Assembly of Section 41 of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner

Manufacturing is the use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users – the "consumers".

Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation.

Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.

The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Samsung, and Bridgestone.

History and development[link]

• In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world the guild system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.
• Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system.
• Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm.

Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing[link]

• Craft or Guild system
• Tropicana system
• English system of manufacturing
• American system of manufacturing
• Soviet collectivism in manufacturing
• Mass production
• Just In Time manufacturing
• Lean manufacturing
• Flexible manufacturing
• Mass customization
• Agile manufacturing
• Rapid manufacturing
• Prefabrication
• Packaging and labeling
• Ownership
• Fabrication
• Publication

Industrial policy[link]

Economics of manufacturing[link]

According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.^[1][2] Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense.

On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor Unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the on-going process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.

Manufacturing may require huge amounts of fossil fuels. Automobile construction requires, on average, 20 barrels of oil.^[3]

Manufacturing and investment[link]

Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on such things as:

• the nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic growth;

• competitiveness; and

• attractiveness to foreign direct.

In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important individual industries and market-economic sectors.^[4][5]

On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.^[6] A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and 2007.^[7] In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.

Manufacturing processes[link]

• List of manufacturing processes
• Manufacturing Process Management

Manufacturing categories[link]

• Chemical industry
  • Pharmaceutical
• Construction
• Electronics
  • Semiconductor
• Engineering
  • Manufacturing engineering
  • Production engineering
  • Process Engineering
  • Industrial Engineering
  • Biotechnology
  • Emerging technologies
  • Nanotechnology
  • Synthetic biology, Bioengineering
• Energy industry
• Food and Beverage
  • Agribusiness
  • Brewing industry
  • Food processing
• Industrial design
  • Interchangeable parts
• Metalworking
  • Smith
  • Machinist
  • Machine tools
  • Cutting tools (metalworking)
  • Free machining
  • Tool and die maker
  • Global steel industry trends
  • Steel production
• Metalcasting
• Plastics
• Telecommunications
• Textile manufacturing
  • Clothing industry
  • Sailmaker
  • Tentmaking
• Pulp and paper industry
• Transportation
  • Aerospace manufacturing
  • Automotive industry
  • Bus manufacturing
  • Tire manufacturing
  • Shipbuilding

Theories[link]

• Taylorism/Scientific management
• Fordism

Control[link]

• Management
  • List of management topics
  • Total Quality Management
• Quality control
  • Six Sigma

See also[link]

• Howstuffismade

References[link]

Sources[link]

1. Kalpakjian, Serope; Steven Schmid (August 2005). Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology. Prentice Hall. pp. 22–36, 951–988. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 

External links[link]

Look up manufacturing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Manufacturing

• Cato Institute article:Thriving in a Global Economy: The Truth about U.S. Manufacturing and Trade
• How Everyday Things Are Made: video presentations.
• TIME Magazine article on American manufacturing's global effectiveness
• Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing industry focus
• MFGWatch - Quarterly Survey of North American Manufacturers
• - EEF, the manufacturers' organisation - industry group representing uk manufacturers
• - Industry Today - Industrial and Manufacturing Methodologies

Nikki Haley
116th Governor of South Carolina
Incumbent
Assumed office January 12, 2011
Lieutenant	Glenn McConnell
Preceded by	Mark Sanford
Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 87th district
In office January 3, 2005 – November 8, 2010
Preceded by	Larry Koon
Succeeded by	Todd Atwater
Personal details
Born	Nimrata Nikki Randhawa (1972-01-20) January 20, 1972 (age 40) Bamberg, South Carolina, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Michael Haley
Children	2
Alma mater	Clemson University (B.S.)
Website	www.governor.sc.gov

Nimrata Nikki Randhawa Haley (Born on January 20, 1972), an American politician, is the 116th and current Governor of South Carolina. A member of the Republican Party, Haley represented Lexington County in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 2005 to 2010.^[1]

In the 2010 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Haley was endorsed for the Republican nomination by former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, and the Tea Party movement.^[2][3][4][5] On June 8, 2010, she finished first in the four-way Republican primary election with 49% of the vote, but fell short of the 50% required to avoid a runoff election. Haley won the runoff on June 22 with 65%,^[6] and proceeded to win the general election by a 51–47% margin.

Haley is the first woman to serve as Governor of South Carolina, and the second Indian-American governor in the country. At the age of 40, Haley is the youngest current governor in the US.^[7][8] Haley signed a law cracking down on illegal immigration in June 2011.^[9] She also supports a law requiring photo identification at the polls.^[10]

Early life, education and career[link]

Haley was born Nimrata Nikki Randhawa^[11] in Bamberg, South Carolina, on January 20, 1972, to a Jatt Sikh family of Randhawa Clan. Her parents, Dr. Ajit Singh Randhawa and Raj Kaur Randhawa, are Sikh immigrants from Amritsar District, Punjab, India. She has two brothers, Mitti and Charan, and a sister, Simran.^[12] Haley is a graduate of Orangeburg Preparatory Schools, and later of Clemson University with a B.S. in accounting^[13] and joined the FCR Corporation (a waste management and recycling company),^[14][15] before joining her mother's business, Exotica International, an upscale clothing firm, in 1994.^[16] The family business grew to a multi-million dollar company.^[16]

Haley was named to the Board of Directors of the Orangeburg County Chamber of Commerce in 1998.^[17] She was named to the Board of Directors of the Lexington Chamber of Commerce in 2003. Haley became treasurer of the National Association of Women Business Owners in 2003 and president in 2004.^[17] She chaired the Lexington Gala to raise funds for the local hospital.^[16] She also serves on the Lexington Medical Foundation, Lexington County Sheriff’s Foundation, West Metro Republican Women, President of the South Carolina Chapter of the National Association of Women Business Owners, Chairman for 2006 Friends of Scouting Leadership Division campaign and is a member of the Rotary Club in Lexington.^[18]

State legislature[link]

Elections[link]

In 2004, she ran for the South Carolina House of Representatives for a district in Lexington County. She faced incumbent representative Larry Koon in the Republican primary. Koon, who had served since 1975, was the longest-serving member of the House. In the primary election, Haley won 40% of the vote (2,247 votes) to Koon's 42% (2,354 votes), thus forcing a runoff.^[19] Her platform was anti-tax and fiscally conservative with an emphasis on education.^[20] In the runoff, Haley won with 54.7% (2,928 votes) of the total. She then ran unopposed for the House seat; no Democrat even filed in this heavily Republican district. She became the first Indian-American to hold office in South Carolina.^[21][22]

She was unopposed for reelection in 2006,^[23] and defeated Democrat Edgar Gomez with 83 percent of the vote in 2008.^[24]

Tenure[link]

Haley served as secretary of the Medical, Military, Public and Municipal Affairs committees. She also was elected chairman of the freshman caucus in 2005 and elected as majority whip in the South Carolina General Assembly.^[18] She was the only freshman legislator named to a whip spot.^[25]

Awards[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2011)

• 2005 "Friend of the Taxpayer" – South Carolina Association of Taxpayers
• 2006
  • "Palmetto Leadership Award" – South Carolina Policy Council (a limited-government advocacy group)
  • "Strom Thurmond Excellence in Public Service and Government Award" – South Carolina federation of Republican Women
• 2009 "Friend of the Taxpayer" – South Carolina Association of Taxpayers
• 2010 "Taxpayer Hero" – South Carolina Club for Growth
• 2011 "India Abroad Person of the Year 2010" – India Abroad

Voting Record[link]

Abortion and fetal rights[link]

Haley is pro-life and consistently votes for bills that restrict abortion and bills that protect fetuses. She has also voted for bills that allow abortions in circumstances in which abortion might be necessary to save the woman's life. Bills Haley has voted for that were passed are the Penalties for Harming an Unborn Child/Fetus, Pre-Abortion Ultrasound, and the 24 Hour Waiting Period for Abortions. The Penalties for Harming an Unborn Child/Fetus says that any act of violence against a fetus is like a criminal act against the mother. The Pre-abortion Ultrasound requires the woman considering an abortion to look at an ultrasound before she is allowed to have an abortion. In addition, the 24 Hour Waiting Period for Abortions requires the woman to wait one day from the time of the ultrasound before she is allowed to have an abortion.

Haley also voted yes on some bills that were tabled or rejected relating to abortion, including the Inclusion of Unborn Child/Fetus in Definition for Civil Suits Amendment, Prohibiting Employment Termination Due to Abortion Waiting Period, and Exempting Cases of Rape from Abortion Waiting Period. The Exempting cases of Rape from Abortion Waiting Period would have allowed specific cases of women to not have to wait the mandatory 24 hours before having an abortion.^[26]

Taxation[link]

One of Haley's stated goals is to lower taxes. Haley voted against a bill to override the governor's veto (when Mark Sanford was still in office) to place a surtax on every cigarette produced. The funds earned would be appropriated to smoking prevention programs and cancer research related to smoking.^[27] She voted for a bill that raised sales taxes to six percent. The bill exempted sales tax on unprepared food such as canned goods. The same bill also exempts property tax on 'owner-occupied residential property' except for the taxes due from what is still owed on the property.^[28]

Immigration[link]

Haley, the daughter of legal immigrants, has stated she believes the immigration laws should be enforced. She voted in favor of the law that requires employers to be able to prove that any newly hired employees are legal residents of the United States, and also requires all immigrants to carry documentation at all times proving that they are legally in the United States. The law was adopted, but is currently the subject of a lawsuit initiated by the United States Justice Department on numerous grounds, including claims the immigration law violates the Supremacy Clause. Rob Godfrey, a spokesman for Haley, said, "If the feds were doing their job, we wouldn't have had to address illegal immigration reform at the state level. But, until they do, we're going to keep fighting in South Carolina to be able to enforce our laws."^[29]

Education policies[link]

Haley has said that funds allocated for public education can be utilized more effectively. She has proposed a plan that would determine a teacher's salary based not only on seniority and qualifications but also on job performance. Their performance rating would be determined by evaluations and reports from principals, students and parents.^[30] During her gubernatorial campaign, Haley stated that she would be in favor of school choice and more charter schools.^[31] She has said that wasteful spending occurs when funds allocated for education sit too long in departmental accounts before being spent.^{[citation needed]}

Economic policies[link]

Haley supports lower taxes and opposes regulation. In inviting business to move to South Carolina she has said:

"What I'm saying is, if you come to South Carolina, the cost of doing business is going to be low here. We are go going to make sure that you have a loyal, willing workforce and we are going to be one of the lowest union-participation states in the country."^[32][33]

"Little girl" incident[link]

Following a trip to Europe to meet with potential companies that might invest in South Carolina and create jobs, Haley was criticized for the amount of taxpayer dollars spent on the trip. Over $127,000 was spent over the duration of the weeklong trip. She was criticized for spending the money on what seemed to some as unnecessary luxuries like five star hotels. Female reporter Renee Dudley, of The Post and Courier of Charleston, asked Haley about an article that had criticized her trip and spending. On "The Laura Ingraham Show" Haley said, "God bless that little girl at The Post and Courier. I mean her job is to try and create conflict. My job is to create jobs. In the end I'm going to have jobs to show for it." Haley was then attacked by many for what she later admitted was her poor choice of words.^[34]

2010 campaign for Governor[link]

County-by-county results

On May 14, 2009, Haley announced that she would be running for the Republican nomination for Governor of South Carolina in 2010.^[3] On November 11, 2009, she was endorsed by former Massachusetts governor and GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney, as well as Jenny Sanford, the incumbent first lady of South Carolina.^[4][5][35] However, she remained in last place among primary candidates in the polls and also in fundraising until former Alaska governor and GOP vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin endorsed her.^{[citation needed]} The Republican gubernatorial primary took place on June 8, 2010, and Haley captured 49% of the vote, necessitating a runoff election on June 22.^[36] Haley won handily in the runoff vote.^[37]

In October 2010 South Carolina pollster Crantford & Associates reported Haley barely edging Democratic challenger Vincent Sheheen in general election polling 45% to 41%.^[38]

Haley is also part of the Tea Party movement.^[39][40]

Haley was elected governor on November 2, 2010 over the Democratic candidate, Vincent Sheheen 51% to 47%.^[41]

Racial commentary against Haley[link]

On June 3, 2010, on the Internet political talk show Pub Politics, State Senator Jake Knotts, a South Carolina lawmaker and supporter of Haley opponent Andre Bauer, repeatedly referred to Haley as a "raghead" because of her Sikh background (male Sikhs wear turbans as part of their religious uniform). Knotts said "We've already got a raghead in the White House, we don't need another raghead in the governor's mansion." The Republican state legislator later apologized for the slur, saying the remarks about President Barack Obama and Haley were meant as a joke.^[42][43]

Haley campaign manager Tim Pearson called Knotts "an embarrassment to our state and to the Republican Party." Jenny Sanford, the former First Lady of South Carolina reaffirmed her support for Haley stating that "I can't help but think that these attacks are being leveled at Nikki Haley because of the courageous stands she has taken over the years in defense of taxpayers and government reform - stands that offend many of the most powerful interests in state government. I am more convinced than ever that Nikki Haley is the best person to be South Carolina's next Governor."^[44]

Allegations of affairs[link]

On May 24, 2010, Will Folks, former press secretary for South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford, made a claim on his blog that he had an inappropriate physical relationship with Haley "several years ago".^[45] Haley has denied the claim, stating "I have been 100 percent faithful to my husband throughout our 13 years of marriage. This claim against me is categorically and totally false."^[46] Folks attempted to substantiate his claim by releasing phone records that he said show 700 calls between the two while Folks was working as a political consultant for the Haley campaign.^[47][48] Folks said he was "forced" to reveal the alleged affair as a preemptive measure after discovering Haley's political foes were attempting to publicize the story.^[49]

On June 3, 2010, Larry Marchant, a consultant for Andre Bauer's gubernatorial campaign, made a statement alleging he and Haley had a one-time sexual encounter.^[50]

In a June 2010 interview, Haley said that if she were elected governor and the claims were later validated she would resign the office.^[51]

Personal life[link]

Haley was born and raised as a Sikh. On September 6, 1996, she married Michael Haley in both a Methodist church ceremony and a Sikh gurdwara.^[52] Haley identifies herself today as a Christian,^[53] but attends both Sikh and Methodist services out of respect for her parents' culture.^[39][54] She sits on the board for Mt. Horeb United Methodist Church.^[55]

Michael is a federal employee with the United States Department of the Army and an officer in the South Carolina Army National Guard.^[56] The couple have two children, Rena and Nalin.^[57][58] Haley's brother Mitti was an active duty officer who served in the U.S. Army for 20 years.^[59]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nikki Haley

	Biography portal
	Politics portal
	South Carolina portal

• Governor Nikki Haley official state website
• Nikki Haley for Governor official campaign website
• Biography at the National Governors Association
• Biography, interest group ratings, public statements, vetoes and campaign finances at Project Vote Smart
• Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
• Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
• Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
• Appearances on C-SPAN programs
• Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
• Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Profile at Notable Names Database
• Nikki Haley – The First Indian-American Woman Governor, SpeakBindas

v t e Governors of South Carolina J. Rutledge Lowndes J. Rutledge Mathews Guerard Moultrie T. Pinckney C. Pinckney Moultrie Vanderhorst C. Pinckney E. Rutledge Drayton J. Richardson P. Hamilton C. Pinckney Drayton Middleton Alston D. Williams A. Pickens Geddes Bennett Wilson Manning I Taylor Miller J. Hamilton Hayne McDuffie Butler Noble Henagan Richardson II Hammond Aiken Johnson Seabrook Means J. Manning Adams Allston Gist F. Pickens Bonham Magrath Perry Orr Scott Moses Chamberlain Hampton Simpson Jeter Hagood Thompson Sheppard Richardson III Tillman Evans Ellerbe McSweeney Heyward Ansel Blease Smith Manning III Cooper Harvey McLeod Richards Blackwood Johnston Maybank Harley Jefferies Johnston R. Williams Thurmond Byrnes Timmerman Hollings Russell McNair West Edwards Riley Campbell Beasley Hodges Sanford Haley