A luthier ( /ˈluːtiər/ LOO-ti-ər)^[1] is someone who makes or repairs lutes and other string instruments. In the United States, the term is used interchangeably with any term that refers to a specific, or specialty type of stringed intrument, such as violin maker, guitar maker, lute maker, etc. The word luthier comes from the French word luth, which means "lute". The craft of making string instruments, or lutherie, is commonly divided into two main categories: makers of stringed instruments that are plucked or strummed and makers of stringed instruments that are bowed.^[2] Since bowed instruments require a bow, the second category includes a subtype known as a bow maker or archetier.

Workshop of a luthier in Cremona

Plucked strings[link]

Lutes[link]

Important luthiers who specialized in the instruments of the lute family (lutes, archlutes, theorbos, vihuelas etc.):

• Tieffenbrucker family
• Martin Hoffmann
• Joachim Tielke
• Leopold Widhalm,

The varnishing of a violin

and in our time:

• Andrew Rutherford
• Cezar Mateus
• Gilberto Grácio
• Peter Oberg

Guitars[link]

Two important early luthiers in the guitar category were Panormo and Stauffer families. Antonio Torres Jurado is credited with developing the form of classical guitar that is still in use today, and Christian Frederick Martin of Germany who developed a form that evolved into the modern steel-string acoustic guitar.

The American luthier Orville Gibson specialized in mandolins, and is credited with creating the archtop guitar. The important 20th Century American luthiers John D'Angelico and Jimmy D'Aquisto made archtop guitars. Lloyd Loar worked briefly for the Gibson Guitar Corporation making mandolins and guitars. His designs for a family of arch top instruments (mandolin, mandola, guitar, et cetera) are held in high esteem by today's luthiers, who seek to reproduce their sound. Paul Bigsby's innovation of the tremolo arm for archtop and electric guitars is still in use today and may have influenced Leo Fender's design for the Stratocaster solid body electric guitar, as well as the Jaguar and Jazzmaster. Concurrent with Fender's work, guitarist Les Paul independently developed a solid body electric guitar. These were the first fretted solid body electric guitars—though they were preceded by the cast aluminum "frying pan," a solid body electric lap steel guitar developed and eventually patented by George Beauchamp, and built by Adolph Rickenbacher.^[3] A company founded by luthier Friedrich Gretsch and continued by his son and grandson, Fred and Fred Jr., originally made banjos, but is more famous today for its electric guitars. Vintage guitars are often sought by collectors.

Bowed strings[link]

An engraver's impression of Antonio Stradivari examining an instrument.

Bowed instruments include: cello, crwth, double bass, erhu, fiddle, hudok, mouthbow, nyckelharpa, hurdy gurdy, rabab, rebec, sarangi, viol, viola, viola da braccio, viola d'amore, viola da gamba and violin.

The purported "inventor" of the violin is Andrea Amati. Amati was originally a lute maker but turned to the new instrument form of violin in the mid 16th century. He was the progenitor of the famous Amati family of luthiers active in Cremona, Italy until the 18th century. Andrea Amati had two sons. His eldest was Antonio Amati (c.1537,1540–1607), and the younger, Girolamo Amati (c.1561-1630). Girolamo is better known as Hieronymus, and together with his brother produced many violins with labels inside the instrument reading "A&H." Antonio died having no known offspring, however Hieronymus became a father. His son Nicolò (1596–1684), was himself an important master luthier who had several apprentices of note including Antonio Stradivari^[4] (probably), Andrea Guarneri, Bartolomeo Cristofori, Bartolomeo Pasta, Jacob Railich, Giovanni Battista Rogeri, Matthias Klotz and possibly Jacob Stainer.

The other important early luthier of the violin family, of whiche we have 80 instruments and about hundred documents on his work is Gasparo da Salò of Brescia (Italy) that was also a double bass player, son and nephew of two violin players Francesco and Agostino, also experts of appreciation of instruments. Another but with much more wake evidence because none sure instruments and few documents remain is Gasparo Duiffopruggar of Füssen, Germany, who was also originally credited with invention of the first violin. However, this attribute has since been removed but is still often incorrectly cited. Da Salò had a lot of work and exported his instruments in France and Spain and probably in England, and had at least five apprentices: his son Francesco, and helper named Battista, the French Alexander of Marsiglia, Giacomo Lafranchini and, last, the most important is–Giovanni Paolo Maggini who inherited da Salò's business in Brescia upon da Salò's death. Valentino Siani worked with Giovanni Paolo Maggini. In 1620 he moved to Florence.

Of those luthiers born in the mid 17th century, there are Giovanni Grancino, Carlo Giuseppe Testore and sons Carlo Antonio Testore and Paolo Antonio Testore, all from Milan. From Venice the luthiers Matteo Goffriller, Domenico Montagnana, Sanctus Seraphin and Carlo Annibale Tononi were principals in the Venetian school of violin making (although the latter began his career in Bologna).^[5] The Bergonzi family of luthiers were the successors to the Amati family in Cremona. David Tecchler who was born in Austria later worked in both Venice and Rome.

Important luthiers from the early 18th century include Nicolò Gagliano of Naples, Italy, Carlo Ferdinando Landolfi of Milan and Giovanni Battista Guadagnini who roamed throughout Italy during his lifetime. From Austria originally, Leopold Widhalm later established himself in Nürnberg, Germany.

The early 19th century luthiers of the Mirecourt school of violin making in France were the Vuillaume family, Charles Jean Baptiste Collin-Mezin, and Collin-Mezin's son, Charles Collin-Mezin, Jr..

The Jérôme-Thibouville-Lamy firm started making wind instruments around 1730 at La Couture-Boussey, then moved to Mirecourt around 1760 and started making violins, guitars, mandolins, and musical accessories.

See also[link]

• List of luthiers
• Experimental luthier

References[link]

Other sources[link]

• Historical Lute Construction by Robert Lundberg, Guild of American Luthiers (2002) ISBN 0-9626447-4-9
• The Complete Luthier's Library. A Useful International Critical Bibliography for the Maker and the Connoisseur of Stringed and Plucked Instruments. Bologna, Florenus Edizioni 1990. ISBN 88-85250-01-7
• Guild of American Luthiers
• Guitar Museum Classical Guitar Museum,(UK)
• Guild of Argentine Instrument Makers
• Luthier Interviews Guitarbench.com archive of Luthier Interviews.
• The Consortium of Violinmakers "Antonio Stradivari" CREMONA
• LuthierBuilt.net Connecting musicians with independent musical instrument artisans.

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Rick Turner (born July 30, 1943) is an American builder of guitars and basses. He co-founded Alembic in 1970 and was involved in the design and construction of the Alembic instruments. He founded Rick Turner Guitars in 1979 and joined Gibson in 1988 where he served as president of Gibson Labs West Coast R&D Division.

Turner left Gibson in 1992 and ran a guitar repair shop at Westwood Music in Los Angeles where he developed piezo pickup designs, working with Jackson Browne, David Crosby and others. He later co-founded Highlander Musical Audio, manufacturer of piezo pickups for acoustic guitars. He continues to design and build guitars for many professional players including Lindsey Buckingham, Ry Cooder, David Lindley, David Crosby and Andy Summers. He is also a regular columnist for Acoustic Guitar magazine and was a former columnist for Bass Player, Frets and Guitar Player magazines. His present company is Renaissance Guitars and he has partnered with Seymour Duncan to form D-TAR.

The Model 1 electric was designed by Turner for use by Fleetwood Mac guitarist Lindsey Buckingham, who continues to use the Model 1 to this day.

He has four children, Ethan, Bret, Shasta, and Elias. Ethan is a successful drummer and has been in various bands on the west coast.

Turner helped engineer the Grateful Dead's "Wall of Sound."

He co-founded one of the first boutique guitar companies.

Turner holds the patent on the graphite guitar neck, which he developed in 1976 with Geoff Gould (who then started Modulus Graphite).

He also pioneered the use of curved plates on the front and back of his Model 1 electric guitars in order to reduce standing wave hysteresis loss and the use of 18 volt preamps in an attempt to tame the 'quack' sound commonly associated with piezoelectric acoustic guitar pickups.

Turner teaches "Build a mandolin in four days" courses in the US and Australia and is extremely active on a wide range of musical instrument Internet forums. His style could be seen as "forthright", not suffering fools gladly, and he has been described as being a little like Simon Cowell.^{[citation needed]}

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