The 19th century (1801–1900) was a period in history marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, First and Second French, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, Russian Empire, German Empire, the United States and the Empire of Japan, spurring military conflicts but also advances in science and exploration.
After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one fifth of the total land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy. The 19th century was an era of invention and discovery, with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that lay the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century.[1] The Industrial Revolution began in Europe.[2] The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines.[3] In Japan, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization. Then Japan went to war against Qing-ruled China, and won the First Sino-Japanese War.
Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from roughly 200 million to more than 400 million.[4] The introduction of railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fueling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century. London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, including vast expanses of interior Africa and Asia, were discovered during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Liberalism became the preeminent reform movement in Europe.[5]
Engraving of African slave transportation, 19th century
Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade.[6] The first empire to abolish slavery was the Portuguese Empire, followed by Britain, who did so in 1834. America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism). Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia.
The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australasia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. In the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe.[7]
The 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States. Association football, rugby union, baseball and many other sports were developed during the 19th century, while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as cricket to many different parts of the world.
It also marks the fall of the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans which led to the creation of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Romania as a result of the second Russo-Turkish War, which in itself followed the great Crimean War.
Map of the world from 1897. The
British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.
The discoveries of
Michael Faraday formed the foundation of electric motor technology
1816:
Shaka rises to power over the
Zulu Kingdom. Zulu expansion was a major factor of the
Mfecane (“Crushing”) that depopulated large areas of southern Africa
- 1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on April 6, 1830.
- 1830: July Revolution in France.
- 1830: The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium.
- 1830: Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador, and Venezuela took its place.
- 1830 November Uprising in Poland against Russia.
- 1831: France invades and occupies Algeria.
- 1831: Great Bosnian uprising against Ottoman rule occurs.
- 1831–1836: Charles Darwin's journey on the HMS Beagle.
Emigrants leaving
Ireland. From 1830 to 1914, almost 5 million Irish people went to the United States alone.
- 1831: November Uprising ends with crushing defeat for Poland in the Battle of Warsaw.
- 1831–33: Egyptian–Ottoman War.
- 1832: The British Parliament passes the Great Reform Act.
- 1833: Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire.
- 1833–76: Carlist Wars in Spain.
- 1834: The German Customs Union is formed.
- 1834: Spanish Inquisition officially ends.
- 1834: Britain amends the Poor Law demanding that any paupers requesting assistance must go to a workhouse.
- 1834–59: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus.
- 1835–36: The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas.
- 1836: Battle of the Alamo ends with defeat for Texan separatists.
- 1836: Battle of San Jacinto leads to the capture of General Santa Anna.
- 1836: Samuel Colt popularizes the revolver and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the Colt Paterson revolver a six bullets firearm shot one by one without reloading manually.
- 1837: Telegraphy patented.
- 1837: Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist
- 1837: Death of Alexander Pushkin
- 1837–1838: Rebellions of 1837 in Canada.
- 1837–1901: Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era.
- 1838: By this time, 46,000 Native Americans have been forcibly relocated in the Trail of Tears.
- 1838–40: Civil war in the Federal Republic of Central America led to the foundings of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
- 1839: Kingdom of Belgium declared.
- 1839–51: Uruguayan Civil War
- 1839–60: After two Opium Wars, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gained many concessions from China resulting in the decline of the Qing Dynasty.
- 1839–1919: Anglo-Afghan Wars lead to stalemate and the establishment of the Durand line
The Great Exhibition in London. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise.
Dead Confederate soldiers. 30% of all Southern white males 18–40 years of age died in the
American Civil War.
[9]
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacilli. In the 19th century,
tuberculosis killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe.
[10]
- 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi launches the Expedition of the Thousand
- 1860: The Pony Express started.
- 1861–65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy
- 1861: Russia abolishes serfdom.
- 1861–67: French intervention in Mexico and the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, ruled by Maximilian I of Mexico and his consort Carlota of Mexico.
- 1862: The Pony Express ended.
- 1862: French gain first foothold in Southeast Asia
- 1862–1877: Muslim Rebellion in northwest China.
- 1863: Bahá'u'lláh declares his station as "He whom God shall make manifest". This date is celebrated in the Bahá'í Faith as The Festival of Ridván.
- 1863: Formation of the International Red Cross is followed by the adoption of the First Geneva Convention in 1864.
- 1863: First section of the London Underground opens.
- 1863: France annexes Cambodia.
- 1863–1865: Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.
- 1864–66: The Chincha Islands War was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies.
- 1864–70: The Paraguayan War ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.
- 1865–77: Reconstruction in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
- 1865-April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War.
- 1865-April 14, 1865, United States President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated while attending a performance at Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C.. He dies approximately nine hours after being shot on April 15, 1865.
- 1865: Gregor Mendel formulates his laws of inheritance
- 1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.
- 1866: Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
- 1866–1868: Famine in Finland.
- 1866–69: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarks on a program of rapid modernization.
- 1867: The United States purchases Alaska from Russia.
- 1867: Canadian Confederation formed.
- 1867: The Principality of Serbia passes a Constitution which defines its independence from the Ottoman Empire. International recognition followed in 1878.
- 1868: The Expatriation Act is approved by Congress, guaranteeing U.S. citizens the right to expatriate. Coupled with the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution approved only one day later, the Expatriation Act allows U.S. citizens to renounce federal citizenship in order to regain Constitutional rights ceded by U.S. citizens as defined by the 14th Amendment.
- 1868: The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is approved.
- 1868: Cro-Magnon man first identified.
- 1868–1878: Ten Years' War between Cuba and Spain
- 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States on May 10.
- 1869: Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic table
- 1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
From 1865-1870
Paraguay lost more than half of its population in the
Paraguayan War against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.
- 1870–71: The Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of Germany and Italy, the collapse of the Second French Empire and the emergence of a New Imperialism.
- 1871–1872: Famine in Persia is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.
- 1871–1914: Second Industrial Revolution
- 1870s-1890s: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America
- 1871: The feudal system is dismantled in Japan.
- 1871: Henry Morton Stanley meets Dr. David Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika.
- 1872: Yellowstone National Park, the first national park, is created.
- 1872: The first recognised international soccer match, between England and Scotland, is played.
- 1873: Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism published.
- 1873: The samurai class is abolished in Japan.
- 1873: Blue jeans and barbed wire are invented.
- 1874: The Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs, better known today as the Impressionists organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer Nadar.
- 1874: The Home Rule Movement is established in Ireland.
- 1874: The British East India Company is dissolved.
- 1874–1875: First Republic in Spain.
- 1875: HMS Challenger surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep
- 1875–1900: 26 million Indians perish in India due to famine.
- 1876: Bulgarians instigate the April Uprising against Ottoman rule.
- 1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety.
- 1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India.
- 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn leads to the death of General Custer and victory for the alliance of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho
- 1876–1879: 13 million Chinese die of famine in northern China.
- 1876–1914: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the Gilded Age.
- 1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike.
- 1877: Crazy Horse surrenders and is later killed
- 1877: Asaph Hall discovers the moons of Mars
- 1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph
- 1877–78: Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Berlin recognizes formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania. Bulgaria becomes autonomous.
- 1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut.
A barricade in the
Paris Commune, March 18, 1871. Around 30,000 Parisians were killed, and thousands more were later executed.
- 1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa.
- 1879: Thomas Edison tests his first light bulb
- 1879–1880: Little War against Spanish rule in Cuba leads to rebel defeat.
- 1879–83: Chile battles with Peru and Bolivia over Andean territory in the War of the Pacific.
First bus in history: a
Benz truck modified by Netphener company (1895)
- Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, King of Poland
- Clara Barton, nurse, pioneer of the American Red Cross
- Sitting Bull, a leader of the Lakota
- John Burroughs, Naturalist, conservationist, writer
- Benito Juárez, Mexican President
- Davy Crockett, King of the wild frontier, folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician
- Jefferson Davis, Confederate States President
- William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer
- Baron Haussmann, civic planner
- Franz Joseph I of Austria, Emperor of Austria and brother of Mexican Emperor
- Chief Joseph, a leader of the Nez Percé
- Ned Kelly, Australian folk hero, and outlaw
- Elizabeth Kenny, Australian Nurse and found an Innovative Treatment of Polio
- Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the Tibetan culture
- Abraham Lincoln, United States President
- Fitz Hugh Ludlow, writer and explorer
- John Muir, Naturalist, writer, preservationist
- Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer
- Napoleon I, First Consul and Emperor of the French
- Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish political leader
- Commodore Perry, U.S. Naval commander, opened the door to Japan
- José Rizal, Filipino polymath, physician, nationalist, novelist, poet, liberator
- Sacagawea, Important aide to Lewis&Clark
- Ignaz Semmelweis, proponent of hygienic practices
- Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology
- F R Spofforth, Australian cricketer
- Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom
- William Wilberforce, Abolitionist, Philanthropist
- Hong Xiuquan inspired China's Taiping Rebellion, perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history
- Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto, promoted change in the labor system of Europe
- Nikola Karev commander and leader of the Ilinden Uprising in Ottoman-Macedonia.
- P. T. Barnum, showman
- David Belasco, actor, playwright, theatrical producer
- Sarah Bernhardt, actress
- Edwin Booth, actor
- Dion Boucicault, playwright
- Mrs Patrick Campbell, actress
- Anton Chekhov, playwright
- Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild West legend, and showman
- Baptiste Deburau, Bohemian–French actor and mime.
- Sergei Diaghilev, art critic, ballet impresario, founder of Mir Iskusstva and Ballets Russes
- Eleonora Duse, actress
- Henrik Ibsen, playwright
- Edmund Kean, actor
- Charles Kean, actor
- Lillie Langtry, actress, socialite
- Frédérick Lemaître, actor
- Jenny Lind, opera singer called the Swedish Nightingale
- Céleste Mogador, dancer
- Lola Montez, exotic dancer
- Adelaide Neilson, actress
- Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, playwright, theatre director, co-founder of Moscow Art Theatre
- Annie Oakley, Wild West, sharp-shooter
- Alexander Ostrovsky, playwright
- Lillian Russell, singer, actress
- George Bernard Shaw, playwright
- Constantin Stanislavski, actor, theatre director, co-founder of Moscow Art Theatre
- Edward Askew Sothern, actor
- Ellen Terry, actress
- Maria Yermolova, actress
- Cap Anson, baseball player
- Gentleman Jim Corbett, heavyweight boxer
- Big Ed Delahanty, baseball player
- Bob Fitzsimmons, heavyweight boxer
- Pud Galvin, baseball player
- Olympic Games, 1894 the IOC is formed, and the first Summer Olympics games are held in Athens, Greece in 1896
- Dr William Gilbert 'WG' Grace, cricketer
- Peter Jackson, heavyweight boxer
- James J. Jeffries, heavyweight boxer
- Ivan Poddubny, wrestler
- Old Hoss Radbourn, baseball player
- Tom Sharkey, heavyweight boxer
- John L. Sullivan, heavyweight boxer
- John Montgomery Ward, baseball player
- Evangelis Zappas, Founder of the International Modern Olympic Games
- John Jacob Astor III, Real Estate
- Andrew Carnegie, Industrialist, philanthropist
- Jay Cooke, Finance
- Henry Clay Frick, Industrialist, art collector
- Jay Gould, Railroad developer
- Meyer Guggenheim Family patriarch, mining
- Daniel Guggenheim (copper)
- E. H. Harriman, Railroads
- Henry O. Havemeyer (sugar), art collector
- George Hearst, Gold
- James J. Hill (railroads) – The Empire Builder
- Savva Mamontov, Industrialist, philanthropist
- Andrew W. Mellon, Industrialist, philanthropist, art collector
- J.P. Morgan, Banker, art collector
- Savva Morozov, Businessman and philanthropist
- George Mortimer Pullman (railroads)
- Ludvig Nobel, Oil
- Charles Pratt Oil, founder of the Pratt Institute
- Cecil Rhodes diamonds, mining magnate, founder of De Beers.
- John D. Rockefeller, Oil, Business tycoon, philanthropist
- Levi Strauss, clothing manufacturer
- Pavel Tretyakov, Businessman, art collector, philanthropist, founder of Tretyakov Gallery
- Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping, Railroads
- Nikolay Vtorov, Industrialist, banker, richest man in Russian Empire.
- William Chapman Ralston, Businessman, Financier, founder of Bank of California.
- William Bonney aka Henry McCarty aka Billy the Kid, Wild West, outlaw
- John Wilkes Booth, assassin
- James Bowie, Soldier, Texan who died at the Alamo, invented the Bowie knife
- Jim Bridger, Wild West, Mountain man
- John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist who led an armed insurrection at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859.
- Kit Carson, Wild West, frontiersman
- Cochise, Chiricahua Apache leader
- George Armstrong Custer, soldier, whose last stand was in the Wild West
- Wyatt Earp, Wild West, lawman
- Pat Garrett, Wild West, lawman
- Charles J. Guiteau, assassin
- Jack The Ripper, serial killer whose identity remains unknown.
- Geronimo, Chiricahua Apache leader
- Wild Bill Hickock, Legendary Wild West, lawman
- Doc Holliday, Legendary Wild West, gambler, gunfighter
- Crazy Horse, War leader of the Lakota
- Ignacy Hryniewiecki, assassin of Tsar Alexander II of Russia
- Frank James, Wild West, outlaw, older brother of Jesse
- Jesse James, Legendary Wild West, outlaw
- Calamity Jane, Frontierswoman
- Bat Masterson, Wild West, lawman, gambler, newspaperman
- Allan Pinkerton, spy, founded the Pinkerton Agency, first detective agency in the United States
- William Poole aka Bill the Butcher, member of the New York City gang, the Bowery Boys, a bare-knuckle boxer, and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement.
- Belle Starr Legendary Wild West, female outlaw
- Nat Turner, led a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia during August 1831.
- Churchill Babington, Archaeology
- Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier, Archaeology
- Franz Boas, Anthropology
- Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, Archaeology
- Louis Agassiz Fuertes, Ornithology
- George Bird Grinnell, Anthropology
- Joseph LeConte, Scholar, preservationist
- Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, Anthropology
- Clinton Hart Merriam, Zoology
- Lewis H. Morgan, Anthropology
- Jules Etienne Joseph Quicherat, Archaeology
- Robert Ridgway, Ornithology
- Edward Burnett Tylor, Anthropology
- Karl Verner, Linguist
- Roald Amundsen, explorer
- Samuel Baker, explorer
- Thomas Baines, artist, explorer
- Heinrich Barth, explorer
- Henry Walter Bates, naturalist, explorer
- Faddey Bellingshausen, explorer
- Jim Bridger, explorer
- Richard Francis Burton, explorer
- The Lewis&Clark expedition, exploration
- Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh, explorer
- Percy Fawcett, adventurer, explorer, proto-Indiana Jones
- Vladimir Gilyarovsky, journalist
- Horace Greeley, journalist
- Peter Jones (missionary), Canadian Methodist minister, and go-between between Christians and his fellow Mississaugas and other Indian tribes.
- Adoniram Judson, missionary
- Sir John Kirk, explorer, physician, companion of David Livingston
- Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, botanist, explorer, friend of Charles Darwin
- Sir William Jackson Hooker, botanist, explorer, father of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
- Otto von Kotzebue, explorer
- Pyotr Kozlov, explorer
- Mikhail Lazarev, fleet commander, explorer
- Meriwether Lewis, explorer
- David Livingstone, missionary
- Stepan Makarov, explorer, oceanographer
- Thomas Nast, journalist, caricaturist and editorial cartoonist
- Robert Peary, explorer
- Marcelo H. del Pilar, writer, journalist, editor of La Solidaridad.
- Nikolai Przhevalsky, explorer
- Frederick Selous, explorer
- Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, explorer, geographer
- John Hanning Speke, explorer
- Henry M. Stanley, journalist, explorer
- John McDouall Stuart, explorer
- John L. O'Sullivan, journalist who coined Manifest Destiny
- Chokan Valikhanov, explorer ethnographer, historian
- Ferdinand von Wrangel, explorer
- Ottomar Anschütz, chronophotographer
- Mathew Brady, documented the American Civil War
- Edward S. Curtis, documented the American West notably Native Americans
- Louis Daguerre, inventor of daguerreotype process of photography, chemist
- Thomas Eakins, pioneer motion photographer
- George Eastman, inventor of the roll of film
- Hércules Florence, pioneer inventor of photography
- Auguste and Louis Lumière, pioneer filmmakers, inventors
- Étienne-Jules Marey, pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer
- Eadweard Muybridge, pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer
- Nadar aka Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, portrait photographer
- Nicéphore Niépce, pioneer inventor of photography
- Louis Le Prince, motion picture inventor and pioneer filmmaker
- Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, chemist and photographer
- William Fox Talbot, inventor of the negative / positive photographic process.
The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. 19th century painters included:
Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list includes:
On the literary front the new century opens with romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain.
French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began.
The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto.
There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some other important writers of note included:
The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell.[11] Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table of elements. Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gave the world a practical everyday lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis for functions of real and complex variables; they also began the use of hypercomplex numbers. But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included:
- Amedeo Avogadro, physicist
- Johann Jakob Balmer, mathematician, physicist
- Henri Becquerel, physicist
- Alexander Graham Bell, inventor
- Ludwig Boltzmann, physicist
- János Bolyai, mathematician
- Louis Braille, inventor of braille
- Robert Bunsen, chemist
- Marie Curie, physicist, chemist
- Pierre Curie, physicist
- Gottlieb Daimler, engineer, industrial designer and industrialist
- Christian Doppler, physicist, mathematician
- Thomas Edison, inventor
- Michael Faraday, scientist
- Léon Foucault, physicist
- Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher
- Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis
- Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer
- Josiah Willard Gibbs, physicist
- Ernst Haeckel, biologist
- William Rowan Hamilton, physicist and mathematician
- Oliver Heaviside, electrical engineer, physical mathematician
- Heinrich Hertz, physicist
- Alexander von Humboldt, naturalist, explorer
- Robert Koch, physician, bacteriologist
- Justus von Liebig, chemist
- Nikolai Lobachevsky, mathematician
- James Clerk Maxwell, physicist
- Wilhelm Maybach, car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist
- Ilya Mechnikov, biologist
- Gregor Mendel, biologist
- Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist
- Samuel Morey, inventor
- Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, inventor
- Louis Pasteur, microbiologist and chemist
- Ivan Pavlov, physiologist
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal, biologist
- Bernhard Riemann, mathematician
- William Emerson Ritter, biologist
- Vladimir Shukhov, inventor
- Nikola Tesla, inventor
- William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, physicist
The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including:
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya Islamic movement in India.
- Bahá'u'lláh founded the Bahá'í Faith in Persia
- Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist
- William Booth, social reformer, founder of the Salvation Army
- Auguste Comte, philosopher
- Mary Baker Eddy, religious leader, founder of Christian Science
- Friedrich Engels, political philosopher
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher
- Allan Kardec, sistematizer of the Spiritist Doctrine
- Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher
- Peter Kropotkin, anarchist
- Karl Marx, political philosopher
- Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Mutualist anarchist
- John Stuart Mill, philosopher
- Krste Petkov Misirkov, philosopher and historian
- William Morris, social reformer
- Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
- Nikolai (Nicholas) of Japan, religious leader, introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan
- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic
- Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism
- Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher
- Joseph Smith, Jr. and Brigham Young, founders of Mormonism
- Vladimir Solovyov, philosopher
- Leo Tolstoy, anarchist
- Ayya Vaikundar, initiator of the belief system of Ayyavazhi
- Ellen White religious author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
- John Adams, American statesman, lawyer, and president
- John Quincy Adams, U.S. congressman, lawyer, and president
- Alexander I of Russia
- Alexander III of Russia
- Susan B. Anthony, U.S. women's rights advocate
- Pyotr Bagration, Russian general
- Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor
- Napoleon Bonaparte, French general, first consul and emperor
- John C. Calhoun, U.S. senator
- Henry Clay, U.S. statesman, "The Great Compromiser"
- Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America just before and during the American Civil War.
- Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
- Frederick Douglass, U.S. abolitionist spokesman
- Ferdinand VII of Spain
- Joseph Fouché, French politician
- John C. Frémont, Explorer, Governor of California
- Giuseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier
- Alexander Gorchakov, Russian Chancellor
- Isabella II of Spain
- Gojong of Joseon, Korean emperor
- William Lloyd Garrison, U.S. abolitionist leader
- Mikhail Loris-Melikov, Russian statesman
- William Ewart Gladstone, British prime minister
- Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general and president
- George Hearst, U.S. Senator and father of William Randolph Hearst
- Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism
- Andrew Jackson, U.S. general and president
- Thomas Jefferson, American statesman, philosopher, and president
- Ioannis Kapodistrias, Russian and Greek statesman
- Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence
- Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian general
- Robert E. Lee, Confederate general
- Libertadores, Latin American liberators
- Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president; led the nation during the American Civil War
- Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada, first Prime Minister of Canada
- Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor
- Mutsuhito, Japanese emperor
- Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral
- Napoleon III
- Karl Nesselrode, Russian Chancellor
- Nicholas I of Russia
- Pedro II of Brazil
- Cecil Rhodes
- Theodore Roosevelt, Explorer, Naturalist, future President of The United States
- William Tecumseh Sherman, Union general during the American Civil War
- Fulwar Skipwith, the first and only president of the short lived Republic of West Florida
- Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general
- Leland Stanford, Governor of California, U.S. Senator, entrepreneur
- István Széchenyi, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement
- Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician
- Harriet Tubman, African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, played a part in the Underground Railroad
- William M. Tweed, aka Boss Tweed, influential New York City politician, head of Tammany Hall
- Queen Victoria, British monarch
- Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British General and prime minister
- Sergei Witte, Russian statesman
- Hong Xiuquan, revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God
- Aleksey Yermolov, Russian general
- Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese Shogun (The Last Shogun)
Media related to 19th century at Wikimedia Commons
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