Flight attendants or cabin crew (also known as stewards/stewardesses, air hosts/hostesses) are members of an aircrew employed by airlines primarily to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers aboard commercial flights, on select business jet aircraft,[1] and on some military aircraft.[2]
The role of a flight attendant derives from that of similar positions on passenger ships or passenger trains, but it has more direct involvement with passengers because of the confined quarters and often longer travel times on aircraft. Additionally, the job of a flight attendant revolves around safety to a much greater extent than those of similar staff on other forms of transportation. Flight attendants on board a flight collectively form a cabin crew, as distinguished from pilots and engineers in the cockpit.
Heinrich Kubis was Germany's (and the world's) first flight attendant, in 1912.[3]
Origins of the word "steward" in transportation are reflected in the term "chief steward" as used in maritime transport terminology. The term purser and chief steward are often used interchangeably describing personnel with similar duties among seafaring occupations. This lingual derivation results from the international British maritime tradition (i.e. chief mate) dating back to the 14th century and the civilian United States Merchant Marine on which US aviation is somewhat modeled. Due to international conventions and agreements, in which all ships' personnel who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries, the U.S. Merchant Marine assigns such duties to the chief steward in the overall rank and command structure of which pursers are not positionally represented or rostered.
Imperial Airways of the United Kingdom had "cabin boys" or "stewards"; in the 1920s. In the USA, Stout Airways was the first to employ stewards in 1926, working on Ford Trimotor planes between Detroit and Grand Rapids, Michigan. Western Airlines (1928) and Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) (1929) were the first US carriers to employ stewards to serve food. Ten-passenger Fokker aircraft used in the Caribbean had stewards in the era of gambling trips to Havana, Cuba from Key West, Florida. Lead flight attendants would in many instances also perform the role of purser, steward, or chief steward in modern aviation terminology.
The first female flight attendant was a 25-year-old registered nurse named Ellen Church.[4] Hired by United Airlines in 1930,[5] she also first envisioned nurses on aircraft. Other airlines followed suit, hiring nurses to serve as flight attendants, then called "stewardesses" or "air hostesses", on most of their flights. In the United States, the job was one of only a few in the 1930s to permit women, which, coupled with The Great Depression, led to large numbers of applicants for the few positions available. Two thousand women applied for just 43 positions offered by Transcontinental and Western Airlines in December 1935.[6]
Female flight attendants rapidly replaced male ones, and by 1936, they had all but taken over the role.[5] They were selected not only for their knowledge but also for their characteristics. A 1936 New York Times article described the requirements:
"The girls who qualify for hostesses must be petite; weight 100 to 118 pounds; height 5 feet to 5 feet 4 inches; age 20 to 26 years. Add to that the rigid physical examination each must undergo four times every year, and you are assured of the bloom that goes with perfect health."[5]
Three decades later, a 1966 New York Times classified ad for stewardesses at Eastern Airlines listed these requirements:
"A high school graduate, single (widows and divorcees with no children considered), 20 years of age (girls 19 1/2 may apply for future consideration). 5’2” but no more than 5’9,” weight 105 to 135 in proportion to height and have at least 20/40 vision without glasses."[7]
In the United States, they were required to be unmarried and were fired if they decided to wed.[6] The requirement to be a registered nurse on an American airline was relaxed as more women were hired,[6] and it disappeared almost entirely during World War II as many nurses enlisted in the armed forces.[citation needed] In 1962, Bona of Pisa, a 12th-century pilgrim, was canonised by Pope John XXIII as patron saint of air hostesses.[8]
Busy
Lufthansa male and female flight-attendants in crowded galley
The primary role of a flight attendant is to ensure passenger safety. In addition to this, flight attendants are often tasked with customer service duties such as serving meals and drinks, as a secondary responsibility.[9][10]
The number of flight attendants required on flights are mandated by international safety regulations. For planes with up to 19 passenger seats, no flight attendant is needed.[11] For larger planes, one flight attendant per 50 passenger seats is needed.[11]
The majority of flight attendants for most airlines are female, though a substantial number of males have entered the industry since the 1970s.[citation needed]
Prior to each flight, flight attendants attend a safety briefing with the pilots and lead flight attendant. During this briefing they go over safety and emergency checklists, the locations and amounts of emergency equipment and other features specific to that aircraft type. Boarding particulars are verified, such as special needs passengers, small children traveling as unaccompanied or VIPs. Weather conditions are discussed including anticipated turbulence. Prior to each flight a safety check is conducted to ensure all equipment such as life-vests, torches (flashlights) and firefighting equipment are on board, in the right quantity, and in proper condition. Any unserviceable or missing items must be reported and rectified prior to takeoff. They must monitor the cabin for any unusual smells or situations. They assist with the loading of carry-on baggage, checking for weight, size and dangerous goods. They make sure those sitting in emergency exit rows are willing and able to assist in an evacuation and move those who are not willing or able out of the row into another seat. They then must do a safety demonstration or monitor passengers as they watch a safety video. They then must "secure the cabin" ensuring tray tables are stowed, seats are in their upright positions, armrests down and carry-ons stowed correctly and seat belts are fastened prior to takeoff. All the service between boarding and take-off is called Pre Take off Service.[9]
Once up in the air, flight attendants will usually serve drinks and/or food to passengers. When not performing customer service duties, flight attendants must periodically conduct cabin checks and listen for any unusual noises or situations. Checks must also be done on the lavatory to ensure the smoke detector hasn't been deactivated and to restock supplies as needed. Regular cockpit checks must be done to ensure the pilot's health and safety. They must also respond to call lights dealing with special requests. During turbulence, flight attendants must ensure the cabin is secure. Prior to landing all loose items, trays and rubbish must be collected and secured along with service and galley equipment. All hot liquids must be disposed of. A final cabin check must then be completed prior to landing. It is vital that flight attendants remain aware as the majority of emergencies occur during takeoff and landing.[citation needed] Upon landing, flight attendants must remain stationed at exits and monitor the airplane and cabin as passengers disembark the plane. They also assist any special needs passengers and small children off the airplane and escort children, while following the proper paperwork and ID process to escort them to the designated person picking them up.
Flight attendants are trained to deal with a wide variety of emergencies, and are trained in First Aid. More frequent situations may include a bleeding nose, illness, small injuries, intoxicated passengers, aggressive and anxiety stricken passengers. Emergency training includes rejected takeoffs, emergency landings, cardiac and in-flight medical situations, smoke in the cabin, fires, depressurization, on-board births and deaths, dangerous goods and spills in the cabin, emergency evacuations, hijackings, water landings, and sea, jungle, arctic, and desert survival skills.[citation needed]
Swiss stewardess serving orange juice
The Chief Purser (CP), also titled as Inflight Service Manager (ISM) or Cabin Service Manager (CSM) is the most senior flight attendant. To reach this position, a crew member requires some minimum years of service as flight attendent. Further training is mandatory, and Chief Pursers typically earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility.
The Purser will, on board larger aircraft with multiple flight attendants, assist the Chief Purser and have similar roles and responsibilities. 2-4 Senior Crew Members may also be on board the larger aircraft types. Pursers are flight attendants or a related job, typically with an airline for several years prior to application for, and further training to become a purser, and normally earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility.
Flight attendants are normally trained in the hub or headquarters city of an airline over a period that may run from four weeks to six months, depending on the country and airline. The main focus of training is safety. One of the most elaborate training facilities was Breech Academy which Trans World Airlines (TWA) opened in 1969 in Overland Park, Kansas. Other airlines were to also send their attendants to the school. However, during the fare wars the school's viability declined and it closed around 1988.
Safety training includes, but is not limited to: emergency passenger evacuation management, use of evacuation slides/life rafts, in-flight firefighting, survival in the jungle, sea, desert, ice, first aid, CPR, defibrillation, ditching/emergency landing procedures, decompression emergencies, Crew Resource Management and security.
In the United States the Federal Aviation Administration requires flight attendants on aircraft with 20 or more seats to hold a Certificate of Demonstrated Proficiency. This is not considered to be the equivalent of an airman certificate (licence), although it is issued on the same card stock. It shows that a level of required training has been met. It is not limited to the airline at which the attendant is employed (although some initial documents showed where the holder was working), and is the attendant's personal property. It does have two ratings, called Group I and II. Either or both of these may be earned depending upon the type of aircraft (propeller or turbofan) on which the holder has trained.[12]
There are also training schools that are not affiliated with any particular airline, where students generally not only undergo generic, though otherwise practically identical training to flight attendants employed by an airline, as well as having modules in the curriculum to help students gain employment with an airline. These schools often use actual airline equipment in their lessons, though some are equipped with full simulator cabins capable of replicating a number of emergency situations.
Multilingual flight attendants are often in demand to accommodate international travellers. The languages most in demand, other than English, are French, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Arabic, German, Portuguese, Italian, and Greek. In the United States, airlines with international routes pay an additional stipend for language skills on top of flight pay, and some airlines hire specifically for certain languages when launching international destinations.
Most airlines have height requirements for safety reasons, making sure that all flight attendants can reach overhead safety equipment. Typically, the acceptable height for this is 160 to 185 cm (5 ft 3 in to 6 ft 1 in) tall.[13] Some airlines, such as EVA Air, have height requirements for purely aesthetic purposes. Regional carriers using small aircraft with low ceilings can have height restrictions.
Flight attendants are also subject to weight requirements as well. Weight must usually be in proportion to height; persons outside the normal range may not be qualified to act as flight attendants.[14]
The first stewardess uniforms were designed to be durable, practical, and inspire confidence in passengers. The first stewardesses for United Airlines wore green berets, green capes and nurse's shoes. Other airlines, such as Eastern Air Lines, actually dressed stewardesses in nurses' uniforms.
Perhaps reflecting the military aviation background of many commercial aviation pioneers, many early uniforms had a strongly military appearance; hats, jackets, and skirts showed simple straight lines and military details like epaulettes and brass buttons. Many uniforms had a summer and winter version, differentiated by colours and fabrics appropriate to the season: navy blue for winter, for example, khaki for summer. But as the role of women in the air grew, and airline companies began to realise the publicity value of their stewardesses, more feminine lines and colours began to appear in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Some airlines began to commission designs from high-end department stores and still others called in noted designers or even milliners to create distinctive and attractive apparel.
Flight attendants are generally expected to show a high level of personal grooming such as appropriate use of cosmetics and thorough personal hygiene.
Flight attendants must not have any tattoos visible when a uniform is worn. These requirements are designed to give the airlines a positive representation.
In the 1960s and 1970s, many airlines began advertising the attractiveness and friendliness of their stewardesses. National Airlines began a "Fly Me"; campaign using attractive stewardesses with taglines such as "I'm Lorraine. Fly me to Orlando." (A low budget 1973 film about three flight attendants, Fly Me, starring Lenore Kasdorf, was based on the ad campaign.) Braniff International Airways, presented a campaign known as the "Air Strip" with similarly attractive young stewardesses changing uniforms mid-flight.[15] A policy of at least one airline required that only unmarried women could be flight attendants.[16] Flight attendant Roz Hanby became a minor celebrity when she became the face of British Airways in their "Fly the Flag" advertising campaign over a 7 year period in the 1980s. Singapore Airlines is currently one of the few airlines still choosing to use the image of their stewardesses, known as Singapore Girls, in their advertising material. However, this is starting to be phased out, in favour of advertising which emphasises the modernity of their fleet.
Flight attendant unions were formed, beginning at United Airlines in the 1940s, to negotiate improvements in pay, benefits and working conditions.[17] Those unions would later challenge what they perceived as sexist stereotypes and unfair work practices such as age limits, size limits, limitations on marriage, and prohibition of pregnancy. Many of these limitations have been lifted by judicial mandates. The largest flight attendants' union is the Association of Flight Attendants, representing over 42,000 flight attendants at 21 airlines within the US.
In the UK, cabin crew can be represented by either Cabin Crew '89, or the much larger and more powerful Transport and General Workers' Union.
In Australia, flight attendants are represented by the Flight Attendants' Association of Australia (FAAA). There are two divisions: one for international crews (long-haul) and one for domestic crews (short-haul).
In New Zealand, flight attendants can be represented by either the Flight Attendants and Related Services Association (FARSA) or by the Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union (EPMU).
In Canada, flight attendants are represented by either the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) or by the Canadian Flight Attendants Union (CFAU).
Originally female flight attendants were required to be single upon hiring, and were fired if they got married, exceeded weight regulations, or reached age 32 or 35 depending on the airline.[18] In the 1970s the group Stewardesses for Women's Rights protested sexist advertising and company discrimination, and brought many cases to court. The age restriction was eliminated in 1970.[18] The no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s.[19] The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions,[20] were eliminated in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations.[21] By the end of the 1970s, the term stewardess had generally been replaced by the gender-neutral alternative flight attendant. More recently the term cabin crew or cabin staff has begun to replace 'flight attendants' in some parts of the world, because of the term's recognition of their role as members of the crew.
Actions of flight attendants in emergencies have long been credited in saving lives; in the United States, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and other aviation authorities view flight attendants as essential for safety, and are thus required on Part 121 aircraft operations. Studies, some done in light of British Airtours Flight 28M, have concluded that assertive cabin crew are essential for the rapid evacuation of aeroplanes.[22][23] Notable examples of cabin crew actions include:
The role of flight attendants received heightened prominence after the September 11 attacks when flight attendants (such as Rachel M Ward and CeeCee Lyles of United Airlines Flight 93, Robert Fangman of United Airlines Flight 175, Renee May of American Airlines Flight 77 and Betty Ong and Madeline Amy Sweeney of American Airlines Flight 11) actively attempted to protect passengers from assault, and also provided vital information to air traffic controllers on the hijackings.[24]
In the wake of these attacks many flight attendants at major airlines were laid off because of decreased passenger loads.[24]
All US based airlines sent their flight attendants back to training. This revolutionised training and focused more on physical protection in the events of emergencies. Flight attendants are now trained to be offensive during attacks, rather than obeying commands.
- In April 1936, flight attendant Nellie Granger aided survivors after the crash of TWA Flight 1, then walked 4 mi (6.4 km) through a snowstorm to find help, before returning to the crash scene.[25][26]
- Naila Nazir, Pakistani air hostess (employee of Pakistan International Airlines) who received 1985's Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Heroism Award for her brave handling of tense and dangerous situation during 13 days of flight PK-326 hijacking ordeal.[27][28]
- British Airtours Flight 28M, the two forward flight attendants, Arthur Bradbury and Joanna Toff, repeatedly crawled into the smoked filled and burning cabin to drag a number of passengers to safety, and were subsequently awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal. The two rear flight attendants, Sharon Ford and Jacqui Ubanski, who opened the rear doors but were overwhelmed by fire and smoke were awarded the same medal posthumously.
- Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751, when cabin crew recognised an emergency landing was imminent and commanded the passengers to "bend down...hold your knees" to adopt the brace position.[29]
- Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529, whose sole flight attendant, Robin Fech, provided emergency briefings, brace and evacuation commands to the passengers when the Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia aircraft sustained serious damage to one of its engines and crash landed. The NTSB accident report commended "the exemplary manner in which the flight attendant briefed the passengers and handled the emergency".[30]
- BOAC Flight 712, where a flight attendant, Barbara Jane Harrison died saving passengers from an on-board fire and was posthumously awarded the George Cross.
- British Airways Flight 5390, in which a flight attendant was able to prevent a pilot from being lost through a cockpit window that had failed.
- Southern Airways Flight 242, on which the cabin crew provided safety briefings to their passengers, and on their own initiative, warned passengers of the impending crash by commanding passengers to adopt the brace position. At least one flight attendant is known to have assisted in rescuing trapped passengers.[31]
- Air Florida Flight 90, in which the lone surviving flight attendant passed the only lifevest she could find to another passenger. She is recognised in the NTSB report for this "unselfish act."[32]
- TWA flight attendant Uli Derickson who protected passengers during the TWA Flight 847 hijacking by assisting with negotiation efforts.
- TWA Flight 843, when a TWA Lockheed L-1011 aircraft crashed after an aborted takeoff in 1992. The aircraft was destroyed by fire. Nine flight attendants, along with five off-duty flight attendants, evacuated all 292 persons on board without loss of life. The NTSB in their after accident reported noted, "The performance of the flight attendants during the emergency was exceptional and probably contributed to the success of the emergency evacuation."[33][34]
- On British Airways Flight 2069, cabin crew stopped the plane from being crashed by a mentally ill passenger.[35]
- Crew on American Airlines Flight 63 prevented shoe bomber Richard Colvin Reid from blowing up the plane.[36]
- Flight attendants on Qantas Flight 1737 prevented their plane from being hijacked by a passenger with mental health issues. Two of them were taken to hospital with stab wounds.[37]
- Aloha Airlines Flight 243 suffered a decompression which tore an 18-foot (5.5 m) section of fuselage away from the plane. The only fatality was flight attendant C.B. Lansing who was blown out of the airplane. Flight attendant Michelle Honda was thrown violently to the floor during the decompression but, despite her injuries, crawled up and down the aisle reassuring passengers.[38]
- Senior Purser Neerja Bhanot saved the lives of passengers and crew when Pan Am Flight 73 was hijacked. She was killed while protecting children from the terrorists. After her death she received the Special Courage Award from the United States Department of Justice and India's highest civilian honor for bravery, the Ashoka Chakra.
- Flight Attendants on Air Canada Flight 797 (Sergio Benetti, Judi Davidson, Laura Kayama) used procedures which were not specifically taught in training such as moving passengers to the front of the aircraft to move them away from the fire and smoke, and passing out towels for passengers to cover their nose and mouths with while the cabin was filling with smoke.
- Flight Attendants on US Airways Flight 1549 successfully evacuated all passengers from the aircraft within 90 seconds despite the fact that the rear was rapidly filling with water.
- Nine cabin crew members aboard Air France Flight 358 successfully evacuated the aircraft within 90 seconds after the A340-300 overran a runway at Toronto Pearson International Airport. The NTSB stated that the actions of the cabin crew contributed to the 100% survival rate.
- Ant, TV personality Celebrity Fit Club former American Airlines flight attendant
- Soraya Raquel Lamilla Cuevas - International Award-Winning Spanish/English Singer and Songwriter Musician
- Kathy Augustine, a flight attendant prior to entering Nevada politics
- Alex Best, ex-wife of George Best
- Regina Bird, Big Brother Australia 2003 winner
- Deborah Burlingame, sister of Charles "Chic" Burlingame III, pilot of hijacked American Airlines Flight 77
- Betty Ong, was a flight attendant on board American Airlines Flight 11 the first of four hijacked aircraft's on the morning of September 11, 2001. Ong is best known for her actions that morning as well as her calm and professional manner.
- Madeline Amy Sweeney, was also a flight attendant on board Flight 11, Sweeney was the first to describe the hijackers, and there actions.
- Beverly Lynn Burns, American Airlines stewardess class of 1971; first woman Boeing 747 Captain in the world July 1984
- Terence Cao, veteran Singaporean actor
- Ellen Church, first female flight attendant in history
- Uli Derickson, on duty during the TWA Flight 847 hijacking
- Brian Dowling, UK Big Brother 2001 winner
- Gaëtan Dugas, alleged Patient Zero for acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- Ruth Carol Taylor, first verified African-American stewardess, hired by Mohawk Airlines in 1958[39]
- Roz Hanby, face of the British Airways "Fly the Flag" campaign (1970s/1980s)
- Barbara Jane Harrison, posthumously awarded the George Cross for bravery
- Todd Herzog, winner of Survivor: China
- Jennifer Hosten, 1970 Miss World winner
- Patricia Ireland, former President of the National Organization for Women
- Annita Keating, Dutch-born estranged wife of former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, flew with KLM and Alitalia prior to her marriage.
- Sonija Kwok, 1999 Miss Hong Kong, now a popular artiste with TVB
- Evangeline Lilly, Canadian actress, coincidentally most notable for her role as a stranded plane crash survivor on Lost
- Ziana Zain, Malaysian international artist, model, actress
- Kate Linder, actress on The Young and the Restless, who continues to fly with United Airlines on weekends when not filming.
- Jan Brown Lohr, lobbied in Washington for lap babies' safety belts after the crash of United Airlines Flight 232
- Catherine Maunoury, French winner of the Aerobatics World Championship in 1988 and 2000
- Pamela Bianca Manalo, a flight attendant for Philippine Airlines before she was crowned Miss Philippines-Universe in 2009
- Carole Middleton, mother of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
- Avis Miller, Playboy Playmate 1970
- Jane McGrath, co-founder of the McGrath Foundation for breast cancer.
- Naila Nazir, Pakistani air hostess who received 1985's Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Heroism Award for bravely handling a tense and dangerous situation during the Flight PK-326 hijacking ordeal[27][28]
- Froso Papaharalambous, singer
- Iris Peterson, flew for United Airlines from 1946 until 2007, retiring at the age of 85
- Lyudmila Putina, wife of Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, was a flight attendant early in her career.
- Linda Louise Rowley, former beauty queen who held the title Miss Alaska USA
- Lee Seung-yeon, Korean actress/talkshow host
- Ellen Simonetti, first flight attendant to be fired for blogging
- Tania Soni, beauty pageant winner
- Silver Tree, writer and producer
- Sharon Luk, 2005 Miss Hong Kong First Runner-up
- Skye Chan, 2008 Miss Hong Kong First Runner-up and Miss World 2008 contestant
- Gabriele von Lutzau (born Gabriele Dillmann) was a flight attendant on hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 and was credited for her loyalty to the passengers and crew. In the aftermath, she was named "Der Engel von Mogadischu" (The Angel of Mogadishu)
- Vesna Vulović, Guinness World Record holder for surviving the highest fall without a parachute
- Julie Woodson, Playboy Playmate 1973
- Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Prime Minister of Iceland and first openly homosexual Head of Government
- Chiaki Morita, Japanese-Filipina International Model, FHM Magazine Model 2011,Tanduay Liquor Calendar Babe 2012, Taekwondo 2nd Dan Blackbelter and member of Philippine Taekwondo Demo Team prior to flying with Zest Air
- Rico Barrera of Pinoy Big Brother Philippines Season 1 and an actor who continues to fly with Seair
- On August 9, 2010, Steven Slater gained immediate global fame when he claimed he was injured by the luggage of a passenger whom he had confronted on an arriving Jet Blue flight at New York's JFK Airport for disregarding his order to remain seated. Passengers dispute his account of this confrontation. As the incident continued, he cursed at the passengers over the aircraft's public address system, grabbed a beer, opened the evacuation slide and left the aircraft. He was later arrested and charged with several crimes.[40][41]
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- ^ a b c "Air hostess finds life adventurous". =NANA Inc (The New York Times): p. N1. April 12, 1936. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10E11FF3D5E167B93C0A8178FD85F428385F9&scp=1&sq=Air+hostess+finds+life+adventurous&st=p.
- ^ a b c "The air hostess carries on", The New York Times. April 19, 1936. Page XX12.
- ^ NY Times, 17Mar2012
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- ^ a b http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos171.htm
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- ^ "Flight Attendant Certificate of Demonstrated Proficiency". faa.gov. http://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/info/all_infos/media/2008/FACert.pdf.
- ^ "Becoming a Flight Attendant - Air New Zealand". https://careers.airnz.co.nz/customers/flight_attendants. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
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- ^ "Ask the pilot". salon.com. http://www.salon.com/tech/col/smith/2006/06/23/askthepilot191/.
- ^ "Flight attendant history 2". united.com. http://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,3211,00.html.
- ^ From Skygirl to Flight Attendant, Women and the Making of a Union by Georgia Panter Nielsen, ILR Press/Cornell, Ithaca, New York (1982)ISBN 978-0875460932
- ^ a b http://www.femininityinflight.com/activism.html
- ^ "United Settles Sex-Bias Case". New York Times. July 11, 1986. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE5DD113AF932A25754C0A960948260.
- ^ Quindlen, Anna (May 16, 1993). "Public & Private; In Thin Air". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9F0CE1DD163AF935A25756C0A965958260.
- ^ "Accord on Flight Attendants' Weight". New York Times. August 30, 1991. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D6173BF933A0575BC0A967958260.
- ^ "Evacuate, Evacuate, Evacuate". casa.gov.au. http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2005/aug/44-47.pdf.
- ^ "Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management". atsb.gov.au. http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2006/pdf/grant_20040239.pdf.
- ^ a b "Flight attendant history 10". united.com. http://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,50102,00.html.
- ^ Grahama, Frederick. "Winged Hostess: The girl on the plane may also be a heroine". The New York Times. January 7, 1940. p. 117. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1FF6385A177A93C5A9178AD85F448485F9&scp=1.
- ^ "Transport: On Cheat Mountain". Time Magazine. April 20, 1936. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848531-1,00.html. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ a b "History of PIA". August 2, 2009. http://www.historyofpia.com/hijackings.htm/.
- ^ a b "FSF Heroism Award". August 2, 2009. http://www.flightsafety.org/hero.html/.
- ^ "Det gælder dit liv!". home3.inet.tele.dk. http://home3.inet.tele.dk/stefan-g/STEFANBOG.pdf.
- ^ "NTSB Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc., Flight 529". ntsb.gov. http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/1996/AAR9606.pdf.
- ^ "Am I alive?". casa.gov.au. http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2001/may/16-19.pdf.
- ^ "Full NTSB Accident Report". amelia.db.erau.edu. http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR82-08.pdf.
- ^ "NTSB Report". airdisaster.com. http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR93-04.pdf.
- ^ "TWA Flight 843". twaflight843.com. http://www.twaflight843.com/.
- ^ "Crew's training saved terror flight". news.bbc.co.uk. December 29, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1092642.stm.
- ^ "Explosives scare forces down plane". news.bbc.co.uk. December 23, 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1725627.stm.
- ^ "Heroes foil Qantas hijack attack". Melbourne: theage.com.au. May 30, 2003. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/29/1054177673194.html.
- ^ "243 is horrific Aloha flight story". starbulletin.com. http://starbulletin.com/2005/12/22/features/story05.html.
- ^ AVIATION: Another First TIME, January 6, 1958
- ^ Barash, Stephanie (August 10, 2010). "Enraged Jet Blue Flight Attendant Set Free On Bail". WPIX, Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/travel/wpix-jet-blue-arraignment,0,6085953.story. Retrieved August 11, 2010. "Steven Slater, 38, was arraigned Tuesday morning before Queens Criminal Court Judge Mary O'Donoghue on charges of first-and second-degree reckless endangerment, second-and fourth-degree criminal mischief and third-degree criminal trespass. Slater, of Belle Harbor, Queens apparently lost his cool after getting into a heated argument with a passenger. He slide down the emergency chute and ran to his parked car. Police later tracked him down at his Queens home where he was apparently engaging in sex"
- ^ Miller, Michelle (August 12, 2010). "Slater's Story Discredited by JetBlue Fliers". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/08/12/eveningnews/main6767963.shtml?tag=cbsnewsTwoColUpperPromoArea. Retrieved August 12, 2010. "Slater said he was injured by a passenger who slammed an overhead door on his forehead. Several passengers saw the injury, but none saw how it happened. "When I first saw it, I thought he had just cut his head and was on his way to the bathroom to wash it and Band-Aid, and he didn't, and I thought that's weird; something's not totally right here," passenger Katie Doebler said"
Flight Attendant Labour Unions:
Miscellaneous:
