Scorpions
Background information
Origin	Hannover, West Germany
Genres	Heavy metal,[1][2][3][4] hard rock[5][6][7]
Years active	1965[8]–present
Labels	Rhino, RCA, EMI
Associated acts	UFO, The Michael Schenker Group, Electric Sun
Website	www.the-scorpions.com
Members
Rudolf Schenker Klaus Meine Matthias Jabs James Kottak Paweł Mąciwoda
Past members
See former members section

The Scorpions are a rock band from Hannover, Germany formed in 1965 by guitarist Rudolf Schenker, who is the band's only constant member.^[9][10][11] They are known for their 1980s rock anthem "Rock You Like a Hurricane" and many singles, such as "No One Like You", "Send Me an Angel", "Still Loving You", and "Wind of Change". The band was ranked #46 on VH1's Greatest Artists of Hard Rock program.^[12] "Rock You Like a Hurricane" is also #18 on VH1's list of the 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs.^[13] On January 24, 2010, after 46 years of performing, the band announced that they will be retiring after touring in support of their new album Sting in the Tail.^[14][15] The band sold over 100 million albums worldwide.^[16]

History[link]

Formation and early history (1965–1973)[link]

Rudolf Schenker, the band's rhythm guitarist launched the band in 1965. At first, the band had beat influences and Schenker himself did the vocals. Things began to come together in 1970 when Schenker's younger brother Michael and vocalist Klaus Meine joined the band. In 1972, the group recorded and released their debut album Lonesome Crow, with Lothar Heimberg on bass and Wolfgang Dziony on drums. During the Lonesome Crow tour, Scorpions opened for upcoming British band UFO. Near the end of the tour, the members of UFO offered guitarist Michael Schenker the lead guitar job, an offer which he soon accepted. Uli Roth, a friend of the Schenker brothers, was then called in temporarily to finish off the tour.

The departure of Michael Schenker led to the breakup of the band. In 1973, Uli Roth, who had helped Scorpions complete the Lonesome Crow tour, was offered the role as lead guitarist, but turned the band down, preferring instead to remain in the band Dawn Road. Rudolf Schenker eventually decided that he wanted to work with Roth, but did not want to resurrect the last Scorpions lineup. He attended some of Dawn Road's rehearsals and ultimately decided to join the band, which consisted of Roth, Francis Buchholz (bass), Achim Kirschning (keyboards) and Jürgen Rosenthal (drums). Roth and Buchholz persuaded Rudolf Schenker to invite Klaus Meine to join on vocals, which he soon did. While there were more members of Dawn Road than Scorpions in the band, they decided to use the Scorpions name because it was well known in the German hard rock scene and an album had been released under that name.^[17]

Rise to fame (1974–1978)[link]

In 1974 the new line-up of Scorpions released Fly to the Rainbow. The album proved to be more successful than Lonesome Crow and songs such as "Speedy's Coming" and the title track established the band's sound. Achim Kirschning decided to leave after the recordings. Soon after, Jürgen Rosenthal had to leave as he was being drafted into the army. In 1976, he would join a German progressive rock band called Eloy recording three albums. He was replaced by a Belgian drummer Rudy Lenners.

In 1975 the band released In Trance, which marked the beginning of Scorpions' long collaboration with German producer Dieter Dierks. The album was a huge step forward for Scorpions and established their heavy metal formula. It garnered a fan base at home and abroad with cuts such as "Dark Lady", "Robot Man".

In 1976, Scorpions released Virgin Killer. The album's cover featured a nude prepubescent girl behind a broken pane of glass. The cover art was designed by Stefan Bohle who was the product manager for RCA Records,^[18] their label at the time. The cover brought the band considerable market exposure but subsequently pulled or replaced in other countries. The album itself garnered demographic praise for its music from select critics and fan base.

The following year, Rudy Lenners resigned for personal reasons and was replaced by Herman Rarebell.

For the follow-up Taken by Force, RCA Records made a determined effort to promote the album in stores and on the radio. The album's single, "Steamrock Fever", was added to some of RCA's radio promotional records. Roth was not happy with the commercial direction the band was taking. Although he performed on the band's Japan tour, he departed to form his own band, Electric Sun prior to the release of the resultant double live album Tokyo Tapes. Tokyo Tapes was released in the US and Europe six months after its Japanese release. By that time in mid 1978, after auditioning around 140 guitarists, Scorpions recruited new guitarist Matthias Jabs.

Commercial success (1979–1991)[link]

Following the addition of Jabs, Scorpions left RCA for Mercury Records in the States and Harvest/EMI Electrola worldwide to record their next album Lovedrive. Just weeks after being ejected from UFO for his alcohol abuse, Michael Schenker also returned to the group for a short period during the recordings for the album. This gave the band three guitarists (though Schenker's contribution to the final release was limited to only three songs). The result was Lovedrive, an album which some critics consider to be the pinnacle of their career.^[19] Containing such fan favourites as "Loving You Sunday Morning", "Always Somewhere", "Holiday" and the instrumental "Coast to Coast", it firmly cemented the 'Scorpions formula' of hard rock songs mixed with melodic ballads. The album's provocative artwork was named "Best album sleeve of 1979" by Playboy magazine yet ultimately changed for American release. Lovedrive reached #55 on the US charts, demonstrating that the band was gathering an international following. After the completion and release of the album the band decided to retain Michael in the band, forcing Jabs to leave. However after a few weeks of the tour, Michael, still coping with alcoholism missed a number of gigs and at one point collapsed on stage. Jabs was brought back to fill in for him on those occasions when he could not perform. In April 1979, during their tour in France, Jabs was brought in permanently to replace Michael.

The Scorpions' logo

In 1980 the band released Animal Magnetism, again with a provocative cover this time showing a girl kneeling and a Doberman Pinscher sitting in front of a man. Animal Magnetism contained classics such as "The Zoo" and "Make It Real". Soon after the album's release, Meine began experiencing throat problems. He required surgery on his vocal cords and doubts were raised about whether he would ever sing again.

Meanwhile, the band began working on their next album, Blackout in 1981. Don Dokken was brought in to provide guide and backing vocals while Meine recovered.^[20] Meine eventually healed completely and was able to finish the album. Blackout was released in 1982 and quickly became the band's best selling to date eventually going platinum. Meine's voice showed no signs of weakness and fan response to the album was good. Blackout spawned three singles: "Dynamite", "Blackout", and "No One Like You".

Gaining in popularity from their success from "Blackout", Scorpions performed to over 375,000 fans on Day 2 at the three-day US Festival concert held in San Bernadino, California during Memorial Day Weekend of 1983. The concert was aired live on MTV, giving the band wide exposure in a live show.

It was not until 1984 and the release of Love at First Sting that the band finally cemented their status as metal musicians. Propelled by the single "Rock You Like a Hurricane", Love at First Sting climbed the charts and went double platinum in the USA a few months after its release.

MTV gave the album's videos "Rock You Like a Hurricane", "Bad Boys Running Wild", "Big City Nights", and the power ballad "Still Loving You" significant airtime greatly contributing to the album's success. The channel even supplied Scorpions with the nickname "The Ambassadors of Rock" to the chagrin of industry insiders who recognized the executive influence behind the scenes.

The band toured extensively behind Love at First Sting and decided to record and release their second live album, World Wide Live in 1985. Recorded over a year-long world tour and released at the height of their popularity, the album was another success for the band, peaking at #14 in the charts in the US and at #18 in the UK.

After their extensive world tours, the band finally returned to the studio to record Savage Amusement. Released in 1988, four years after their previous studio album, Savage Amusement represented a more polished and mature sound similar to the style Def Leppard had found success. The album sold well but was considered somewhat of a critical disappointment. However, British heavy rock magazine Kerrang! did award the album five K's out of five.

On the Savage Amusement tour in 1988, Scorpions became only the second Western group (not American) to play in the Soviet Union. Uriah Heep had performed in December, 1987 in Leningrad. The following year the band returned to perform at the Moscow Music Peace Festival. As a result, Scorpions developed an extended Russian fan base and still return to perform.^[21]

Wishing to distance themselves from the Savage Amusement style, the band separated from their long-time producer and "Sixth Scorpion", Dieter Dierks, replacing him with Keith Olsen when they returned to the studio in 1990. Crazy World was released that same year and displayed a less polished sound. The album was propelled in large part by the massive success of the ballad "Wind of Change". The song muses on the socio-political changes that were occurring in Eastern Europe and in other parts of the world at the end of the Cold War. On July 21, 1990 they joined many other guests for Roger Waters' massive performance of The Wall in Berlin. Scorpions performed both versions of "In the Flesh" from The Wall. After the Crazy World tour Francis Buchholz, the band's long-serving bassist, left the group.

Later days (1992–2009)[link]

In 1993, Scorpions released Face the Heat. Bass was handled by Ralph Rieckermann. For the recording process, Scorpions brought in producer Bruce Fairbairn. The album's sound was more metal than melodic and divided the band's fan base. Many "headbangers" responded positively to the album while many longtime fans were put off. Neither the hard rock single "Alien Nation" nor the ballad "Under The Same Sun" came close to matching the success of "Wind of Change". Face the Heat was a moderate success.

In 1995, a new album, Live Bites, was produced. The disc documented retro live performances from their Savage Amusement Tour in 1988, all the way through the Face the Heat Tour in 1994. While the album had a technologically cleaner sound in comparison to their best-selling live album, World Wide Live, it was not as successful.

Prior to recording their 13th studio album, 1996s Pure Instinct, drummer Herman Rarebell left the band to set up a recording label. Curt Cress took charge of the drumsticks for the album before Kentucky-born James Kottak took over permanently. Many feel Pure Instinct is a response to the complaints levied against Face the Heat. The album had many ballads. Still, the album's singles "Wild Child" and the soothing ballad "You and I" both enjoyed moderate success.

1999 saw the release of Eye II Eye and a significant change in the band's style, mixing in elements of pop and techno. While the album was slickly produced, fans were unsure what to make of the band, responding negatively to almost everything from pop-soul backup singers to the electronic drums present on several songs. The video to the album's first European single, "To Be No. 1", featured a Monica Lewinsky look-alike which did little to improve its popularity.

The following year, Scorpions had an artistic collaboration with the Berlin Philharmonic that resulted in a 10-song album named Moment of Glory. The album went a long way toward rebuilding the band's reputation after the harsh criticism of Eye II Eye. However, critics accused them of following on the coattails of Metallica's similar collaboration (S&M) with the San Francisco Symphony which had been released the previous year, even though the orchestra had first approached Scorpions with the idea in 1995.

Scorpions in 2007

In 2001, Scorpions released Acoustica, a live unplugged album featuring acoustic reworkings of the band's biggest hits, plus new tracks. While appreciated by fans, the lack of a new studio album was frustrating to some, and Acoustica did little to return the band to the spotlight.

In 2004, the band released Unbreakable, an album that was hailed by critics as a long-awaited return to form. The album was the heaviest the band had released since Face the Heat, and fans responded well to tracks such as "New Generation", "Love 'em or Leave 'em" and "Deep and Dark". Whether a result of poor promotion by the band's label or the long time between studio releases, Unbreakable received little airplay and did not chart. Scorpions toured extensively behind the album and played as 'Special Guests' with Judas Priest during the 2005 British tour—these were the Scorpions' first dates in the UK since 1999.

In early 2006, Scorpions released the DVD 1 Night in Vienna that included 14 live tracks and a complete rockumentary. In LA, the band spent about four months in the studio with producers James Michael and Desmond Child working on their new concept album titled Humanity: Hour I, which was released in late May 2007.^[22] Followed by the "Humanity World Tour".

In 2007, the band collaborated with two of their signature tracks in the video game series, "Guitar Hero." "No One Like You" was featured on the "Rocks the '80s" version of the game while "Rock You Like A Hurricane" was released on "Guitar Hero 3: Legends of Rock."

On May 14, 2007, Scorpions released Humanity – Hour I in Europe. Humanity – Hour I became available in the U.S. on August 28 on New Door Records, entering the Billboard charts at number #63.

In a September 2007 podcast interview, Meine said the new album was not so much a "concept album" as it was a collection of songs with a common theme. "We didn't want to make another record with songs about boys chasing girls. I mean, come on, give me a break," Meine said.^[23]

Asked in 2007 if the band was planning to release a Humanity – Hour II, Meine replied:

On December 20, 2007, Scorpions played at a concert for the elite of Russia’s security forces in the Kremlin. The concert was a celebration of the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Cheka—predecessor of the KGB. The band has claimed that they thought they were performing a Christmas concert. They have said that their concert was by no means a tribute to the Cheka, communism, or Russia's brutal past. Members of the audience included Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev.^[25]

On February 21, 2009, Scorpions received Germany's ECHO Honorary Award for lifetime achievement at Berlin's O2 World.^[26]

New album and retirement (2010–2013)[link]

In November 2009, Scorpions announced that their 17th studio album, Sting in the Tail, would be released in early 2010,^[27] recorded in Hannover with Swedish producers Mikael "Nord" Andersson and Martin Hansen. Sting in the Tail was released on March 23, 2010.^[28]

On January 24, 2010, the band announced that Sting in the Tail will be their last album and that the tour supporting it will be their final tour. Dokken was scheduled to open for them but canceled after a dispute.^[29] The tour is expected to end in 2012 or 2013.

On 6 April 2010, Scorpions were enshrined in Hollywood's Rock Walk in a handprint ceremony,^[30] with the band members placing their hands in a long slab of wet cement. The slab will be placed in the ground next to other musical artists on the Rock Walk.

According to bassist Paweł Mąciwoda, Scorpions will enter the studio in the fall of 2011 to re-record versions of their older material. At the beginning this retro collection was tentatively due for release in early 2012.^[31] The album was titled Comeblack and was released on 7 November 2011.

Frontman Klaus Meine was asked in a July 2011 interview about the future of Scorpions and whether the band was going to make another album. He replied, "Our newest project comes out in the next few months. It gives you a chance to experience the Scorpions in 3D. You can actually feel the smoke string out of the guitar like it is a live show. It is an incredible experience. The DVD features our concerts in 3D in Germany. We are just about to do the mix and it should be in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia hopefully soon. Indeed, the strong 3D technology makes us feel like pioneers after all these years (he says, laughing). We have an album coming out later this year featuring classics. You know our love for them. The '60s was the era for our inspiration. Our movie/documentary also is soon to be released. We have cameras with us on tours, so this documentary is being made during our tours. It also gives you a picture of the Scorpions career and journey."^[32]

Almost a year in advance it was announced Scorpions would headline the Wacken Open Air Festival on 4 August.

Band members[link]

Current members[link]

• Rudolf Schenker — rhythm & lead guitars, backing vocals (1965–present)
• Klaus Meine — lead vocals (1970–present)
• Matthias Jabs — lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1978, 1979-present)
• James Kottak — drums, backing vocals (1996–present)
• Paweł Mąciwoda — bass, backing vocals (2004–present)

Former members[link]

• Lothar Heimberg — bass, backing vocals (1965–1973)
• Wolfgang Dziony — drums, percussion, backing vocals (1965–1973)
• Karl-Heinz Vollmer – lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1965–1970)
• Michael Schenker — lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1970–1973, 1978–1979)
• Francis Buchholz — bass, backing vocals (1973–1983, 1984–1992)
• Uli Jon Roth — lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Drifting Sun", "Fly to the Rainbow", "Dark Lady", "Sun in My Hand", "Hell Cat", "Polar Nights" (1973–1978)
• Jürgen Rosenthal — drums, percussion, backing vocals (1973–1975)
• Achim Kirschning — keyboards (1973–1974)
• Rudy Lenners — drums, percussion (1975–1977)
• Joe Wyman - drums, percussion (1977)
• Herman Rarebell — drums, percussion, backing vocals (1977–1983, 1984–1995)
• Ralph Rieckermann — bass, backing vocals (1993–2000, 2000–2003)
• Curt Cress — drums, percussion (1996)
• Ken Taylor — bass, backing vocals (2000)
• Ingo Powitzer — bass, backing vocals (2004)

Manager[link]

• Stewart Young (1995–present)
• Tom Consolo (Front Line Management;Frontline Management Group, Azoffmusic Management; North-America, to 2011)
• Steve Martin (The Agency Group, 2012)
• Peter F. Amend (Lawer, Booker and Manager 1991–present)

Timeline[link]

 id:guitars;vocals      value:orange        legend:Rhythm & lead guitars, backing vocals
 id:vocals              value:red           legend:Lead vocals
 id:guitar;vocals       value:brightblue    legend:Lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals
 id:bass                value:brightgreen   legend:Bass, backing vocals
 id:drums;percussions   value:yellow        legend:Drums, backing vocals
 id:keyboards           value:purple        legend:Keyboards
 id:lines               value:black         legend:Studio albums

 at:08/01/1972 color:lines layer:back
 at:11/01/1974 color:lines layer:back
 at:09/17/1975 color:lines layer:back
 at:11/21/1976 color:lines layer:back
 at:12/04/1977 color:lines layer:back
 at:02/25/1979 color:lines layer:back
 at:03/31/1980 color:lines layer:back
 at:04/10/1982 color:lines layer:back
 at:05/04/1984 color:lines layer:back
 at:04/18/1988 color:lines layer:back
 at:11/06/1990 color:lines layer:back
 at:09/21/1993 color:lines layer:back
 at:05/21/1996 color:lines layer:back
 at:03/09/1999 color:lines layer:back
 at:08/29/2000 color:lines layer:back
 at:06/22/2004 color:lines layer:back
 at:08/28/2007 color:lines layer:back
 at:03/19/2010 color:lines layer:back
 at:11/04/2011 color:lines layer:back

bar:RSchenker text:"Rudolf Schenker"
bar:Meine text:"Klaus Meine"
bar:Vollmer text:"Karl-Heinz Vollmer"
bar:Schenker text:"Michael Schenker"
bar:Uli text:"Uli Jon Roth"
bar:Jabs text:"Matthias Jabs"
bar:Heimberg text:"Lothar Heimberg"
bar:Buchholz text:"Francis Buchholz"
bar:Riekermann text:"Ralph Riekermann"
bar:Taylor text:"Ken Taylor"
bar:Maciwoda text:"Pawel Maciwoda"
bar:Dziony text:"Wolfgang Dziony"
bar:Rosenthal text:"Jurgen Rosenthal"
bar:Lenners text:"Rudy Lenners"
bar:Rarebell text:"Herman Rarebell"
bar:Kottak text:"James Kottak"
bar:Kirschning text:"Achim Kirshning"

width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)

bar:RSchenker from:01/01/1965 till:end color:guitars;vocals
bar:Meine from:06/01/1970 till:end color:vocals
bar:Vollmer from:01/01/1965 till:06/01/1970 color:guitar;vocals
bar:Schenker from:06/01/1970 till:09/27/1973 color:guitar;vocals
bar:Schenker from:01/01/1979 till:12/01/1979 color:guitar;vocals
bar:Uli from:01/01/1973 till:01/01/1978 color:guitar;vocals
bar:Jabs from:01/01/1978 till:end color:guitar;vocals
bar:Heimberg from:01/01/1965 till:01/01/1973 color:bass
bar:Buchholz from:01/01/1973 till:01/01/1983 color:bass
bar:Buchholz from:01/01/1984 till:01/01/1992 color:bass
bar:Riekermann from:01/01/1993 till:12/01/2000 color:bass
bar:Riekermann from:01/01/2000 till:01/01/2003 color:bass
bar:Taylor from:01/01/2000 till:12/31/2000 color:bass
bar:Maciwoda from:01/01/2003 till:end color:bass
bar:Dziony from:01/01/1965 till:06/01/1973 color:drums;percussions
bar:Rosenthal from:01/01/1973 till:01/01/1975 color:drums;percussions
bar:Lenners from:01/01/1975 till:01/01/1977 color:drums;percussions
bar:Rarebell from:01/01/1977 till:01/01/1983 color:drums;percussions
bar:Rarebell from:01/01/1984 till:01/01/1995 color:drums;percussions
bar:Kottak from:01/01/1996 till:end color:drums;percussions
bar:Kirschning from:01/01/1973 till:01/01/1974 color:keyboards

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• Lonesome Crow (1972)
• Fly to the Rainbow (1974)
• In Trance (1975)
• Virgin Killer (1976)
• Taken by Force (1977)
• Lovedrive (1979)
• Animal Magnetism (1980)
• Blackout (1982)
• Love at First Sting (1984)
• Savage Amusement (1988)
• Crazy World (1990)
• Face the Heat (1993)
• Pure Instinct (1996)
• Eye II Eye (1999)
• Moment of Glory (2000)
• Unbreakable (2004)
• Humanity: Hour I (2007)
• Sting in the Tail (2010)
• Comeblack (2011)

Tours[link]

The Scorpions played around 5.000 concerts in over 80 countries.^[33]

• 1972: Lonesome Crow Tour
• 1974: Fly to the Rainbow Tour
• 1975–1976: In Trance Tour
• 1976: Virgin Killer Tour
• 1977–1978: Taken by Force Tour
• 1979: Lovedrive Tour
• 1980: Animal Magnetism Tour
• 1982–1983: Blackout Tour
• 1984–1986: Love at First Sting Tour
• 1988–1989: Savage Amusement Tour
• 1990–1991: Crazy World Tour
• 1993–1994: Face the Heat Tour
• 1996–1997: Pure Instinct Tour
• 1999: Eye to Eye Tour
• 2000: Moment of Glory Tour
• 2001: Acoustica Tour
• 2002: Scorpions Tour 2002
• 2003: Scorpions Tour 2003
• 2004–2006:Unbreakable World Tour
• 2007–2009: Humanity World Tour
• 2010–2013: Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour

In other media[link]

Musical theatre[link]

The Scorpions song "Wind of Change" appears in the Off-Broadway production Power Balladz.

Awards and honors[link]

• 1975: Best German Live Band
• 1976: Album of the Year in Germany Virgin Killer
• 1979: Playboy magazine : Best artwork of the year for the Lovedrive cover
• 1985: Entry into the Golden Book of Hanover
• 1986: Bravo-Otto Band in Silver Category Hard n Heavy
• 1991: Bravo Otto in Gold Category band Hard n Heavy
• 1991: Invitation to the Kremlin, reception at the former Soviet state and party leader Gorbachev
• 1992: Bravo Otto in bronze category band Hard n Heavy
• 1992: World Music Award as the most successful German rock act
• 1992: Echo as the best national group
• 1992: Europe Golden (German: Goldene Europa)
• 1994: World Music Award
• 1998: Radio Regenbogen Award Rock International
• 2000: Town of Hanover Plaque (German: Stadtplakette)
• 2000: Entry into the Golden Book of Hanover
• 2000: Cultural Prize of the City of Hannover
• 2001: Scorpions street in Leganes, Spain
• 2009: Echo Lifetime Achievement
• 2010: Star on the Hollywood Rock Walk Los Angeles
• 2010: Rock Legend Award the World Music Award (special award for her outstanding contribution to the development of rock music)
• 2010: Special postage stampforScorpions tour in Brazil, published by the Brazilian Post
• 2010: Lifetime Achievement Awards, the Hard Rock Cafe chain
• 2011: Radio Regenbogen Award in the Category Lifetime Rock^[34]
• 2011: Pioneer of Pop-Award of SWR3-New-Pop-Festival^[35]
• 2011:Metal Guru Award from Classic Rock (magazine)^[36]
• 2012: CGDC Award for Music for Dialogue from the Center for Global Dialogue and Cooperation (CGDC)^[37]

See also[link]

	Book: Scorpions (band)
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• List of best-selling music artists
• List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Scorpions (band) (category)

• Official website
• Photos from concert Scorpions in Minsk 29.04.2010, Final World tour
• Photos from press-conference Scorpions in Minsk 29.04.2010
• Scorpions live photo gallery
• Official website "Big City Nights - The Scorpions Film", documentary

v t e Scorpions Rudolf Schenker Klaus Meine Matthias Jabs James Kottak Paweł Mąciwoda Herman Rarebell Francis Buchholz Uli Jon Roth Michael Schenker Ralph Rieckermann Rudy Lenners Jürgen Rosenthal Wolfgang Dziony Lothar Heimberg Karl-Heinz Vollmer Joe Wyman Ken Taylor Curt Cress Barry Sparks Ingo Powitzer Studio albums Lonesome Crow Fly to the Rainbow In Trance Virgin Killer Taken by Force Lovedrive Animal Magnetism Blackout Love at First Sting Savage Amusement Crazy World Face the Heat Pure Instinct Eye II Eye Moment of Glory Unbreakable Humanity: Hour I Sting in the Tail Live albums Tokyo Tapes World Wide Live Live Bites Acoustica Live 2011: Get Your Sting & Blackout Compilations The Best of Scorpions Vol. 1 The Best of Scorpions Vol. 2 Best of Rockers 'n' Ballads Still Loving You Deadly Sting: The Mercury Years Big City Nights 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Scorpions Bad for Good: The Very Best of Scorpions Box of Scorpions Gold Comeblack Videos World Wide Live Crazy World Tour Live Release A Savage Crazy World Moment of Glory Acoustica Unbreakable World Tour 2004 Live at Wacken Open Air 2006 Tours Lonesome Crow Tour Fly to the Rainbow Tour In Trance Tour Virgin Killer Tour Taken by Force Tour Lovedrive Tour Animal Magnetism Tour Blackout Tour Love at First Sting World Tour Savage Amusement World Tour Crazy World Tour Face the Heat World Tour Pure Instinct World Tour Eye to Eye Tour Moment Of Glory Tour Acoustica Tour Scorpions Tour 2002 Scorpions Tour 2003 Unbreakable World Tour Humanity World Tour Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour Related articles Discography The Wall – Live in Berlin Categories Members Albums Songs Concert tours Book:Scorpions

Man are a rock band from South Wales whose style is a mixture of West Coast psychedelia, progressive rock, blues and country-rock. Formed in 1968 as a reincarnation of Welsh rock harmony group ‘’The Bystanders’’, Man are renowned for the extended jams in their live performances, and having had numerous line up changes.

The Bystanders[link]

Man evolved out of The Bystanders, a successful close harmony pop group from Merthyr Tydfil who played numerous club residencies in Wales, often playing several clubs a night. The Bystanders issued eight singles, including "98.6" (#45 in UK Singles Chart, in February 1967)^[1] which featured in the 2009 film, The Boat That Rocked (although Keith's version was the bigger hit, reaching #24 in the UK) and "When Jesamine Goes", written by their manager Ronnie Scott and Marty Wilde under the pseudonyms of Frere Manston and Jack Gellar, which was later covered by The Casuals as "Jesamine" and got to #2 in the UK Chart. They also recorded sessions of cover versions for the BBC as rules restricting needle time required "live" performances between the records during the 1960s; ^[2] becoming regulars on the ’’Jimmy Young Show’’, "The David Symonds Show" and others.

When formed in 1962 The Bystanders included Owen Money, then known as Gerry Braden,^[3] but he was replaced by Vic Oakley, giving the classic line up of Micky Jones (guitar), Ray Williams (bass), Jeff Jones (drums), Clive John (aka Clint Space) (keyboards) and Vic Oakley (vocals). By 1968 the other members wanted to change musical direction to a more psychedelic/American west-coast guitar sound, so Oakley left, to be replaced by Deke Leonard; and the band changed its name to Man.^[4]

Pye years[link]

Man were initially signed to Pye Records, for whom they recorded their first two albums:- Revelation noted for the simulated orgasm on "Erotica", which received a UK ban,^[5] and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle. Whilst mixing the second album, Leonard left, and was replaced by Martin Ace from Leonard’s previous band, Dream. At this time, Man were recording three demo sessions a week for Leeds Music, including Down the Dustpipe which they taught to Status Quo.^[6]

Man then toured Europe, predominantly Germany, where they supported Chicago, but on their return, were stopped as suspected terrorists, then jailed for drugs offences in Belgium. Leonard then rejoined, but Ace stayed on as a multi-instrumentalist. Shortly after, Ray Williams and Jeff Jones were fired, with Terry Williams joining on drums and Ace moving to bass. Leonard, Ace and Terry Williams having been together in “Dream”, this was seen by some as a take-over.^[6]

A bootleg of the first gig by this line up, October 1970 in Hamburg, was issued as To Live for to Die and was later re-bootlegged by the band.^[7] Despite good reviews in Britain Two Ounces of Plastic ... was more popular in Germany, so the band spent a year in Germany, where, having to play 4–5 hours a night, most numbers became extended jams.

United Artists years[link]

Their manager, Barrie Marshall, obtained a new record contract with Andrew Lauder of United Artists Records, for whom the band recorded the eponymous Man album, which received mixed reviews. Their media break came when outperforming Soft Machine, Yes and Family at a concert in Berlin, but they continued to play on the continent.^[8] Having appeared on the United Artists sampler album, All Good Clean Fun, they undertook a tour of Switzerland, to promote the album, together with Help Yourself and Leicester band Gypsy.

The next album Do You Like It Here Now, Are You Settling In? recorded at Rockfield Studios by Kingsley Ward, received good reviews, and the band played German TV and Iceland with Badfinger.^[9] Constant touring was creating internal pressures, and in January 1972, John left the band, to form “Iowerth Pritchard and the Neutrons” with Phil Ryan and Will Youatt.

The new four piece supported Hawkwind and Brinsley Schwarz at a charity gig at The Roundhouse on 13 February 1972, recorded and issued as Greasy Truckers Party, a limited edition double album which rapidly became a collectors' item.^[10] United Artists' A&R man, Andrew Lauder, persuaded them to follow this up with a live album.^[11] Live at the Padget Rooms, Penarth was recorded on 8 April 1972. It was sold at a reduced price and only 8000 copies were pressed, which sold out in a week, making it No 1 in the “budget” album chart.^[12] Man recorded the first of their three Peel Sessions on 29 August 1972, (the others being 18 September 1973 & 31 October 1974)^[13]

The band then tried to write a new studio album, but lacked inspiration. Martin Ace left, to form "The Flying Aces" with his wife George, so Micky Jones and Terry Williams sacked Leonard, and John rejoined together with his new band members, Ryan (keyboards) and Youatt (bass).^[14] The new band recorded Be Good to Yourself at Least Once a Day which received good reviews. A party on 19 December 1972, with Dave Edmunds, Help Yourself, The Flying Aces and others, was issued as Christmas at the Patti, a double 10” album, which again topped the “budget” album chart, but on tour John fell out with Micky Jones, and left again.

The four-piece started to record Back Into The Future, but felt the need for a second guitarist, so Alan “Tweke” Lewis joined from Wild Turkey. On 24 June 1973 they recorded the live half of this double album at Man’s spiritual London home, The Roundhouse, backed by the Gwalia Male Voice Choir, who had previously sung with Man at The Oval,^[15] when they supported Frank Zappa. The album initially sold well, rising to No 23,^[16] and again, this was tipped to be album that would make the band, but pressing was restricted by a lack of plastic during the oil crisis. The follow-up tour had Deke Leonard’s Iceberg as support. During the tour, Micky Jones and Leonard discussed a new Man line-up, so when Ryan and Youatt left to form The Neutrons in December 1973, Leonard disbanded Iceberg and rejoined Man along with two former members of Help Yourself; Malcolm Morley (keyboards) and Ken Whaley (bass), who had also played in Iceberg.^[8]

The next album Rhinos, Winos and Lunatics was produced by Roy Thomas Baker, noted for his work with Queen, and spent 4 weeks in the UK album chart, peaking at No 24.^[16] In March/April 1974 Man supported Hawkwind on The 1999 Party, a 5 week US tour. At the Los Angeles Whisky a Go Go on 12 March, Jim Horn joined on saxophone, which was issued as a bonus disc with the reissue of the Rhinos ... Album in 2007. The 21 April gig in Chicago, was recorded for radio, and issued on CD as The 1999 Party Tour in 1997, but omits Morley from the credits, although he is on the recording.

Morley left the day before recording started on the next album Slow Motion. Before the album was released, the band toured the UK (again with Badfinger) and USA in August–October 1974. They returned to the USA in March 1975, to promote the album by touring with REO Speedwagon and New Riders of the Purple Sage, but the tour collapsed on the first night. A new US tour, with REO Speedwagon and Blue Öyster Cult broke up two-thirds of the way through.^[8] Additional dates were arranged, but most were cancelled when Micky Jones developed pneumonia, so the final gigs were to be at the San Francisco Winterland. These were a great success, and promoter Bill Graham paid them a bonus, and rebooked them, but Whaley had had enough, and left.^[17]

Martin Ace flew out as a stand in, and the band met and rehearsed with John Cipollina of Quicksilver Messenger Service, who played with them at Winterland, and agreed to play a UK tour. On this tour, the Roundhouse gig was recorded, but it is rumoured that Micky Jones had to over-dub Cipollina’s guitar, as it was out of tune, before the Maximum Darkness album could be released.^[18] The album eventually reaching no 25 in the UK album chart.^[16] and Martin Ace continued as “stand in” bassist, until the end of a French tour, with Hawkwind, Gong and Magma, when he returned to the Flying Aces.

MCA[link]

The band changed label to MCA Records, Ryan rejoined on keyboards, but as no bass players they knew were available, the band had to audition for the first time in their history. Auditions went badly, until the final audition, of John McKenzie of Global Village Trucking Company, who was immediately offered the job.^[19] They then recorded The Welsh Connection which reached No 40 in the UK Album Chart^[16] and was toured in March/April 1976 in Britain and June/July in the US. During the US tour differences arose again, and on the subsequent European tour Ryan and McKenzie announced they would be leaving, and the rest of the band agreed to call it a day.^[19] The MCA record deal, however, was for 3 albums, but nobody was willing to contribute new material, and their attempts at covers were poor, so MCA eventually agreed to a live farewell album. All's Well That Ends Well was recorded at the Roundhouse on 11–13 December, although the final gig was in Slough on 16 December 1976. The band agreed that they “would never, ever, be one of those bands who reformed in a futile attempt to recapture past glories ...”.^[20]

Interval[link]

After the 1976 break up, band members undertook numerous projects, often with other former members.

Martin Ace[link]

Ace left Man before The Welsh Connection to reform The Flying Aces with his wife George (guitar), Mickey Gee (guitar), Phil Ryan (keyboards) and Stuart Halliday (drums). Ryan returned to Man and Halliday joined ‘’Alkatraz’’ being replaced first by Dave Charles, (ex Help Yourself) and then Mike Gibbins (ex Badfinger)

In the 1980s Ace & Micky Jones occasionally backed Welsh Elvis impersonator, Peter Singh in The Screaming Pakistanis and Ace also played with guitarist David Tipton with John 'Pugwash' Weathers (ex Gentle Giant) on drums.^[21]

Micky Jones[link]

Shortly after the break-up, Micky Jones recorded some demos with John McKenzie (bass), Malcolm Morley (guitar & keyboards) and Derek Ballard (drums). In 1978 he formed the Micky Jones Band, with Tweke Lewis (guitar), Steve Dixon (drums), Al McLaine (bass) and Steve Gurl (ex Wild Turkey & Babe Ruth) (keyboards).

Lewis & Gurl left, so Jones, Dixon & McLaine continued as three-piece Manipulator occasionally known as ‘’The Acidtones’’. In 1981 Jones disbanded Manipulator and formed The Flying Pigs with Mick Hawksworth (bass) and Phil Little (drums).^[22]

Deke Leonard[link]

Leonard reformed Iceberg, with Lincoln Carr (bass) and Terry Williams (when not playing with Rockpile). He still had a record contract and initially recorded with Martin Ace and Terry Williams, but needed two attempts to complete the album ‘'Before Your Very Eyes’', release of which was delayed for five years, when EMI took over United Artists.^[23] A later line up included 2 musicians Leonard had played with in Help Yourself, Richard Treece (guitar & bass) and B.J. Cole (pedal steel guitar), plus Reg Isadore (drums). Leonard took up writing, and briefly moved to the USA, where he worked on a Walter Egan album.

Leonard formed The Force with Sean Tyla (ex Ducks Deluxe) (guitar), Micky Groome (bass) and Paul Simmons (drums). Their album Force's First also included Terry Williams and Martin Ace. The Force disbanded after Tyla suffered severe stage fright in 1982, and Leonard reformed the band as another Iceberg^[23]

John McKenzie[link]

McKenzie initially joined Ryan and Pete Brown, before joining Steve Hillage appearing on some tracks of the ‘'Live Herald'’ album. He then became a session/backing musician, touring with Dr John, Albert Lee, Davy Spillane, The Christians, Seal, Alison Moyet and Everything but the Girl and recording with Bob Dylan, The Pretenders, Eurythmics, David Bowie, Mary Coughlan, Paul Brady, Moya Brennan, Andrea Corr, Damien Rice, and Wham.

Phil Ryan[link]

Ryan rejoined his former Piblokto partner Pete Brown and briefly formed The Brown & Ryan Band with McKenzie (bass), Taff Williams (ex Neutrons) (guitar) and Steve Jones (drums). A second line up of Pete Brown, Phil Ryan, Taff Williams, Dill Katz (bass) and Jeff Seopardie (drums) known as both ‘’Pete Brown and the Interoceters’’ and ‘’Ray Gammond and the Interoceters’’ recorded some tracks issued on Pete Brown’s 1984 album ‘’Party in the Rain’’. He also played a few gigs with the Flying Aces.^[21]

Ryan then moved to Denmark, where his wife Bolette came from, and wrote music for films and TV

Terry Williams[link]

On the breakup of Man, Williams immediately joined Rockpile with Dave Edmunds, Nick Lowe and Billy Bremner. They continued until 1982, issuing several successful albums & singles and touring the USA and Europe. Williams briefly worked with Meat Loaf, before receiving an offer from Dire Straits, who he was still working with, when Man reformed.^[21]

Reformed[link]

The band reformed in 1983, with a line-up of Micky Jones and Deke Leonard on guitars, Martin Ace on bass and John “Pugwash” Weathers (formerly of Gentle Giant) on drums. This line up was to stay constant until 1996, except from a short spell, when Weathers was unwell, and Rick Martinez temporarily took over

After rehearsals, their first gig was on All Fools Day at the Marquee Club in London, and in June they recorded Friday 13th (Picasso PIK 001) at The Marquee, but this comprised old numbers, not new material. Not having a recording contract to promote them, albums were issued on several labels, e.g. Friday 13th was also issued as Live at the Marquee (Great Expectations PIPCD 055) and Talk about a Morning (Dressed to Kill DRESS 600). Later that year they played the Reading Festival which was recorded for Tommy Vance’s Friday Rock Show and released as Live At Reading '83 in 1993.^[24]

In 1983, they also recorded an album of new material in Germany, but fell out with the producer, who was also the album’s promoter, so the album was never issued.^[25] The first studio album to be issued, The Twang Dynasty was issued in 1992 and included the track "Fast and Dangerous" which was used on trailers for Paul Whitehouse’s Fast Show, although the band were not paid for this.^[25]

Their performance at 1994’s Glastonbury Festival was issued as Live 1994 - Official Bootleg (and reissued as Live Official Bootleg), and in 1995 they recorded Call Down The Moon issued on the Hypertension label, and produced by the band and Ron Sanchez – a US musician and DJ, who had long championed their cause.

Weathers left in 1996, allegedly because Gentle Giant were about to reform,^[26] and was replaced by returning drummer Terry Williams, who in the interim, had served in bands such as Dire Straits. Williams recorded some tracks, later released on the Undrugged album, and then Leonard suffered a minor stroke, so the band played a few gigs as a 3 piece. When Leonard returned in 1997, Williams left, to be replaced by drummer Bob Richards formerly of The Wild Family and The Adrian Smith Band.

Former keyboardist Phil Ryan returned in 1998 taking the band back to the classic 5-piece line-up, which recorded a live double album at The Star Club, Oberhausen, West Germany, in March that year. Ryan played a major role in producing 2000's Endangered Species, but then had to withdraw from the band for personal reasons. Ryan was replaced by Gareth Llewellyn Thorrington, who missed the recording of Down Town Live at the Down Town Blues Club, Hamburg, in May 2001, as his flight was cancelled due a bomb-scare, but appeared on part of the Undrugged album (an “unplugged” album with a twist in the title), which had been started in 1996, and was finally issued in 2002. Undrugged has some classic covers, including Brian Wilson's Sail on Sailor and Ray Charles's Georgia On My Mind both lead vocals being by Micky Jones.

In 2002 Micky Jones was diagnosed with a brain tumour and had to take time off for treatment. Micky's place was temporarily taken by his son George Jones, but when Micky had recovered enough to rejoin, in 2004, Leonard decided to leave, again, so George became a permanent member of the band. In 2005, Micky Jones' health deteriorated due to the re-occurrence of his brain tumour^[22] and he was replaced by Martin Ace's son Josh Ace.

In 2006, the album Diamonds and Coal was released, after which Thorrington was sacked, and the band continued as a 4-piece. The 40th anniversary tour in 2008, saw the return of Ryan on keyboards, giving a multi-generational line up, with two early members (Martin Ace and Phil Ryan), two sons of early members (George Jones and Josh Ace) and Bob Richards, who had been in the band since 1997. This line up also recorded a studio album, but before this was mixed, the band split.^[27] Josh Ace, Martin Ace and Phil Ryan recruited James Beck (guitar, vocals) and Rene Robrahn (drums, vocals) to the new line up and wiped parts of the album to replace George Jones. Bob Richards parts were kept on as they were unable to record over them, due to the lack of a click track. This latest album Kingdom of Noise was finally released in June 2009.^[28]

After leaving Man, Micky Jones continued to perform for a while, but was then diagnosed with another tumour, he spent the next year and a half in and out of hospital, his health meant he remained at a care home in Swansea for the next 3 years until he died peacefully, at the age of 63, on 10 March 2010.^[29][30][31] Fans paid tribute to Micky Jones online,^[32] calling Man the greatest Welsh band of all time.

Clive John, AKA Clint Space, another of the founding members, died after a long fight against emphysema on 24 August 2011.^[33]

Discography[link]

For a full discography see "The Manband Archive". In August 2011 this listed 412 releases, on 71 labels, in 24 countries.^[34]

Band member timeline[link]

 id:guitar      value:yellow       legend:Guitar
 id:bass        value:yellowgreen    legend:Bass
 id:drums       value:powderblue2  legend:Drums
 id:keys       value:orange      legend:Keyboards
 id:lines       value:black        legend:Albums

 bar:Micky      text:"Micky Jones"
 bar:Deke    text:"Deke Leonard"
 bar:Ray   text:"Ray Williams"
 bar:Jeff   text:"Jeff Jones"
 bar:Clive    text:"Clive John"
 bar:Martin   text:"Martin Ace"
 bar:Terry      text:"Terry Williams"
 bar:Will     text:"Will Youatt"
 bar:Phil  text:"Phil Ryan"
 bar:Tweke     text:"Tweke Lewis"
 bar:Ken    text:"Ken Whaley"
 bar:Malc    text:"Malcolm Morley
 bar:Cippo     text:"John Cippolina"
 bar:John     text:"John McKenzie"
 bar:Pugwash     text:"John Weathers"
 bar:Rick     text:"Rick Martinez"
 bar:Bob     text:"Bob Richards"
 bar:Gareth     text:"Gareth Thorrington"
 bar:George     text:"George Jones"
 bar:Josh     text:"Josh Ace"
 bar:James     text:"James Beck"
 bar:Rene     text:"Rene Robrahn"

 width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
 bar:Micky     from:01/11/1968 till: 16/12/1976 color:guitar
 bar:Deke    from:01/11/1968 till: 15/08/1969 color:guitar
 bar:Deke    from:16/03/1970 till: 15/04/1972 color:guitar
 bar:Deke    from:01/01/1974 till: 16/12/1976 color:guitar
 bar:Ray   from:01/11/1968 till:15/10/1970 color:bass
 bar:Jeff   from:01/11/1968 till:15/10/1970 color:drums
 bar:Clive    from:01/11/1968 till:15/01/1972 color:keys
 bar:Clive    from:16/04/1972 till:15/04/1973 color:guitar
 bar:Martin   from:16/08/1969 till:15/10/1970 color:guitar
 bar:Martin   from:16/10/1970 till:15/04/1972 color:bass
 bar:Martin   from:16/03/1975 till:31/08/1975 color:bass
 bar:Terry      from:16/10/1970 till: 16/12/1976 color:drums
 bar:Will     from:16/04/1972 till:31/12/1973 color:bass
 bar:Phil   from:16/04/1972 till:31/12/1973 color:keys
 bar:Phil     from:01/10/1975 till: 16/12/1976 color:keys
 bar:Tweke    from:16/06/1973 till:31/12/1973 color:guitar
 bar:Ken    from:01/01/1974 till:15/03/1975      color:bass
 bar:Malc    from:01/01/1974 till:15/07/1974 color:keys
 bar:Cippo    from:01/05/1975 till: 31/07/1975     color:guitar
 bar:John     from:01/10/1975 till:16/12/1976 color:bass
 bar:Micky     from:01/04/1983 till: 30/06/2002 color:guitar
 bar:Deke    from:01/04/1983 till: 30/06/1996 color:guitar
 bar:Martin    from:01/04/1983 till: end   color:bass
 bar:Pugwash    from:01/04/1983 till: 31/12/1986 color:drums
 bar:Terry    from:01/03/1987 till: 15/02/1988 color:drums
 bar:Pugwash    from:06/02/1988 till: 30/11/1989 color:drums
 bar:Terry    from:01/01/1990 till: 31/01/1990 color:drums
 bar:Rick    from:01/02/1990 till: 31/10/1990 color:drums
 bar:Pugwash    from:01/11/1990 till: 31/12/1995 color:drums
 bar:Terry    from:01/01/1996 till: 31/01/1997 color:drums
 bar:Deke    from:01/02/1997 till: 30/06/2004 color:guitar
 bar:Bob    from:01/02/1997 till: 31/12/2008 color:drums
 bar:Phil    from:01/01/1998 till: 30/06/2000 color:keys
 bar:Gareth    from:01/07/2000 till: 01/11/2006 color:keys
 bar:George    from:01/07/2002 till: 31/12/2008 color:guitar
 bar:Micky     from:01/07/2004 till: 30/06/2005 color:guitar
 bar:Josh     from:01/07/2005 till: end     color:guitar
 bar:Phil    from:01/07/2008 till: end     color:keys
 bar:James    from:01/01/2009 till: end     color:guitar
 bar:Rene    from:01/01/2009 till: end     color:drums

 at:01/01/1969 color:black layer:back
 at:01/09/1969 color:black layer:back
 at:01/03/1971 color:black layer:back
 at:01/11/1971 color:black layer:back
 at:28/04/1972 color:black layer:back
 at:01/09/1972 color:black layer:back
 at:01/10/1972 color:black layer:back
 at:01/04/1973 color:black layer:back
 at:01/09/1973 color:black layer:back
 at:01/05/1974 color:black layer:back
 at:01/10/1974 color:black layer:back
 at:01/09/1975 color:black layer:back
 at:01/03/1976 color:black layer:back
 at:01/03/1977 color:black layer:back
 at:01/01/1984 color:black layer:back
 at:14/11/1992 color:black layer:back
 at:01/03/1995 color:black layer:back
 at:01/07/1998 color:black layer:back
 at:12/07/2000 color:black layer:back
 at:01/04/2002 color:black layer:back
 at:23/11/2006 color:black layer:back
 at:09/06/2009 color:black layer:back

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Leonard D. (1996 & Rev. 2001) Rhinos, Winos & Lunatics. Northdown Publishing ISBN 1-900711-00-1 & ISBN 1-900711-09-1
• Leonard D. (2000) Maybe I Should’ve Stayed in Bed? Northdown Publishing ISBN 1-900711-09-5

External links[link]

• Comprehensive fan site
• Original fan site
• Micky Jones Official site
• Deke Leonard Official site
• The Harvard Man Home Page
• Tribute Album download page
• Man at Discogs.com

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011)

Trevor Rabin
Trevor Rabin live with Yes in 1994
Background information
Birth name	Trevor Charles Rabin
Born	(1954-01-13) 13 January 1954 (age 58) Johannesburg, South Africa
Genres	Progressive rock, pop, rock, classical
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, producer, film composer
Instruments	Guitar, keyboards, piano, bass, vocals
Years active	1973–present
Labels	Chrysalis, Capricorn, RPM, Voiceprint, Elektra, Varèse Sarabande, Hollywood, Jet, Atco, One-Way
Associated acts	Yes, Rabbitt, Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Mr. Mister, Roger Hodgson
Website	trevorrabin.net
Notable instruments
*Westone Pantera Trevor Rabin Signature *Custom Fender Stratocaster *Alvarez Trevor Rabin Signature

Trevor Charles Rabin (born 13 January 1954) is a South African born musician, best known as a guitarist, vocalist and songwriter for the British progressive rock band Yes from 1982–1994, then as a film composer.^[1]