'ENA. L'aventure d'un maire – Hachette Littératures. ISBN 978-2-01-235477-7.
- 2002 : Devoir d'inventaire. Le dépôt de bilan de Lionel Jospin – Éditions Albin Michel. ISBN 978-2-226-13314-4.
- 2006 : Promis, j'arrête la langue de bois – Hachette Littératures. ISBN 978-2-01-235943-7.
References[link]
- ^ Solenn de Royer, Copé, l'homme pressé, l'Archipel, 2010, pp. 118-127.
- ^ Tribune juive (France), 15 February 2002
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jean-François Copé |
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jean Lion |
Mayor of Meaux 1995–2002 |
Succeeded by Ange Anziani |
| Preceded by Dominique Bussereau |
Minister of the Budget 2005–2007 |
Succeeded by Éric Woerth |
| Preceded by Ange Anziani |
Mayor of Meaux 2005–present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Xavier Bertrand |
Secretary-General of the Union for a Popular Movement 2010–present |
Incumbent |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cope, Jean-Francois |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 5 May 1964 |
| Place of birth | Boulogne-Billancourt, Seine-et-Marne |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jean-François_Copé
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Jean-François Copé
http://de.wn.com/Jean-François Copé
http://pl.wn.com/Jean-François Copé
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-François_Copé
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
