- published: 22 Dec 2010
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- Gyula Illyés
- György Bessenyei
- György Dózsa
- György Kurtág
- György Ligeti
- Gáspár Károli
- Géza Anda
- Géza Gárdonyi
- Hungarian American
- Hungarian people
- Huns
- Imre Kertész
- Imre Nagy
- István Medgyaszay
- István Széchenyi
- István Tisza
- Iván Fischer
- Janus Pannonius
- Jassic people
- John Hunyadi
- John von Neumann
- John Zápolya
- Joseph Haydn
- Joseph Joachim
- Joseph Szigeti
- Julia Hamari
- János Arany
- János Batsányi
- János Bolyai
- János Csonka
- János Damjanich
- János Ferencsik
- János Irinyi
- János Kádár
- János Pilinszky
- János Áder
- József Simándy
- Koppány
- Kristóf Baráti
- Kálmán Kandó
- Károly Binder
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- Lajos Batthyány
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- Leonid Brezhnev
- Leopold Auer
- Leó Szilárd
- List of Hungarians
- Lombards
- Loránd Eötvös
- Louis I of Hungary
- Louis II of Hungary
- Louis XV of France
- László Bíró
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- László Lovász
- Magda Szabó
- Matthias Corvinus
- Mihály Babits
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- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Miklós Horthy
- Miklós Rózsa
- Miksa Déri
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- Napoleon III
- Nicholas I of Russia
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- Ottó Bláthy
- Pascal Lamy
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- Pope Sylvester II
- Péter Esterházy
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- Raoul Wallenberg
- Romani people
- Romanians
- Rudolf Kastner
- Rufus Yerxa
- Rusyns
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- Zsigmond Móricz
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- Árpád
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Hungary - World of Potentials
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Written and directed by Isti Madarász Produced by AERA - www.aera.hu Music by Jorgosz & Lepe (Balkan Fanatik), ének: Nóri Kovács - based on the song of Muzsi...
http://wn.com/Hungary_World_of_Potentials
Written and directed by Isti Madarász Produced by AERA - www.aera.hu Music by Jorgosz & Lepe (Balkan Fanatik), ének: Nóri Kovács - based on the song of Muzsi...
FUNNY Google Street View in HUNGARY (First look) (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
FUNNY PICTURES FROM GSV Google Street View adds Hungary and hits 50 countries! ( Music: "Showtek, Justin Prime -- Cannonball (Original Mix)" ) ( Source of im...
http://wn.com/FUNNY_Google_Street_View_in_HUNGARY_First_look_HD
FUNNY PICTURES FROM GSV Google Street View adds Hungary and hits 50 countries! ( Music: "Showtek, Justin Prime -- Cannonball (Original Mix)" ) ( Source of im...
- published: 24 Apr 2013
- author: gigapicsa
Short Presentation about Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
It's the first version of our presentation in Germany about Hungary. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wozzx6lBgSc here is the normal version) There are some m...
http://wn.com/Short_Presentation_about_Hungary
It's the first version of our presentation in Germany about Hungary. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wozzx6lBgSc here is the normal version) There are some m...
- published: 04 Jun 2012
- views: 197914
- author: Kristóf Kovács
Hungary: Standing Up to the West?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:11
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Since the fall of Communism, Hungary has been doing everything the Western institutions have asked, privatizing and selling off state assets, which resulted ...
http://wn.com/Hungary_Standing_Up_to_the_West?
Since the fall of Communism, Hungary has been doing everything the Western institutions have asked, privatizing and selling off state assets, which resulted ...
- published: 20 Aug 2012
- views: 13939
- author: PressTVGlobalNews
OZZMOSIS - Ozzy Tribute Hungary (Promo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/ozzytributehungary.
http://wn.com/OZZMOSIS_Ozzy_Tribute_Hungary_Promo
FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/ozzytributehungary.
- published: 23 Apr 2013
- views: 12
- author: petirudolf
Hungary: The problem of water | European Journal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:56
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
Nearly two million people in Hungary - particularly in the southeast - lack access to clean drinking water. In a number of European countries, the groundwate...
http://wn.com/Hungary_The_problem_of_water_|_European_Journal
Nearly two million people in Hungary - particularly in the southeast - lack access to clean drinking water. In a number of European countries, the groundwate...
- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 336
- author: deutschewelleenglish
The Trajectory of Democracy: Why Hungary Matters
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 153:54
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
Witnesses: Kim Lane-Princeton University; Sylvna Habdank-Kolaczkowska-Freedom House; Paul Shapiro-U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
http://wn.com/The_Trajectory_of_Democracy_Why_Hungary_Matters
Witnesses: Kim Lane-Princeton University; Sylvna Habdank-Kolaczkowska-Freedom House; Paul Shapiro-U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- published: 19 Mar 2013
- views: 9734
- author: SenatorCardin
Budapest, Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:35
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Recorded July 21-22, 2011: Long video of my two-day stay in Budapest, Hungary includes: 00:23 Flight from Paris, France 01:46 Landing at Budapest Airport 04:...
http://wn.com/Budapest,_Hungary
Recorded July 21-22, 2011: Long video of my two-day stay in Budapest, Hungary includes: 00:23 Flight from Paris, France 01:46 Landing at Budapest Airport 04:...
- published: 07 Sep 2011
- views: 136446
- author: hoosiertim
Hungary vs. Japan - 2013 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship Division I Group A
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
Hungary defended its bronze medal and finished in third place in the Division I for the third consecutive time after edging Japan 1-0.
http://wn.com/Hungary_vs_Japan_2013_IIHF_Ice_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I_Group_A
Hungary defended its bronze medal and finished in third place in the Division I for the third consecutive time after edging Japan 1-0.
- published: 20 Apr 2013
- views: 2188
- author: iihf
Hungary-Kazakhstan goals, WC Div.I/A., 17th April, 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:27
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Hungary-Kazakhstan goals, WC Div.I/A., 17th April, 2013.
http://wn.com/Hungary-Kazakhstan_goals,_WC_DivI_A,_17th_April,_2013
Hungary-Kazakhstan goals, WC Div.I/A., 17th April, 2013.
- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 6263
- author: Krisztian Horvath
Budapest, Hungary Travel Guide - Top 10 Must-See Attraction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
http://bookinghunter.com Budapest is the beautiful capital city of Hungary which is home to a wealth of culture and attractions, with a prolific classical mu...
http://wn.com/Budapest,_Hungary_Travel_Guide_Top_10_Must-See_Attraction
http://bookinghunter.com Budapest is the beautiful capital city of Hungary which is home to a wealth of culture and attractions, with a prolific classical mu...
- published: 22 Feb 2013
- views: 1713
- author: BookingHunterTV
Emmure - Solar Flare Homicide ( Live At Dürer Kert, Hungary 2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Emmure_Solar_Flare_Homicide_Live_At_Dürer_Kert,_Hungary_2013
Attila - Party With The Devil ( Live At Dürer Kert, Hungary 2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Attila_Party_With_The_Devil_Live_At_Dürer_Kert,_Hungary_2013
Like A Version: Hungry Kids Of Hungary - Feels Like We Only Go Backwards (Tame Impala cover)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
Hungry Kids Of Hungary cover fellow Aussie rockers Tame Impala, with their own take on 'Feels Like We Only Go Backwards' for Like A Version. ----------------...
http://wn.com/Like_A_Version_Hungry_Kids_Of_Hungary_Feels_Like_We_Only_Go_Backwards_Tame_Impala_cover
Hungry Kids Of Hungary cover fellow Aussie rockers Tame Impala, with their own take on 'Feels Like We Only Go Backwards' for Like A Version. ----------------...
- published: 05 Apr 2013
- views: 47228
- author: triplejtv
Hungary vs. Italy - 2013 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship Division I Group A
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
With the fourth win in the fourth game, 2-1 against Hungary, Italy secured a berth among the top-two teams at this tournament and consequently the promotion ...
http://wn.com/Hungary_vs_Italy_2013_IIHF_Ice_Hockey_World_Championship_Division_I_Group_A
With the fourth win in the fourth game, 2-1 against Hungary, Italy secured a berth among the top-two teams at this tournament and consequently the promotion ...
- published: 19 Apr 2013
- views: 4474
- author: iihf
Siemens Desiro train in Hungary - Railway - Bahn
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
Siemens Desiro motorvonatok közlekednek 2013 áprilisában Vác és Diósjenő között a megszokott Bzmotok helyett.
http://wn.com/Siemens_Desiro_train_in_Hungary_Railway_Bahn
Siemens Desiro motorvonatok közlekednek 2013 áprilisában Vác és Diósjenő között a megszokott Bzmotok helyett.
- published: 23 Apr 2013
- views: 81
- author: jazzcool
Magyar - Japán meccs utáni ünneplés (Hungary - Japan) 2013.04.20
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Divízió 1/A csoportos Jégkorong Világbajnokság 1. Kazahsztán 2. Olaszország 3. Magyarország 4. Japan 5. Dél-Korea 6. Nagy-Britannia.
http://wn.com/Magyar_Japán_meccs_utáni_ünneplés_Hungary_Japan_20130420
Divízió 1/A csoportos Jégkorong Világbajnokság 1. Kazahsztán 2. Olaszország 3. Magyarország 4. Japan 5. Dél-Korea 6. Nagy-Britannia.
- published: 21 Apr 2013
- views: 602
- author: Szabolcs Szilágyi
Turkey 1-1 Hungary (World Cup qual. - Group D)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 17 Apr 2013
http://www.goalsarena.com Turkey 1-1 Hungary (World Cup qual. - Group D)
http://wn.com/Turkey_1-1_Hungary_World_Cup_qual_Group_D
http://www.goalsarena.com Turkey 1-1 Hungary (World Cup qual. - Group D)
- published: 26 Mar 2013
- views: 26546
- author: BestofBestBlog
Hungarian Revolt 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
Overview of the events in Hungary 1956.
http://wn.com/Hungarian_Revolt_1956
Törökország - Magyarország 1 : 1 Türkiye - Macaristan Turkey - Hungary (26.03.2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Updated: 13 Apr 2013
Törökország - Magyarország 1 -1 Türkiye - Macaristan Turkey - Hungary 1-1.
http://wn.com/Törökország_Magyarország_1_1_Türkiye_Macaristan_Turkey_Hungary_26032013
Törökország - Magyarország 1 -1 Türkiye - Macaristan Turkey - Hungary 1-1.
- published: 27 Mar 2013
- views: 15060
- author: hunsylvania1
ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) (Hungary) 2013 Eurovision Song Contest Official Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
ByeAlex will represent Hungary at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmo, Sweden with the song Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix)
http://wn.com/ByeAlex_Kedvesem_Zoohacker_Remix_Hungary_2013_Eurovision_Song_Contest_Official_Video
ByeAlex will represent Hungary at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmo, Sweden with the song Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix)
- published: 17 Mar 2013
- views: 91998
- author: eurovision
Qualifiers 2014 Turkey vs Hungary 2013/03/26 Full Match Replay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 123:39
- Updated: 17 Apr 2013
Turkey 1 - 1 Hungary World Cup Qualifiers 2014 Group D Matchday 7 26.03.2013 Matchreplay Burak YILMAZ (62') Daniel BODE (71') For more videos, visit : http:/...
http://wn.com/Qualifiers_2014_Turkey_vs_Hungary_2013_03_26_Full_Match_Replay
Turkey 1 - 1 Hungary World Cup Qualifiers 2014 Group D Matchday 7 26.03.2013 Matchreplay Burak YILMAZ (62') Daniel BODE (71') For more videos, visit : http:/...
- published: 26 Mar 2013
- views: 2919
- author: Videosport
Hungary's 100,000 Jews alarmed at racism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Anti-semitism is being felt in Hungary almost 70 years after half a million Jews were killed in the country during the Holocaust. Community leaders feel thre...
http://wn.com/Hungary's_100,000_Jews_alarmed_at_racism
Anti-semitism is being felt in Hungary almost 70 years after half a million Jews were killed in the country during the Holocaust. Community leaders feel thre...
- published: 22 Mar 2013
- views: 3460
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
photo: AP / A.M. Ahad
24 Apr 2013
Dhaka. At least 100 people were killed and over 600 injured Wednesday when an eight-storeyed building crumbled on the outskirts of capital Dhaka. Rescued workers complained they were forced to get back to work though the building was evacuated just a day earlier after cracks appeared. Those trapped under the rubble screamed for help as rescuers scrambled to get them out. The building, "Rana Plaza", collapsed around 8.45 am ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
photo: AP / Bilal Hussein
24 Apr 2013
As fierce clashes continue in the border villages of al Qusayr, there are growing fears that Lebanon is being drawn further into the Syrian conflict. For more than a week, Syrian rebels have fired shells hitting the eastern Lebanese Hermel region, a bastion for the Lebanese Shia movement Hezbollah, in what they say is retaliation for strikes by the group ... Hezbollah-led, continues ... "As Hezbollah sends fighters to defend Shia areas... ....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Robert F. Bukaty
23 Apr 2013
Click photo to enlarge. Officers march into position near the blast site on Boylston Street between Dartmouth and Exeter Streets near the Boston Marathon finish line Monday, April 22, 2013 in Boston. Federal investigators formally released the finish line bombing crime scene to the city in a brief ceremony at 5 p.m. «12». WASHINGTON—The Boston Marathon bombings could provide an opportunity for the U.S ... soil since 9/11 ... ....(size: 7.3Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
25 Apr 2013
CHELSEA are in the last chance saloon as far as a trophy goes and Fernando Torres, complete with his 'Mask of Zorro', must continue his recent improvement in swashbuckling style in today's Europa League semi-finals ... "We have a young squad and we need to learn winning ways and this is a very good way ... Since then they have played in Norway, Romania, Portugal, Hungary, Belgium, Ukraine, Russia and England ... The second legs are on May 2 ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
25 Apr 2013
CHILDREN. Bethel Park -- John McMillan Church preschool will host a free spring carnival from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. May 4 at its preschool, 875 Clifton Road. Activities will include children's games and face painting ... CLASSES ... May 1 at the Jefferson Hills Public Library, 925 Old Clairton Road ... Baldwin Borough -- Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Parish will host a bereavement support group covering a range of topics on grief from 8.30 to 10 a.m ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
StreetInsider
25 Apr 2013
... Georgia Ghana Senegal Ecuador Hungary India South Africa Guatemala Kazakhstan Indonesia Sri Lanka Honduras Latvia Iran Syria Mexico Lithuania Iraq Tanzania Panama Macedonia Ivory Coast Thailand Paraguay Moldova Jordan Tunisia Peru Poland Kenya Turkey Puerto Rico Romania Laos Uganda Uruguay Russia Lebanon Vietnam Venezuela Ukraine Madagascar....(size: 18.7Kb)
Stockhouse
25 Apr 2013
Regulatory News.. Ipsen (Euronext. IPN; ADR. IPSEY) reported today its sales for the first quarter 2013 ... % Change at ... About Ipsen ... IPN, ISIN code ... The new prices have been enforced on 1st April 2013; In Hungary, a 10.0% additional tax on sales, on top of the 20.0% tax already in force, was introduced as of 1st August 2012 for all Somatuline® formulations; In Czech Republic, VAT on drugs was increased from 14% to 15% in January 2013 ... ....(size: 48.2Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
Government of the Republic of Hungary). Hungary wants to step up energy cooperation with Moldova, State Secretary Péter Szijjártó said on Wednesday. At a press conference after a meeting of the Hungary-Moldova joint economic committee, he stated that Moldovan electricity projects and linking Moldova's network to European Union countries are areas Hungarian electricity provider MVM is interested in....(size: 1.9Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
Government of the Republic of Hungary) ... At the ministerial conference, Hungary was represented by Minister of Interior Sándor Pintér ... Due to the fact that many Salzburg Forum Countries, along with Hungary, are responsible for the protection of the outer Schengen borders, it is of vital importance to reach an agreement on this issue....(size: 2.6Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
Government of the Republic of Hungary) Viktor Orbán met with young economists ... Prime Minister Viktor Orbán declared before young economists in Sarlóspuszta at an economic conference of the Developing Enterprises Association that in the economic crisis and structural transformation, the opportunities available to Hungary should be considered....(size: 2.3Kb)
Business Wire
24 Apr 2013
Court of Appeals in Washington issued an opinion Friday upholding Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle’s decision to allow a lawsuit filed against Hungary, three of its state- owned museums, and one state-owned university for artworks looted from the Herzog family during the Holocaust, to proceed ... This claim has been Hungary’s sole justification for the government’s position in its public statements on the case and in its response to U.S....(size: 6.9Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
(Source ... Braun products, B. Braun related events and more. 2013-04-24 B. Braun Opens Expanded Production Site in Hungary ... Gyöngyös, Hungary ... Braun Hungary which employs close to 2,000 people in the country. ... Braun Medical Hungary Ltd ... In the past 20 years, we have set lasting values in the health care system and invested more than 200 million Euros in Hungary, which is a clear message in terms of local commitment", Mr. Horn said ... "B....(size: 3.1Kb)
The News Tribune
24 Apr 2013
The legislation amended the constitution to reinstate those laws, which were earlier ruled unconstitutional by Hungary's highest court....(size: 0.8Kb)
Seattle Post
24 Apr 2013
The legislation amended the constitution to reinstate those laws, which were earlier ruled unconstitutional by Hungary's highest court....(size: 0.8Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
(Source. Government of the Republic of Hungary) April 24, 2013 2.10 PM ... distributed by. This noodl was issued by Ministry of Public Administration and Justice of Hungary and was initially posted at www.im.hu ... (noodl. 18361819) ....(size: 1.2Kb)
CNTV
24 Apr 2013
NANJING, April 23 (Xinhua) -- Fifty children from China's quake zone will be invited to the Confucius Institute in Hungary for them to recover, Vice Chairman of the Hungarian Parliament Istvan Ujhelyi announced Tuesday ... He said that all costs during their recovery in the country will be paid for by Hungary ... In 2008, Hungary also invited 50 children ......(size: 3.3Kb)
This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Hungary (disambiguation).
| Hungary
Magyarország
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Anthem: Himnusz "Hymn"  |
||||||
![Location of Hungary (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130425063728/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Hungary.svg) Location of Hungary (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Budapest 47°26′N 19°15′E / 47.433°N 19.25°E / 47.433; 19.25 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Hungarian | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2001) | 92.3% Hungarians, 1.9% Roma, 5.8% others and unspecified[1][dead link] |
|||||
| Demonym | Hungarian | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | János Áder | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Viktor Orbán | ||||
| - | Speaker of the National Assembly | László Kövér | ||||
| Legislature | Országgyűlés | |||||
| Foundation | ||||||
| - | Foundation of Hungary | 895 | ||||
| - | Recognized as Christian kingdom | 1000 | ||||
| - | Current 3rd republic | 23 October 1989 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 93,030 km2 (109th) 35,919 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 0.74% | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 10,014,324[2] (83rd) | ||||
| - | 2011 census | 9,982,000[3] | ||||
| - | Density | 107.2/km2 (94th) 279.0/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $195.640 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $19,591[4] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $140.303 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $14,050[4] | ||||
| Gini (2008) | 24.96 (low) (3rd) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.816[5] (very high) (38th) |
|||||
| Currency | Forint (HUF) |
|||||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
| Date formats | yyyy.mm.dd, yyyy.mm.dd (CE) |
|||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | HU | |||||
| Internet TLD | .hu1 | |||||
| Calling code | 36 | |||||
| 1 | Also .eu as part of the European Union. | |||||
Hungary 
i/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] (
listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe.[6] It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.[7]
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years,[note 1] and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
A great power until the end of World War I, Hungary has lost about 70 percent of its territory, along with one third of its ethnically Hungarian population,[8] and all its sea ports under the Treaty of Trianon,[9] the terms of which have been considered excessively harsh by many in Hungary.[10] The kingdom was succeeded by an authoritarian regime, and then a Communist era (1947–1989) during which Hungary gained widespread international attention during the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal opening of its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present form of government is a parliamentary republic, which was established in 1989. Today, Hungary is a high-income economy[11] and a regional leader in some[vague] respects.[12][13][14][15]
Hungary is one of the thirty most popular tourist destinations of the world, attracting 8.6 million tourists a year (2007).[16][17] The country is home to the largest thermal water cave system[18] and the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grasslands in Europe (Hortobágy).
Contents
|
History[link]
Main article: History of Hungary
Before 895[link]
Main articles: Hungarian prehistory and Hungarian mythology
The Roman Empire conquered territory west of the Danube between 35 and 9 BCE. From 9 BCE to the end of the 4th century Pannonia was part of the Roman Empire, located within part of later Hungary's territory. Later came the Huns, who built a powerful empire. After Hunnish rule, the Germanic Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Gepids, and the polyethnic Avars, had a presence in the Carpathian Basin.[19] In the late 9th century the land was inhabited by Slavic peoples and Avars. On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin. Additionally, the Avars formed a significant part of the population of the Carpathian Basin at the end of the 9th century; both contemporary sources[20][21] and a growing number of archaeological evidences suggest that groups of the Avars survived the disintegration of their empire.
The freshly unified Magyars (Hungarians)[22] led by Árpád settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 895.[21][23] According to linguists, they originated from an ancient Uralic-speaking population that formerly inhabited the forested area between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains.[24]
Medieval Hungary 895–1526[link]
Main article: Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages
As a federation of united tribes, Hungary was established in 895, some 50 years after the division of the Carolingian Empire at the Treaty of Verdun in 843, before the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Initially, the rising Principality of Hungary ("Western Tourkia" in medieval Greek sources)[25] was a state consisting of a semi-nomadic people. However, it accomplished an enormous transformation into a Christian realm during the 10th century. This state was well-functioning and the nation's military power allowed the Hungarians to conduct successful fierce campaigns and raids from Constantinople to as far as today's Spain.[26] The Hungarians defeated no fewer than three major East Frankish Imperial Armies between 907 and 910.[27] A later defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 signaled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the West.
Age of Árpádian kings[link]
Main article: Árpád dynasty
103.jpg)
The year 972 marked the date when the ruling prince (Hungarian: fejedelem) Géza of the Árpád dynasty officially started to integrate Hungary into the Christian Western Europe.[28] His first-born son, Saint Stephen I became the first King of Hungary after defeating his pagan uncle Koppány, who also claimed the throne. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognized as a Catholic Apostolic Kingdom.[29] Applying to Pope Sylvester II, Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the Holy Crown of Hungary, currently kept in the Hungarian Parliament) from the papacy.
By 1006, Stephen had consolidated his power, and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western feudal state. The country switched to using the Latin language, and until as late as 1844, Latin remained the official language of Hungary. Hungary became a powerful kingdom.[30] Ladislaus I extended Hungary's frontier in Transylvania and invaded Croatia in 1091.[31][32][33][34] The Croatian campaign culminated in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain in 1097 and a personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102, ruled by Coloman.[35]
The most powerful and wealthiest king of the Árpád dynasty was Béla III, who disposed of the equivalent of 23 tonnes of pure silver a year. This exceeded the income of the French king (estimated at 17 tonnes) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.[36]
Andrew II issued the Diploma Andreanum which secured the special privileges of the Transylvanian Saxons and is considered the first Autonomy law in the world.[37] He led the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades. His Golden Bull of 1222 was the first constitution in Continental Europe. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament (parlamentum publicum).
In 1241–1242, the kingdom received a major blow with the Mongol (Tatar) Invasion. Up to half of Hungary's then population of 2,000,000 were victims of the invasion.[38] King Béla IV let Cumans and Jassic people into the depopulated country, who were fleeing the Mongols.[39] Over the centuries they were fully assimilated into the Hungarian population.[40]
As a consequence, after the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications, to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. The Mongols returned to Hungary in 1285, but the newly built stone-castle systems and new tactics (using a higher proportion of heavily armed knights) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated[41] near Pest by the royal army of Ladislaus IV of Hungary. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force.
Age of elected kings[link]
Main article: Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
File:The wars of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458-1490).png
Western conquests of Matthias Corvinus.
The Kingdom of Hungary reached one of its greatest extent during the Árpádian kings, yet royal power was weakened at the end of their rule in 1301. After a destructive period of interregnum (1301–1308), the first Angevin king, Charles I of Hungary – a bilineal descendant of the Árpád dynasty – successfully restored royal power, and defeated oligarch rivals, the so called "little kings". The second Angevin Hungarian king, Louis the Great (1342–1382), led many successful military campaigns from Lithuania to Southern Italy (Kingdom of Naples), and was also King of Poland from 1370. After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilized only when Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became Holy Roman Emperor. Sigismund was also (in several ways) a bilineal descendant of the Árpád dynasty.
The first Hungarian Bible translation was completed in 1439. For half a year in 1437, there was an antifeudal and anticlerical peasant revolt in Transylvania, the Budai Nagy Antal Revolt, which was strongly influenced by Hussite ideas.
From a small noble family in Transylvania, John Hunyadi grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his outstanding capabilities as a mercenary commander. He was elected governor then regent. He was a successful crusader against the Ottoman Turks, one of his greatest victories being the Siege of Belgrade in 1456.
The last strong king of medieval Hungary was the Renaissance king Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490), son of John Hunyadi. His election was the first time that a member of the nobility mounted to the Hungarian royal throne without dynastic background. He was a successful military leader and an enlightened patron of the arts and learning.[42] His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library. The library is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[43] The serfs and common people considered him a just ruler because he protected them from excessive demands from and other abuses by the magnates.[44] Under his rule, in 1479, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield. Abroad he defeated the Polish and German imperial armies of Frederick at Breslau (Wrocław). Matthias' mercenary standing army, the Black Army of Hungary, was an unusually large army for its time, and it conquered parts of Austria, Vienna (1485) and parts of Bohemia.
Decline of Hungary (1490–1526)[link]
King Matthias died without lawful sons, and the Hungarian magnates procured the accession of the Pole Vladislaus II (1490–1516), supposedly because of his weak influence on Hungarian aristocracy.[42] Hungary's international role declined, its political stability shaken, and social progress was deadlocked.[45] In 1514, the weakened old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa, which was ruthlessly crushed by the nobles, led by János Szapolyai. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman pre-eminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (the Hungarian name of Belgrade, Serbia), fell to the Turks. The early appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the anarchical country.
Ottoman wars 1526–1699[link]
Main articles: Habsburg Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711), and Ottoman–Habsburg wars
After some 150 years of wars with the Hungarians and other states, the Ottomans gained a decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, where King Louis II died while fleeing. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, János Szapolyai and Ferdinand I of the Habsburg dynasty.
With the conquest of Buda by the Turks in 1541, Hungary was divided into three parts and remained so until the end of the 17th century. The north-western part, termed as Royal Hungary, was annexed by the Habsburgs who ruled as Kings of Hungary. The eastern part of the kingdom became independent as the Principality of Transylvania, under Ottoman (and later Habsburg) suzerainty. The remaining central area, including the capital Buda, was known as the Pashalik of Buda.
In 1686, the Holy League's army, containing over 74,000 men from various nations, reconquered Buda from the Turks. After some more crushing defeats of the Ottomans in the next few years, the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule by 1718. The last raid into Hungary by the Ottoman vassals Tatars from Crimea took place in 1717.[46] The constrained Habsburg Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism.
The ethnic composition of Hungary was fundamentally changed as a consequence of the prolonged warfare with the Turks. A large part of the country became devastated, population growth was stunted, and many smaller settlements perished.[47] The Austrian-Habsburg government settled large groups of Serbs and other Slavs in the depopulated south and settled Germans in various areas, but Hungarians were not allowed to settle or re-settle in the south of the Great Plain.[48]
From the 18th century to World War I[link]
Main article: History of Hungary 1700–1919
Between 1703 and 1711 there was a large-scale uprising led by Francis II Rákóczi, who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of Ónod, took power provisionally as the Ruling Prince of Hungary for the wartime period, but refused the Hungarian Crown and the title "King". The uprisings lasted for years. After 8 years of war with the Habsburg Empire, the Hungarian Kuruc army lost the last main battle at Trencsén (1708).[49]
The Period of Reforms[link]
During the Napoleonic Wars and afterwards, the Hungarian Diet had not convened for decades.[50] In the 1820s, the Emperor was forced to convene the Diet, which marked the beginning of a Reform Period (1825–1848, Hungarian: reformkor).
Count István Széchenyi, one of the most prominent statesmen of the country, recognized the urgent need of modernization and his message got through. The Hungarian Parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs. A liberal party emerged and focused on providing for the peasantry. Lajos Kossuth – a famous journalist at that time – emerged as leader of the lower gentry in the Parliament. A remarkable upswing started as the nation concentrated its forces on modernization even though the Habsburg monarchs obstructed all important liberal laws relating to human civil and political rights and economic reforms. Many reformers (Lajos Kossuth, Mihály Táncsics) were imprisoned by the authorities.
Revolution and War of Independence[link]
Main article: Hungarian Revolution of 1848
On 15 March 1848, mass demonstrations in Pest and Buda enabled Hungarian reformists to push through a list of 12 demands. Under governor and president Lajos Kossuth and the first Prime Minister, Lajos Batthyány, the House of Habsburg was dethroned.
The Habsburg Ruler and his advisors skillfully manipulated the Croatian, Serbian and Romanian peasantry, led by priests and officers firmly loyal to the Habsburgs, and induced them to rebel against the Hungarian government, though the Hungarians were supported by the vast majority of the Slovak, German and Rusyn nationalities and by all the Jews of the kingdom, as well as by a large number of Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers.[51] In July 1849 the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed and enacted the first laws of ethnic and minority rights in the world. Many members of the nationalities gained the coveted highest positions within the Hungarian Army, like General János Damjanich, an ethnic Serb who became a Hungarian national hero through his command of the 3rd Hungarian Army Corps.
Initially, the Hungarian forces (Honvédség) defeated Austrian armies. To counter the successes of the Hungarian revolutionary army, Habsburg Emperor Franz Joseph I asked for help from the "Gendarme of Europe", Czar Nicholas I, whose Russian armies invaded Hungary. This made Artúr Görgey surrender in August 1849. The leader of the Austrian army, Julius Jacob von Haynau, became governor of Hungary for a few months, and ordered the execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad, leaders of the Hungarian army, and Prime Minister Batthyány in October 1849. Lajos Kossuth escaped into exile.
Following the war of 1848 – 1849, the whole country was in "passive resistance".
Austria–Hungary 1867–1918[link]
Main articles: Austria-Hungary and Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
Because of external and internal problems, reforms seemed inevitable and major military defeats of Austria forced the Habsburgs to negotiate the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, by which the dual Monarchy of Austria–Hungary was formed. This Empire had the second largest area in Europe (after the Russian Empire), and it was the third most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). The two realms were governed separately by two parliaments from two capital cities, with a common monarch and common external and military policies. Economically, the empire was a customs union. The old Hungarian Constitution was restored, and Franz Joseph I was crowned as King of Hungary.
The country was mixed with regard to both mother tongue and religion.
Religions (1910 census, Croatia-Slavonia excluded):[citation needed]
- Roman Catholic 49.3% (Hungarians, Germans, Slovaks)
- Calvinist 14.3% (Hungarians)
- Greek Orthodox 12.8% (Romanians, Serbs)
- Greek Catholic 11.0% (Ruthenians, Romanians)
- Lutheran 7.1% (Germans, Slovaks, Hungarians)
- Jewish 5.0% (Hungarians, Germans)
- Unitarian 0.4% (Hungarians)
First language (1910 census, Croatia-Slavonia excluded):[citation needed]
- Hungarian 54.5%
- Romanian 16.1%
- Slovak 10.7%
- German 10.4%
- Serbian 2.5%
- Ruthenian 2.5%
- Croatian 1.1%
The era witnessed impressive economic development. The formerly backward Hungarian economy became relatively modern and industrialized by the turn of the 20th century, although agriculture remained dominant until 1890. In 1873, the old capital Buda and Óbuda were officially united with Pest,[52] thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest.
Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. The growth was even higher, by a substantial amount, in the Hungarian-language area of the country. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).[citation needed] Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period.
World War I 1914–1918[link]
Main article: Hungary in World War I
After the Assassination in Sarajevo, the Hungarian prime minister István Tisza and his cabinet, the only one in Europe to do so, tried to avoid the outbreak and escalating of a war in Europe, but their diplomatic efforts were unsuccessful.
Austria–Hungary drafted 9 million (fighting forces: 7.8 million) soldiers in World War I (over 4 million from the Kingdom of Hungary) on the side of Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey. The Central Powers conquered Serbia. Romania declared war. The Central Powers conquered Southern Romania and the Romanian capital Bucharest. In 1916 Emperor Franz Joseph died, and the new monarch Charles IV sympathized with the pacifists. With great difficulty, the Central powers stopped and repelled the attacks of the Russian Empire.
The Eastern front of the Allied (Entente) Powers completely collapsed. The Austro-Hungarian Empire then withdrew from all defeated countries. On the Italian front, the Austro-Hungarian army made no progress against Italy after January 1918. Despite great Eastern successes, Germany suffered complete defeat on the more important Western front.
By 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated (strikes in factories were organized by leftist and pacifist movements) and uprisings in the army had become commonplace. In the capital cities, the Austrian and Hungarian leftist liberal movements (the maverick parties) and their leaders supported the separatism of ethnic minorities. Austria-Hungary signed a general armistice in Padua on 3 November 1918.[53] In October 1918, Hungary's union with Austria was dissolved.
Between the World Wars 1918–1941[link]
Main articles: Hungary between the two world wars and Hungarian interwar economy
Majority Hungarian areas detached from Hungary
The success of the 1918 Aster Revolution in Budapest brought Mihály Károlyi to power as prime minister and later as president of the first republic of Hungary.[56] a devotee of Entente. Károlyi ordered the full disarmament of the Hungarian Army, leaving Hungary without any national defence.
Romania took control of Transylvania and other parts of eastern Hungary, Czechoslovakia took control of the northern parts (also known as Upper Hungary), and a joint Serbian and French army took control of the southern parts. These territories had majority populations of the respective occupying nations, but territories were occupied further than the ethnic boundaries, and so each had a significant Hungarian population as well. The post-War Entente backed the subsequent annexations of these territories.
In March 1919, the Communists took power in Hungary. In April, Béla Kun proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Kun's government, like its immediate predecessor, proved to be short-lived. Despite some initial military successes against the Czechoslovakian Army, the Romanian Army defeated Kun's troops and took Budapest, ousting his regime.
On 4 June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, which established new borders for Hungary. Hungary lost 71% of its territory and 66% of its population. About one-third of the ethnic Hungarian population (3.4 of 10 million Hungarians) became minorities in neighboring countries. The new borders separated Hungary's industrial base from its sources of raw materials, and Hungary also lost its only sea port at Fiume (today Rijeka). The revision of the Treaty of Trianon rose to the top of Hungary's political agenda. Some wanted to restore the full pre-Trianon area, others only the ethnic Hungarian majority territories.
Rightist Hungarian military forces, led by the former Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy, entered Budapest in the wake of the Romanian Army's departure and filled the vacuum of state power. In January 1920, elections were held for a unicameral assembly. Admiral Horthy was elected Regent, thereby formally restoring the monarchy to Hungary. However, there would be no more kings of Hungary despite attempts by the former Habsburg ruler Charles IV to return to his former seat of power. Horthy ruled as Regent until 16 October 1944. Hungary remained a parliamentary democracy, but after 1932, autocratic tendencies gradually returned as a result of Nazi influence and the Great Depression.
World War II 1941–1945[link]
Main articles: Hungary during World War II and Soviet occupation of Hungary
The Germans and Italians granted Hungary a part of southern Czechoslovakia and Subcarpathia in the First Vienna Award of 1938, and then northern Transylvania in the Second Vienna Award of 1940. In 1941, the Hungarian army took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia, regaining some more territories. On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union under Operation Barbarossa; Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union, and formally entered World War II on the side of the Axis Powers. In late 1941, the Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front experienced success at the Battle of Uman. By 1943, after the Hungarian Second Army suffered extremely heavy losses at the River Don, the Hungarian government sought to negotiate a surrender with the Allies. In 1944, as a result of this duplicity, German troops occupied Hungary in what was known as Operation Margarethe. Miklós Horthy made a token effort to disengage Hungary from the war, but he was replaced by a puppet government under the pro-German Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi of the Arrow Cross Party.[57]
In late 1944, Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front again experienced success at the Battle of Debrecen, but this was followed immediately by the Soviet invasion of Hungary and the Battle of Budapest. During the German occupation in May–June 1944, the Arrow Cross Party and Hungarian police deported nearly 440,000 Jews, mostly to Auschwitz.[58] The Swedish Diplomat Raoul Wallenberg managed to save a considerable number of Hungarian Jews by giving them Swedish passports, but when the Soviets arrived, he was arrested as a spy and disappeared.[59] Rudolf Kastner (original spelling Kasztner), one of the leaders of the Hungarian Aid and Rescue Committee, negotiated with senior SS officers such as Adolf Eichmann to allow a number of Jews to escape in exchange for money, gold, and diamonds.[60][61][62] Other diplomats also organized false papers and safe houses for Jews in Budapest and hundreds of Hungarian people were executed by the Arrow Cross Party for sheltering Jews.
The war left Hungary devastated, destroying over 60% of the economy and causing huge loss of life. Many Hungarian men, women, and children were raped, murdered and executed or deported for slave labour by Czechoslovaks,[63][64][65][66][67][68] Soviet Red Army troops,[69][70][71] and Yugoslavs[72] (mostly Serbian partisans and regular units)— by the end of the war approximately 500,000–650,000 people.[citation needed]
On 13 February 1945, the Hungarian capital city surrendered unconditionally. By the agreement between the Czechoslovakian president Edvard Beneš and Joseph Stalin, expulsions of Hungarians from Czechoslovakia and Slovaks from Hungary started. 250,000 ethnic Germans were also transferred to Germany pursuant to article XIII of the Potsdam Protocol of 2 August 1945.[73]
The territories regained with the Vienna Awards and during World War II were again lost by Hungary with the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947.
Communist era 1947–1989[link]
Main articles: Republic of Hungary (1946–1949), People's Republic of Hungary, and Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Soviet troops occupied all of the country, and Hungary gradually became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union.
An estimated 2,000 people were executed and over 100,000 were imprisoned. Approximately 350,000 officials and intellectuals were purged from 1948 to 1956.[74] Many freethinkers and democrats were secretly arrested and taken to inland or foreign concentration camps without any judicial sentence. Some 600,000 Hungarians were deported to Soviet labour camps after the Second World War and at least 200,000 died in captivity.[75]
Rákosi adhered to a militarist, industrialising, and war compensation economic policy, and the standard of living fell. The rule of the Rákosi government led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Hungary's temporary withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. The multi-party system was restored by Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Many people were shot and killed by Soviet and Hungarian political police (ÁVH) at peaceful demonstrations throughout the country, creating a nationwide uprising.
Spontaneous revolutionary militias fought against the Soviet Army and the ÁVH in Budapest. The roughly 3,000-strong Hungarian resistance fought Soviet tanks using Molotov cocktails and machine pistols. Though the preponderance of the Soviets was immense, they suffered heavy losses, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside.
On 4 November 1956, the Soviets retaliated, sending in over 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks.[76] During the Hungarian uprising an estimated 20,000 people were killed, nearly all during the Soviet intervention. Nearly a quarter of a million people left the country during the brief time that the borders were open in 1956.[77]
Kádár Era 1956–1988[link]
See also: Goulash Communism
In the first days of November, the Soviet leadership was still undecided about the developments in Hungary, but soon the position prevailed that an intervention was necessary to prevent Hungary from breaking away from the Soviet bloc. János Kádár (Minister of State in the Imre Nagy cabinet) was chosen by the Soviet party leadership to act as the head of the new government intended to replace Imre Nagy's coalition cabinet. In the reprisals following the crushing of the uprising by the Soviet troops, 21,600 mavericks (democrats, liberals, and reformist communists) were imprisoned, 13,000 interned, and 230 brought to trial and executed.Imre Nagy, the legal Prime Minister of the country, was condemned to death and executed in 1958.
Following the invasion, Hungary was under Soviet military administration for a couple of months, but Kadar was capable of stabilizing the political situation in a remarkably short time. In 1963, general amnesty was granted and the majority of those imprisoned for their active participation in the uprising were released. Kadar proclaimed a new policy line according to which the people were no longer compelled to profess loyalty to the party if they tacitly accepted the Socialist regime as a fact of life, in other words "Those who are not against us are with us," as Kadar put it in one of his political speeches. Kádár introduced new planning priorities in the economy. Consumer goods and food were produced in greater volumes and military production was reduced to one-tenth of the pre-revolutionary level. This was followed in 1968 by the New Economic Mechanism (NEM), which introduced free market elements into Socialist command economy. From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc. As a result of the relatively high standard of living, a more liberalised economy, a less oppressed press, and less restricted travel rights than elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc, Hungary was generally considered one of the more liberal countries in which to live in Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
The third Hungarian Republic 1989–present[link]
See also: Revolutions of 1989 and 2006 protests in Hungary
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File:Tessek valasztani.jpg
Choose, please! – A 1990 political poster by Fidesz, depicting Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker performing a traditional and widely known communist-style kiss-greeting and a kissing young couple.
In June 1988, 80,000 demonstrated against Romania's communist regime's plans to demolish Transylvanian villages. In March 1989, for the first time in decades, the government declared the anniversary of the 1848 Revolution a national holiday. Opposition demonstrations filled the streets of Budapest with more than 75,000 marchers. Premier Károly Grósz met Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, who accepted Hungary's moves toward a multi-party system and promised that the USSR would not interfere in Hungary's internal affairs. The Opposition Round Table Consultations with the representatives of the government, which was founded for the stated goal of introducing multi-party democracy, market economy and change of power, and defining its characteristics, started its sessions. In May, Hungary began taking down its barbed wire fence along the Austrian border – the first tear in the Iron Curtain.
June brought the reburial of former Prime Minister Imre Nagy, executed after the 1956 Revolution, drawing a crowd of 250,000 at the Heroes' Square. The last speaker, 26-year-old Viktor Orbán, publicly called for Soviet troops to leave Hungary. In September, Foreign Minister Gyula Horn announced that East German refugees in Hungary would not be repatriated but would instead be allowed to go to the West. The resulting exodus shook East Germany and hastened the fall of the Berlin Wall. On 23 October, Mátyás Szűrös declared Hungary a republic.
The majorities in the decisive bodies of the state party agreed to give up their monopoly on power, paving the way for free elections in March 1990. The party's name was changed from the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party to simply the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP] and a new programme advocating social democracy and a free-market economy was adopted. This was not enough to shake off the stigma of four decades of autocratic rule, however, and the 1990 election was won by the centre-right Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), which advocated a gradual transition towards capitalism. The liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), which had called for much faster change, came second and the Socialist Party trailed far behind. As Gorbachev looked on, Hungary changed political systems with scarcely a murmur and the last Soviet troops left Hungary in June 1991. In coalition with two smaller parties, the MDF provided Hungary with sound government during its hard transition to a full market economy.
The economic changes of the early 1990s resulted in declining living standards for most people in Hungary. In 1991 most state subsidies were removed, leading to a severe recession exacerbated by the fiscal austerity necessary to reduce inflation and stimulate investment. This made life difficult for many Hungarians, and in the May 1994 elections the Hungarian Socialist Party led by former Communists won an absolute majority in parliament.
All three main political parties advocated economic liberalisation and closer ties with the West. In 1998, the European Union began negotiations with Hungary on full membership. In a 2003 national referendum, 85% voted in favour of Hungary joining the European Union, which followed on 1 May 2004.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Hungary
See also: List of national parks of Hungary
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Hungary lies between latitudes 45° and 49° N, and longitudes 16° and 23° E.
Slightly more than one half of Hungary's landscape consists of flat to rolling plains of the Pannonian Basin: the most important plain regions include the Little Hungarian Plain in the west, and the Great Hungarian Plain in the southeast. The highest elevation above sea level on the latter is only 183 metres (600 ft).
Transdanubia is a primarily hilly region with a terrain varied by low mountains. These include the very eastern stretch of the Alps, Alpokalja, in the west of the country, the Transdanubian Mountains, in the central region of Transdanubia, and the Mecsek Mountains and Villány Mountains in the south. The highest point of the area is the Írott-kő in the Alps, at 882 metres (2,894 ft).
The highest mountains of the country are located in the Carpathians: these lie in the North Hungarian Mountains, in a wide band along the Slovakian border (highest point: the Kékes at 1,014 m/3,327 ft).
Hungary is divided in two by its main waterway, the Danube (Duna); other large rivers include the Tisza and Dráva, while Transdanubia contains Lake Balaton, a major body of water. The largest thermal lake in the world, Lake Hévíz (Hévíz Spa), is located in Hungary. The second largest lake in the Carpathian Basin is the artificial Lake Tisza (Tisza-tó).
Phytogeographically, Hungary belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Hungary belongs to the ecoregion of Pannonian mixed forests.
Hungary has 10 national parks, 145 minor nature reserves and 35 landscape protection areas.
Climate[link]
Hungary has a continental climate,[78] with hot summers with low overall humidity levels but frequent rainshowers and mildly cold snowy winters. Average annual temperature is 9.7 °C (49.5 °F). Temperature extremes are about 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) on 20 Jul 2007 at Kiskunhalas in the summer and −35 °C (−31.0 °F) on 16 Feb 1940 Miskolc-Görömbölytapolca in the winter. Average high temperature in the summer is 23 °C (73.4 °F) to 28 °C (82 °F) and average low temperature in the winter it is −3 °C (27 °F) to −7 °C (19 °F). The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 mm (23.6 in). A small, southern region of the country near Pécs enjoys a reputation for a Mediterranean climate, but in reality it is only slightly warmer than the rest of the country and still receives snow during the winter.
Hungary is ranked sixth in an environmental protection index by GW/CAN.[79]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Hungary
The President of the Republic, elected by the members of the National Assembly every five years, has a largely ceremonial role, but he is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and his powers include the nomination of the Prime Minister who is to be elected by a majority of the votes of the Members of Parliament, based on the recommendation made by the President of the Republic.
By the Hungarian Constitution, based on the post-WWII Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Prime Minister has a leading role in the executive branch as he selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them (similarly to the competences of the German federal chancellor). Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings, survive a vote by the Parliament and must be formally approved by the president.
A controversial constitutional change in force from 1 January 2012 repealed the words "Republic of" from the country's official name.[80][81]
The unicameral, 386-member National Assembly (Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the Prime Minister. Its members are elected for a four-year term. 176 members are elected in single-seat constituencies, 152 by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies, and 58 so-called compensation seats are distributed based on the number of votes "lost" (i.e., the votes that did not produce a seat) in either the single-seat or the multi-seat constituencies. The election threshold is 5%, but it only applies to the multi-seat constituencies and the compensation seats, not the single-seat constituencies.
A 15-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality.
Political parties[link]
Main article: List of political parties in Hungary
Military[link]
Main article: Military of Hungary
The Military of Hungary, or "Hungarian Armed Forces" currently has two branches, the "Hungarian Ground Force" and the "Hungarian Air Force". The Hungarian Ground Force (or Army) is known as the "Corps of Homeland Defenders" (Honvédség). This term was originally used to refer to the revolutionary army established by Lajos Kossuth and the National Defence Committee of the Revolutionary Hungarian Diet in September 1848 during the Hungarian Revolution.
Hussar: A type of irregular light horsemen was already well established by the 15th century in medieval Hungary. Hussar refers to a number of types of light cavalry created in Hungary[82] in the 15th century and used throughout Europe and even in America since the 18th century. Some modern military units retain the title 'hussar' for reasons of tradition.
Administrative divisions[link]
Administratively, Hungary is divided into 19 counties. In addition, the capital (főváros), Budapest, is independent of any county government. The counties and the capital are the 20 NUTS third-level units of Hungary.
The counties are further subdivided into 174 (1 January 2011.) subregions (kistérségek), and Budapest is its own subregion. Since 1996, the counties and City of Budapest have been grouped into 7 regions for statistical and development purposes. These seven regions constitute NUTS' second-level units of Hungary.
There are also 23 towns with county rights (singular megyei jogú város), sometimes known as "urban counties" in English (although there is no such term in Hungarian). The local authorities of these towns have extended powers, but these towns belong to the territory of the respective county instead of being independent territorial units.
- Regions
- Northern Hungary
- Northern Great Plain
- Central Hungary
- Central Transdanubia
- Western Transdanubia
- Southern Transdanubia
- Southern Great Plain
- Counties (county seats)
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Hungary
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Hungary
Hungary held its first multi-party elections in 1990, following four decades of Communist rule, and has succeeded in transforming its centrally planned economy into a market economy. Both foreign ownership of and foreign investment in Hungarian firms are widespread. Hungary has a requirement to reduce government spending and further reform its economy in order to meet the 2020[83] target date for accession to the euro zone.
Highest-value banknote of the Hungarian Forint (obverse)
The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Hungary gets nearly one third of all foreign direct investment flowing into Central Europe, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than US$185 billion since 1989. It enjoys strong trade, fiscal, monetary, investment, business, and labor freedoms. The top income tax rate is fairly high, but coporate taxes are low. Inflation is low, it was on the rise in the past few years[when?], but it is now[when?] starting to regulate. Investment in Hungary is reported to be "easy", although it is subject to government licensing in security-sensitive areas. Foreign capital enjoys virtually the same protections and privileges as domestic capital. The rule of law is strong, a professional judiciary protects property rights, and the level of corruption is low.
The Hungarian economy is a medium-sized, structurally, politically, and institutionally open economy in Central Europe and is part of the EU single market. Like most Eastern European economies, it experienced market liberalisation in the early 1990s as part of a transition away from communism.
Today, Hungary is a full member of OECD and the World Trade Organization.
OECD was the first international organization to accept Hungary as a full member in 1996, after six years of successful cooperation.
Hungarian economy today[link]
Hungary, as a member state of the European Union may seek to adopt the common European currency, the Euro. To achieve this, Hungary would need to fulfill the Maastricht criteria.
In foreign investments, Hungary has seen a shift from lower-value textile and food industry to investment in luxury vehicle production, renewable energy systems, high-end tourism, information technology.
The austerity measures introduced by the government are in part an attempt to fulfill the Maastricht criteria.
The austerity measures include a 2% rise in social security contributions, half of which is paid by employees, and a large increase in the minimum rate of sales tax (levied on food and basic services) from 15 to 20%.
Hungary, which joined the European Union in 2004, has been hit hard by the late-2000s recession because of its heavy dependence on foreign capital to finance its economy and has one of the biggest public deficits in the EU.[84][85]
Total government spending is high. Many state-owned enterprises have not been privatized. Business licensing is a problem[by whom?], as regulations are not applied consistently.[86] According to the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation, Hungary's economy was 67.2% "free" in 2008,[86] which makes it the world's 43rd-freest economy. Its overall score is 1% lower than last year, partially reflecting new methodological detail. Hungary is ranked 25th out of 41 countries in the European region, and its overall score is slightly lower than the regional average.[86]
In 2011 Hungarian economy showed signs of recovery with decreasing tax rates and a moderate 1.7 percent GDP growth from the previous financial crisis,[87] however, in November 2011 Moody’s has downgraded Hungary's sovereign credit rating to Ba1, just below investment grade, because of mounting financial-sector funding pressures and the general government debt which is of 81% of GDP (2010).[88] Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing are being addressed by the present government.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Hungary
In the year 1276 the university of Veszprém was destroyed by the troops of Péter Csák and it was never rebuilt. A university was established in Pécs 1367. Sigismund established a university at Óbuda in 1395. Another, Universitas Istropolitana, was established 1465 in Pozsony by Mattias Corvinus. Nagyszombat University was founded in 1635 and moved 1777 to Buda and is today called Eötvös Loránd University. The world's first institute of technology was founded in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary (since 1920 Banská Štiavnica, now Slovakia) in 1735. Its legal successor is University of Miskolc in Hungary. The Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure. Its legal predecessor was founded in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II.
Science and technology[link]
Hungary is famous for its excellent mathematics education which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. Famous Hungarian mathematicians include father Farkas Bolyai and son János Bolyai, designer of modern geometry (non-Euclidian geometry) 1820–1823. Paul Erdős, famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose Erdős numbers are still tracked;[89] and John von Neumann, Quantum Theory, Game theory a pioneer of digital computing and the key mathematician in the Manhattan Project. Many Hungarian scientists, including Erdős, von Neumann, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller emigrated to the US. Thirteen Hungarian or Hungarian-born scientists received the Nobel Prize, all of whom emigrated, mostly because of persecution of communist and/or fascist regimes. Contemporary, internationally well-known Hungarian scientists include: mathematician László Lovász, physicist Albert-László Barabási, physicist Ferenc Krausz, biochemist Árpád Pusztai.
Hungarian inventions[link]
- The English word "coach" came from the Hungarian kocsi ("wagon from Kocs" referring to the village in Hungary where coaches were first made).[90]
- Wolfgang von Kempelen invented a manually operated speaking machine in 1769.
- János Irinyi invented the noiseless match.
- In 1827 Ányos Jedlik invented the electric motor. He created the first device to contain the three main components of practical direct current motors: the stator, rotor and commutator.
- Donát Bánki and János Csonka invented the Carburetor for the stationary engine.[91]
- Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri and Károly Zipernowsky invented the modern transformer in 1885.[92][92]
- Kálmán Kandó invented the Three-phase Alternating Current Electric locomotive, and was a pioneer in the development of electric railway traction.
- Tivadar Puskás invented the Telephone Exchange.
- Loránd Eötvös: weak equivalence principle and surface tension
- Albert Szent-Györgyi discovered Vitamin C and created the first artificial vitamin.(Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937)
- Theodore Kármán - Mathematical tools to study fluid flow and mathematical background of supersonic flight and inventor of swept-back wings, "father of Supersonic Flight"
- Leó Szilárd: hypothesized the nuclear chain reaction (therefore he was the first who realized the feasibility of an atomic bomb), patented the Nuclear reactor, invented the Electron microscope
- Dennis Gabor invented the Holography (Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971)
- László Bíró invented ballpoint pen
- Edward Teller hypothesized the thermonuclear fusion and the theory of the hydrogen bomb
- Ernő Rubik invented the Rubik's Cube
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Hungary
Hungary has a highly developed road, railway, air and water transport system. Budapest, the capital of the state, serves as an important node in the public transport network.
The Hungarian railway system is centralized around Budapest, where the three main railway stations are the Eastern (Keleti), the Western (Nyugati) and the Southern (Déli). Déli is the most modern but Keleti and Nyugati are more decorative and architecturally impressive. Other important railway stations countrywide include Szolnok (the most important railway junction outside Budapest), Tiszai Railway Station in Miskolc and the stations of Pécs, Győr, Szeged and Székesfehérvár.
Four Hungarian cities have tram networks, and the four cities are Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc and Szeged . The Budapest Metro is the second-oldest underground metro system in the world, and its iconic Line 1 (dating from 1896) was declared a World Heritage Site in 2002. The system consists of three lines (the fourth being under construction). Budapest also has a suburban railway service in and around the city (HÉV).
Hungary has a total length of approximately 1,314 km (816.48 mi) motorways (Hungarian: autópálya). Motorway sections are being added to the existing network, which already connects many major economically important cities to the capital.
The most important port is Budapest. Other important ones include Dunaújváros and Baja.
There are five international airports in Hungary. Budapest Liszt Ferenc, Debrecen, Sármellék (also called FlyBalaton for its proximity to Lake Balaton, Hungary's number one tourist attraction), Győr-Pér and Pécs-Pogány. The national carrier, Malév Hungarian Airlines operated flights to over 60, mostly European cities, but ceased operations on 3 February 2012.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Hungary
Due to migrations and significant territorial changes, the demographics of Hungary have significantly fluctuated over time. In modern times, Hungary has become an ethnically homogeneous state. According to the 2001 Hungarian Census, Hungarians constituted 92.3%, whilst the largest minority are the Roma people (1.9%).
| Ethnic composition of Hungary (census 2001) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarians |
|
92.3% | ||
| Roma |
|
1.9% | ||
| Germans |
|
0.6% | ||
| Others |
|
5.2% | ||
Language[link]
.
93.6% of the population speak Hungarian, a Uralic language unrelated to any neighboring language and distantly related to Finnish and Estonian. The main minority group are the Roma.[93] Other groups include: Germans, Slovaks, Croats and Bunjevcis, Romanians, Ukrainians, Serbs and Slovenes.[94] A fringe theory that is well known by linguists is that the Hungarian language is a descendant of Sumerian. Some linguists and historians (like Ida Bobula, Ferenc Badiny Jós, dr Tibor Baráth and others) have published this theory. There are some artifacts which they claim support this view (like the Tartaria tablets). Mainstream linguists reject the Sumerian theory as pseudoscience. Hungarian has often been claimed to be related to Hunnish, since Hungarian legends and histories show close ties between the two peoples; also, the name Hunor is preserved in legends and (along with a few Hunnic-origin names, such as Attila) is still used as a given name in Hungary. Many people share the belief that the Székelys, a Hungarian ethnic group living in Romania, are descended from the Huns.
Religion[link]
Main article: History of Christianity in Hungary
See also: History of the Jews in Hungary and Bahá'í Faith in Hungary
In the Eurostat – Eurobarometer poll of 2005, 44% of Hungarians answered that they believed there is a God, 31% answered they believed there is some sort of spirit or life force, and 19% that they do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force.[95]
| Denominations | Population | % of total |
|---|---|---|
| Catholicism | 5,558,901 | 54.5 |
| Roman Catholics | 5,289,521 | 51.9 |
| Greek Catholics | 268,935 | 2.6 |
| Protestantism | 1,985,576 | 19.5 |
| Calvinists | 1,622,796 | 15.9 |
| Lutherans | 304,705 | 3.0 |
| Baptists | 17,705 | 0.2 |
| Unitarians | 6,541 | 0.1 |
| Other Protestants | 33,829 | 0.3 |
| Orthodox Christianity | 15,298 | 0.1 |
| Other Christians | 24,340 | 0.2 |
| Judaism | 12,871 | 0.1 |
| Other religions | 13,567 | 0.1 |
| All religions | 7,610,553 | 74.6 |
| No religion | 1,483,369 | 14.5 |
| Did not wish to answer | 1,034,767 | 10.1 |
| Unknown | 69,566 | 0.7 |
| total | 10,198,315 | 100.00 |
The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen I, took up Western Christianity, although his mother, Sarolt, was baptized in the Eastern Rite. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation took place and, as a result, first Lutheranism, then soon afterwards Calvinism, became the religion of almost the entire population.
In the second half of the 16th century, however, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians. The Jesuits founded educational institutions, including Péter Pázmány Catholic University, the oldest university that still exists in Hungary, but organized so-called missions too in order to promote popular piety. By the 17th century, Hungary had once again become predominantly Catholic.[citation needed]
Some of the eastern parts of the country, however, especially around Debrecen ("the Calvinist Rome"), still have significant Protestant communities. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.[97]
Hungary has been the home of a sizable Armenian Catholic community as well. They worship according to the Armenian Rite, but they have united with the Catholic Church under the primacy of the Pope.
Faith Church is one of the Pentecostal churches, accepts the results and spiritual, moral values of both early Christianity and the Reformation, as well as other revival movements serving the progress of the Christian faith. Based on the 1% tax designation to churches, Faith Church is the seventh most supported church in Hungary.[98] The weekly Sunday service of the Church is regularly broadcast in live television.[citation needed]
Historically, Hungary was home to a significant Jewish community, especially when many Jews, persecuted in Russia, found refuge in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 19th century. The census of January 1941 found that 6.2% of the population, i.e., 846,000 people, were considered Jewish according to the racial laws of that time. Of this number, 725,000 were considered religiously Jewish as well.[99] Some Hungarian Jews were able to escape the Holocaust during World War II, but most (perhaps 550,000[100]) either were deported to concentration camps, from which the majority did not return, or were murdered by the Hungarian Arrow Cross fascists. Most Jewish people who remain in Hungary live in the centre of Budapest, especially in district VI. The largest synagogue in Europe is located in Budapest.[101]
Legislation at the end of 2011 vested in Parliament instead of the judiciary the power to grant the officially recognized status of a church. The number of registered churches fell from over 300 under previous legislation to 32. Among those dropped was the socially active Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship. The legislation was criticized as discriminatory in an invited Opinion by the Venice Commission.[102]
Urbanization[link]
| Rank | City | County | City | Agglomeration | Metro | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Budapest | Budapest | 1,733,685 |
2,539,828 | 3,104,259 | |||||
| 2 | Debrecen | Hajdú-Bihar | 208,016 |
234,928 | 254,008 | |||||
| 3 | Szeged | Csongrád | 170,275 |
210,477 | 238,992 | |||||
| 4 | Miskolc | Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén | 168,075 |
208,114 | 271,220 | |||||
| 5 | Pécs | Baranya | 157,721 |
178,215 | 208,221 | |||||
| 6 | Győr | Győr-Moson-Sopron | 131,267 |
180,007 | 204,029 | |||||
| 7 | Nyíregyháza | Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 117,852 |
134,055 | 158,007 | |||||
| 8 | Kecskemét | Bács-Kiskun | 113,275 |
145,104 | 205,973 | |||||
| 9 | Székesfehérvár | Fejér | 101,943 |
124,992 | 150,223 | |||||
| 10 | Szombathely | Vas | 79,590 | 119,800 | - | |||||
| 11 | Szolnok | Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 74,544 | 93,410 | - | |||||
| 12 | Tatabánya | Komárom-Esztergom | 70,169 | 130,012 | - | |||||
| 13 | Kaposvár | Somogy | 67,979 | 82,601 | - | |||||
| 14 | Érd | Pest | 65,043 | - | ||||||
| 15 | Veszprém | Veszprém | 64,339 | 82,007 | - | |||||
| 16 | Békéscsaba | Békés | 64,074 | 148,888 | - | |||||
| 17 | Zalaegerszeg | Zala | 61,970 | 76,412 | - | |||||
| 18 | Sopron | Győr-Moson-Sopron | 60,755 | 70,012 | - | |||||
| 19 | Eger | Heves | 56,530 | 74,013 | - | |||||
| 20 | Nagykanizsa | Zala | 49,850 | 50,082 | - | |||||
| 2011 census data
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Hungary
Architecture[link]
See also: List of Hungarian architects
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Hungary is home to the largest synagogue in Europe (Great Synagogue), the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath), one of the largest basilicas in Europe (Esztergom Basilica), the second largest territorial abbey in the world (Pannonhalma Archabbey), and the largest Early Christian Necropolis outside Italy (Pécs).
Notable architectural styles in Hungary include Historicism and Art Nouveau, or rather several variants of Art Nouveau. In contrast to Historicism, Hungarian Art Nouveau is based on the national architectural characteristics. Taking the eastern origins of the Hungarians into account, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), the most important figure in Hungarian Art Nouveau, was initially inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture, and later by traditional Hungarian decorative designs. In this way, he created an original synthesis of architectural styles. By applying them to three-dimensional architectural elements, he produced a version of Art Nouveau that was specific to Hungary.
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Turning away from the style of Lechner, yet taking inspiration from his approach, the group of "Young People" (Fiatalok), which included Károly Kós and Dezsö Zrumeczky, were to use the characteristic structures and forms of traditional Hungarian architecture to achieve the same end.
Besides the two principal styles, Budapest also displays local versions of trends originating from other European countries. The Sezession from Vienna, the German Jugendstil, Art Nouveau from Belgium and France, and the influence of English and Finnish architecture are all reflected in the buildings constructed at the turn of the 20th century. Béla Lajta initially adopted Lechner's style, subsequently drawing his inspiration from English and Finnish trends; after developing an interest in the Egyptian style, he finally arrived at modern architecture. Aladár Árkay took almost the same route. István Medgyaszay developed his own style, which differed from Lechner's, using stylised traditional motifs to create decorative designs in concrete. In the sphere of applied arts, those chiefly responsible for promoting the spread of Art Nouveau were the School and Museum of Decorative Arts, which opened in 1896.
Foreigners have unexpectedly "discovered" that a significantly large portion of the citizens live in old and architecturally valuable buildings. In the Budapest downtown area almost all the buildings are about hundred years old, with thick walls, high ceiling and motifs on the front wall.[23][103]
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Hungary
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The music of Hungary consists mainly of traditional Hungarian folk music and music by prominent composers such as Liszt and Bartók, considered as the greatest Hungarian composers. Other composers of international renown are Dohnányi, Franz Schmidt, Zoltán Kodály, Gabriel von Wayditch, Rudolf Wagner-Régeny, László Lajtha, Franz Lehár, Imre Kálmán, Sándor Veress and Rózsa. Hungarian traditional music tends to have a strong dactylic rhythm, as the language is invariably stressed on the first syllable of each word. Hungary also has a number of internationally renowned composers of contemporary classical music, György Ligeti, György Kurtág, Péter Eötvös, Zoltán Kodály and Zoltán Jeney among them. One of the greatest Hungarian composers, Béla Bartók was also among the most significant musicians of the 20th century. His music was invigorated by the themes, modes, and rhythmic patterns of the Hungarian and neighboring folk music traditions he studied, which he synthesized with influences from his contemporaries into his own distinctive style.
Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. Hungarian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and continues to play a major part in Hungarian music. Hungarian folk music has been significant in former country parts that belong – since the 1920 Treaty of Trianon – to neighboring countries such as Romania, Slovakia, southern Poland and especially in southern Slovakia and the Transylvania: both regions have significant numbers of Hungarians. After the establishment of a music academy led by Ferenc Erkel and Franz Liszt Hungary produced an important number of art musicians:
- Pianists: Ernö von Dohnányi, Ervin Nyíregyházi, Andor Földes, Tamás Vásáry, Gyorgy Sandor, Géza Anda, György Cziffra, Edward Kilényi, Balint Vazsonyi, András Schiff, Zoltán Kocsis, Dezsö Ránki, Jenö Jandó and others.
- Violists: Joseph Joachim, Leopold Auer, Jenö Hubay, Jelly d'Arányi, Joseph Szigeti, Sándor Végh, Emil Telmanyi, Zathurecky, Zsigmondy, Franz von Vecsey, Zoltán Szekely, Tibor Varga and newcomers Antal Szalai, Vilmos Szabadi, Kristóf Baráti (b. 79) and others.
- organists: Varnus Xaver
- Opera singers: Astrid Varnay, József Simándy, Julia Varady, Julia Hamari, Kolos Kováts (Bluebeard in Bartoks Bluebeard)
- Conductors: Eugene Ormandy, George Szell, Antal Doráti, János Ferencsik, Fritz Reiner, sir Georg Solti, István Kertész, Ferenc Fricsay, Zoltán Rozsnyai, Sándor Végh, Arpad Joó, Ádám Fischer, Iván Fischer, Péter Eötvös, Zoltán Kocsis, Tamás Vásáry, Gilbert Varga and others
- String Quartets: Budapest Quartet, Hungarian Quartet, Végh Quartet, Takács Quartet, Kodály Quartet, Eder Quartet, Festetics Quartet,
Broughton claims that Hungary's "infectious sound has been surprisingly influential on neighboring countries (thanks perhaps to the common Austro-Hungarian history) and it's not uncommon to hear Hungarian-sounding tunes in Romania, Slovakia and southern Poland".[104] It is also strong in the Szabolcs-Szatmár area and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The Busójárás carnival in Mohács is a major Hungarian folk music event, formerly featuring the long-established and well-regarded Bogyiszló orchestra.[105]
Hungarian classical music has long been an "experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture [using the] musical world of the folk song".[106] Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style.[107] For example, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, two of Hungary's best known composers, used folk themes in their music. Bartók collected folk songs from across Eastern Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, whilst Kodály was more interested in creating a distinctively Hungarian musical style.
During the era of Communist rule in Hungary (1944–1989) a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. Since then, however, the Hungarian music industry has begun to recover, producing successful performers in the fields of jazz such as trumpeter Rudolf Tomsits, pianist-composer Károly Binder and, in a modernized form of Hungarian folk, Ferenc Sebő and Márta Sebestyén. The three giants of Hungarian rock, Illés, Metró and Omega, remain very popular, especially Omega, which has followings in Germany and beyond as well as in Hungary. Older veteran underground bands such as Beatrice from the 1980s also remain popular.
Literature[link]
Main article: Hungarian literature
File:Ohlm original.jpg
The oldest survivng Hungarian (and Uralic) poem, Old Hungarian Laments of Mary
In the earliest times Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script (although it was not used for literature purposes in the modern interpretation). The country switched to the Latin alphabet after being Christianized under the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (1000–1038).
The oldest remained written record in Hungarian language is a fragment in the founding document of the Abbey of Tihany (1055) which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea, "up the military road to Fehérvár" The rest of the document was written in Latin.
The oldest remained complete text in Hungarian language is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon.
The oldest remained poem in Hungarian is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary (Ómagyar Mária-siralom), also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving Uralic poem.
Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") by the unknown author usually called Anonymus, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians") by Simon Kézai. Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the Képes krónika (Illustrated Chronicle), which was written for Louis the Great.
Renaissance literature flourished under the reign of King Matthias (1458–1490). Janus Pannonius, although he wrote in Latin, counts as one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, being the only significant Hungarian Humanist poet of the period. The first printing house was also founded during Matthias' reign, by András Hess, in Buda. The first book printed in Hungary was the Chronica Hungarorum. The most important poets of the period was Bálint Balassi (1554–1594) and Miklós Zrínyi (1620–1664). Balassi's poetry shows Mediaeval influences, his poems can be divided into three sections: love poems, war poems and religious poems. Zrínyi's most significant work, the epic Szigeti veszedelem ("Peril of Sziget", written in 1648/49) is written in a fashion similar to the Iliad, and recounts the heroic Battle of Szigetvár, where his great-grandfather died while defending the castle of Szigetvár. Among the religious literary works the most important is the Bible translation by Gáspár Károli (The second Hungarian Bible translation in the history), the Protestant pastor of Gönc, in 1590. The translation is called the Bible of Vizsoly, after the town where it was first published. (See Hungarian Bible translations for more details.)
The Hungarian enlightenment took place about fifty years after the French enlightenment. The first enlightened writers were Maria Theresia's bodyguards (György Bessenyei, János Batsányi and others). The greatest poets of the time were Mihály Csokonai Vitéz and Dániel Berzsenyi. The greatest figure of the language reform was Ferenc Kazinczy. The Hungarian language became feasible for all type of scientific explanations from this time, and furthermore many new words were coined for describing new inventions.
Hungarian literature has recently gained some renown outside the borders of Hungary (mostly through translations into German, French and English). Some modern Hungarian authors have become increasingly popular in Germany and Italy especially Sándor Márai, Péter Esterházy, Péter Nádas and Imre Kertész. The latter is a contemporary Jewish writer who survived the Holocaust and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 2002. The older classics of Hungarian literature and Hungarian poetry have remained almost totally unknown outside Hungary. János Arany, a famous 19th century Hungarian poet is still much loved in Hungary (especially his collection of Ballads), among several other "true classics" like Sándor Petőfi, the poet of the Revolution of 1848, Endre Ady, Mihály Babits, Dezső Kosztolányi, Attila József and János Pilinszky. Other well-known Hungarian authors are Ferenc Móra, Géza Gárdonyi, Zsigmond Móricz, Gyula Illyés, Albert Wass and Magda Szabó.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Hungary
See also: Hungarian wine and Hungarian beer
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The Hungarian cuisine is a prominent feature of the Hungarian culture, just like the art of hospitality. Traditional dishes such as the world famous Goulash (gulyás stew or gulyás soup) feature prominently. Dishes are often flavoured with paprika (ground red peppers), a Hungarian innovation.[108] Thick, heavy Hungarian sour cream called tejföl is often used to soften the dishes flavour. The famous Hungarian hot river fish soup called Fisherman's soup or halászlé is usually a rich mixture of several kinds of poached fish. Other dishes are Chicken Paprikash, Foie gras made of goose liver, pörkölt stew, vadas, (game stew with vegetable gravy and dumplings), trout with almonds and salty and sweet dumplings, like túrós csusza, (dumplings with fresh quark cheese and thick sour cream). Desserts include the iconic Dobos Cake, Strudels (rétes), filled with apple, cherry, poppy seed or cheese, Gundel pancake, plum dumplings (szilvás gombóc), somlói dumplings, dessert soups like chilled Sour cherry soup and sweet chestnut puree, gesztenyepüré (cooked chestnuts mashed with sugar and rum and split into crumbs, topped with whipped cream). Perec and kifli are widely popular pastries.
The csárda is the most distinctive type of Hungarian inn, an old-style tavern offering traditional cuisine and beverages. Borozó usually denotes a cozy old-fashioned wine tavern, pince is a beer or wine cellar and a söröző is a pub offering draught beer and sometimes meals. The bisztró is an inexpensive restaurant often with self-service. The büfé is the cheapest place, although one may have to eat standing at a counter. Pastries, cakes and coffee are served at the confectionery called cukrászda, while an eszpresszó is a cafeteria.
Pálinka: is a fruit brandy, distilled from fruit grown in the orchards situated on the Great Hungarian Plain. It is a spirit native to Hungary and comes in a variety of flavours including apricot (barack) and cherry (cseresznye). However, plum (szilva) is the most popular flavour. Beer: Beer goes well with many traditional Hungarian dishes. The five main Hungarian brands are: Borsodi, Soproni, Arany Ászok, Kõbányai, and Dreher.
Wine: As Hugh Johnson says in The History of Wine, the territory of Hungary is ideal for wine-making. Since the fall of communism there has been a renaissance of Hungarian wine-making. The choice of good wine is widening from year to year. The country can be divided to six wine regions: North-Transdanubia, Lake Balaton, South-Pannónia, Duna-region or Alföld, Upper-Hungary and Tokaj-Hegyalja. Hungarian wine regions offer a great variety of style: the main products of the country are elegant and full-bodied dry whites with good acidity, although complex sweet whites (Tokaj), elegant (Eger) and full-bodied robust reds (Villány and Szekszárd). The main varieties are: Olaszrizling, Hárslevelű, Furmint, Pinot gris or Szürkebarát, Chardonnay (whites), Kékfrankos (or Blaufrankisch in German), Kadarka, Portugieser, Zweigelt, Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc and Merlot. The most famous wines from Hungary are Tokaji Aszú and Egri Bikavér.
Tokaji: Tokaji, meaning "of Tokaj", or "from Tokaj" in Hungarian, is used to label wines from the wine region of Tokaj-Hegyalja in Hungary. Tokaji wine has received accolades from numerous great writers and composers including Beethoven, Liszt, Schubert and Goethe; Joseph Haydn's favorite wine was a Tokaji. Louis XV and Frederick the Great tried to outdo one another in the excellence of the vintages they stocked when they treated guests like Voltaire to some Tokaji. Napoleon III, the last Emperor of the French, ordered 30–40 barrels of Tokaji for the Court every year. Gustav III, King of Sweden, never had any other wine to drink. In Russia, customers included Peter the Great and Empress Elizabeth of Russia.
Zwack Unicum: For over 150 years, a blend of 40 Hungarian herbs has been used to create the liqueur Unicum. Unicum is a bitter, dark-coloured liqueur that can be drunk as an apéritif or after a meal, thus helping the digestion. The recipe is held secret by the Zwack family.
Recreation[link]
Hungary is a land of thermal water. A passion for spa culture and Hungarian history have been connected from the very beginning. Hungarian spas feature Roman, Greek, Turkish, and northern country architectural elements.[109]
Because of an advantageous geographical location thermal water can be found with good quality and in great quantities on over 80% of Hungary's territory. Approximately 1,500 thermal springs can be found in Hungary. There are approximately 450 public baths in Hungary.
The Romans heralded the first age of spa in Hungary, the remains of their bath complexes are still to be seen in Óbuda, to this day. The spa culture was revived during the Turkish Invasion who used the thermal springs of Buda for the construction of a number of bathhouses, some of which are still functioning (Király Baths, Rudas Baths).
In the 19th century the advancement in deep drilling and medical science provided the springboard for a further leap in bathing culture. Grand spas such as Gellért Baths, Lukács Baths, Margaret Island, and Széchenyi Medicinal Bath are a reflection of this resurgence in popularity.
Folk art[link]
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Ugrós (Jumping dances): Old style dances dating back to the Middle Ages. Solo or couple dances accompanied by old style music, shepherd and other solo man's dances from Transylvania, and marching dances along with remnants of medieval weapon dances belong in this group.
Karikázó: a circle dance performed by women only accompanied by singing of folksongs.
Csárdás: New style dances developed in the 18–19th centuries is the Hungarian name for the national dances, with Hungarian embroidered costumes and energetic music. From the men's intricate bootslapping dances to the ancient women's circle dances, Csárdás demonstrates the infectious exuberance of the Hungarian folk dancing still celebrated in the villages.
Verbunkos: a solo man's dance evolved from the recruiting performances of the Austro-Hungarian army.
The Legényes: is a men's solo dance done by the ethnic Hungarian people living in the Kalotaszeg region of Transylvania. Although usually danced by young men, it can be also danced by older men. The dance is performed freestyle usually by one dancer at a time in front of the band. Women participate in the dance by standing in lines to the side and sing/shout verses while the men dance. Each lad does a number of points (dance phrases) typically 4 to 8 without repetition. Each point consists of 4 parts, each lasting 4 counts. The first part is usually the same for everyone (there are only a few variations).
It was in the beginning of the 18th century that the present style of Hungarian folk art took shape, incorporating both Renaissance and Baroque elements, depending on the area, as well as Persian Sassanide influences. Flowers and leaves, sometimes a bird or a spiral ornament, are the principal decorative themes. The most frequent ornament is a flower with a centerpiece resembling the eye of a peacock's feather.
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Nearly all the manifestations of folk art practiced elsewhere in Europe also flourished among the Magyar peasantry at one time or another, their ceramics and textile being the most highly developed of all.
The finest achievements in their textile arts are the embroideries which vary from region to region. Those of Kalotaszeg in Transylvania are charming products of Oriental design, sewn chiefly in a single color – red, blue, or black. Soft in line, the embroideries are applied on altar cloths, pillow cases and sheets.
In Hungary proper Sárköz in Transdanubia and the Matyóföld in the Great Hungarian Plain produce the finest embroideries. In the Sárköz region the women's caps show black and white designs as delicate as lace and give evidence of the people's wonderfully subtle artistic feeling. The embroidery motifs applied to women's wear have also been transposed to tablecloths and runners suitable for modern use as wall decorations.
These vessels, made of black clay, reflect more than three hundred years of traditional Transdanubian folk patterns and shapes. No two are precisely alike, since all work is done by hand, including both the shaping and the decorating. The imprints are made by the thumb or a finger of the ceramist who makes the piece.
Porcelain[link]
Main articles: Herend Porcelain and Zsolnay
Founded in 1826, Herend Porcelain is one of the world's largest ceramic factories, specializing in luxury hand painted and gilded porcelain. In the mid-19th century it was purveyor to the Habsburg Dynasty and aristocratic customers throughout Europe. Many of its classic patterns are still in production. After the fall of communism in Hungary the factory was privatised and is now 75% owned by its management and workers, exporting to over 60 countries of the world.[110]
Zsolnay Porcelain Manufacture is a Hungarian manufacturer of porcelain, pottery, ceramics, tiles, and stoneware. The company introduced the eosin glazing process and pyrogranite ceramics. The Zsolnay factory was established by Miklós Zsolnay in Pécs, Hungary, to produce stoneware and ceramics in 1853. In 1863, his son, Vilmos Zsolnay (1828–1900) joined the company and became its manager and director after several years. He led the factory to worldwide recognition by demonstrating its innovative products at world fairs and international exhibitions, including the 1873 World Fair in Vienna, then at the 1878 World Fair in Paris, where Zsolnay received a Grand Prix.
Sport[link]
File:Puskas Ferenc.jpg
Football (soccer) legend Ferenc Puskás
Only seven countries (US, USSR, UK, France, Italy, China and Germany) have won more Summer Olympic gold medals than Hungary. At the all time total medal count for Olympic Games, Hungary reaches the 9th rank out of 211 participating nations, with a total of 465 medals. See All-time Olympic Games medal table (2008 data).
One of the reasons of this achievement is the Hungarians' success in water sports: in water polo the Hungarian team is the leading medal winner by a significant margin (See: Water polo at the Summer Olympics) and in swimming the men are fourth most successful overall while the women are eighth most successful overall. (See: List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men). List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women).) There has also been success in canoeing.
Some of the world's leading best Sabre (fencing) athletes have historically hailed from Hungary.[111][112]
In 2009 the Hungarian national ice hockey team qualified for their first IIHF World Championship.
See also: Hungary national football team
Hungary has remarkable football history, having won three Olympic titles, finishing runners-up in the 1938 and 1954 FIFA World Cups, and third in the 1964 UEFA European Football Championship. Hungary revolutionized the sport in the 1950s, laying the tactical fundamentals of Total Football and dominating international football with the remarkable Golden Team which included legends like Ferenc Puskás, top goalscorer of the 20th century,[113][114][115] whom FIFA dedicated[116] its newest award, the Puskás Award. The side of that era has the all-time highest Football Elo Ranking in the world, with 2166, and one of the longest undefeated runs in football history, remaining unbeaten in 31 games, spanning over more than 4 years and including matches such as the Match of the Century.
The post-golden age decades saw a gradually weakening Hungary, though recently there is renewal in all aspects. The Hungarian Children's Football Federation was founded in 2008, as youth development thrives. For the first time in Hungarian football's history, they hosted the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship in Budapest and Debrecen, the first time the MLSZ staged a UEFA finals tournament. Also, the national teams have produced some surprise successes such as beating Euro 2004 winner Greece 3–2[117] and 2006 FIFA World Cup winner Italy 3–1.[118] Although they have not qualified for a major tournament's finals since 1986, they came semi-finalists at the 2008 European Under-19 Championship and qualified for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which saw their U-20 national team gaining third place to bring home Hungary's first major tournament medal in nearly half a century, feeding their hopes of a future revival.
Holidays and domestic animals[link]
Main articles: Public holidays in Hungary and Hungarian animals
See also[link]
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- Outline of Hungary
- Index of Hungary-related articles
- Public holidays in Hungary
- Telecommunications in Hungary
- Countrywide Blue Tour in Hungary
- Curse of Turan
- Healthcare in Hungary
- History of the Jews in Hungary
- Hungarian American
- Hungarian castles and mansions
- Hungarian cuisine
- Hungarian domestic animals
- Hungarian language
- Hungarian notation
- Hungarian people
- Hungarian Scout Association
- Hungarian Unix Portal
- Hungarians in Romania (Transylvania)
- Hungarians in Slovakia
- Hungarians in Vojvodina
- Music of Hungary
- Name days in Hungary
- National symbols of Hungary
- Old Hungarian script
- Serbs in Hungary
- Transportation in Hungary
- Wendish question
- Tourism in Hungary
Lists:
- Common Hungarian surnames
- Eastern name order used in Hungarian personal names
- List of cities in Hungary
- List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary
- List of castles in Hungary
- List of Hungarians
- List of Hungarian rulers
- List of Hungarian writers
- List of universities in Hungary
- List of colleges in Hungary
- List of Hungarian Americans
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Notes[link]
- ^ The form of government was at times changed or ambiguous, causing short interruptions
References[link]
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- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCe-grzP4swC&lpg=PT77&dq=.%20Orthodox%20Christianity%20in%20Hungary%20has%20been%20the%20religion%20mainly%20of%20some%20national%20minorities%20in%20the%20country%2C%20notably%2C%20Romanians%2C%20Rusyns%2C%20Ukrainians%2C%20and%20Serbs&pg=PT77#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ http://www.apeh.hu/szja1_1/kimutat/2010_rend_egyh_kiem.html
- ^ Volume 3, p.979, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1982
- ^ Braham, Randolph L. A Magyarországi Holokauszt Földrajzi Enciklopediája [The Geographic Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary]. Budapest:Park Publishing, 3 vol. (2006). Vol 1, p. 91.
- ^ http://www.greatsynagogue.hu/gallery_syn.html
- ^ Opinion on Act CCVI/2011: Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest". Budapest Corner. http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ^ Szalipszki, p. 12
Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music". - ^ Broughton, pp. 159–167
- ^ Szabolcsi, The Specific Conditions of Hungarian Musical Development
"Every experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture (music written by composers, as different from folk music), had instinctively or consciously striven to develop widely and universally the musical world of the folk song. Folk poetry and folk music were deeply embedded in the collective Hungarian people’s culture, and this unity did not cease to be effective even when it was given from and expression by individual creative artists, performers and poets." - ^ "Szabolcsi". Mek.oszk.hu. http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "Sulinet: Magyar növény-e a paprika?". Sulinet.hu. http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ http://www.visitspas.eu/hungary/
- ^ "Herend Porcelain Manufactory Ltd". Herend.com. http://www.herend.com/. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "FIE 2009–2010 men's rankings". Fie.ch. http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=8C508173B39155DD53B81E624647082B999A7254268EA043313A21E19F3CCE115928F31266BFED5C96744EFE404921371BA0B553CB9419D947CC609C9FC6CCFB48C6AE112ABA5A4EB917D1B7B1AFEA73D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "FIE 2009–2010 women's rankings". Fie.ch. http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=F822EFF311A4B9B772C67048D9DA32F4B0EED82CC9D791272D364D08FDA7CEAE08236B030B5BAF7869033790E5CBFE0B1DE4945E6BF24D1B417CA444D76B51ABFDBEC84449C9BB34B6AC942A1FF403A3D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "FIFA President: FIFA to help the Galloping Major". FIFA. 12 October 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061007122035/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0,4095,110412,00.html?articleid=110412. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Coronel Puskas, el zurdo de oro" (in Spanish). AS. 17 November 2006. http://www.as.com/articulo/Futbol/Coronel/Puskas/zurdo/oro/dasftb/20061117dasdasftb_2/Tes/. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ Mackay, Duncan (13 October 2005). "Lineker tees up another nice little earner". The Guardian (London). http://sport.guardian.co.uk/golf/story/0,10069,1590809,00.html. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Blatter unveils FIFA Puskas Award". Fifa.com. 21 October 2009. http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=1120835.html. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Hungary 3–2 Greece: Euro champions stunned". ESPN. 24 May 2008. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=238244&cc=5739. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Hungary 3–1 Italy: World Champions stunned". ESPN. 22 August 2007. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=223003&cc=5739. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
External links[link]
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- Official site of the National Assembly
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| Tame Impala | |
|---|---|
 Tame Impala at the V Festival, 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | Perth, Western Australia |
| Genres | Psychedelic rock, Neo-Psychedelia |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Labels | Modular Recordings |
| Associated acts | The Dee Dee Dums Pond Mink Mussel Creek Space Lime Peacock Giant Tortoise Allbrook Avery |
| Website | http://www.tameimpala.com/ |
| Members | |
| Kevin Parker Dominic Simper Jay Watson Nick Allbrook |
|
Tame Impala is the psychedelic rock project of Kevin Parker[1] from Perth, Australia. They are signed to Modular Records. The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album, Innerspeaker. Their name refers to the impala, a medium sized antelope.[2] They like to see themselves as "a steady flowing psychedelic groove rock band that emphasizes dream-like melody."[3]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early Career[link]
Tame Impala were formed from Kevin Parker's original blues/jazz/psychedelic band, the Dee Dee Dums. The Dee Dee Dums consisted of Parker (drums ) and Luke Epstein (guitar), with the band getting second place at the 2005 AmpFest[4] and winning third place that year in the state final of The Next Big Thing.[5] In October 2006 Epstein was replaced by drummer Sam Devenport, Epstein going on to play with Sugarpuss. The Dee Dee Dums went on to win the WA state final of the National Campus Band Competition.[6] In late 2007 the band renamed to Tame Impala unveiling another new drummer and replacing the two-guitar attack for the more traditional guitar/bass/drums format. Devenport went on to pursue an acting career.[7]
In July 2008 the band signed a worldwide deal with independent label Modular Recordings.[8]
[edit] Tame Impala EP
The signing was soon followed by the release on their self-titled debut EP in September 2008.[9] Due to Kevin Parker's original artwork there was some confusion with the EP title and many believed it to be called Antares Mira Sun.[10][11] The artwork is an interpretation of a slide he saw in an astronomy lecture, which demonstrated the difference in size between the stars Antares, Mira and the Sun.
The cover art is meant to be a painting; an interpretation of a diagram, so those labels are just there to make the diagram make sense. But lo and behold, there were reviews coming out saying "And Tame Impala's new EP 'Antares, Mira, Sun".—Kevin Parker[12]
Tame Impala went to number 1 on the Australian Independent Record Labels (AIR) Chart and number 10 on the ARIA Physical Singles Chart,[13] with three songs, "Desire Be, Desire Go", "Half Full Glass of Wine" and "Skeleton Tiger" which received national radio airplay on the Triple J Network.[14][15] Tours in 2008 included supports for You Am I, The Black Keys, Yeasayer and MGMT, as well as performances at Southbound, Meredith Music Festival, and Falls Festival, as well as a national headline tours in support of their EP. 2009 tours include a sold out 6 date 'Skeleton Tiger' national headline tour, a 5 date UK tour including Nevereverland UK, V Festival, Groovin The Moo and a stadium tour with The Living End and Gyroscope.
Tame Impala appeared on Triple J's Hottest 100 2008, their first appearance on the list, with "Half Full Glass of Wine" reaching number 75. The song is also on the Hottest 100 compilation.[16][17]
[edit] Sundown Syndrome
Tame Impala’s first single, "Sundown Syndrome", was recorded at Toerag Studios in London, with recording engineer Liam Watson, whilst the band was there in March 2009.[18] "Sundown Syndrome" was premiered by Richard Kingsmill on his 2009 show on triple j on Sunday 10 May. It was released in July 2009 on vinyl and electronically along with a cover of Blue Boy's "Remember Me".[19]
The band embarked on a national tour supporting the single through September and October 2009.[20]
"Sundown Syndrome" was included on the soundtrack of the Oscar-nominated film "The Kids Are All Right."
"Half Full Glass Of Wine" was used in HBO's hit TV series Entourage as the closing song for an episode.
Tame Impala appeared at Big Day Out in early 2010, performing alongside bands Muse, The Mars Volta, Kasabian and Rise Against, among others.
"Remember Me" appeared at number 78 on Triple J's Hottest 100 for 2009.
[edit] Innerspeaker
Tame Impala's debut album, Innerspeaker, was released on 21 May 2010. In the U.K. it's official release date was 28 June, however iTunes accidentally made it available to buy immediately (not pre-order) on 12 May. The album was released in the United States on 8 June to general and critical acclaim. Pitchfork named it Best New Music.[21]
On a interview with Triple J talking about the album's recent nomination for the J Award, Parker stated that they have secretly been recording a new album. "Jay and I have been recording pretty compulsively and album number two is nearing potential completion already and I'm so excited about it that I'm having trouble keeping myself from telling you all about it." This comes as a big surprise as this statement was released only months after their debut album, Innerspeaker, was released.
The band has been busy touring during mid 2010, with their 'Innerspeaker album tour' commencing on 13 May 2010, as the opening band for MGMT's 2010 American tour. The band returned to Australia to play at Splendour in the Grass festival, which was followed by a European Tour in July (including an appearance at the Reading Festival) and a national Australian tour in October. In November they returned to the UK and Europe for a fifteen date tour, including their largest London headline show to date which was attended by Noel Gallagher, Tom Meighan, Sergio Pizzorno, Noel Fielding, Alexa Chung and Alison Mosshart,[22] the band then went on to the United States for twenty headline dates including sold out New York, LA and San Francisco. They also received four 2010 ARIA Music Awards nominations which include, 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Rock Album' for Innerspeaker, 'Best Group' and also 'Breakthrough Artist'.[23]
On 29 November 2010 Tame Impala's debut album "Innerspeaker" won Australian youth-oriented radio network Triple J's highest honor, taking out the J Award for Album of the Year [24]
Second Album[link]
On 7 December 2011, Kevin Parker began mixing a new album with producer Dave Fridmann.[25]
On 2 March 2012, they stated via Facebook that the new album was "finished, mixed, mastered, mooged, broinged, and beeped". Drummer Jay Watson expects it to be released in Mid 2012. Stated in an Interview posted on their website, Kevin Parker said that the next batch of songs "Represents a departure from his previous work by incorporating an expanded sonic palette, more emotional song writing, and a more pronounced narrative perspective." The album, set to be released in October 2012 was created by a similar set up as the debut album, being that Kevin Parker wrote and recorded the great majority of the album by himself at his home in Perth, Australia. [26]
In an article published in April 2012 by Triple J Magazine, Kevin Parker revealed some details about the forthcoming, currently untitled second album by Tame Impala. The majority of recording had taken place in France, and as a result, one of the tracks are titled, Un, Deux, Trois. Other song titles revealed are, Nothing That Has Happened So Far Has Been Anything We Could Control, and Apocalypse Dreams, one of the first songs Parker has co-written with drummer Jay Watson.
Band members[link]
Live[link]
- Kevin Parker – vocals, guitar, kazoo
- Jay "Gumby" Watson – drums, backing vocals
- Dominic Simper – guitar & synth (previously bass)
- Nick "Paisley Adams" Allbrook – bass (previously guitar & keys)
Studio[link]
- Kevin Parker – vocals, guitar, bass, drums, keys
- Jay Watson – drums, keys, guitar
- Dominic Simper – percussion, bass, guitar, effects
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- Innerspeaker - Modular Recordings (21 May 2010) AUS #4[27][28][29][30][31]
- Untitled (TBA) - Modular Recordings (October 2012)[32] [33]
Live albums[link]
- Live at the Corner - Modular Recordings (May 2010)[34]
EPs[link]
- Tame Impala [H.I.T.S. 003] - Hole in the Sky (August 2008) (12" vinyl)[35] (limited re-issue April 2009)
- Tame Impala EP - Modular Recordings (September 2008) AUS #82[36]
Singles[link]
- "Sundown Syndrome"/"Remember Me" - Modular Recordings (July 2009) (7" vinyl)[37][38]
- "Solitude Is Bliss" - Modular Recordings (April 2010)[39]
- "Lucidity" - Modular Recordings (July 2010) [40]
- "Expectation" - Modular Recordings (December 2010) [41]
- "Why Won't You Make Up Your Mind" - Modular Recordings (February 2011)[42]
Remixes[link]
- "Mammalian Locomotion" - Abbe May (October 2010) [Track 2 of "Mammalian Locomotion" single][43]
- "End of Line" - Daft Punk - Walt Disney Records (August 2011) [Track 11 of Australian version of "Tron: Legacy Reconfigured" CD][44]
Collaborations[link]
- "Big City Lights" - Canyons - Hole in the Sky (May 2008) [Track 3 of "The Lovemore EP"][45]
- "Tonight" - Canyons - Modular Recordings (November 2011) [Track 8 of "Keep Your Dreams"][46]
- "When I See You Again" - Canyons - Modular Recordings (November 2011) [Track 9 of "Keep Your Dreams"][46]
- "Children of the Moon - The Flaming Lips - Warner Bros. Records (April 2012) [Track 5 of "The Flaming Lips and Heady Fwends"][47]
Awards and nominations[link]
WAMI Awards[link]
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009[48] | Tame Impala | Most Popular Act | Nominated |
| Most Popular Live Act | Nominated | ||
| Favourite Newcomer | Won | ||
| Most Promising New Act | Won | ||
| Best Rock Act | Nominated | ||
| Tame Impala EP | Most Popular Single/EP | Won | |
| "Half Full Glass of Wine" | Most Popular Music Video | Nominated | |
| Kevin Parker | Best Male Vocalist | Nominated | |
| Dominic Simper | Best Bassist | Nominated | |
| Jay Watson | Best Drummer | Nominated | |
| 2010 | Tame Impala | Best Rock Act[49] | Nominated |
| 2011[50] | Tame Impala | Most Popular Act | Won |
| Most Popular Live Act | Won | ||
| Best Rock Act | Won | ||
| Innerspeaker | Most Popular Album | Nominated | |
| Kevin Parker | Best Guitarist | Won |
ARIA Awards[link]
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Tame Impala | Best Group | Nominated |
| Breakthrough Artist | Nominated | ||
| Innerspeaker | Album of the Year | Nominated | |
| Best Rock Album | Nominated | ||
| Best Cover Art | Nominated |
J Awards[link]
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Innerspeaker | Australian Album of the Year[51] | Won |
Rolling Stone Awards[link]
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Innerspeaker | Album of the Year[52] | Won |
APRA Awards[link]
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".[53]
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Kevin Parker | Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year[54] | Nominated |
References[link]
- ^ Project, Tame (27 November 2008). "Tame Impala". The Vine. http://www.thevine.com.au/music/interviews/kevin-parker-talks-tame-impala,-roping-in-friends-and-'alone'-music20100515.aspx.
- ^ "Tame Impala". FasterLouder.com. 4 November 2008. http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/features/15611/Tame-Impala.htm.
- ^ Merrett, Rhys (27 November 2008). "Tame Impala". Luno. http://luno1.webs.com/music.htm.
- ^ "Tame Impala (aka Dee Dee Dums)". Ampfest. http://www.ampfest.com.au/bands/2005/deedee. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ "NBT Past Winners". Next Big Thing (Healthway). http://nextbigthing.net.au/pastWinners.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ "Dee Dee Dums win Campus Band title". FasterLouder.com.au. 8 October 2006. http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/local/6347/Dee-Dee-Dums-win-Campus-Band-title.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ "UWA NCBC Entrants 2009". UWA Student Guild. http://www.guild.uwa.edu.au/home/activities/ncbc/uwa_bands_2009#Kyte. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
- ^ Cashmere, Paul (7 July 2008). "Tame Impala Sign With Modular". Undercover.com.au. http://undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=5542. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ New Australasian Releases. September 2008 ARIA
- ^ "Tame Impala: ANTARES MIRA SUN". Merge Magazine. http://www.mergemagazine.com.au/chew/antaresmirasun.
- ^ Carr, Matthew (17 November 2008). "Tame Impala - Antares, Mira, Sun". FasterLouder.com. http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/reviews/music/15826/Tame-Impala--Antares-Mira-Sun.htm.
- ^ "MTV Exclusive Interview with Tame Impala". MTV Australia. 11 February 2009. http://mybiz.optus.com.au/channel/music/mtv_interviews/mtv_interviews_block/33. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ "Top 50 Physical Singles Chart". ARIA. http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1S50. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ "hitlist (by artist): triple j music". ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/music/hitlist_artist.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ "Tame Impala @JPLay". JPlay. http://www.jplay.com.au/JSite/ViewArtist.aspx?ArtistID=5268&ShowFullBio=true. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ Mengel, Noel (26 January 2009). "Kings of Leon top Triple J's Hottest 100". Courier Mail. http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,24966001-5012980,00.html. Retrieved 2009-02-19. [dead link]
- ^ "Triple JHottest 100 - 2008". Triple J. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/popup.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ "Tame Impala tour". WA Today. 21 July 2009. http://www.watoday.com.au/entertainment/tame-impala-tour-20090721-drjo.html. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ "Mod Blog". Modular Recordings. http://www.modularpeople.com/blog/?p=179. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
- ^ "Mod Blog". Modular Recordings. http://www.modularpeople.com/blog/?p=742. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
- ^ Best New Music Pitchfork . Retrieved 2010-05-28.
- ^ NME Daily Gossip NME . Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ^ 2010 ARIA Nominations Announced Take40 Australia (mcm entertainment). Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ "J Awards 2010". Triple J. 29 November 2010. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/jawards/10/.
- ^ "Dave Fridmann". Dave Fridmann. 7 December 2011. http://www.davefridmann.com/dave/News.html.
- ^ "New Tame Impala Album Due Mid 2012". musicfeeds.com.au. http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/new-tame-impala-album-due-mid-2012/.
- ^ "Modular Spews". Modular People. http://www.hellomodular.com/?p=539&web=1. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ "Tame Impala Interview". Faster Louder. http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/features/21954/Tame-Impala.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ "Australian Albums: What To Expect in 2010". Triple J - Home & Hosed. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/homeandhosed/blog/s2798120.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ "official site". http://www.tameimpala.com/news/national-tour-and-debut-album-innerspeaker-out-may/567.html. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ "ARIA Album Charts". http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ^ "Tame Impala 'In the Studio' feature". http://tameimpala.com/news/in-the-studio-feature/1319.html.
- ^ "Tame Impala JMag 'Studio Rumblings' feature". http://tameimpala.com/news/jmag-studio-rumblings/1329.html.
- ^ "'InnerSpeaker' Is Out Now In Australia". tameimpala.com. http://www.tameimpala.com/news/innerspeaker-is-out-now-in-australia/782.html. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Tame Impala". Spank Records. http://www.spankrecords.com.au/stock/vinyl/vinylDetail.asp?id=41100. Retrieved 2009-06-22. [dead link]
- ^ "ARIA Singles chart". ARIA. 9 February 2009. http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20090220-0000/issue988.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
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- ^ "Mammalian Locomotion single by Abbe May (iTunes store)". http://itunes.apple.com/au/album/mammalian-locomotion/id396623473.
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External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame_Impala
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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