RTI-113

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
RTI-113
Systematic (IUPAC) name
Phenyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
Clinical data
Pregnancy cat.  ?
Legal status  ?
Identifiers
CAS number 146145-17-7 YesY
ATC code  ?
PubChem CID 9886801
Chemical data
Formula C21H22ClNO2 
Mol. mass 355.85 g/mol
 YesY (what is this?)  (verify)

RTI-113 (2β-carbophenoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane) is a stimulant drug which acts as a potent and fully selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI). It has been suggested as a possible substitute drug for the treatment of cocaine addiction. "RTI-113 has properties that make it an ideal medication for cocaine abusers, such as an equivalent efficacy, a higher potency, and a longer duration of action as compared to cocaine."[1] Replacing the methyl ester in RTI-31 with a phenyl ester makes the resultant RTI-113 fully DAT specific. RTI-113 is a particularly relevant phenyltropane cocaine analog that has been tested on squirrel monkeys.[2] RTI-113 has also been tested against cocaine in self-administration studies for DAT occupancy by PET on awake rhesus monkeys.[3] The efficacy of cocaine analogs to elicit self administration is closely related to the rate at which they are administered.[4] Slower onset of action analogs are less likely to function as positive reinforcers than analogues that have a faster rate of onset.[4][5]

In order for a DRI such as cocaine to induce euphoria PET scans on primates reveal that the DAT occupancy needs to be >60%.[6] Limited reinforcement may be desirable because it can help with patient compliance. DAT occupancy was between 65-76% and 94-99% for doses of cocaine and RTI-113 that maintained maximum response rates, respectively.[3] Whereas cocaine is a fast acting rapidly metabolized DRI, RTI-113 has a longer duration span.[7]

Self-administration graphs are inverted U-shaped. More doses of cocaine need to be administered per session than for RTI-113 because cocaine doesn't last as long as RTI-113 does. It is easy to form the rash judgement that the NRI and SRI properties of cocaine are somehow having an additive effect on provoking self-administration of cocaine.[8]

Although NRIs are known to inhibit DA reuptake in the prefrontal cortex where DATs are low in number, the fact that desipramine is not reliably self-administered makes it unlikely that NRIs are contributing to the addictive character of cocaine.[9]

The 5-HT receptors are very complex to understand and can either mediate or inhibit DA release.

However, on the whole, it is understood that synaptic 5-HT counterbalances catecholamine release.

Thus, it can said with relative certainty that the DAT is responsible for the bulk of the reinforcing effects of cocaine and related stimulants.[10]

With regard to amphetamine, a recent paper disputes this claim, and makes the point that the role of NE is completely underrated.[11]

Another paper was also recently published, seeking to address the relevance of NE in cocaine pharmacology.[12]

[edit] Transporter Selectivity

MAT IC50 (and Ki) for simple phenyltropanes with 1R,2S,3S stereochemistry.[13]
Compound [3H]CFT [3H]DA [3H]Nisoxetine [3H]NE [3H]Paroxetine [3H]5-HT
Cocaine[14] 89.1 275 c.f.[disambiguation needed] 241 3300 (1990) 119 c.f. 161 1050 (45) 177 c.f. 112
WIN 35,065-2 23 49.8 920 (550) 37.2 1960 (178) 173
WIN 35,428 13.9 23.0 835 (503) 38.6 692 (63) 101
RTI-31 1.1 3.68 37 (22) 5.86 44.5 (4.0) 5.00
RTI-113[15] 1.98 5.25 2,926 242 2,340 391
RTI-51 1.7 ? 37.4 (23) ? 10.6 (0.96) ?
RTI-55 1.3 1.96 36 (22) 7.51 4.21 (0.38) 1.74
RTI-32 1.7 7.02 60 (36) 8.42 240 (23) 19.4

Note: Cocaine has a very strong Ki value for the 5-HT3 receptor.

Threo-methylphenidate (TMP) is a weaker dopaminergic than troparil, even though it is a more potent noradrenergic.

Interestingly, troparil is the only tropane in the above table having a [3H]NE figure that is smaller than the [3H]DA number.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Kimmel, HL; Carroll; Kuhar (2001). "Locomotor stimulant effects of novel phenyltropanes in the mouse". Drug and alcohol dependence 65 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00144-2. PMID 11714587.  More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified (help); More than one of |author3= and |last3= specified (help) edit
  2. ^ Howell, L. L.; Czoty, P. W.; Kuhar, M. J.; Carrol, F. I. (2000). "Comparative behavioral pharmacology of cocaine and the selective dopamine uptake inhibitor RTI-113 in the squirrel monkey". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 292 (2): 521–529. PMID 10640288.  edit
  3. ^ a b Wilcox, K.; Lindsey, K.; Votaw, J.; Goodman, M.; Martarello, L.; Carroll, F.; Howell, L. (2002). "Self-administration of cocaine and the cocaine analog RTI-113: relationship to dopamine transporter occupancy determined by PET neuroimaging in rhesus monkeys". Synapse 43 (1): 78–85. doi:10.1002/syn.10018. PMID 11746736.  edit
  4. ^ a b Kimmel, H.; Negus, S.; Wilcox, K.; Ewing, S.; Stehouwer, J.; Goodman, M.; Votaw, J.; Mello, N. et al. (2008). "Relationship between rate of drug uptake in brain and behavioral pharmacology of monoamine transporter inhibitors in rhesus monkeys". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 90 (3): 453–462. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.032. PMC 2453312. PMID 18468667.   edit
  5. ^ Wee, S.; Carroll, F.; Woolverton, W. (2006). "A reduced rate of in vivo dopamine transporter binding is associated with lower relative reinforcing efficacy of stimulants". Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2): 351–362. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300795. PMID 15957006.  More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified (help); More than one of |author3= and |last3= specified (help) edit
  6. ^ Howell, L.L. and Wilcox, K.M. The dopamine transporter and cocaine medication development: Drug self-administration in nonhuman primates. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 298: 1-6, 2001. PDF
  7. ^ Cook, C. D.; Carroll, F. I.; Beardsley, P. M. (2002). "RTI 113, a 3-phenyltropane analog, produces long-lasting cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats and squirrel monkeys". European Journal of Pharmacology 442 (1–2): 93–98. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01501-7. PMID 12020686.  edit
  8. ^ Rocha, B.; Fumagalli, F.; Gainetdinov, R.; Jones, S.; Ator, R.; Giros, B.; Miller, G.; Caron, M. (1998). "Cocaine self-administration in dopamine-transporter knockout mice". Nature Neuroscience 1 (2): 132–137. doi:10.1038/381. PMID 10195128.  edit
  9. ^ Gasior M, Bergman J, Kallman MJ, Paronis CA (April 2005). "Evaluation of the reinforcing effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors under a concurrent schedule of food and i.v. drug delivery in rhesus monkeys". Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (4): 758–764. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300593. PMID 15526000. 
  10. ^ Chen R, Tilley MR, Wei H, et al. (June 2006). "Abolished cocaine reward in mice with a cocaine-insensitive dopamine transporter". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (24): 9333–9338. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600905103. PMC 1482610. PMID 16754872. 
  11. ^ Sofuoglu M, Sewell RA (April 2009). "Norepinephrine and stimulant addiction". Addiction Biology 14 (2): 119–129. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00138.x. PMC 2657197. PMID 18811678. 
  12. ^ Platt DM, Rowlett JK, Spealman RD (August 2007). "Noradrenergic mechanisms in cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in squirrel monkeys". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 322 (2): 894–902. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.121806. PMID 17505018. 
  13. ^ Carroll, F. I.; Kotian, P.; Dehghani, A.; Gray, J. L.; Kuzemko, M. A.; Parham, K. A.; Abraham, P.; Lewin, A. H. et al. (1995). "Cocaine and 3 beta-(4'-substituted phenyl)tropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid ester and amide analogues. New high-affinity and selective compounds for the dopamine transporter". Journal of Medical Chemistry 38 (2): 379–388. doi:10.1021/jm00002a020. PMID 7830281.   edit
  14. ^ Kozikowski, P. .; Johnson, K. .; Deschaux, O. .; Bandyopadhyay, B. .; Araldi, G. .; Carmona, G. .; Munzar, P. .; Smith, M. . et al. (2003). "Mixed cocaine agonist/antagonist properties of (+)-methyl 4beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-3alpha-carboxylate, a piperidine-based analog of cocaine". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 305 (1): 143–150. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.046318. PMID 12649362.  More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help); More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified (help); More than one of |author3= and |last3= specified (help); More than one of |author4= and |last4= specified (help); More than one of |author5= and |last5= specified (help); More than one of |author6= and |last6= specified (help); More than one of |author7= and |last7= specified (help); More than one of |author8= and |last8= specified (help); More than one of |author9= and |last9= specified (help);  edit
  15. ^ Damaj, MI; Slemmer; Carroll; Martin (1999). "Pharmacological characterization of nicotine's interaction with cocaine and cocaine analogs". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 289 (3): 1229–36. PMID 10336510.  More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified (help); More than one of |author3= and |last3= specified (help); More than one of |author4= and |last4= specified (help) edit
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RTI-113&oldid=526300937"