Look up republican in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Republican can refer to:

• An advocate of a republic, a form of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is generally associated with the rule of law
  • Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or against monarchy; the opposite of monarchism
    • Republicanism in Australia
    • Republicanism in Canada
    • Republicanism in New Zealand
    • Republicanism in the United Kingdom
  • Classical republicanism, republicanism as formulated in the Renaissance
• A member of a Republican Party:
  • List of Republican Parties, a complete listing
  • Republican Party (United States), a conservative party in the U.S.
  • Fianna Fáil, a centrist Irish party also known as the Republican Party
  • List of Republican People's Parties, a complete listing
• Institutions or supporters of particular governments that called themselves republics, including:
  • List of republics, a complete listing
  • Roman Republic, as well as supporters of the Republic during the Roman Empire
  • Second Spanish Republic, during the Spanish Civil War, as well as its supporters
  • Various French Republics, most notably the First Republic established during the French Revolution and the Second Republic, the first post-Revolution republic in France.
  • Irish republicanism, a faction in the Irish independence movement supportive of a complete break with the United Kingdom
• Republican City, Nebraska, a village in Nebraska, United States
• Republican River, a river in Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas in the United States
• The Republican (Springfield), a newspaper published in Springfield, Massachusetts
• The Woodville Republican, a weekly newspaper published in Woodville, Mississippi

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Ann Romney
Ann Romney after speaking at CPAC in 2011
First Lady of Massachusetts
In office January 3, 2003 – January 4, 2007
Preceded by	Chuck Hunt (acting)
Succeeded by	Diane Patrick
Personal details
Born	Ann Lois Davies (1949-04-16) April 16, 1949 (age 63)[1]
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Mitt Romney (m. 1969) «start: (1969)»"Marriage: Mitt Romney to Ann Romney" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Ann_Romney)
Children	Tagg (b. 1970) Matt (b. 1971) Josh (b. 1975) Ben (b. 1978) Craig (b. 1981)
Residence	Belmont, Massachusetts Wolfeboro, New Hampshire La Jolla, San Diego, California
Alma mater	Brigham Young University (B.A.)
Occupation	Homemaker
Religion	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon)

Ann Lois Romney (née Davies; born April 16, 1949) is the wife of American businessman and Republican Party politician Mitt Romney. From 2003 to 2007 she was First Lady of Massachusetts.

She was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and attended the private Kingswood School there, where she dated Mitt Romney. She converted to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1966. She attended Brigham Young University (BYU) and married Mitt Romney in 1969. Ann Romney completed credits towards her undergraduate degree through Harvard Extension School, and in 1975 she received a Bachelor of Arts in French from BYU.

As First Lady of Massachusetts, she served as the governor's liaison for federal faith-based initiatives. She was involved in a number of children's charities, including Operation Kids, and was an active participant in her husband's 2008 presidential run, where she became the most visible of all the Republican candidates' wives in campaigning. She has continued campaigning on her husband's behalf during his 2012 presidential bid.

Ann was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1998 and has credited a mixture of mainstream and alternative treatments with giving her a lifestyle mostly without limitations. In one of those activities, equestrianism, she has consequently received recognition in dressage as an adult amateur at the national level and competed professionally in Grand Prix as well. In 2008, she was also diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ, a non-invasive type of breast cancer. She underwent a lumpectomy in December of the same year and has since been cancer-free.

She and husband Mitt have five children, all boys, born between 1970 and 1981.

Early life[link]

Born Ann Lois Davies,^[2] she was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan,^[3] by parents Edward R. Davies and Lois Davies.^[4] Her father, originally from Caerau near Bridgend, Wales,^[5] was a self-made businessman who became president of Jered Industries, a maker of heavy machinery for marine use;^[4][6] he also was mayor of Bloomfield Hills.^[3] Raised in the Welsh Congregationalists, he had become strongly opposed to all organized religion,^[6] although on her request the family very occasionally attended church, and she nominally identified as an Episcopalian.^[7][8] At times she helped out at her father's plant.^[9]

Ann Davies knew of Mitt Romney since elementary school.^[8] She went to the private Kingswood School in Bloomfield Hills,^[10] which was the sister school to the all-boys Cranbrook School that he attended.^[10] The two were re-introduced and began dating in March 1965;^[11] they informally agreed to marriage after his senior prom in June 1965.^[6][11]

While he was attending Stanford University for a year and then was away starting two-and-a-half years of Mormon missionary duty in France,^[11] she decided on her own^[3] to convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints during 1966.^[6][12] In doing so she accepted the guidance of Mitt's father George Romney, the Governor of Michigan.^[6] (Within a year her two brothers followed her in converting.^[6]) She graduated from high school in 1967 and began attending Brigham Young University (BYU).^[3] She also spent a semester at the University of Grenoble in France during her freshman year.^[4] The Mormon missionary rules allowed her only two brief visits with Mitt and very rare telephone calls with him.^[13] While at BYU, she dated future business academic Kim S. Cameron.^[13][14] She sent Mitt a "Dear John letter", while Mitt sent letters back imploring her to wait for him.^[14]

Marriage and children[link]

Immediately after Romney's return from France in December 1968, the pair reconnected and agreed to get married as soon as possible.^[13] Ann Davies and Mitt Romney were married by a church elder in a civil ceremony on March 21, 1969, at her Bloomfield Hills home, with a reception afterward at a local country club.^[4][13] Among the 250 guests was U.S. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, and President Richard Nixon sent congratulations.^[15] The following day the couple flew to Utah for a wedding ceremony inside the Salt Lake Temple; her parents could not attend since they were non-Mormons, but were present at a subsequent wedding breakfast held for them across the street.^[4][16]

The couple's first son was born in 1970^[13] while both were undergraduates at BYU^[17] (which Mitt had transferred to based upon her request).^[14] After he graduated, the couple moved to Boston so that he could attend Harvard Business School and Harvard Law School. Slowed down by parenthood, she later finished her undergraduate work by gaining a semester and half's worth of credits via taking night courses at Harvard University Extension School.^[17] Ann Romney received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a concentration in French language from BYU in 1975.^[1][18]

A stay-at-home mother,^[19] Romney raised the family's five boys (born between 1970 and 1981)^[13] and taught early morning seminary to them and other children^[19] while her husband pursued his career, first in business, then in politics.^[20] She wanted to go on for a master's degree, perhaps in art history, but first taking care of her children, and later her health issues, forestalled that.^[17] She was active in the local PTA and with the League of Women Voters.^[21] With a friend, she held local cooking classes.^[9]

Her first prolonged public exposure came during her husband's eventually losing effort in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts,^[19] during which she campaigned for him on a nightly basis.^[15] She was seen as superficial and too deferential to him^[19] and some columnists labelled her a "Stepford wife".^[22] Late in that campaign, she gave a long interview to The Boston Globe.^[15] Her statement in it that she and her husband had never had a serious argument during their married years^[15] came in for ridicule,^[23] and her portrayal of the couple's student years as financially impoverished, while they lived off of sales of George Romney's stock and loans, made her seem privileged and naïve and brought a harsh public reaction.^[24][25] Boston University political science professor later said, "She definitely hurt him in that race."^[19] Ann Romney later termed the experience "a real education".^[19]

Multiple sclerosis[link]

During 1997, Ann Romney began experiencing severe numbness, fatigue, and other symptoms,^[13] and just before Thanksgiving in 1998, she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.^[17][20] Mitt Romney described watching her fail a series of neurological tests as the worst day of his life.^[13] He later said: "I couldn't operate without Ann. We're a partnership. We've always been a partnership so her being healthy and our being able to be together is essential."^[17] She initially experienced a period of severe difficulty with the disease,^[1] and later said: "I was very sick in 1998 when I was diagnosed. I was pretty desperate, pretty frightened and very, very sick. It was tough at the beginning, just to think, this is how I'm going to feel for the rest of my life."^[26]

Since then, she credits a mixture of mainstream and alternative treatments with giving her a lifestyle mostly without limitations.^[1] She initially used corticosteroids, including intravenously, and credited them with helping stop the progression of the disease.^[26] She then dropped them and other medications due to counterproductive side effects.^[19] She has partaken of reflexology, acupuncture, and craniosacral therapy, and has said, "There is huge merit in both Eastern and Western medicine, and I've taken a little bit from both."^[26] She is a board member for the New England chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.^[18]

Equestrianism[link]

Romney is an avid equestrian, crediting her renewed involvement in it while in Park City, Utah, (where the couple had built a vacation home and where they lived when he was in charge of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games) for much of her recovery after her multiple sclerosis diagnosis^[20][27] and for her continued ability to deal with the disease.^[19] She has said that riding "saved my life", explaining that, "I was losing most of the function of my right side. And I decided I needed to go back and do what I loved before I couldn't do it anymore."^[28] At first she could barely stay on a horse without getting tired,^[29] but gradually the muscle control required for riding proved directly beneficial, and psychologically, "Riding exhilarated me; it gave me a joy and a purpose. When I was so fatigued that I couldn't move, the excitement of going to the barn and getting my foot in the stirrup would make me crawl out of bed."^[28] As a result, she said, "My desire to ride was, and is, so strong that I kept getting healthier and healthier."^[24]

She has received recognition in dressage as an adult amateur at the national level,^[19] including earning her 2006 Gold Medal^[30][28] and 2005 Silver Medal at the Grand Prix level from the United States Dressage Federation.^[18][28] She also sometimes competes in professional dressage events and has broken the 60% level at Grand Prix. Romney works with California trainer Jan Ebeling,^[31] who schools her and her horses in dressage and works with her importing new stock from Europe.^[29] The pair qualified for the Pan-Am games in 2004. The Romneys have helped fund Ebeling's attempt to qualify for equestrian competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics.^[29] By 2011, the horses she owned and kept at Eberling's Moorpark, California, stables, which she is a partner in,^[28] were valued at more than $250,000.^[32]

Charitable work[link]

Ann Romney has been involved in a number of children's charities, including having been a director of the inner city-oriented Best Friends, which seeks to assist inner-city adolescent girls.^[22][9] She advocated a celibacy-based approach to the prevention of teen pregnancy.^[24] She worked extensively with the Ten Point Coalition in Boston and with other groups that promoted better safety and opportunities for urban youths.^[33]

She was an honorary board member of Families First, a parent education program in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[34] She was a volunteer instructor of middle-school girls at the multicultural Mother Caroline Academy in Boston.^[22][9]

She has said her interest in helping underprivileged children dates back to when she and her five boys saw a vehicle carrying a group of boys to a Massachusetts Department of Youth Services detention center.^[35] She began volunteering for the United Way of Massachusetts Bay soon after that,^[35] and by 2002 was serving as one of that organization's board members.^[34] She was on the Faith in Action Committee for the United Way, working with local religious establishments to assist at-risk children^[22] and helping to found United Way Faith and Action.^[33] Earlier, by 1996, she was a member of the Massachusetts Advisory Board of Stand for Children.^[36]

During the 2002 Winter Olympics effort, she co-chaired the Olympic Aid charity, whichs provides athletic activities and programs for children in war-torn regions.^[34][24]

Ann Romney was given the 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award from Salt Lake City-based Operation Kids.^[37]

First Lady of Massachusetts[link]

Romney joined in her husband's campaign in the 2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election from the start, and nominated him at the state party convention.^[25] A commercial entitled "Mitt and Ann", highlighting their romance and marriage, began the campaign's television advertising.^[22][24] She avoided media interviews like the one that plagued her in 1994, but was a force behind the scenes during the eventually successful campaign.^[22]

In January 2003, following his election, Romney became First Lady of Massachusetts, a position she held through January 2007. In that role, she generally kept a low public profile,^[38] with by her husband's initial indications no public role in administration or its policies.^[22] In 2006, The Boston Globe characterized her as "largely invisible" within the state (although by then she was becoming more visible outside the state, due to national appearances in connection with her husband's possible presidential campaign).^[38]

While Massachusetts First Lady, she was active in teenage pregnancy prevention efforts.^[39] In 2004, she said she was in favor of stem cell research as long as it was done "morally and ethically".^[26] One of her rare public appearances at the Massachusetts State House came in 2004 when she lobbied the legislature to raise awareness about multiple sclerosis.^[40]

In 2005, the governor appointed his wife as head of a new special office whose purpose was to help the state's faith-based groups gain more federal monies in association with the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives.^[35][41] This came after the state had seen its share of faith-based grants decline over the preceding three years.^[42] In this unpaid Governor's Liaison position,^[18][41] Ann Romney was termed a "dynamo" by Jim Towey, director of the White House office.^[42]

At the conclusion of her time as Massachusetts First Lady, Romney said that the role "doesn't need to change your life at all. I think it's an opportunity for service and an opportunity to see people of all walks of life from across the Commonwealth...It's an enriching part of your life [and one will] treasure it forever."^[43] Her health was still a primary factor in family decisions about her husband's career, and Mitt said in 2005 that if her multiple sclerosis flared up, "I wouldn't be involved in politics anymore; that would be over." ^[44]

Role in 2008 presidential campaign[link]

Ann Romney with her husband, at a campaign stop in Altoona, Iowa on December 29, 2007.

Ann Romney was an active participant in her husband's 2008 presidential campaign.^[45] One past issue that arose involving her was her donation of $150 to Planned Parenthood in 1994,^[46] though she now considers herself pro-life^[47]. By late 2007, she had become an integral part of his campaign, and was doing more trips and appearances on her own, despite the risk that added stress would aggravate her condition.^[48]

Her political message was often mixed with discussions of her family, her recipes, or managing her affliction.^[19][48] Romney's television advertisements in the early primary states prominently featured her^[49] and by the close of 2007, she was the most visible of all the Republican candidates' wives in campaigning.^[19] Regarding having to witness criticism of her husband, she later acknowledged that she sometimes wanted to "come out of my seat and clock somebody [but] you learn to just take a deep breath."^[50] By the time he ended his campaign in February 2008, she had become openly distasteful of the whole process.^[23]

Between campaigns[link]

In late 2008, Romney was diagnosed with mammary ductal carcinoma in situ, a non-invasive type of breast cancer, and had the lump removed via lumpectomy;^[51] she subsequently underwent radiation therapy.^[50] Her prognosis from this condition was excellent,^[51] and she later reflected that "I was really lucky" to have caught it so early.^[50] President-elect Barack Obama was among the well-wishers who called her.^[52] She has been cancer-free since.

In June 2009, due to her husband's request, Ann Romney became the first spouse to be included in the official Massachusetts State House gubernatorial portrait.^[53]

For many years the couple's primary residence was a house in Belmont, Massachusetts,^[18] but this and the Utah home were sold in 2009. They reside in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, along Lake Winnipesaukee, and at an oceanfront home in La Jolla, San Diego, California, that they had bought the year before.^[54][55][56] Both locations were near some of the Romneys' grandchildren,^[55] who by 2012 numbered sixteen,^[57] and the La Jolla location is near where she rides horses and is well-situated for her multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her cancer treatments.^[51][55][58] They also bought a smaller condominium in Belmont during 2010.^[59]

Role in 2012 presidential campaign[link]

Regarding another possible run for office by her husband in the 2012 presidential election, Romney said in March 2010 that this time the process would hold no surprises, and that if he decided in favor of doing it, "I’m up to saying, go storm the castle, sweetie."^[60] Although still not liking the political process, which she referred to as "a very difficult game", she urged her husband to run again.^[23]

Once the campaign began, she stumped for her husband in early primary states and criticized the record and ideological direction of the Obama administration.^[61] As part of trying to lighten her husband's image, she sometimes participated in comic setup routines with him.^[62] Romney said that if she became First Lady of the United States, she would seek to work with at-risk youths and on behalf of those with multiple sclerosis.^[63][23] She expressed admiration for three former first ladies, Mamie Eisenhower, Nancy Reagan, and Barbara Bush.^[23]

By December 2011, Romney assumed an even more prominent role in the campaign, as she tried to offer a more rounded and compelling portrait of her husband while he fell behind Newt Gingrich for a stretch in polls.^[23][64] Her emphasis on their 42 years of marriage and his steadfastness following the onset of her disease offered an implicit but clear contrast with Gingrich's own personal history.^[23][64] During the up-and-down campaign she became known as the "Mitt-stabilizer" due to the calming effect she had on her husband, and began appearing with him more often during February 2012 as he dueled with Rick Santorum.^[65] Regarding the couple's wealth, she alluded to her health problems and said, "Look, I don't even consider myself wealthy, which is an interesting thing, it can be here today and gone tomorrow. And how I measure riches is by the friends I have and the loved ones that I have and the people that I care about in my life."^[66]

In April 2012, Ann Romney was spotlighted when Democratic commentator Hilary Rosen declared Romney to be unfit to address women's economic issues because as a stay-at-home mother, she had "never worked a day in her life".^[67] In response, Ann Romney issued her first tweet, saying "I made a choice to stay home and raise five boys. Believe me, it was hard work."^[68] The following day Rosen said, "I apologize to Ann Romney and anyone else who was offended."^[67]

Awards and honors[link]

In 2005, Ann Romney received an honorary degree from Mount Ida College.^[69] In 2006, she received the MS Society Inspiration Award from the Central New England Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.^[70][12] In May 2008, she shared with her husband the Canterbury Medal from The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, for "refus[ing] to compromise their principles and faith" during that year's presidential campaign.^[71]

See also[link]

• Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012

References[link]

External links[link]

• Video about Ann and her role in husband Mitt's 2012 presidential campaign, by CNN

v t e Mitt Romney Politics Governor of Massachusetts · Massachusetts health care reform · 1994 senatorial election · 2002 gubernatorial election · 2008 presidential campaign · 2012 presidential campaign · Political positions · Public image · Electoral history Olympics 2002 Winter Olympics (Salt Lake Organizing Committee) Business Bain & Company · Bain Capital Books Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games · No Apology: The Case for American Greatness Family Family tree · George W. Romney (father) · Lenore Romney (mother) · Ann Romney (spouse) · G. Scott Romney (brother)

Condoleezza Rice
66th United States Secretary of State
In office January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009
President	George W. Bush
Deputy	Richard Armitage Robert Zoellick John Negroponte
Preceded by	Colin Powell
Succeeded by	Hillary Rodham Clinton
20th United States National Security Advisor
In office January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005
President	George W. Bush
Deputy	Stephen Hadley
Preceded by	Sandy Berger
Succeeded by	Stephen Hadley
Provost of Stanford University
In office 1993–1999
Preceded by	Gerald Lieberman
Succeeded by	John Hennessy
Personal details
Born	(1954-11-14) November 14, 1954 (age 57) Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Alma mater	University of Denver University of Notre Dame
Signature

Condoleezza Rice ( /ˌkɒndəˈliːzə/; born November 14, 1954) is an American political scientist and diplomat. She served as the 66th United States Secretary of State, and was the second person to hold that office in the administration of President George W. Bush. Rice was the first female African-American secretary of state, as well as the second African American (after Colin Powell), and the second woman (after Madeleine Albright). Rice was President Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term, making her the first woman to serve in that position. Before joining the Bush administration, she was a professor of political science at Stanford University where she served as Provost from 1993 to 1999. Rice also served on the National Security Council as the Soviet and East European Affairs Advisor to President George H.W. Bush during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification.

Following her confirmation as Secretary of State, Rice pioneered the policy of Transformational Diplomacy, with a focus on democracy in the Greater Middle East. Her emphasis on supporting democratically elected governments faced challenges as Hamas captured a popular majority in Palestinian elections, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems with U.S. support. While Secretary of State, she chaired the Millennium Challenge Corporation's board of directors.^[1]

In March 2009, Rice returned to Stanford University as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution.^[2][3] In September 2010, Rice became a faculty member of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and a director of its Global Center for Business and the Economy.^[4]

Early life[link]

Rice was born in Birmingham, Alabama, the only child of Angelena (Ray) Rice, a high school science, music, and oratory teacher, and John Wesley Rice, Jr., a high school guidance counselor and Presbyterian minister.^[5][6] Her name, Condoleezza, derives from the music-related term, con dolcezza, which in Italian means, "with sweetness". Rice has roots in the American South going back to the pre-Civil War era, and her ancestors worked as sharecroppers for a time after emancipation. Rice discovered on the PBS series Finding Your Roots that she shares maternal ancestry with the Tikar people of Cameroon. Rice grew up in the Titusville^{[citation needed]} neighborhood at a time when the South was racially segregated.

Early education[link]

Rice began to learn French, music, figure skating and ballet at the age of three.^[7] At the age of fifteen, she began piano classes with the goal of becoming a concert pianist.^[8] While Rice ultimately did not become a professional pianist, she still practices often and plays with a chamber music group. She accompanied cellist Yo-Yo Ma playing Brahms's Violin Sonata in D Minor at Constitution Hall in April 2002 for the National Medal of Arts Awards.^[9]

High school and university education[link]

In 1967, the family moved to Denver, Colorado. She attended St. Mary's Academy, an all-girls Catholic high school in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado, graduating in 1971. After studying piano at the Aspen Music Festival and School, Rice enrolled at the University of Denver, where her father was then serving as an assistant dean.

Rice's initial college major was piano, but after realizing she did not have the talent to play professionally, she began to consider an alternative major.^[8][10] She attended an international politics course taught by Josef Korbel, which sparked her interest in the Soviet Union and international relations. Rice later described Korbel (who was the father of Madeleine Albright, a future U.S. Secretary of State), as a central figure in her life.^[11]

In 1974, at age 19, Rice was inducted into the honor society Phi Beta Kappa, and was awarded a B.A., cum laude, in political science by the University of Denver. While at the University of Denver she was a member of Alpha Chi Omega, Gamma Delta chapter.^[12] She obtained a master's degree in political science from the University of Notre Dame in 1975. She first worked in the State Department in 1977, during the Carter administration, as an intern in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 1981, at the age of 26, she received her Ph.D. in political science from the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver. Her dissertation centered on military policy and politics in what was then the communist state of Czechoslovakia.^[13]

Early political views[link]

Rice was a Democrat until 1982, when she changed her political affiliation to Republican, in part because she disagreed with the foreign policy of Democratic President Jimmy Carter,^[14][15] and because of the influence of her father, who was Republican. As she told the 2000 Republican National Convention, "My father joined our party because the Democrats in Jim Crow Alabama of 1952 would not register him to vote. The Republicans did."^[16]

Academic career[link]

Condoleezza Rice during a 2005 interview on ITV in London

Rice was hired by Stanford University as an assistant professor of political science (1981–1987). She was promoted to associate professor in 1987, a post she held until 1993. She was a specialist on the Soviet Union and gave lectures on the subject for the Berkeley-Stanford joint program led by UC Berkeley Professor George Breslauer in the mid-1980s.

At a 1985 meeting of arms control experts at Stanford, Rice's performance drew the attention of Brent Scowcroft, who had served as National Security Advisor under Gerald Ford.^[17] With the election of George H. W. Bush, Scowcroft returned to the White House as National Security Adviser in 1989, and he asked Rice to become his Soviet expert on the United States National Security Council. According to R. Nicholas Burns, President Bush was "captivated" by Rice, and relied heavily on her advice in his dealings with Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin.^[17]

Because she would have been ineligible for tenure at Stanford if she had been absent for more than two years, she returned there in 1991. She was taken under the wing of George P. Shultz (Ronald Reagan's Secretary of State from 1982–1989), who was a fellow at the Hoover Institution. Shultz included Rice in a "luncheon club" of intellectuals who met every few weeks to discuss foreign affairs.^[17] In 1992, Shultz, who was a board member of Chevron Corporation, recommended Rice for a spot on the Chevron board. Chevron was pursuing a $10 billion development project in Kazakhstan and, as a Soviet specialist, Rice knew the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. She traveled to Kazakhstan on Chevron's behalf and, in honor of her work, in 1993, Chevron named a 129,000-ton supertanker SS Condoleezza Rice.^[17] During this period, Rice was also appointed to the boards of Transamerica Corporation (1991) and Hewlett-Packard (1992).

At Stanford, in 1992, Rice volunteered to serve on the search committee to replace outgoing president Donald Kennedy. The committee ultimately recommended Gerhard Casper, the Provost of the University of Chicago. Casper met Rice during this search, and was so impressed that in 1993, he appointed her as Stanford's Provost, the chief budget and academic officer of the university in 1993^[17] and she also was granted tenure and became full professor.^[18] Rice was the first female, first minority, and youngest Provost in Stanford history.^[19] She was also named a senior fellow of the Institute for International Studies, and a senior fellow (by courtesy) of the Hoover Institution.

Provost promotion[link]

Former Stanford President Gerhard Casper said the university was "most fortunate in persuading someone of Professor Rice's exceptional talents and proven ability in critical situations to take on this task. Everything she has done, she has done well; I have every confidence that she will continue that record as provost."^[20] Acknowledging Rice's unique character, Casper told the New Yorker in 2002 that it "would be disingenuous for me to say that the fact that she was a woman, the fact that she was black and the fact that she was young weren't in my mind."^[21]

Balancing school budget[link]

As Stanford's Provost, Rice was responsible for managing the university's multi-billion dollar budget. The school at that time was running a deficit of $20 million. When Rice took office, she promised that the budget deficit would be balanced within "two years." Coit Blacker, Stanford's deputy director of the Institute for International Studies, said there "was a sort of conventional wisdom that said it couldn't be done... that [the deficit] was structural, that we just had to live with it." Two years later, Rice announced that the deficit had been eliminated and the university was holding a record surplus of over $14.5 million.^[22]

Special interest issues[link]

Rice drew protests when, as provost, she departed from the practice of applying affirmative action to tenure decisions and unsuccessfully sought to consolidate the university's ethnic community centers.^[23]

Return to Stanford[link]

During a farewell interview in early December 2008, Rice indicated she would return to Stanford and the Hoover Institution, "back west of the Mississippi where I belong," but beyond writing and teaching did not specify what her role would be.^[24] Rice's plans for a return to campus were elaborated in an interview with the Stanford Report in January 2009.^[25] She returned to Stanford as a political science professor and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution on March 1, 2009.^[26] As of 2012 she is on the Political Science faculty as a professor of political science and on the faculty of the Graduate School of Business as the Denning Professor in Global Business and the Economy, in addition to being the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution.^[27]

Music[link]

Yo-Yo Ma with Rice after performing together at the 2001 National Medal of Arts and National Humanities Medal Awards, April 22, 2002.

Rice is an accomplished pianist and has performed in public since she was a young girl. At the age of 15, she played Mozart with the Denver Symphony, and while Secretary of State she played regularly with a chamber music group in Washington.^[9] She does not play professionally, but has performed at diplomatic events at embassies, including a performance for Queen Elizabeth II,^[28][29] and she has performed in public with cellist Yo-Yo Ma and singer Aretha Franklin.^[30] In 2005, Rice accompanied Charity Sunshine Tillemann-Dick, a 21 year-old soprano, for a benefit concert for the Pulmonary Hypertension Association at the Kennedy Center in Washington.^[31][32] She has stated that her favorite composer is Johannes Brahms, because she thinks Brahms's music is "passionate but not sentimental." On a complementary note, on Friday, April 10, 2009 on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, she stated that her favorite band is Led Zeppelin.

Private sector[link]

Rice headed Chevron's committee on public policy until she resigned on January 15, 2001, to become National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush. Chevron, for unspecified reasons, honored Rice by naming an oil tanker Condoleezza Rice after her, but controversy led to its being renamed Altair Voyager.^[33]

She also served on the board of directors for the Carnegie Corporation, the Charles Schwab Corporation, the Chevron Corporation, Hewlett Packard, the Rand Corporation, the Transamerica Corporation, and other organizations.

In 1992, Rice founded the Center for New Generation, an after-school program created to raise the high school graduation numbers of East Palo Alto and eastern Menlo Park, California.^[34] After her tenure as secretary of state, Rice was approached in February 2009 to fill an open position as a Pac-10 Commissioner,^[35] but chose instead to return to Stanford University as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution.

Early political career[link]

In 1986, while an international affairs fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations, Rice served as Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

From 1989 through March 1991 (the period of the fall of Berlin Wall and the final days of the Soviet Union), she served in President George H.W. Bush's administration as Director, and then Senior Director, of Soviet and East European Affairs in the National Security Council, and a Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. In this position, Rice helped develop Bush's and Secretary of State James Baker's policies in favor of German reunification. She impressed Bush, who later introduced her to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, as the one who "tells me everything I know about the Soviet Union."^[36]

In 1991, Rice returned to her teaching position at Stanford, although she continued to serve as a consultant on the former Soviet Bloc for numerous clients in both the public and private sectors. Late that year, California Governor Pete Wilson appointed her to a bipartisan committee that had been formed to draw new state legislative and congressional districts in the state.

In 1997, she sat on the Federal Advisory Committee on Gender-Integrated Training in the Military.

During George W. Bush's 2000 presidential election campaign, Rice took a one-year leave of absence from Stanford University to help work as his foreign policy advisor. The group of advisors she led called itself The Vulcans in honor of the monumental Vulcan statue, which sits on a hill overlooking her hometown of Birmingham, Alabama. Rice would later go on to give a noteworthy speech at the 2000 Republican National Convention. The speech asserted that "...America's armed forces are not a global police force. They are not the world's 911."^[16][37]

National Security Advisor (2001–2005)[link]

Rice, Secretary of State Colin Powell, and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld listen to President George W. Bush speak about the Middle East on June 24, 2002

On December 17, 2000, Rice was named as National Security Advisor and stepped down from her position at Stanford.^[38] She was the first woman to occupy the post. Rice earned the nickname of "Warrior Princess," reflecting strong nerve and delicate manners.^[39]

On January 18, 2003, the Washington Post reported that Rice was involved in crafting Bush's position on race-based preferences. Rice has stated that "while race-neutral means are preferable," race can be taken into account as "one factor among others" in university admissions policies.^[40]

Terrorism[link]

During the summer of 2001, Rice met with CIA Director George Tenet to discuss the possibilities and prevention of terrorist attacks on American targets. On July 10, 2001, Rice met with Tenet in what he referred to as an "emergency meeting"^[41] held at the White House at Tenet's request to brief Rice and the NSC staff about the potential threat of an impending al Qaeda attack. Rice responded by asking Tenet to give a presentation on the matter to Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Attorney General John Ashcroft.^[42] On September 11, 2001, Rice was scheduled to outline a new national security policy that included missile defense as a cornerstone and played down the threat of stateless terrorism.^[43]

When asked about the meeting in 2006, Rice asserted she did not recall the specific meeting, commenting that she had met repeatedly with Tenet that summer about terrorist threats. Moreover, she stated that it was "incomprehensible" to her that she had ignored terrorist threats two months before the September 11 attacks.^[41]

In August, 2010, Rice received the U.S. Air Force Academy's 2009 Thomas D. White National Defense Award for contributions to the defense and security of the United States.^[44]

Subpoenas[link]

In March 2004, Rice declined to testify before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission). The White House claimed executive privilege under constitutional separation of powers and cited past tradition. Under pressure, Bush agreed to allow her to testify^[45] so long as it did not create a precedent of presidential staff being required to appear before United States Congress when so requested. Her appearance before the commission on April 8, 2004, was accepted by the Bush administration in part because she was not appearing directly before Congress. She thus became the first sitting National Security Advisor to testify on matters of policy.

In April 2007, Rice rejected, on grounds of executive privilege, a House subpoena regarding the prewar claim that Iraq sought yellowcake uranium from Niger.^[46]

Iraq[link]

Rice was a proponent of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. After Iraq delivered its declaration of weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations on December 8, 2002, Rice wrote an editorial for The New York Times entitled "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying".^[47]

In October 2003, Rice was named to run the Iraq Stabilization Group, to “quell violence in Iraq and Afghanistan and to speed the reconstruction of both countries."^[48] By May 2004, the Washington Post reported that the council had become virtually nonexistent.^[49]

Leading up to the 2004 presidential election, Rice became the first National Security Advisor to campaign for an incumbent president. She stated that while: "Saddam Hussein had nothing to do with the actual attacks on America, Saddam Hussein's Iraq was a part of the Middle East that was festering and unstable, [and] was part of the circumstances that created the problem on September 11."^[50]

Weapons of mass destruction[link]

In a January 10, 2003 interview with CNN's Wolf Blitzer, Rice made headlines by stating regarding Iraqi WMD: "The problem here is that there will always be some uncertainty about how quickly he can acquire nuclear weapons. But we don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud."^[51]

After the invasion, when it became clear that Iraq did not have nuclear WMD capability, critics called Rice's claims a "hoax," "deception" and "demagogic scare tactic."^[52][53] "Either she missed or overlooked numerous warnings from intelligence agencies seeking to put caveats on claims about Iraq's nuclear weapons program, or she made public claims that she knew to be false," wrote Dana Milbank and Mike Allen in the Washington Post.^[54]

Rice characterized the August 6, 2001 President's Daily Brief Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US as historical information. Rice indicated "It was information based on old reporting."^[55] Sean Wilentz of Salon magazine suggested that the PDB contained current information based on continuing investigations, including that Bin Laden wanted to "bring the fighting to America."^[56]

Role in authorizing use of torture techniques[link]

A Senate Intelligence Committee reported that on July 17, 2002, Rice met with CIA director George Tenet to personally convey the Bush administration's approval of the proposed waterboarding of alleged Al Qaeda leader Abu Zubaydah. "Days after Dr Rice gave Mr Tenet her approval, the Justice Department approved the use of waterboarding in a top secret August 1 memo."^[57] Waterboarding is considered to be torture by a wide range of authorities, including legal experts,^{[58][59][60][61]} war veterans,^[62][63] intelligence officials,^[64] military judges,^[65] human rights organizations,^{[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]} the U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder,^[74] and many senior politicians, including U.S. President Barack Obama.^[75]

In 2003 Rice, Vice President Dick Cheney and Attorney General John Ashcroft met with the CIA again and were briefed on the use of waterboarding and other methods including week-long sleep deprivation, forced nudity and the use of stress positions. The Senate report says that the Bush administration officials "reaffirmed that the CIA program was lawful and reflected administration policy".^[57]

The Senate report also "suggests Miss Rice played a more significant role than she acknowledged in written testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee submitted in the autumn."^[57] At that time, she had acknowledged attending meetings to discuss the CIA interrogations, but she claimed that she could not recall the details, and she "omitted her direct role in approving the programme in her written statement to the committee."^[76]

In a conversation with a student at Stanford University in April 2009, Rice stated that she did not authorize the CIA to use the enhanced interrogation techniques. Said Rice, "I didn't authorize anything. I conveyed the authorization of the administration to the agency that they had policy authorization, subject to the Justice Department's clearance. That's what I did."^[77] She added, “We were told, nothing that violates our obligations under the Convention Against Torture. And so, by definition, if it was authorized by the president, it did not violate our obligations under the Conventions Against Torture."^[77]

Secretary of State (2005–2009)[link]

Rice signs official papers after receiving the oath of office during her ceremonial swearing in at the Department of State. Watching are, from left, Laura Bush, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, President George W. Bush.

Condoleezza Rice visits Governor General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean in Ottawa, Ontario.

On November 16, 2004, Bush nominated Rice to be Secretary of State. On January 26, 2005, the Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 85–13. The negative votes, the most cast against any nomination for Secretary of State since 1825, came from Senators who, according to Senator Barbara Boxer, wanted "to hold Dr. Rice and the Bush administration accountable for their failures in Iraq and in the war on terrorism." Their reasoning was that Rice had acted irresponsibly in equating Saddam's regime with Islamist terrorism and some could not accept her previous record. Senator Robert Byrd voted against Rice's appointment, indicating that she "has asserted that the President holds far more of the war power than the Constitution grants him."^[78]

As Secretary of State, Rice championed the expansion of democratic governments. Rice stated that the September 11 attacks in 2001 were rooted in "oppression and despair" and so, the US must advance democratic reform and support basic rights throughout the greater Middle East.^[79] Rice also reformed and restructured the department, as well as US diplomacy as a whole. "Transformational Diplomacy" is the goal that Rice describes as "work[ing] with our many partners around the world... [and] build[ing] and sustain[ing] democratic, well-governed states that will respond to the needs of their people and conduct themselves responsibly in the international system."^[80]

Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Condoleezza Rice (2007)

As Secretary of State, Rice traveled widely and initiated many diplomatic efforts on behalf of the Bush administration. Her diplomacy relied on strong presidential support and is considered to be the continuation of style defined by former Republican secretaries of state Henry Kissinger and James Baker.^[81]

Condoleezza Rice speaks with Vladimir Putin during her April 2005 trip to Russia.

Speculation on 2008 presidential campaign, views on successor[link]

There had been previous speculation that Rice would run for the Republican nomination in the 2008 primaries, which she ruled out on Meet the Press. On February 22, 2008, Rice played down any suggestion that she may be on the Republican vice presidential ticket, saying, "I have always said that the one thing that I have not seen myself doing is running for elected office in the United States."^[82] During an interview with the editorial board of the Washington Times on March 27, 2008, Rice said she was "not interested" in running for vice president.^[83] In a Gallup poll from March 24 to 27, 2008, Rice was mentioned by eight percent of Republican respondents to be their first choice to be Senator John McCain's Republican Vice-Presidential running mate, slightly behind Mike Huckabee and Mitt Romney.^[84]

Republican strategist Dan Senor said on ABC's This Week on April 6, 2008, that "Condi Rice has been actively, actually in recent weeks, campaigning for" the vice presidential nomination. He based this assessment on her attendance of Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform conservative leader's meeting on March 26, 2008.^[85] In response to Senor's comments, Rice's spokesperson denied that Rice is seeking the vice presidential nomination, saying, "If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it."^[86]

In August 2008, the speculation about a potential McCain-Rice ticket finally ended when then-Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska was selected as McCain's running-mate.

In early December 2008, Rice praised President-elect Barack Obama's selection of New York Senator Hillary Clinton to succeed her as Secretary of State, saying "she's terrific". Rice, who has spoken to Clinton since her selection, said Clinton "is someone of intelligence and she'll do a great job".^[87]

Political positions[link]

Terrorist activity[link]

Rice's policy as Secretary of State viewed counter-terrorism as a matter of being preventative, and not merely punitive. In an interview on December 18, 2005, Rice stated: "We have to remember that in this war on terrorism, we're not talking about criminal activity where you can allow somebody to commit the crime and then you go back and you arrest them and you question them. If they succeed in committing their crime, then hundreds or indeed thousands of people die. That's why you have to prevent, and intelligence is the long pole in the tent in preventing attacks."^[88]

Rice meets with Afghan Foreign Minister Rangin Dadfar Spanta to discuss anti-terrorism efforts

Rice has also been a frequent critic of the intelligence community's inability to cooperate and share information, which she believes is an integral part of preventing terrorism. In 2000, one year after Osama bin Laden told Time “[h]ostility toward America is a religious duty,"^[37] and a year before the September 11 terrorist attacks, Rice warned on WJR Detroit: "You really have to get the intelligence agencies better organized to deal with the terrorist threat to the United States itself. One of the problems that we have is a kind of split responsibility, of course, between the CIA and foreign intelligence and the FBI and domestic intelligence." She then added: "There needs to be better cooperation because we don't want to wake up one day and find out that Osama bin Laden has been successful on our own territory."^[89]

Rice also has promoted the idea that counterterrorism involves not only confronting the governments and organizations that promote and condone terrorism, but also the ideologies that fuel terrorism. In a speech given on July 29, 2005, Rice asserted that "[s]ecuring America from terrorist attack is more than a matter of law enforcement. We must also confront the ideology of hatred in foreign societies by supporting the universal hope of liberty and the inherent appeal of democracy."^[90]

In January 2005, during Bush's second inaugural ceremonies, Rice first used the term "outposts of tyranny" to refer to countries felt to threaten world peace and human rights. This term has been called a descendant of Bush's phrase, "Axis of Evil", used to describe Iraq, Iran and North Korea. She identified six such "outposts" in which she said the United States has a duty to foster freedom: Cuba, Zimbabwe, Burma and Belarus, as well as Iran and North Korea.

Abortion[link]

Rice said "If you go back to 2000 when I helped the president in the campaign. I said that I was, in effect, kind of libertarian on this issue. And meaning by that, that I have been concerned about a government role in this issue. I am a strong proponent of parental choice—of parental notification. I am a strong proponent of a ban on late-term abortion. These are all things that I think unite people and I think that that's where we should be. I've called myself at times mildly pro-choice."^[91] She would not want the federal government "forcing its views on one side or the other."^[92]

Rice said she believes President Bush "has been in exactly the right place" on abortion, "which is we have to respect the culture of life and we have to try and bring people to have respect for it and make this as rare a circumstance as possible" However, she added that she has been "concerned about a government role" but has "tended to agree with those who do not favor federal funding for abortion, because I believe that those who hold a strong moral view on the other side should not be forced to fund" the procedure.^[92]

Discrimination[link]

Rice experienced firsthand the injustices of Birmingham's discriminatory laws and attitudes. She was instructed to walk proudly in public and to use the facilities at home rather than subject herself to the indignity of "colored" facilities in town. As Rice recalls of her parents and their peers, "they refused to allow the limits and injustices of their time to limit our horizons."^[93]

However, Rice recalls various times in which she suffered discrimination on account of her race, which included being relegated to a storage room at a department store instead of a regular dressing room, being barred from going to the circus or the local amusement park, being denied hotel rooms, and even being given bad food at restaurants.^[94] Also, while Rice was mostly kept by her parents from areas where she might face discrimination, she was very aware of the civil rights struggle and the problems of Jim Crow laws in Birmingham. A neighbor, Juliemma Smith, described how "[Condi] used to call me and say things like, 'Did you see what Bull Connor did today?' She was just a little girl and she did that all the time. I would have to read the newspaper thoroughly because I wouldn't know what she was going to talk about."^[94] Rice herself said of the segregation era: "Those terrible events burned into my consciousness. I missed many days at my segregated school because of the frequent bomb threats."^[94]

During the violent days of the Civil Rights Movement, Reverend Rice armed himself and kept guard over the house while Condoleezza practiced the piano inside. According to J.L. Chestnut, Reverend Rice called local civil rights leader Fred Shuttlesworth and his followers "uneducated, misguided Negroes."^[95][96] Also, Reverend Rice instilled in his daughter and students that black people would have to prove themselves worthy of advancement, and would simply have to be "twice as good" to overcome injustices built into the system.^[97] Rice said “My parents were very strategic, I was going to be so well prepared, and I was going to do all of these things that were revered in white society so well, that I would be armored somehow from racism. I would be able to confront white society on its own terms."^[98] While the Rices supported the goals of the civil rights movement, they did not agree with the idea of putting their child in harm's way.^[94]

Rice was eight when her schoolmate Denise McNair, aged 11, was killed in the bombing of the primarily black Sixteenth Street Baptist Church by white supremacists on September 15, 1963. Rice has commented upon that moment in her life:

I remember the bombing of that Sunday School at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963. I did not see it happen, but I heard it happen, and I felt it happen, just a few blocks away at my father's church. It is a sound that I will never forget, that will forever reverberate in my ears. That bomb took the lives of four young girls, including my friend and playmate, Denise McNair. The crime was calculated to suck the hope out of young lives, bury their aspirations. But those fears were not propelled forward, those terrorists failed.^[99]

— Condoleezza Rice, Commencement 2004, Vanderbilt University, May 13, 2004

Rice states that growing up during racial segregation taught her determination against adversity, and the need to be "twice as good" as non-minorities.^[100] Segregation also hardened her stance on the right to bear arms; Rice has said in interviews that if gun registration had been mandatory, her father's weapons would have been confiscated, leaving them defenseless against Ku Klux Klan nightriders.^[94]

Public perception and criticism[link]

Rice makes an appearance at Boston College, where she is greeted by Father William Leahy.

Rice has been criticized both in the U.S. and abroad for her involvement in the George W. Bush administration. Protesters have sought to exclude her from appearing at schools such as Princeton University^[101] and Boston College,^[102] which prompted the resignation of an adjunct professor at Boston College. There has also been an effort to protest her public speeches abroad.^[103]

[edit] Time and Forbes magazines