Annulment is a legal procedure for declaring a marriage null and void.^[1] Unlike divorce, it is usually retroactive, meaning that an annulled marriage is considered to be invalid from the beginning almost as if it had never taken place (though some jurisdictions provide that the marriage is only void from the date of the annulment). For example, this is the case in section 12 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 in England and Wales.

In strict legal terminology, annulment refers only to making a voidable marriage null; if the marriage is void ab initio, then it is automatically null, although a legal declaration of nullity is required to establish this. The process of obtaining such a declaration is similar to the annulment process. Despite its retroactive nature, children born before the annulment are considered legitimate in the United States and many other countries.

The marriage annulments are closely associated with the Roman Catholic Church, which teaches marriage is a life long commitment and cannot be dissolved through divorce, but can be annulled if invalidly entered into.

Annulment in the Catholic Church[link]

The followers of the Catholic Church consider a marriage a valid contract entered into between a man and a woman and God. The priest oversees the wedding but the marriage is performed by the man and woman to God. In simplest terms, it is necessary that it be marriage that is contracted, that it actually be contracted (i.e., a valid ceremony/contract be performed), and that both parties enter willingly into the contract. If any of these conditions lack, then the marriage is not contracted, Divine sanction is not obtained, and there is in actual (and religious) fact no marriage. An annulment is a finding later that there was no actual marriage contracted in God's eyes, and therefore no marriage in reality, regardless of civil ordinance or appearance to humans.

Therefore, an annulment of a marriage is much more analogous to a finding that a contract of sale was invalid, and hence, that the property for sale must be considered to have never legally transferred possession, than analogous to a divorce, which is more like returning the property after a consummated sale. These four preconditions give rise to the common fourfold classifications for bases of annulment, defect of form, defect of contract, or unwilling or unable parties.

• The contract is defective in form if the marriage ceremony is invalid, such as the case of two Catholic persons being married outside of the Catholic Church.
• The contract is defective of contract if it was not a marriage that was contracted, such as if there was a defect of intent on either side. This can occur if either party lacked the intent to enter into a lifelong, exclusive union, open to reproduction.
• If either party was coerced, they lacked willingness, and therefore lacked intent.
• If either party was married to another, they were unable to enter into the contract. Also, certain relationships of blood render the parties unable to enter into contract. Also, parties of the same gender are unable to enter into contract.

A "Declaration of Nullity" is not a dissolution of a marriage, but rather a determination of whether a marriage was a sacrament (valid) or contrary in some way to Divine Law as understood by the Catholic Church or contrary to the prescriptions of canon law regulating marriage. While some may try to use an annulment to get around the "no divorce" rule (see Christian views on divorce), that is not the reason the Church gives for the availability of annulment. According to the Church, an annulment affirms the Scriptural basis of divorce and at the same time affirms that in a true marriage, a man and a woman become one flesh before the eyes of God. The Church's teaching on marriage is that it is a Sacrament and that it is only validly contracted by the two individuals, so questions may arise as to whether that person is able to contract a valid marriage. In the Western tradition, the ministers of the marriage are the two individuals themselves, and the priest is a witness for the Church.

For this reason (or for other reasons that render the marriage null and void) the Church, after an examination of the situation by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal, can declare the nullity of a marriage, i.e., that the marriage never existed. In this case the contracting parties are free to marry, provided the natural obligations of a previous union are discharged. -Catechism of the Catholic Church #1629

Canon law presumes all marriages are valid until proven otherwise (Canon 1060).

Marriages are declared null ab initio, meaning that the marriage has been essentially invalid from the beginning. This stipulation can cause concern that offspring from the marriage will be considered as illegitimate in the event of an annulment. Canon 1137 of the Code of Canon Law specifically affirms the legitimacy of children born in both recognized and putative marriages (those later declared null). Critics point to this as additional evidence that a Catholic annulment is similar to divorce — although civil laws that recognized both annulments and divorce regard the offspring of a putative marriage as legitimate.

An annulment verified by the Catholic Church is independent from obtaining a civil divorce, although before beginning a process in front of the Ecclesiastical Tribunal, it has to be clear that the marriage community cannot be rebuilt. Another exception occurs in some states, which recognise to the Catholic Church the right to perform marriages that are automatically transcribed to the civil records: in those countries, the annulment may be granted the exequatur and hence induce a civil divorce. This is for instance the case in Italy.

If someone has all the signs of being married previously, he or she must get an annulment before entering into a marriage in the Catholic Church, even if the individual was not married in the Catholic Church previously. Catholics acknowledge the indissolubility of marriage for any persons who give themselves freely in the bond of marriage and recognize the marriages of other Christians in most cases.

Privilege of the Faith cases (Petrine and Pauline) are exceptions. Pauline privilege: In a case where two non-baptized are married, and one of them becomes a Christian afterwards, and the other will not get baptized and refuses to live in peace with the newly Christian partner, the marriage may be dissolved and the Christian partner is free to remarry in Church. This is not an annulment as the former marriage is not presumed to have been invalid.

A common misconception is that if a marriage is annulled, the Catholic Church is saying the marriage never took place. The parties to the marriage know that the marriage took place. The Church is saying that the marriage was not valid; the valid marriage is what did not take place.

Reasons for annulment[link]

A reason for annulment is called a diriment impediment to the marriage. Prohibitory impediments (which no longer exist in the Latin Code, CIC83) make entering a marriage wrong but do not invalidate the marriage, such as being betrothed to another person at the time of the wedding; diriment impediments, such as being brother and sister, or being married to another person at the time of the wedding, prevent such a marriage from being contracted at all. Such unions are called putative marriages.

Diriment impediments include:

• Consanguinity
• Insanity precluding ability to consent
• Not intending, when marrying, to remain faithful to the spouse (simulation of consent)
• One partner had been deceived by the other in order to obtain consent, and if the partner had been aware of the truth, would not have consented to marry
• Abduction of a person, with the intent to compel them to marry (known as raptus), constitutes an impediment as long as they remain in the kidnapper's power.
• Failure to adhere to requirements of canon law for marriages, such as clandestinity
• killed the spouse of one of them in order to be free to marry.
• The spouse committed adultery.
• The couple were under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the marriage.
• The union was not consummated.

Some impediments can be dispensed, in which the Church exempts a couple, prior to the marriage, to the obligation to conform to the canon law. While some relationships cannot have the impediment of consanguity dispensed, a marriage can be sanctioned between cousins. This renders the marriage valid, and so non-annulable. Again, if an invalid marriage has been contracted, and the diriment impediment can be removed, a convalidation or sanatio in radice can be performed to make the marriage valid.

Annulment in New York State[link]

The cause of action for annulment in New York State is generally fraud (DRL §140 (e)). There are other arguments; see the Statute.

Fraud generally means the intentional deception of the Plaintiff by the Defendant in order to induce the Plaintiff to marry. The misrepresentation must be substantial in nature, and the Plaintiff's consent to the marriage predicated on the Defendant’s statement. The perpetration of the fraud (prior to the marriage), and the discovery of the fraud (subsequent to the marriage) must be proven by corroboration of a witness or other external proof, even if the Defendant admits guilt (DRL §144). The time limit is three years (not one year). This does not run from the date of the marriage, but the date the fraud was discovered, or could reasonably have been discovered.

A bigamous marriage (one party was still married at the time of the second marriage) cannot be annulled —it is void ab initio (not legal from its inception). However, either party (as well as certain other parties) can petition the Court with an "Action to Declare the Nullity of a Void Marriage" (DRL §140 (a)). The Court, upon proper pleadings, renders a judgment that the marriage is void. There may be effects of marriage such as a property settlement and even maintenance if the court finds it equitable to order such relief.

Annulment in the state of Nevada[link]

In Nevada, the qualifications for annulment^[2] include: a marriage that was void at the time performed (such as blood relatives, bigamy), lacked consent (such as, underage, intoxication, insanity), or is based on some kind of dishonesty. See also Nevada Annulment Statutes. To file actions based on fraud, you must have separated from your spouse as soon as you learned of the fraud.

Annulments in Nevada require a residency of at least 6 weeks, including a signed witness statement of having been living in Nevada for that amount of time.

Multiple annulments[link]

• Henry VIII of England had three^[3][4][5][6] of his six marriages annulled. These marriages were to Catherine of Aragon (on the grounds that she had already been married to his brother); Anne Boleyn^[6] (on the grounds that she had allegedly seduced him with witchcraft and was unfaithful—not wishing to execute his legal wife, he offered her an easy death if she would agree to an annulment); and Anne of Cleves^[7] (on the grounds of non-consummation of the marriage and the fact that she had previously been engaged to someone else). Catherine Howard never had her marriage annulled. She had committed adultery with Thomas Culpeper during the marriage, and she had flirted with members of his court. Because of this, on November 22, 1541, it was proclaimed at Hampton Court that she had "forfeited the honour and title of Queen," and was from then on to be known only as the Lady Catherine Howard. Under this title she was executed for high treason three months later.^[8]

• The San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings, originally authorized by mayor Gavin Newsom, were annulled in August 2004 due to a court ruling.

See also[link]

• Alimony
• Catholic marriage theology
• Divorce
• Nullity (conflict) for a discussion of the rules relating to the annulment of marriage (conflict) in the Conflict of Laws
• Separation

Notes[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

External links[link]

Look up annulment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Catholic Encyclopedia "Canonical Impediments"
• Catholic Encyclopedia "Validation of Marriage"
• New York State Domestic Relations Law, Article 9

Winnie Monsod
3rd Director-General of the National Economic Development Authority
In office 1986–1989
President	Corazon Aquino
Preceded by	Cesar Virata
Succeeded by	Jesus Estanislao
Personal details
Born	(1940-07-29) July 29, 1940 (age 71) Manila, Philippines
Nationality	Filipino
Spouse(s)	Christian S. Monsod
Relations	5 siblings
Children	Solita Noemi Toby Melissa Teresa Patricia Christian Enrique Katrina Diane Noelle
Alma mater	University of the Philippines; University of Pennsylvania
Occupation	Economist, Professor, TV Host

Solita Collas-Monsod, popularly known as Mareng Winnie, is a Filipino broadcaster, host, economist, professor, and writer.

Professor Monsod is best remembered for her role as Socio-economic Planning Secretary during the term of President Corazon Aquino and as a co-host in the GMA Network show Debate with Mare and Pare with former Pangasinan Governor and 1998 vice presidential candidate Oscar Orbos.

Monsod graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Economics degree, Cum Laude at the University of the Philippines in 1959. She obtained a Master of Arts in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 and became a Ph.D. Economics Candidate, having completed all requirements except her dissertation, in 1963.

Monsod has been teaching in the University of the Philippines School of Economics since 1963. In 2005, she was nominated to be the President of the University of the Philippines System, an office tasked with the management of all UP campuses nationwide. In 2010, she was named Professor Emeritus of the university.^[1]

In October 2010, a video of Monsod's last lecture in Economics 100.1 (Introduction to Macroeconomics) became a viral hit online. In her impromptu remarks, she said: "You're going to be as good and as honorable as you should be. You are going to stay in the Philippines. And if you leave the Philippines, you are at least going to try to pay back. And if you don't do any of the above, this is my last threat to you. Mrs. Monsod is going to haunt you! From the grave! I intend to go up there and from up there I'm going to look down on you and I am going to confront you at the worst possible moments in your life." ^[2]

Monsod co-hosted the now defunct show Palaban with investigative journalist Malou Mangahas and former beauty queen Miriam Quiambao.

Currently, Monsod hosts the weekly segment Analysis in the news program News on Q on QTV Network. She also writes a bi-weekly column in the Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Monsod was the Cabinet Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning from 1986 to 1989 during the administration of President Corazon Aquino. She was concurrently Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the economic policy research agency of the Philippine government.

Monsod ran for the Senate of the Philippines under the administration party of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, People Power Coalition in the 2001 national elections but lost.

In 2005, Monsod became an outspoken critic of Arroyo upon massive allegations of election cheating, graft and corruption.

Winnie Monsod was a member of the UN Committee for Development Planning (UNCDP) from 1987 to 2000 and the Board of Trustees of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on January 1996. She was also a member of the Board of Advisors of Human Development Report on 1993 and the Board of Advisors of South Centre, which as established to follow-up the recommendations of the South Commission, organized in 1987 at the initiative of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad of Malaysia and chaired by Mwalimu Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, from 1991 to 1995. The Commission issued a report in 1990 entitled The Challenge of the South which has since been translated in five languages.

Solita Monsod is married to Christian S. Monsod, a corporate executive and one-time Chairman of the Philippine Commission on Elections. They have five children holding different careers.

Television career[link]

• 1974–1976 GMA Evening Report (correspondent)
• 1976–1986 News at Seven (commentator)
• 1989–1995 GMA Balita (commentator)
• 1995–1999 Saksi (co-anchor)
• November 1998–February 2001, July 2001–November 2006 Debate with Mare at Pare co-host

Awards[link]

Monsod is a recipient of numerous awards for broadcasting and government service.

• Broadcaster of the Year, 2000. Award presented by KBP.
• Best TV Program Host, Public Affairs Program. Award presented by Star Awards.
• Best Public Affairs Program, 2000. Award presented by Catholic Mass Media Awards.
• Best TV Program Host, Public Affairs Program, 1999. Award presented by Star Awards.
• Woman of Distinction, 1995. Award presented by Soroptimist International Makati.
• Woman of the Year, 1988. Award presented by Perspectives, publication of the Catholic Educators Association of the Philippines.
• Cabinet Secretary of the Year, 1988 and 1999. Award presented by the Philippine Free Press.
• Professional Award in Economics, 1987. Award presented by the University of the Philippines Alumni Association.
• Mariang Maya Award. Presented by the Sigma Delta Phi Alumnae Association, University of the Philippines.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Honor and Excellence (Prof. Monsod's last lecture to her class)
• 2001 Senatorial Page
• GMA Broadcasting Network
• University of the Philippines Diliman
• National Economic Development Authority
• Audio interview with Winnie Monsod (March 2010)

His Eminence  John McCloskey
Cardinal, Archbishop of New York
See	New York
Enthroned	August 27, 1864
Reign ended	October 10, 1885
Predecessor	John Hughes
Successor	Michael Corrigan
Other posts	Coadjutor Bishop of New York (1844-1847) Bishop of Albany (1847-1864)
Orders
Ordination	January 12, 1834
Consecration	March 10, 1844
Created Cardinal	March 15, 1875
Personal details
Born	(1810-03-10)March 10, 1810 Brooklyn, New York
Died	October 10, 1885(1885-10-10) (aged 75) New York, New York

John McCloskey (March 10, 1810 – October 10, 1885) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of New York from 1864 until his death in 1885, having previously served as Bishop of Albany (1847–64). In 1875, he became the first American cardinal.

Early life and education[link]

John McCloskey was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Patrick and Elizabeth (née Harron) McCloskey, who had immigrated to the United States from County Londonderry, Ireland, shortly after their marriage in 1808.^[1] He was baptized by Rev. Benedict Joseph Fenwick, S.J., on May 6, 1810, at St. Peter's Church in Manhattan.^[2] At that time Brooklyn did not yet have a Catholic church, so the family would row across the East River to Manhattan to attend Mass.^[3] At age 5, he was enrolled at a boarding school for boys in Brooklyn;^[3] even in his advanced years, he attributed his distinct enunciation to his training there.^[4] He moved with his family to Manhattan in 1817, and then entered the latin school run by Thomas Brady, father of Judge John R. Brady.^[1] Following his father's death in 1820, the family moved to a farm in Bedford, Westchester County, adjoining to the estate of statesman John Jay.^[4][5] He also became the ward of Cornelius Heeney, a wealthy merchant and family friend.^[4]

The 11-year-old McCloskey, after a brief visit with Rev. John Dubois, entered Mount St. Mary's College in Emmitsburg, Maryland, in September 1821.^[5] As a student at Mount St. Mary's, he was described as having "won the admiration and esteem of his teachers and the respect and love of his college-mates by the piety and modesty of his character, his gentleness, and sweet disposition, the enthusiasm with which he threw himself into his studies, and his prominent standing in class."^[4] In his graduating year, he delivered a speech on patriotism that doubled as a defense of Horace's phrase, "It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country".^[4][5] Following his graduation in 1826, he returned to his mother's farm in Bedford.

Priesthood[link]

In a dramatic event during the spring of 1827, McCloskey was attempting to drive a team of oxen drawing a heavy load of logs when the wagon overturned and he was buried under the logs for several hours.^[3][4] After being discovered and taken to the house, he was completely blind and unconscious for several days. Although he regained his eyesight he tired easily and was generally in poor health throughout the rest of his life.^[3] During his convalescence, however, McCloskey decided upon a vocation to the priesthood and later returned to Mount St. Mary's in September 1827 for his seminary training.^[3] In addition to his studies, he became a professor of Latin in 1829 and a prefect of discipline in 1831.^[4] He received the tonsure, minor orders, and subdiaconate all from Bishop Francis Kenrick.

On January 12, 1834, McCloskey was ordained a priest for the Diocese of New York by Bishop Dubois, at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral.^[6] He thus became the first native New Yorker to enter the diocesan priesthood.^[1] He then served as a parochial vicar at St. Patrick's Cathedral and a chaplain at Bellevue Hospital until February 1834, when he became professor of philosophy and vice-president at the newly-established St. Joseph's Seminary in Nyack.^[4] However, the seminary was destroyed by a fire in August of that same year.^[1]

McCloskey expressed his desire to minister to the victims of the cholera epidemic in New York City, but Bishop Dubois instead sent him to Rome to strengthen his health and to further his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University and University of the Sapienza (1834–1837).^[2] While in Rome, he befriended the likes of Père Lacordaire and Cardinals Thomas Weld and Joseph Fesch.^[4] Declining to pursue a Doctor of Divinity and departing from Rome in February 1837, he visited Germany, Belgium, France and England before returning to New York that summer.^[5] From August 1837 to March 1844, McCloskey served as pastor of St. Joseph's Church in Greenwich Village. His tenure at the parish was initially a rather contentious one, with the trustees refusing to pay him a salary or furnish his house; one of his younger parishioners was Eugene Casserly, later a U.S. Senator from California.^[4] He also showed concern for the needs of the homeless children living in Greenwich Village.^[3] In addition to his duties at St. Joseph's, McCloskey was the first President of St. John's College in Fordham from 1841 to 1842.^[2]

Episcopal ministry[link]

Coadjutor Bishop of New York[link]

On November 21, 1843, McCloskey was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of New York and Titular Bishop of Axieri by Pope Gregory XVI.^[6] He received his episcopal consecration on March 10, 1844—his 34th birthday—from Bishop John Hughes, with Bishops Benedict Fenwick (who had baptized him as a child) and Richard Vincent Whelan serving as co-consecrators, at St. Patrick's Cathedral.^[6] Whereas Bishop Hughes was active and aggressive, his coadjutor was more meek and gentle.^[7] McCloskey busied himself primarily with a visitation of the entire diocese, and was also instrumental in the conversion of Isaac Hecker, founder of the Paulist Fathers, and of James Roosevelt Bayley, later Archbishop of Baltimore.^[2]

Bishop of Albany[link]

McCloskey was named the first Bishop of the newly-erected Diocese of Albany by Pope Pius IX on May 21, 1847.^[6] He was formally installed by Bishop Hughes on the following September 19.^[4] At the time of his arrival, the Upstate New York diocese covered 30,000 square miles (78,000 km²), containing 60,000 Catholics, 25 churches, 34 priests, 2 orphanages, and 2 free schools.^[1] McCloskey first selected St. Mary's Church as his episcopal see but it soon proved unsuitable, leading him to construct the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, whose cornerstone was laid in July 1848 and dedication took place in November 1852.^[8]

He attended the First Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1852, convened the first diocesan synod in October 1855, and was named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne in 1862.^[2] During his tenure, he increased the number of parishes to 113 and the number of priests to 84, and established three academies for boys and one for girls, four orphanages, fifteen parochial schools, and St. Joseph's Provincial Seminary in Troy.^[1][7] He also introduced the Augustinians, Jesuits, Franciscans, Capuchins, Religious of the Sacred Heart, Sisters of Charity, Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of St. Joseph, and Christian Brothers into the diocese.^[1]

Styles of John McCloskey
Reference style	His Eminence
Spoken style	Your Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal
See	New York

^[9]

Archbishop of New York[link]

Following the death of Archbishop Hughes in January 1864, McCloskey was widely expected to be named his successor.^[1][5] Distressed by the rumors, he wrote to Cardinal Karl von Reisach of the Congregation for the Propaganda of the Faith, objecting, "I possess neither the learning, nor prudence, nor energy, nor firmness, nor bodily health or strength."^[7] Nevertheless, he was appointed the second Archbishop of New York on May 6, 1864 and installed on August 27.^[6] McCloskey, following the end of the Civil War in 1865, resumed the construction of the new cathedral begun under his predecessor; he later dedicated it in May 1879.^[4] In 1866 he attended the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, where he preached the opening sermon with remarkable self-control and composure given the fact he had learned only moments before that St. Patrick's Cathedral had been gutted by a fire.^[5] However, the Trustees of the Cathedral immediately affirmed their intention to rebuild the Cathedral, and under the supervision of the Archbishop, the Cathedral was rebuilt sufficiently enough to celebrate Mass by Easter Sunday, April 21, 1867, just six months after the conflagration. The Cathedral rebuilding project was completed in full by March 13, 1868, and rededicated four days later on St. Patrick’s Day by Archbishop McCloskey, and assisted by the pastor of the Cathedral, Father William Starrs. McCloskey participated in the First Vatican Council from 1869 to 1870, and voted in favor of papal infallibility despite his feelings that such a declaration was "untimely."^[7] In 1873, he solemnly dedicated the Archdiocese of New York to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.^[4]

Imposing the Cardinal's Berretta, lithograph depicting McCloskey receiving the Cardinal's biretta from Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley.

McCloskey was created Cardinal Priest of S. Maria sopra Minerva by Pius IX in the consistory of March 15, 1875, thus becoming the first American cardinal.^[2] The news of his elevation was well-received by Catholics and non-Catholics alike, and was viewed as a sign of the growing prestige of the United States.^[4][5] He received the red biretta from Archbishop Bayley in a ceremony at the rebuilt St. Patrick's Cathedral on Mott Street on the following April 27. The Cardinal declared, "Not to my poor merits but to those of the young and already vigorous and most flourishing Catholic Church of America has this honor been given by the Supreme Pontiff. Nor am I unaware that, when the Holy Father determined to confer me this honor he had regard to the dignity of the See of New York, to the merits and devotion of the venerable clergy and numerous laity, and that he had in mind even the eminent rank of this great city and the glorious American nation."^[4] Following the death of Pius IX in February 1878, McCloskey left for Rome but arrived too late to participate in the papal conclave, which elected Pope Leo XIII.^[2] The new Pope bestowed the red hat upon him on March 28, 1878.^[2]

When Thomas Ewing Sherman, son of the famed Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman, expressed his desire to become a Jesuit to his father, the elder Sherman wrote a letter to McCloskey in 1879 telling him to dissuade his son from such a course of action.^[7] However, the Cardinal encouraged the boy in his vocation after visiting with him. In response, the General condemned McCloskey in a St. Louis, Missouri newspaper in offensive terms and accused him of robbing him of a son. When pressed for comment by the newspaper's editor, McCloskey simply replied: "General Sherman's letter was marked 'personal and confidential.'"^[7] In 1880, he received Michael Corrigan, Bishop of Newark, as his coadjutor. His last major public appearance was in January 1884 for the Golden Jubilee celebration of his priestly ordination, for which Leo XIII sent him a jeweled chalice.^[5] In March 1884, with the help of President Chester A. Arthur and Secretary of State Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, the Cardinal helped save the Pontifical North American College from spoilation by the Italian government.^[1]

McCloskey's 19-year-long tenure as Archbishop of New York was a productive one. In response to the growing Catholic population in New York, he established 88 additional parishes (for a total of 229) in the Archdiocese, 25 of them in Manhattan, four in the Bronx, and one in Staten Island; the remaining were established outside the city.^[10] Among these was the first parish for African American Catholics.^[3] The number of priests also rose from 150 to 400 during his tenure.^[7] An advocate of Catholic education, at the time of his death there were 37,000 children enrolled at archdiocesan schools.^[3] He established several charitable societies for children and a hospital for the mentally ill.^[3]

Death[link]

Throughout 1885 McCloskey suffered from bouts of fever, intense pain, loss of sight, and a recurrence of malaria that aggravated what appeared to be signs of Parkinson's disease.^[3][5] Within a few months, he was hospitalized and later died at age 75.^[4] His funeral Mass was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral on October 25, 1885; during the eulogy, Archbishop James Gibbons described him as "a kind father, a devoted friend, a watchful shepherd, a fearless leader and, above all, an impartial judge."^[4]

References[link]

v t e Ordinaries of the Archdiocese of New York Bishops R. Luke Concanen John Connolly John Dubois Archbishops John Hughes John McCloskey Michael Corrigan John Murphy Farley Patrick Joseph Hayes Francis Spellman Terence Cooke John Joseph O'Connor Edward Egan Timothy M. Dolan

James Yap

Alias	King James Big Game James The Man with a Million Moves Big Daddy James Boy Thunder
Jersey No.	18
Position	Swingman
Current Team	B-Meg Llamados
Personal Info
Country	Philippines
Born	(1982-02-15) 15 February 1982 (age 30) Escalante City, Negros Occidental
Height	6 ft. 3 in.
Weight	205 lbs.
College	University of the East
Career Highlights
Draft	2004, 2nd overall by Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs
Pro Career	2004 – present
Awards Received
1x UAAP Most Valuable Player (2003) 1x UAAP Mythical First Team (2003) 2x PBL Mythical First Team (2003,2004) 1x PSA Player of the Year (amateur basketball) (2003) 1x PBA All-Rookie Team (2004-05) 2x PBA Most Valuable Player (2005-06,2009-10,2012) 2x PBA Mythical First Team (2005-06,2009-10) 2x PSA Player of the Year (pro basketball) (2006,2010) 1x PBA Mythical Second Team (2010-11) 1x PBA All-star 3-point shootout champion (2009) 1x PBA Philippine Cup Best Player of the Conference (2009-10) 1x PBA Philippine Cup Finals MVP (2009-10) 9x PBA All-Star (2004-12) 1x PBA Scoring Champion (2007-08) 9th Member of PBA 700 3-point club 1x PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals MVP (2012) 1x PBA All-Star Game MVP (2012) Record holder for most points scored in a PBA All-Star Game (44 points)

James Carlos Agravante Yap, (born February 15, 1982 in Escalante City, Negros Occidental) is a Filipino professional basketball player for the B-Meg Llamados in the Philippine Basketball Association. Yap enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Bacolod Tay Tung High School and then at Iloilo Central Commercial High School, where he sparked his team to three consecutive Iloilo PRISAA titles. He then went on to play at the collegiate level for the UE Red Warriors and helped the team to the Final Four in 2002 after years of absence. However, the Red Warriors lost to the Blue Eagles, the eventual champions. In the following season of UAAP, Yap led the Red Warriors to the Final Four for the second straight time. Eventually in the semifinals series, the Warriors lost to the Far Eastern University Tamaraws. Nevertheless, Yap was named as the Most Valuable Player in 2003.

Yap also played for the Philippine Basketball League from 2001 to 2004. He decided to declare his eligibility for the PBA Draft, and was selected with the 2nd overall pick in the 2004 PBA Draft by the Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants. One of the focal points of the Purefoods offense, he is the 2005-2006 and 2009-2010 season's Most Valuable Player and he is also 2009-2010 Philippine Cup Conference MVP. Yap is also a nine-time PBA South All-Star team starter through 2004 to 2012 and a many-time member of the RP Basketball Team.

Amateur career[link]

Yap was born in Escalante, Negros Occidental. As a child, Yap already showed athleticism playing football, baseball, and track and field until high school.^[1] Growing up, he looked up to one of the most prolific players in the history of Philippine Basketball, Samboy Lim.

Yap emerged to be one of the most promising basketball stars in the Iloilo/Negros region back in the late 1990s. Early on that decade, he played for the Bacolod Tay Tung High School and made his mark.^[2] He was transferred to Iloilo Central Commercial High School, displaying his skills. Manila Standard. Along the way, he sparked his team to three consecutive Iloilo PRISAA titles. It was now rumored that the Negros Slashers of the now-defunct Metropolitan Basketball Association was going to sign Yap.^{[citation needed]}

Instead, Yap went on to play at the collegiate level. He played for the UE Red Warriors under former national team coach Boysie Zamar.^[3] In 2002, known for his quick-release shooting and all-around presence, he, alongside Paul Artadi and Ronald Tubid, brought the Red Warriors to the Final Four after years of absence. However, second seed University of the East lost to a dramatic semifinal series as they faced the Ateneo de Manila University Blue Eagles, the eventual champions. Nevertheless, Yap established himself as one of the most profilic scorers averaging more than 20 points per game in just his third year in the league.

In the same year, he led UE to the first Bantay Bata Crossover Cup, exacting a sweet revenge against Ateneo in the Finals. A month after, he once again led UE to the inaugural Collegiate Champions League crown, beating FEU.

In the 66th season of UAAP,^[4] Yap led the Red Warriors to the Final Four for the second straight time as he topped his teammates in points and rebounding, and closed second to Artadi in overall efficiency rating. Eventually in the semifinals series, the Warriors lost to a much more defense-orchestrated team, the Far Eastern University Tamaraws led by tactician coach Koy Banal and star player Arwind Santos. Nevertheless, Yap was named as the Most Valuable Player^[5] from coaches, players, and media votes. In the same year, he, along with incourt partner Paul Artadi, was teamed up with other UAAP and PBL counterparts to lead the Philippines in the 2003 Southeast Asian Games to a gold medal finish and was eventually honored by Philippines Sportswriter Association as the best basketball player in the amateurs alongside the best player in the professional level, Asi Taulava.^[6]

Yap played in the Philippine Basketball League from 2001 to 2004. In 2001, he played for the ICTSI-La Salle Archers forming a backcourt tandem with Mike Cortez that almost had their team beating the veteran-laden Shark Energy Drink in the finals. In 2002, along with Mark Cardona and Joseph Yeo, he helped put the Archers in the playoffs against the Blu Detergent Kings. In 2003, he had to sit out the whole conference after ICTSI refused to sign his release papers to make him eligible to play for Sunkist-Pampanga.^[7] In 2004, Yap signed up for one conference with the Welcoat Paintmasters, teaming up with the comebacking Jojo Tangkay, leading them to a runner-up finish. He and Tangkay lost to Peter June Simon of the Fash team for the MVP plum.

PBA career[link]

Rookie season (2004–05)[link]

Yap entered the 2004 PBA Draft, and was selected as the second overall pick by the Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants. The Giants were coming off a disappointing 2003 season, after failing to enter the quarterfinals of the three conferences. They ended the season with a dismal 9-27 win loss card (a franchise low). Their best player, Alvin Patrimonio, announced his retirement in November 2004, after playing his entire career with the team. During his rookie season, Yap mostly came off the bench. Bothered by an ailing shoulder, Yap had a slow start in the 2004-05 season but later on, he improved as he had numerous games of which he scored 20 or more points. By the end of the season, he averaged 26.9 minutes a game. However, Purefoods failed to get past the quarterfinal round against the Shell Turbo Chargers. Despite leading all rookies in scoring, Yap eventually lost to Rich Alvarez in the Rookie of the Year award race.

First MVP award (2005–06)[link]

James Yap shooting a free throw in 2008

In the 2005-06 season, the Escalante native received more playing time and began to show more of his abilities as a talented young guard. In the 2005-06 Fiesta Conference, Yap was 4th in the statistical race, behind at the end of the semifinals series, while the Giants finished 4-2 at the series conclusion.

In the classification round of the 2006 Philippine Cup, the Chunkee Giants finished with a 12-4 record. In the first round of the all-Filipino Cup, Yap recorded 34 points against the Sta. Lucia Realtors then had a career-high 37 points to beat the Barangay Ginebra Kings. Near the end of the round, he played an important role in the win against the powerhouse team Talk 'N Text.^[8] The victory put the Purefoods team in a first-place finish in the classification phase, earning them an outright semi-finals berth for the second consecutive time. After the accumulation of player statistics at the end of the semis, Yap edged out teammate Kerby Raymundo and Red Bulls' Enrico Villanueva for the Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award. This made him, at 24 years of age, the fifth youngest player, and second sophomore to have won the individual award. He was the statistical leader and garnered more than 7000 combined votes from players, the 4-man committee, and the media, almost 5000 votes ahead of the rest of the candidates.^[7] Yap was the first Purefoods player since Alvin Patrimonio to win the MVP award. He was also named to the Mythical First Team alongside teammates Raymundo and Roger Yap, and on-court rivals Enrico Villanueva and Lordy Tugade.

Ups and downs (2006–09)[link]

Yap defending Air21's Wynne Arboleda

Yap played in 41 games during the 2006-07 season. He averaged 19.7 points, 1.8 assists, 4.2 rebounds and 0.6 steals per game. On June 1, 2007, Yap scored a career-high 41 points in a 109-97 win over the Welcoat Paints, leading Purefoods to a spot in the wildcard phase of the 2007 PBA Fiesta Conference playoffs.^[9] He scored six of the Giants' 11 3-pointers.^[9] In the following game against the Coca Cola Tigers, the Escalante native recorded 40 points as Purefoods lost 100-97, thus being eliminated from the Conference. Despite failing to deliver the win for his team, Yap's efforts equaled former PBA player Nelson Asaytono's record of scoring 40+ points in back-to-back games.

Purefoods had renamed its team to the Tender Juicy Giants for the 2007 PBA Fiesta Conference.

The Giants then had a 7–0 start at the 2007-08 Philippine Cup with Yap having a banner conference. Purefoods eventually clinched the semifinals berth and the #1 seed after defeating the Coca Cola Tigers. In the semifinals, the Giants were up against Red Bull, the winner over the Magnolia Beverage Masters in the quarterfinals series. In game 4, Yap injured his groin in the first quarter after scoring ten points and didn't return to the game. Yap-less Purefoods ultimately lost the game in overtime, 97–88. After the injury to Yap, Purefoods coach Ryan Gregorio announced prior to Game 5 that the former UE standout would be day-to-day.^[10] However, Yap started on Game 5 and helped his team nail a one-point victory, 96–95. After being outscored in the following match, 123–97, Yap led Purefoods to win the series in 7 games, and finally clinch their 12th AFC finals stint (the most by any team in history) against Sta. Lucia Realtors. The Giants lost a controversial 7 game series with Yap serving a suspension in game 5 after the Giants had come back a 0-2 deficit to tie the series at 2–2. They managed to level the series at 3–3 thanks to a classic fourth quarter performance by Yap, who made 5 of 6 three point attempts and scored 20 points in the fourth quarter. In Game 7 Purefoods struggled in the third quarter with key players in foul trouble, and wasn't able to rally with Sta. Lucia's offence. In the end it was Sta. Lucia who made the crucial shots down the stretch and won the game 100–88.

On July 9, 2008, during a game against Talk N' Text at the Ynares Center in Antipolo, Yap got involved in an altercation between teammate Jondan Salvador and TNT import Terrence Leather. The episode happened in the fourth and last quarter of the game, after Salvador and Leather got involved in a physical play. Apparently Leather was not pleased by the contact, and after exchanging a few words with Salvador he threw him the ball. Yap reacted during the confrontation between the two players and kicked Leather in the legs. The American player chased Yap, who ran away following the kick, but was pacified by his teammates and game officials. In a joint interview with his wife, Kris, the 2005-2006 MVP apologized to basketball fans following the incident, and asked them not to follow his bad example.^[11]

By the end of the 2007-2008 season, Yap averaged 21.3 points, 1.6 assists, 4.1 rebounds, 0.8 steals and 0.3 blocks per game.

During the 2009 PBA All-Star Weekend at the Araneta Coliseum, Yap scored 21 points to defeat San Miguel Beermen guard Dondon Hontiveros and Burger King Whoppers guard Gary David in the Three-Point Shootout contest.^[12]

Second MVP award (2009–10)[link]

Yap defended by Rain or Shine's Gabe Norwood in 2009

The 2009-10 Philippine Cup started on October 11, 2009. Purefoods finished third in the elimination round with a 12–6 record, outlasted the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the quarterfinals in five games, and defeated the #2 seed and sister team San Miguel Beermen in six games after trailing the series 1–2. In the Finals, Purefoods swept Alaska, 4-0, to be crowned 2009-2010 PBA Philippine Cup champions.^[13] During their series against the Aces in the finals, Yap scored 24, 32, 14, and 18 points respectively. For leading his team to this incredible feat, Yap was named Best Player of the Conference (BPC),^[14] as well as Finals MVP. He also won his second MVP award, for the 2009-2010 PBA season.^[15] Yap was lauded for winning the award despite numerous distractions he had to deal with off the court. During his acceptance speech, Yap tearfully dedicated his latest trophy to his son Baby James.

During the 2009-10 season, Yap was selected to his 7th All-Star Game appearance. In March 2011, via fan voting, Yap was voted to his 7th consecutive PBA All-Star Game; the Escalante native collected the most number of votes with 28, 444 to become the starting guard for the South team.^[16]

Starting the 2010 Fiesta Conference, the team changed its name from Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants to B-Meg Derby Ace Llamados. The end of the season, however, marked the departure of coach Ryan Gregorio, who left the Llamados after seven years and signed a deal with PBA returnee Meralco Bolts. Gregorio was succeeded by his assistant and multi-titled Philippine Basketball League coach Jorge Gallent.^[17]

Upsets and return to glory (2010–present)[link]

James Yap playing offensively against Aaron Aban of Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters

With Yap's contract expiring in September 2010, Derby Ace offered him a three-year deal with an option for the player to extend it for another two years once the second season of the new deal ends.^[18][19] A few weeks before the beginning of the 2010-11 season, it was announced that Yap would be re-signing with B-Meg.^[19] The Llamados entered the 2010-11 PBA Philippine Cup as defending champions.^[20] In the first round of the tournament, the former University of the East standout averaged 15.1 points per game, while the team ended the Classification Phase with a record of 7-7. The two-time MVP and Peter June Simon led the team to the quarter-finals,^[21] in which B-Meg scored back-to-back wins against the Meralco Bolts.^[22] For the series, Yap averaged 22.0 points, as the Llamados defeated Meralco in two games. Following this series, the Llamados found themselves on a collision course with the Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters in the semifinals. In a losing effort in Game 1 (B-Meg lost 91–98), Yap was able to record a personal conference-high of 36 points.^[23] Yap suffered breathing difficulties and struggled with his shooting in Game 2,^[24] scoring 13 points in 31 minutes, but still played a main role and came up with a game-winning steal in the final seconds of the last quarter that gave B-Meg a 88–87 victory.^[24][25] The Tropang Texters won Game 3, but the defending champions tied the series 2–2 in Game 4 with a 98–93 win, despite a late rally by TNT in the fourth quarter.^[26] Talk N' Text would eventually defeat the Llamados in Game 5 (97–83) and Game 6 (89–72), thus eliminating the defending champions from the tournament.^[27][28]

The 2011 PBA Commissioner's Cup, the second conference of the season, began of February 18, 2011. After compiling a 0–2 record in the first 2 games of the elimination round, the Llamados broke their losing streak with a 121–92 win against the Air21 Express.^[29] In the following game against the Barangay Ginebra Kings on March 6, Yap recorded 25 points and grabbed 10 rebounds as B-Meg won 89–96; it was Yap's first double-double since the 2006 Philippine Cup.^[30] The two-time MVP was also named Player of the Week from February 28 to March 6.^[31] On March 13, 2011, Yap injured his calf in a 91-97 loss against the Alaska Aces. He missed the following four games of the elimination round against Meralco,^[32] Smart Gilas, San Miguel and Talk N' Text. The Llamados were eventually eliminated in the first round of the Commissioner's Cup with a 4–5 record. The team's quest for a championship in the 2010-11 season was ended when they were eliminated in the semifinals of the 2011 PBA Governors Cup. At the end of the season, Yap was selected to the PBA Mythical Second Team.

In the offseason, two weeks after resigning as head coach of the Alaska Aces, Tim Cone was appointed as the new head coach of the Llamados, replacing Jorge Gallent.^[33] With a new offensive scheme being enforced by Cone, the triangle offense, the Llamados started the 2011-12 season with a 2–4 record in their first 6 matches of the 2011–12 PBA Philippine Cup. On October 29, 2011, in a closely fought game against Barako Bull, Yap hit a critical 3-pointer to tie the game 79–79 with 1.8 seconds left in the fourth period which sent the match into overtime.^[34] However, the Energy ultimately defeated B-Meg 87–84.^[35][36] After B-Meg struggled to win back-to-back games, Yap led the Llamados to a 8-game winning steak in the elimination round of the conference, thus earning them a top stop in the team standings and a twice-to-beat advantage. He was also named the PBA Player of the Week twice.^[37] In the quarterfinals B-Meg faced the 8th seeded Powerade Tigers. In an upset, they were eliminated by the Tigers in two games, as they lost 88–97 and 131–123 respectively.^[38][39] It was only the third time in PBA history that the lowest seed eliminated the top seed in the quarterfinals.^[38]

Following the upset in the all-Filipino Cup, B-Meg started the 2012 Commissioner's Cup strong with a 6–3 record and a second place-finish in the first round following a 96–94 win against the Powerade Tigers. Expected to lead his team, Yap strugged with his shooting and his performance declined as he averaged 12.9 points and 3.6 rebounds. He was subsequently diagnosed with a sprained ankle but still played an important role for his team.^[40] After losing 84-93 in a seeding playoff against Ginebra (the Kings also finished the elimination round with a 6–3 record) for the 2nd spot, in which Yap scored 18 points but was held scoreless in the last quarter, the Llamados found themselves pitted in the quarter finals against the Meralco Bolts.^[41] In April, Yap was named as the starting guard for the Veterans teams for the 2012 All Star Game.^[42][43] In a hardly fought series B-Meg was able to resurge after losing Game 1 and eliminated the Bolts in 3 games, to enter the semifinals against Ginebra. On April 13, 2012, in the first quarter of Game 2, Yap hit his 700th career three-point field goal.^[44] The Llamados won the series 3-1, to earn a Finals slot against Talk N' Text.^[45] On May 6, 2012, the Llamados won the 2012 PBA Commissioner's Cup championship 4-3, and Yap was named Finals MVP.^[46]

Yap was a starter for the Veterans squad in the 2012 PBA All-Star Game, where he shared with Dylan Ababou the distinction of holding the highest-scoring individual performance in the history of the game after dropping 44 points. Yap was also adjudged as All-Star Game MVP.^[47][48]

Philippine national team[link]

This section requires expansion.

Yap is a many-time member of the RP Basketball Team.

Player profile[link]

This section requires expansion.

Yap plays the shooting guard position, but is also capable of playing small forward.

PBA career statistics[link]

Correct as of April 7, 2012^[49]

Regular Season[link]

Personal life[link]

Yap is the son of Carlos and Annie Yap. He was married to host-actress Kris Aquino, the daughter of slain former senator, Benigno Aquino, Jr. and the late former President Corazon Aquino. Kris is also the sister of current Philippine president Benigno Aquino III.

Yap and Kris Aquino's relationship was rumored as early as 2005 before they acknowledged this on various interviews. By 2006, both have admitted to having tied the knot as early as mid 2005; the actual date of their marriage was July 10 under civil rites kept unknown to the public.

His marriage with Aquino was rocked by the revelation of a former receptionist from a beauty clinic that she had a relationship with Yap,^[50] which the latter vehemently denied in an interview with Korina Sanchez.^[51]

This eventually led to Aquino asking for some "space" from the star cager. Yap again denied the receptionist's allegations in a press statement. The issue has since died down after Aquino's pregnancy was revealed.

On April 19, 2007, his first son with Aquino was born. James Aquino Yap, Jr., nicknamed Baby James or Bimby, was born at the Makati Medical Center, Makati City at 5:08 pm local time and weighing 4.3 lbs. He was baptized on May 19, 2007 at the Don Bosco Church in Makati, with 10 godparents.

As of June 26, 2010, Kris Aquino announced that she had separated from Yap, citing personal reasons.^[52]

Yap has made a cameo appearance as Diether Ocampo's body double in Aquino's 2010 film, Dalaw.^[53]

Individual Honors[link]

• 2003 UAAP Mythical First Team
• 2003 UAAP Most Valuable Player
• 2003 PBL Mythical First Team
• 2003 PSA Player of the Year (amateur basketball)
• 2004 PBL Mythical First Team
• 2005 PBA All Rookie Team
• 2005 PBA Sportsmanship Award
• 2006 PBA Mythical First Team
• 2006 PBA Most Valuable Player
• 2006 PSA Player of the Year (pro basketball)
• 2008 PBA Three point shootout Champion
• 2008 PBAPC POW Order of Merit Award
• 2010 People Asia Magazine Men Who Matter
• 2010 PBA Philippine Cup Best Player of the Conference (BPC)
• 2010 PBA Philippine Cup Finals MVP
• 2010 PBA Mythical First Team
• 2010 PBA Most Valuable Player
• 2010 PSA Player of the Year (pro basketball)
• 2011 PBA Mythical Second Team
• 2012 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals MVP
• 2012 PBA All Star Game MVP
• Most Points Scored by an Individual on the All Star Game History (44 Points)

Team Achievements[link]

• 2002-2003 Collegiate Champions League, Champions
• 2003 Southeast Asian Games, Gold Medalists
• 2004 Philippine Basketball League, First-runners up
• 2005-2006 PBA Fiesta Conference, First-runners up
• 2005-2006 PBA Philippine Cup, Champions
• 2007-2008 PBA Philippine Cup, First-runners up
• 2009 Powerade-Team Pilipinas, 8th Southeast Asian Basketball Association Men’s Champions
• 2009-2010 PBA Philippine Cup, Champions
• 2012 PBA Commissioner's Cup, Champions

Monickers[link]

• Big Game James
• King James
• The Man with a Million Moves (coined by sportscaster Mico Halili)
• Boy Thunder (college monicker)

Product Endorsements[link]

• Star Margarine
• Goldilocks Bakeshop
• Nike Philippines
• Sun Life Financial
• Cathy Valencia Skin and Body Centre^[54]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James Yap

• James Yap's PBA.ph Profile