Look up driver in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Driver may refer to:

Places[link]

• Driver, Northern Territory, Australia
• Driver, Virginia, USA

Surnames of people[link]

• Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver (both died 1558), English Protestant martyrs
• Andrew Driver (born 1987), English professional footballer
• Betty Driver (born 1920), English singer, actress and author
• Bruce Driver (born 1962), Canadian ice-hockey player
• Charles Henry Driver (1832-1900), British architect
• Chris Driver, English entertainer
• Donald Driver (born 1975), American football player
• Faredoon Driver (1903 - 1982), Indian sage
• Sir Godfrey Rolles Driver (1892 - 1975), English orientalist
• James G. Driver, American college basketball coach
• Jeremiah Driver (1861 - 1946), English cricketer
• Jon Driver, British psychologist and neuroscientist
• Michael B. Driver (1868-1942), American politician
• Minnie Driver (born 1970), English actress and singer
• Moses Driver, Fijian police officer
• Oliver Driver (born 1974), New Zealand actor and director
• Paddy Driver (born 1934), South African motorcyclist and racing driver
• Richard Driver (1829 – 1880), Australian solicitor, politician and cricket administrator
• Ryan Driver (born 1979), English cricketer
• Samuel Rolles Driver (1846 - 1914), English biblical scholar
  • Brown Driver Briggs, Hebrew lexicon of which S. R. Driver was co-author
• Sara Driver, American filmmaker
• Toby Driver (born 1978), avant-garde musician, founder of Kayo Dot
• William Driver (1803–1886), American ship's captain who coined the phrase "Old Glory" for the U.S. flag
• William J. Driver (1873–1948), American politician from Arkansas
• William L. Driver, American football coach for Washburn University, Mississippi, TCU and UC Davis
• Busdriver, American rapper

Fiction[link]

• Laurie Driver, character who occasionally appears in Viz

Occupation and activity[link]

A person who drives a motor vehicle of any sort:

• Driver, a person engaged in driving
  • Driver's Education
  • Driving test
  • Driver visibility
  • Advanced driver assistance systems
  • High Performance Drivers Education
  • Minibus Driver Awareness Scheme (UK)
  • Driver's Vision Enhancer
  • Driver Monitoring System
  • Ten Commandments for Drivers, 2007 document from the Vatican
  • Association of British Drivers
• Co-driver
• Designated driver, one who abstains from alcohol when others are drinking
• Back seat driver
• Intelligent Driver Model, model used in traffic analysis
• Remove Intoxicated Drivers, US organization
• Bikers Against Drunk Drivers, Canadian organization

Driver licences[link]

• Driver's license
• International Drivers License
• International Driving Permit
• Driver's license in the United States
• Graduated driver's licenses (USA)
• National Driver Register (USA)
• Driver License Compact (USA)
• Driver License Agreement (USA)
• Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (UK)
• Driver & Vehicle Agency (Northern Ireland)
• Driver's licence in Australia
• Driver's licence in Canada
• Driver's license in Iran
• Driver licensing in New Zealand
• Driver's license in the Philippines
• Eliot Spitzer drivers license controversy (New York state)
• Coalition for a Secure Driver's License (USA)

Car racing[link]

• Pay driver, independent racing driver
• Test driver
• Third driver
  • Driver development program
  • Renault Driver Development
  • Red Bull Junior Team

Other professionals[link]

• Driver, a Chauffeur, a person who drives an automobile as a job
  • Association of Pizza Delivery Drivers USA trades union
  • Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers, London taxi trade Livery Company
• Bus driver
• Truck driver
  • Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association
  • Professional Truck Driver Institute (USA)
  • Commercial driver's license (USA)
  • Commercial driver's license training (USA)
  • Commercial Driver's License Information System (USA)
  • Drivers' working hours, European Union regulations
  • NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 1957 US Supreme Court decision
• Train driver or Railroad engineer
  • Driver reminder appliance, safety device for use of train driver
• Electric vehicle driver, usually known as Motorman
• Driver (rank), British army rank
• Driver and Mechanic Badge, US Army

Sport[link]

• IRB driver, person controlling IRB
• Driver, a Wood (golf), that is a golf club
• Driver, a position in water polo
• Driver (sail), a type of sail
• Hell Drivers, stunt driving

Competitive driving organizations[link]

• List of Formula One drivers
• List of Formula One driver records
• List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
• Grand Prix Drivers' Association
• List of NASCAR drivers
• NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers
• NASCAR's Most Popular Driver Award
• British Racing Drivers' Club
• List of World Rally Championship drivers
• List of World Rally Championship Drivers' Champions
• List of Champ Car drivers
• FIA European Championships for Rallycross Drivers
• Short-course Off-road Drivers Association (USA)
• American Racing Drivers Club
• Best Driver ESPY Award
• List of ARCA drivers
• List of GP2 Series drivers
• List of GP2 Asia Series drivers
• List of International Formula 3000 drivers
• List of Superleague Formula drivers
• Australian Drivers' Championship

Mechanical engineering[link]

• Syringe driver
• Screwdriver, mechanical device used to tighten or loosen screws
• Impact driver
• Pile driver
• Driving wheel, part of a steam locomotive
• Driverless car
• Mass driver, speculative spacecraft drive
  • Mass Driver 1

Electronics[link]

Circuitry which outputs a signal to operate a later stage or transducer.

• Driver circuit
• Line driver
• Linear Transformer Driver, device for producing very large current pulses
• Speaker driver
  • Compression driver

Computing[link]

Software used to interface a particular hardware device with an operating system

• Device driver, general term for a software component used to interact with hardware devices
  • Printer driver
  • Mirror driver
  • Uniform Driver Interface
  • Class driver
• Nexus driver
  • Leaf driver
• Omega drivers
• Driver wrapper
• JDBC driver or XQJ driver
• OpenLink ODBC Drivers
• IBM Subsystem Device Driver
• Comparison of open source wireless drivers
• Commodore Amiga MIDI Driver

Microsoft Windows driver elements[link]

• Transport Driver Interface
• Broadcast Driver Architecture
• Network Driver Interface Specification
• Windows Display Driver Model
• Windows Driver Model
• Windows Driver Foundation
  • Kernel-Mode Driver Framework
  • User-Mode Driver Framework
• Windows Driver Kit
• Filter driver

Arcade and video games[link]

• Night Driver, 1976 arcade game
• Ace Driver 3D racing arcade game released in 1994
• Ace Driver: Victory Lap
• Driver (series), series of video games
  • Driver (video game), the first game in the series
  • Driver 2, the second game in the series
  • Driv3r, the third game in the series
  • Driver: Parallel Lines, the fourth game in the series
  • Driver 76, a PSP game
  • Driver: Vegas, a mobile game
  • Driver: LA Undercover, a mobile game
  • Driver San Francisco, the fifth game in the series
• Car Driver
• Bus Driver (video game)
• Race Driver: GRID
• TOCA Race Driver 3
• Stunt Driver
• World Driver Championship
• Race Driver 2006
• Race Driver: Create and Race
• Car and Driver (video game)
• Chase: Hollywood Stunt Driver

Music[link]

• Driver 8, single from R.E.M.
• Driver's Seat, 1978 hit song
• Mr. Cab Driver, 1990 number from Lenny Kravitz
• Jerry Was a Race Car Driver, 1991 number from Primus
• The Bus Driver's Prayer & Other Stories, 1992 album by Ian Dury
• Driver's High, 1999 number from L'Arc-en-ciel
• Project Driver, album by M.A.R.S.
• Jatt Driver Fauji, 2005 album by Kulwinder Dhillon
• Sunday Driver, American band
• The Spike Drivers, American band
• The Log Driver's Waltz, Canadian folk song
• Taxi Driver (song), by Gym Class heroes

Books and films[link]

• California Drivers Handbook
• Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver 1960 German fantasy novel by Michael Ende
• The Driver's Seat (novel), by Muriel Spark
• Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers, 1989 book based on TV series
• The Deluge Drivers, 1982 science fiction novel by Alan Dean Foster
• The Reckless Driver, 1946 cartoon film
• Taxi Driver (1954 film), Hindi film
• Hell Drivers (film), 1957
• Adventures of a Taxi Driver, British comedy film
• The Driver, 1978 film
• Pedicab Driver, 1989 film
• The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife, 1991 documentary film about apartheid in South Africa
• Forklift Driver Klaus - The First Day on the Job, 2000 parody of work safety films
• Sunday Driver (film), 2005 documentary
• A Driver for Vera 2004 Ukrainian film
• Drivers Wanted, 2005 comedy film
• Hollywood Stunt Driver
• éX-Driver, manga series
• AM Driver, anime series
• Bus Driver's Prayer, comic poem
• Transmetal Driver sci-fi artifact
• The Driver: My Dangerous Pursuit of Speed and Truth in the Outlaw Racing World, Alex Roy

Magazines and television[link]

• Drivers Republic, British-based website
• Car and Driver, American magazine
  • Car and Driver Ten Best
  • Car And Driver Television
• Roush Racing: Driver X, television show
• NASCAR Drivers: Non-Stop, television series
• Canada's Worst Driver, television show
• Canada's Worst Driver 2
• Canada's Worst Driver 3
• Canada's Worst Driver 4
• Britain's Worst Driver, televisoion show
• Britain's Worst Celebrity Driver, television show
• World's Worst Driver, UK television show

Other[link]

• Driver ant or Dorylus
• HMS Driver, Navy ship
  • HMS Driver (1840)
• Digital Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research, (DRIVER) project, A European project aiming to build a virtual infrastructure to support the European Information Space
• Potential Getaway Driver, independent record label
• Driver Group, Australian bus company
• Drivers Jonas, British property consultants
• Driver Hearing, legal process (New Jersey, USA) on applicability of sound recordings as evidence
• Cost driver, accounting concept

See also[link]

• Glossary of rail terminology
• Pile driver (disambiguation)
• Screwdriver (disambiguation)
• Taxi Driver (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Buju Banton
Buju Banton performing at Ilosaarirock, 2006
Background information
Birth name	Mark Anthony Myrie
Also known as	Gargamel
Born	(1973-07-15) 15 July 1973 (age 38)
Origin	Kingston, Jamaica
Genres	Reggae, dancehall, reggae fusion, roots reggae
Occupations	Deejay, Singer
Years active	1987-2011
Labels	Gargamel Music
Website	www.gargamelmusic.com

Buju Banton (born Mark Anthony Myrie 15 July 1973)^[1] is a Jamaican dancehall, ragga, and reggae musician. Banton has recorded pop and dance songs, as well as songs dealing with sociopolitical topics.

He released early dancehall singles in 1991, but came to prominence in 1992 with two albums, including Mr. Mention, which became the best-selling album in Jamaican history upon its release. Banton signed with major label Mercury Records and released Voice of Jamaica the following year. By the mid-1990s, Banton had converted to the Rastafari faith, and his music undertook a more spiritual tone. His 2010 album Before the Dawn was the winner for Best Reggae Album at the 53rd annual Grammy Awards.

Banton gained international notoriety early on in his career for the anti-gay track "Boom Bye Bye", as well as for his 2009 arrest and conviction on drug conspiracy and firearms charges, for which he is currently serving a ten-year federal prison sentence in Federal Transfer Center with a scheduled release date of January 2019.

Biography[link]

Background[link]

Buju Banton was born in Kingston, Jamaica in a poor neighborhood called Salt Lane. Buju is a nickname given to chubby children that means breadfruit and was given to him by his mother as a child. Banton is a Jamaican word that refers to someone who is a respected storyteller, and it was adopted by Myrie in tribute to the deejay Burro Banton, whom Buju admired as a child.^[2] It was Burro's rough gravelly vocals that Buju emulated and ultimately made his own. Buju's mother was a higgler, or street vendor, while his father worked as a labourer at a tile factory. He was the youngest of fifteen children born into a family that was directly descended from the Maroons of Jamaica.

Early career[link]

As a youngster, Buju would often watch his favorite artists perform at outdoor shows and local dancehalls in Denham Town. At the age of 12, he picked up the [microphone] for himself and began toasting under the moniker of Gargamel, working with the Sweet Love and Rambo Mango sound systems.^[2] In 1986, he was introduced to producer Robert Ffrench by fellow deejay Clement Irie, and his first single, "The Ruler" was released not long afterwards in 1987.^[2] This led to recording sessions with producers such as Patrick Roberts, Bunny Lee, Winston Riley, and Digital B, and in 1988, aged 15, he first recorded the song "Boom Bye Bye".^[2] The song was written in response to a widely reported man/boy rape case in Jamaica.

1990s[link]

In 1991, Buju joined Donovan Germain's Penthouse Records label and began a fruitful partnership with producer Dave Kelly who later launched his own Madhouse Records label.^[2] Buju is one of the most popular musicians in Jamaican history, having major chart success in 1992, with "Bogle" and "Love me Browning", both massive hits in Jamaica. Controversy erupted over "Love Me Browning" which spoke of Banton's penchant for light-skinned women: "I love my car I love my house I love my money and ting, but most of all I love my browning." Some accused Banton of promoting a colonialist mindset and denigrating the beauty of dark skinned black women. In response, he released "Love Black Woman" which spoke of his love for dark-skinned beauties: "Mi nuh Stop cry, fi all black women, respect all the girls dem with dark complexion".^[3] 1992 was an explosive year for Buju as he broke Bob Marley's record for the greatest number of number one singles in a year. Beginning with "Woman fi Sex", Buju's gruff voice dominated the Jamaican airwaves for the duration of the year. Banton's debut album, Mr. Mention, includes his greatest hits from that year. 1992 saw the unsanctioned re-release of "Boom Bye Bye", which almost destroyed his career.^[2] The song was the subject of outrage in the United States and Europe, leading to Banton being dropped from the line-up of the WOMAD festival that year.^[2] Banton subsequently issued a public apology.^[2]

Now on the major Mercury/PolyGram Records label, Banton released the hard-hitting Voice of Jamaica in 1993. The album included a number of conscious tracks. These tracks included "Deportees", a song which criticized those Jamaicans who went abroad but never sent money home; a remix of Little Roy's "Tribal War", a sharp condemnation of political violence; and "Willy, Don't Be Silly", which promoted safe sex and the use of contraceptives, particularly the condom, profits from which were donated to a charity supporting children with AIDS.^[2] He was invited to meet Jamaican Prime Minister P. J. Patterson, and won several awards that year at the Caribbean Music Awards, the Canadian Music Awards, and the Topeka ceremony.^[2]

Banton's lyrics often dealt with violence, which he explained as reflecting the images that young Jamaicans were presented with by the news media, but the reality of Kingston's violence was brought home in 1993 by the murders in separate incidents of two of his friends and fellow recording artists, the deejays Pan Head and Dirtsman.^[2] His response was the single "Murderer", which condemned gun violence, going against the flow of the prevailing lyrical content in dancehall. The song inspired several clubs to stop playing songs with excessively violent subject matter. Late in 1994, Buju was also affected by the death of his friend Garnett Silk. Buju's transformation continued, embracing the Rastafari movement and growing dreadlocks. He joined "conscious" deejay Tony Rebel, Papa San, and General Degree in the Yardcore Collective. His performances and musical releases took on a more spiritual tone. Banton toured Europe and Japan, playing sold out shows.

'Til Shiloh (1995) was a very influential album, using a studio band instead of synthesized music, and marking a slight shift away from dancehall towards roots reggae for Banton. Buju claimed to have sighted Rastafari and his new album reflected these beliefs. Til Shiloh successfully blended conscious lyrics with a hard-hitting dancehall vibe. The album included earlier singles such as "Murderer", and "Untold Stories". "Untold Stories" revealed an entirely different Buju Banton from the one that had stormed to dancehall stardom. It is regarded by many as some of his best work, and is a staple in the Banton performance repertoire. Reminiscent in mood and delivery to "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley, "Untold Stories" won Buju Banton many favorable comparisons to the late singer. This album had a large impact on dancehall music and proved that dancehall audiences had not forgotten the message that Roots Reggae expounded with the use of "conscious lyrics". Dancehall music did not move away from slack and violent lyrics, but the album did pave the way for a greater spirituality within the music. In the wake of Buju's transformation to Rastafari, many artists, such as Capleton, converted to the faith and began to denounce violence.

In 1996, Buju contributed "Wanna Be Loved (Desea ser Amado)" along with Los Pericos to the Red Hot Organization's album Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin for the Red Hot Benefit Series. This series raises money to increase AIDS awareness.

Inna Heights (1997) substantially increased Banton's international audience as Buju explored his singing ability and recorded a number of roots-tinged tracks, including the hugely popular "Destiny" and "Hills and Valleys". The album also included collaborations with artists such as Beres Hammond and the legendary Toots Hibbert. The album was well-received but had distribution problems. Also, some fans were disappointed, having hoped for another ground-breaking album like Til Shiloh. Still, Buju's experimentation and soaring vocals impressed many fans and this album remains a highly regarded work.

In 1998, Buju met the punk band Rancid and recorded three tracks with them: "Misty Days", "Hooligans" and "Life Won't Wait". The latter became the title track of Rancid's 1998 album, Life Won't Wait.

2000s[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2009)

Buju Banton performing in 2007.

Buju signed with Anti- Records, a subsidiary of Brett Gurewitz's Epitaph records, and released Unchained Spirit in 2000.^[4] The album showcased diverse musical styles, and featured guest appearances by Luciano, Morgan Heritage, Stephen Marley, and Rancid. It carried little of the roots feel heard on Til Shiloh and virtually none of the hardcore dancehall sound which had brought him to public acclaim early in his career. It was a departure which left many fans uncomfortable. 

Several singles followed in the start of the new decade, which were perceived as more mellow and introspective, as opposed to the dancehall approach of his early career. In March 2003, Banton released Friends for Life, which featured more sharply political songs, including "Mr. Nine", an anti-gun hit.^[5] The album focused on political messages regarding the African diaspora, featuring excerpts from a speech made by Marcus Garvey. "Paid Not Played", also featured on the album, displayed a gradual return to the themes more popular in dancehall. The album also featured some hip hop influence with the inclusion of rapper Fat Joe.

2006 saw the release of the Too Bad, an album more dancehall-orientated in style. One of the slower tracks from the album, "Driver A", went on to become a major hit, while at the same time reviving Sly & Robbie's "Taxi" riddim.

He performed at the Cricket World Cup 2007 Opening Ceremony with Third World and Beres Hammond.

The album Rasta Got Soul was released on 21 April 2009, a date which marked the 43rd anniversary of Emperor Haile Selassie's visit to Jamaica in 1966. Produced by Banton, with contributions from longtime collaborators Donovan Germain, Stephen Marsden and Wyclef Jean, Rasta Got Soul was recorded over a seven year period before its release. It went on to become his fourth Grammy nomination for Best Reggae Album in 2010.

On 13 February 2011, one day before the scheduled start of his second court trial in Tampa, Florida, Buju Banton's Before the Dawn album was announced as the winner of Best Reggae Album at the 53rd annual Grammy Awards.^[6]

Controversies[link]

Homophobic stance[link]

Banton has attracted criticism over his homophobic lyrics in his hit "Boom Bye Bye", written when he was 15 years old and released in 1988, contains lyrics allegedly supporting the murder of gay men. In 2009 gay rights group appealed to venues around the United States not to host Buju Banton.^[7]

Banton was charged in connection with a 2004 incident in which he, as part of a group of about a dozen people, allegedly beat six men believed to be homosexuals after forcing entry into a house in Kingston near Banton's recording studio. One of the victims lost use of an eye in the fight. Charges against Banton were dismissed by the judge in the case in January 2006, for lack of evidence.^[8][9]

In 2007 Banton was allegedly among a number of reggae artists who signed a pledge, the Reggae Compassionate Act, created by the Stop Murder Music campaign, to refrain from performing homophobic songs or making homophobic statements,^[10] but he later denied that he had made any such commitment.^[11]

Federal drug charges[link]

Mug shot of Banton taken after his arrest.

In December 2009 Drug Enforcement Administration agents remanded Banton to custody in Miami, where the U.S. Attorney charged him with conspiracy to distribute and possession of more than five kilograms of cocaine.^[12] Banton was then moved to the Pinellas County Jail where he remained until trial. A six-day trial in Tampa, Florida was declared a mistrial on 27 September 2010, after the jury was unable to reach a unanimous decision.^[13] During the trial, audio recordings were presented of Banton and a drug-dealer-turned-government-informant discussing drugs, drug prices and smuggling. Banton was also seen on a video recording meeting the informant in a police-controlled warehouse tasting cocaine from a kilogram bag.^[13] The informant was reportedly paid $50,000 for his work on the case.^[13] The singer was released that November on bond,^[14] and a new trial was scheduled for February 2011 after prosecutors won reindictment.

He was allowed to perform one concert between trials, which was held on 16 January 2011 to a sold-out crowd in Miami.^[15]

On 22 February 2011, Banton was found guilty of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five or more kilograms of cocaine, possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking offense and using communication wires to facilitate a drug-trafficking offense. He was found not guilty on the charge of attempted possession of five kilograms or more of cocaine.^[16] Four months later, he was sentenced to ten years and one month in a federal prison for the cocaine trafficking conviction.^[17] He is scheduled to be released in January 2019.^[18]

Discography[link]

• 1992: Stamina Daddy (later repackaged as Quick)
• 1992: Mr. Mention
• 1993: Voice of Jamaica
• 1995: 'Til Shiloh
• 1997: Inna Heights
• 2000: Unchained Spirit
• 2003: Friends for Life
• 2006: Too Bad
• 2009: Rasta Got Soul
• 2010: Before the Dawn

References[link]

External links[link]

• Buju Banton @ Reggaeville
• Buju Banton Wins 2011 Grammy Award For Best Reggae Album
• Buju Banton Federal Drug Charge
• Official website
• discogs.com entry