Sardines

Sardines are small epipelagic fish which sometimes migrate along the coast in large schools. They are an important forage fish for larger forms of marine life.

Global commercial capture of sardines in tonnes
reported by the FAO 1950–2009^[1]

Sardines, or pilchards, are several types of small, oily fish related to herrings, family Clupeidae.^[2] The term sardine was first used in English during the early 15th century, and may come from the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, around which sardines were once abundant.^[3][4]

The terms sardine and pilchard are not precise, and what is meant depends on the region. The United Kingdom's Sea Fish Industry Authority, for example, classifies sardines as young pilchards.^[5] One criterion suggests fish shorter in length than 6 inches (15 cm) are sardines, and larger ones pilchards.^[6] The FAO/WHO Codex standard for canned sardines cites 21 species that may be classed as sardines;^[7] FishBase, a comprehensive database of information about fish, calls at least six species "pilchard", over a dozen just "sardine", and many more with the two basic names qualified by various adjectives.

Genera[link]

Sardines occur in several genera

• Genus Dussumeria
  • Rainbow sardine - Dussumieria acuta
  • Slender rainbow sardine - Dussumieria elopsoides
• Genus Escualosa
  • Slender white sardine - Escualosa elongata
  • White sardine - Escualosa thoracata
• Genus Sardina
  • European pilchard (true sardine) Sardina pilchardus
• Genus Sardinella
  • Round sardinella (gilt sardine, Spanish sardine) Sardinella aurita Sardinella longiceps, Sardinella gibbosa (Indian sardines)
• Genus Sardinops
  • South American pilchard (Pacific sardine, California sardine, Chilean sardine, South African sardine) Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842)

Species[link]

This article is one of a series on
Commercial fish
Large pelagic
billfish, bonito mackerel, salmon shark, tuna
Forage
anchovy, herring menhaden, sardine shad, sprat
Demersal
cod, eel, flatfish pollock, ray
Mixed
carp

Commercially significant species
Genus	Common name	Scientific name	Maximum length	Common length	Maximum weight	Maximum age	Trophic level	Fish Base	FAO	ITIS	IUCN status
Sardina	European pilchard*	Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)	27.5 cm	20.0 cm	kg	15 years	3.05	[8]	[9]	[10]	Not assessed
Sardinops	South American pilchard	Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842)	39.5 cm	20.0 cm	0.49 kg	25 years	2.43	[11]	[12]	[13]	Not assessed
	- Japanese pilchard†	- Sardinops melanostictus (Schlegel, 1846)						[14]	[15]	[16]	Not assessed
	- Californian pilchard†	- Sardinops caeruleus (Girard, 1854)						[17]	[18]	[19]	Not assessed
	- Southern African pilchard†	- Sardinops ocellatus (Pappe, 1854)						[20]	[21]	[22]	Not assessed
Sardinella	Bali sardinella	Sardinella lemuru (Bleeker, 1853)	23 cm	20 cm	kg	years		[23]	[24]	[25]	Not assessed
	Brazilian sardinella	Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879)	cm	cm	kg	years	3.10	[26]	[27]	[28]	Not assessed
	Japanese sardinella	Sardinella zunasi (Bleeker, 1854)	cm	cm	kg	years	3.12	[29]	[30]	[31]	Not assessed
	Indian oil sardine	Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes, 1847)	cm	cm	kg	years	2.41	[32]	[33]	[34]	Least concern[35]
	Goldstripe sardinella	Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)	cm	cm	kg	years	2.85	[36]	[37]	[38]	Not assessed
	Round sardinella	Sardinella aurita (Valenciennes, 1847)	cm	cm	kg	years	3.40	[39]	[40]	[41]	Not assessed
	Madeiran sardinella	Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1839)	cm	cm	kg	years	3.20	[42]	[43]	[44]	Not assessed
Dussumieria	Rainbow sardine	Dussumieria acuta (Valenciennes, 1847)	cm	cm	kg	years	3.40	[45]	[46]	[47]	Not assessed

The European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus

In the 1980s the South American pilchard, Sardinops sagax, was the most intensively fished species of sardine. Some major stocks declined precipitously in the 1990s (see chart below).

^† There are four distinct stocks in the genus Sardinops, widely separated by geography. The FAO treats these stocks as though they are separate species, whereas FishBase treats them as though they are the same species, Sardinops sagax.^[48]

Fisheries[link]

Global capture of sardines in tonnes reported by the FAO

↑  Sardines of the Sardinops genus, 1950–2010 ^[1]

↑  Sardines not of the Sardinops genus, 1950–2010 ^[1]

The most important gear is an encircling net, particularly the purse seine. Many modifications of encircling nets are used, including traps or weirs. The latter are stationary enclosures composed of stakes into which schools of sardines are diverted as they swim along the coast. The fish are caught mainly at night, when they approach the surface to feed on plankton. After harvesting, the fish are submerged in brine while they are transported to shore.

Sardines are commercially fished for a variety of uses: for bait; for immediate consumption; for drying, salting, or smoking; and for reduction into fish meal or oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption, but fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture of paint, varnish and linoleum.

French sardine seiner

As food[link]

Sardines are a common type of fish consumed by humans, as they are rich in nutrients. They are commonly served in cans, but fresh sardines are often grilled, pickled or smoked.

Sardines are rich in vitamins and minerals. A small serving of sardines once a day can provide 13 percent of vitamin B2; roughly one-quarter of niacin and about 150 percent of vitamin B12 of the recommended daily value. All B vitamins help to support proper nervous system function and are used for energy metabolism, or converting food into energy.^[49] Also, sardines are high in the major minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and some trace minerals like iron and selenium. Sardines are also a natural source of marine omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular disease.^[50] Recent studies suggest that regular consumption of omega-3 fatty acids reduces the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease.^[51] These fatty acids may also help lower blood sugar levels a small amount.^[52] They are also a good source of vitamin D,^[53] calcium, vitamin B12,^[54][55] and protein.

Because they are low in the food chain, sardines are very low in contaminants, such as mercury, relative to other fish commonly eaten by humans.^[56]

History[link]

In the United States, the sardine canning industry peaked in the 1950s. Since then, the industry has been on the decline. The last large sardine cannery in the United States, the Stinson Seafood plant in Prospect Harbor, Maine, closed its doors on April 15, 2010 after 135 years in operation.^[57]

Pilchard fishing and processing became a thriving industry in Cornwall from around 1750 to around 1880, after which it went into an almost terminal decline. However, as of 2007, stocks are improving.^[58] Since 1997, sardines from Cornwall have been sold as "Cornish sardines", and since March 2010, under EU law, Cornish sardines have Protected Geographical Status.^[59] The industry has featured in numerous works of art, particularly by Stanhope Forbes and other Newlyn School artists.

The traditional "Toast to Pilchards" refers to the lucrative export of the fish to Catholic Europe;

"Here's health to the Pope, may he live to repent

 And add just six months to the term of his Lent

 And tell all his vassals from Rome to the Poles,

 There's nothing like pilchards for saving their souls!"^[60]

Miscellany[link]

The close packing of sardines in the can has led to their metaphorical use of the name in describing any situation where people or objects are crowded together, for instance, in a bus or subway car. It has also been used as the name of a children's game, where one person hides and each successive person who finds the hidden one packs into the same space until there is only one left out, who becomes the next one to hide.^[61]

Sardines are a prominent prop in Michael Frayn's farce Noises Off.

See also[link]

• Chasse-marée
• Sardine run

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Parrish RH, Serra R and Grant WS (1989) "The Monotypic Sardines, Sardina and Sardinops: Their Taxonomy, Distribution, Stock Structure, and Zoogeography" Can.J.Fish. Aquar. Sci., 46: 2019–2036.

External links[link]

• Sardines - Seafood Watch, Monterey Bay Aquarium

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sardines

v t e Sardines (pilchards) Notable species Bali sardinella Brazilian sardinella Goldstripe sardinella Japanese sardinella Madeiran sardinella Round sardinella South American pilchard European pilchard Japanese pilchard Southern African pilchard South American pilchard Indian oil sardine Rainbow sardine As food Sardine (food) Stargazy pie Niboshi Related topics Sardine run Sardines (game) The Burial of the Sardine

v t e Principal commercial fishery species groups Wild Large pelagic fish Mackerel Salmon Shark Swordfish Tuna albacore bigeye Atlantic bluefin Pacific bluefin southern bluefin skipjack yellowfin Forage fish Anchovy Capelin Herring Ilish Menhaden Sardines Shad Demersal fish Catfish Cod Atlantic Pacific Flatfish flounder halibut plaice sole turbot Haddock Mullet Orange roughy Pollock Smelt-whitings Toothfish Freshwater fish Carp Sturgeon Tilapia Trout Other wild fish Eel Whitebait more... Crustaceans Crab Krill Lobster Shrimp and prawn more... Molluscs Abalone Mussels Octopus Oysters Scallops Squid more... Echinoderms Sea cucumbers Sea urchin more... Farmed Carp bighead common crucian grass silver Catfish Freshwater prawns Mussels Oysters Salmon Atlantic salmon trout coho chinook Scallops Seaweed Shrimp Tilapia Commercial fishing World fish production Fishing topics Fisheries glossary

Pierre Richard
Pierre Richard, 20 September 2010
Born	Pierre Richard Maurice Charles Léopold Defays (1934-08-16) 16 August 1934 (age 77) Valenciennes, France
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1967–present
Website
http://www.pierre-richard.fr/

Pierre Richard (born Pierre Richard Maurice Charles Léopold Defays (originally de Fays, his grandfather changed the spelling for unknown reasons),^[1] 16 August 1934 in Valenciennes, Nord) is a popular French actor best known for the roles of a clumsy daydreamer in comedy films. Richard is considered by many, such as Louis de Funès and Gérard Depardieu, to be one of the greatest and most talented French comedians in the last 50 years. He is also a film director and occasional singer.

Biography[link]

Richard started his acting career in the [[theatre]strait]]. He worked with Robert again on Le grand blond avec une chaussure noire, and its sequel Le retour du grand blond; both these films were written by Francis Veber. Veber cast Richard when he directed his own first feature film: Le Jouet. Veber and Richard had a long and successful partnership during the 1980s, highlighted by three comedies — La Chèvre, Les Compères and Les Fugitifs — which paired Richard with Gérard Depardieu. Richard again moved behind the camera to direct On peut toujours rêver (1991) and Droit dans le mur (1997).

In 2006 Richard received a lifetime achievement César Award from the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinema.

Pierre Richard in the 31e cérémonie des César in 2006

Richard is a wine grower. His 20-hectare vineyard produces some 80,000 bottles a year, including some 12,000 bottles of rosé under the "le Bel Évêque" label. Richard also owns a restaurant in Paris, Au pied de chameau.

Pierre used to live on a barge on the Seine in the middle of Paris. He still lives in Paris nowadays, when he is not dealing with his wine in the South Of France. He has two sons, both musicians: Olivier plays the saxophone with the group "Blues trottoir'" and Christophe plays the double bass. His grandson, Arthur Defays, is a model and a young actor.

Filmography[link]

Cinema[link]

• 1958: Les Amants de Montparnasse (Montparnasse 19), directed by Jacques Becker (uncredited)
• 1967: Alexandre le bienheureux, directed by Yves Robert
• 1967: Un idiot à Paris, directed by Serge Korber
• 1968: La Prisonnière, directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot (uncredited)
• 1970: Le Distrait (Absent-minded aka. The Daydreamer), directed by Pierre Richard
• 1970: Trois hommes sur un cheval, directed by Marcel Moussy
• 1971: La Coqueluche, directed by Christian-Paul Arrighi
• 1972: Les malheurs d'Alfred, directed by Pierre Richard
• 1972: Le grand blond avec une chaussure noire, directed by Yves Robert
• 1973: La raison du plus fou, directed by Raymond Devos and François Reichenbach
• 1973: Je sais rien, mais je dirai tout, directed by Pierre Richard
• 1974: Juliette and Juliette, directed by Remo Forlani
• 1974: Un nuage entre les dents, directed by Marco Pico
• 1974: La moutarde me monte au nez, directed by Claude Zidi
• 1974: Le retour du grand blond, directed by Yves Robert
• 1975: Trop c'est trop, directed by Didier Kaminka
• 1975: La Course à l'échalote, directed by Claude Zidi
• 1976: On aura tout vu !, directed by Georges Lautner
• 1976: Les Naufragés de l'île de la Tortue, directed by Jacques Rozier
• 1976: Le jouet, directed by Francis Veber
• 1978: Je suis timide... mais je me soigne, directed by Pierre Richard
• 1978: La Carapate, directed by Gérard Oury
• 1980: C'est pas moi, c'est lui, directed by Pierre Richard
• 1980: Le Coup du parapluie (The Umbrella Coup), directed by Gérard Oury
• 1981: La Chèvre (Knock on Wood), directed by Francis Veber
• 1983: Un chien dans un jeu de quilles, directed by Bernard Guillou
• 1983: Les Compères (ComDads), directed by Francis Veber
• 1984: Le Jumeau (The Twin), directed by Yves Robert
• 1985: Dialogue de sourds, directed by Bernard Nauer (short)
• 1985: Tranches de vie, directed by François Leterrier (uncredited)
• 1986: Les Fugitifs, directed by Francis Veber
• 1988: Mangeclous, directed by Moshé Mizrahi
• 1988: À gauche en sortant de l'ascenseur (Door on the Left as You Leave the Elevator), directed by Édouard Molinaro
• 1990: Promotion canapé, directed by Didier Kaminka
• 1990: Bienvenue à bord !, directed by Jean-Louis Leconte
• 1991: On peut toujours rêver, directed by Pierre Richard
• 1992: Vieille canaille, directed by Gérard Jourd'hui
• 1993: La Cavale des fous, directed by Marco Pico
• 1994: La Partie d'échecs, directed by Yves Hanchar
• 1995: L'Amour conjugal, directed by Benoît Barbier
• 1997: A Chef in Love (Shekvarebuli kulinaris ataserti retsepti), by Nana Dzhordzhadze
• 1997: Droit dans le mur, directed by Pierre Richard
• 2000: Scénarios sur la drogue (Drug Scenes aka. Drugs!), directed by Franck Chiche (episode Les Mots attendront)
• 2000: 27 Missing Kisses, directed by Nana Dzhordzhadze
• 2003: Mariées mais pas trop, directed by Catherine Corsini
• 2003: Les Clefs de bagnole, directed by Laurent Baffie
• 2004: En attendant le déluge, directed by Damien Odoul
• 2005: Le Cactus, directed by Gérard Bitton and Michel Munz
• 2006: Essaye-moi, directed by Pierre-François Martin-Laval
• 2006: Le Serpent (The Serpent), directed by Eric Barbier
• 2011: Et Si On Vivait Tous Ensemble, directed by Stéphane Robelin

Television[link]

• 1967: Malican père and fils, directed by Yannick Andréi, Marcel Cravenne and François Moreuil
• 1969: Agence intérim, directed by Marcel Moussy and Pierre Neurrisse
• 1980: Chouette, chat, chien... show, directed by Jacques Samyn
• 1980: Ça va plaire, directed by Jean-Pierre Cassel and Bernard Lion
• 2000: Sans famille, directed by Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe
• 2003: Robinson Crusoé, directed by Thierry Chabert

Direction[link]

• 1970: Le Distrait
• 1972: Les Malheurs d'Alfred
• 1973: Je sais rien, mais je dirai tout
• 1978: Je suis timide... mais je me soigne
• 1980: C'est pas moi, c'est lui
• 1991: On peut toujours rêver
• 1997: Droit dans le mur

Selected discography[link]

• 1983: Madame Sardine

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website (in French; English version under development)
• Pierre Richard at the Internet Movie Database
• Le bonheur de Pierre (in French)
• Pierre Richard in Siberia - March 4, 2011 - photo essay and comments on a creative meeting with the actor in Novosibirsk, Russia (in Russian)

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008)

Charles Carlton Maxwell (28 December 1913 – 7 August 1993) was an American character actor who worked primarily in television.

Maxwell frequently appeared as a guest star in Western shows such as Bonanza, Gunsmoke, Rawhide, and The Rifleman, among others. He appeared on Bonanza eight different times as eight different characters. He was a regular on the short-lived series The Hank McCune Show and appeared as Virgil Earp in the Star Trek episode “Spectre of the Gun” in 1968.

Maxwell’s longest running role was neither a Western, nor credited, when he was featured as the unseen radio announcer on Gilligan's Island.

External links[link]

• Charles Maxwell at the Internet Movie Database
• Charles Maxwell at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)

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