Countries and their territories (colonies) in 1945

Puerto Rico, considered by some to be "the world's oldest colony".^[1][2][3]

File:Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories.djvu

In politics and history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies. Some colonies were historically countries, while others were territories without definite statehood from their inception. The metropolitan state is the state that owns the colony. In Ancient Greece, the city that founded a colony was called the metropolis. Mother country is a reference to the metropolitan state from the point of view of citizens who live in its colony. There is a United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.

A colony is mostly ruled by another state or can be run independently. Unlike a puppet state or satellite state, a colony has no independent international representation, and its top-level administration is under direct control of the metropolitan state.

The term "informal colony" is used by some historians to describe a country which is under the de facto control of another state, although this description is often contentious.

Definitions[link]

The word Colony comes from the Latin word colōnia. This in turn derives from the word colōnus, which means colonist but also implies a farmer. Cologne is an example of a settlement preserving this etymology. Other, less obvious settlements that began as Roman colonia include cities from Belgrade to York. A telltale sign of a settlement once being a Roman Colony is a city centre with a grid pattern.^[4] The terminology is taken from architectural analogy, where a column pillar is beneath the (often stylized) head capital, which is also a biological analog of the body as subservient beneath the controlling head (with 'capital' coming from the Latin caput, meaning 'head'). So colonies are not independently self-controlled, but rather are controlled from a separate entity that serves the capital function.

Roman colonies first appeared when the Romans conquered neighbouring italic peoples. These were small farming settlements that appeared when the Romans had subdued an enemy in war. A colony could take many forms, as a trade outpost or a military base in enemy territory, but its original definition as a settlement created by people migrating from a home territory became the modern definition.

Colonies in ancient civilizations (examples)[link]

See Colonies in antiquity.

• Alexandria formed as a Greek colony
• Carthage was a Phoenician colony
• Cyrene was a colony of the Greeks of Thera
• Durrës formed as a Greek colony
• Marseille formed as a Greek colony
• Cologne formed as a Roman colony, and its modern name refers to the Latin term "Colonia".

Modern colonies (examples, organized alphabetically)[link]

• Angola: a colony of Portugal across several centuries. Independent since 1975.
• Australia: In 1770 some of the eastern coastline of Australia is claimed as British territory by the British explorer, Lieutenant James Cook. The First Fleet was sent to Australia to start a penal colony in 1788. Eventually, Australia became a Federation in 1901.
• Brazil: a colony of Portugal across several centuries. Independent since 1822.
• Canada: colonised by first France, as New France (1534-1763), then under British rule (1763–1867), before achieving Dominion status.
• Hong Kong was a British colony from 1841 to 1997, and Macau was a Portuguese colony from 1557 to 1999. Both are now Special Administrative Regions of China.
• Starting in the 16th century, parts of modern India belonged to Portugal and were collectively known as Portuguese India until 1961. Parts of India were also under the direct control of the government of the United Kingdom between 1858 and 1947. See also Crown colony.
• Indonesia was a Dutch colony for 350 years, from 1600 to 1945/49, occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945.
• Mozambique: a colony of Portugal across several centuries. Independent since 1975.
• Philippines, previously a colony of Spain from 1521^[6] to 1898, was a colony of the United States from 1898 to 1946. During World War II between 1942 and 1945, it was occupied by the Japanese forces.
• Portuguese Guinea: a colony of Portugal across several centuries. Independent since 1974.
• Taiwan was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples closely related linguistically, culturally and genetically to the Filipino people and more distantly to the Polynesians. In the 13th century, people from China's Song Dynasty had been migrating to Taiwan - however, the migration was small due to the island's harsh terrain and hostile local tribes. In the 17th century, most of southern Taiwan was a Dutch colony for 37 years before Koxinga, an anti-Manchu and Ming loyalist controlled the island by defeating the Dutch. In 1683, the Qing Dynasty defeated Koxinga's descendants and ruled over the island, and was made part of Fujian Province till 1885, when it was elevated to become a province in its own right. In 1895, the Qing Dynasty ceded Taiwan to the Empire of Japan following its defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War. After the defeat of Japan in World War II, Taiwan has been administered by the Republic of China, which has been based there following its retreat from mainland China after losing a civil war to the communists in 1949.
• The United States, originally thirteen distinct English (or British, if founded after the Acts of Union of 1707) colonies in British America. The Colony of Virginia, later to become the U.S. states of Virginia, Kentucky and West Virginia, was the first of the thirteen colonies and was under English and then British rule from 1607 until 1783, at least nominally. The United States also founded their own colonies in both the Atlantic and Pacific regions, such as Madisonville on the island of Nuku Hiva in 1813 and Monrovia in 1821.

Current colonies (examples)[link]

Few colonies in the traditional sense of the term remain, with exceptions listed below. However, the Channel Islands are not UK colonies but a remnant of the Duchy of Normandy. Some of the former colonies have been integrated as dependent areas or have closer integration with the country.

Of Morocco

• Río de Oro/Western Sahara is considered by many to be a colony of Morocco, and the last colony on the African continent.^[7]

Of Chile

• Easter Island is a special territory incorporated to Chile. Today, natives have full rights as Chilean citizens.

Of France

• French Polynesia
• Saint Barthélemy
• Saint Martin
• Saint Pierre and Miquelon
• Wallis and Futuna
• New Caledonia

Of the United Kingdom

• The British Overseas Territories - such as the British Virgin Islands and Falkland Islands - are former Crown Colonies. Many of the larger, populated territories, have their own political systems but are still under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and are managed by Governors.

Of the United States

• Similar to Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the United States Virgin Islands are considered by some to have a colonial relationship with the United States because their citizens are subject to the laws of the United States Congress passed without their consent.^{[citation needed]} These territories, along with Puerto Rico, are known as unincorporated territories.
• Puerto Rico's subjection to US sovereignty is considered by many countries^[8] to constitute a colonial imposition because Puerto Ricans are subject to laws passed by the United States Congress without their consent, due to constitutional exclusion from electoral participation in elections of the officials that hold ultimate sovereignty over their national government, and because its population does not enjoy the full citizenship rights of the United States Constitution.^{[citation needed]} According to the US President's Task Force Report on the Political Status of Puerto Rico^[9] the US may dispose of Puerto Rico by transferring it to another sovereign country as a mere disposition of property.^[10][11] In a 2007 letter addressed to then-United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, the then-governor of Puerto Rico, Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, accused the US of having deceived the United Nations and the international community in 1953, when it succeeded in having the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico recognized as a provisional decolonized status subject to continued monitoring; Acevedo Vilá stated that it was ironic that this is the position taken by the Government of Iran and that the Governor of Puerto Rico will soon feel forced to support Iran's claims regarding the US government's alleged-hypocritical actions with regards to Puerto Rico's "colonial" status.^[12][13] On June 15, 2009, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.^[14] Subsequent actions by the governments of the United States and Puerto Rico paved the way for the Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012, scheduled to be held on 6 November 2012.^[15] See Puerto Rico Recent developments for more information.

Of New Zealand

• Tokelau is a colony of New Zealand.

See also[link]

• Internal colony
• United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
• Space colonization
• Settler colonialism
• Crown colony
• Proprietary colony
• Commonwealth

References[link]

External links[link]

• Non-Self-Governing Territories Listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002
• Siberia : History (covers Siberia as Russian colony)

v t e United Nations list of Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (The United Nations Trusteeship Agreements or were listed by the General Assembly official document as Non-Self-Governing her was independence or other change in a Territory's status, after which information was no longer submitted to the United Nations.) Australia Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Papua  · Nauru Trust Territory · New Guinea Trust Territory Belgium Belgian Congo · Ruanda-Urundi Trust Territory Denmark Greenland France French Equatorial Africa · (Middle Congo) · (Ubangi Shari) · French Establishments in India · French Establishments in Oceania · French Guiana · French Somaliland · French West Africa · (French Guinea) · (French Sudan) · (Niger Colony) · Guadeloupe and Dependencies · Indo-China · Madagascar and Dependencies · Martinique · Morocco · New Caledonia and Dependencies · New Hebrides(Under Anglo French Condominium) · Réunion · St. Pierre and Miquelon · Tunisia · Cameroons Trust Territory · French Togoland Trust Territory Italy Somaliland Trust Territory Netherlands Netherlands Indies · Netherlands New Guinea · Netherlands Antilles · Surinam New Zealand Cook Islands · Niue Island · Western Samoa Trust Territory Portugal Angola, including the enclave of Cabinda · Cape Verde Archipelago · Goa and Dependencies · Portuguese Guinea · Macau and Dependencies · Mozambique · São João Baptista de Ajudá · Sao Tome and Principe · East Timor South Africa South West Africa Spain Fernando Póo and Rí Muni · Ifni United Kingdom Aden Colony and Protectorate · Bahamas · Barbados · Basutoland · Bechuanaland Protectorate · British Guiana · British Honduras · British Somaliland · Brunei · Cyprus · Fiji · Gambia · Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony · Gold Coast Colony and Protectorate · Hong Kong · Jamaica · Kenya · Leeward Islands(Antigua) · (St. Kitts- Nevis-Anguilla) · Malayan Union · Malta · Mauritius · Nigeria · North Borneo · Northern Rhodesia · Nyasaland · Sarawak · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Singapore · Solomon Islands · Southern Rhodesia · Swaziland · Trinidad and Tobago · Uganda · Windward Islands (Dominica) · (Grenada) · (St. Lucia) · (St. Vincent) · Zanzibar · Cameroons · Togoland · Tanganyka Trust Territory United States Alaska · Hawaii · Panama Canal Zone · Puerto Rico · Pacific Islands Trust Territory Annotation: Change in Status • Joined • Independence  Category ·  Portal

Damien Dempsey (born in Donaghmede, Dublin in 1975; Irish: Damien Ó Díomasaigh) is an Irish singer and songwriter who mixes traditional Irish folk with contemporary lyrics to deliver social comment on the positive and negative aspects arising from Ireland's Celtic Tiger society. He sings in English, and to a lesser extent Irish.

Early life[link]

Born and raised in Donaghmede, a Northside suburb of Dublin, his earliest musical influences came from the post-pub musical sessions that were held in his parents house when he was a toddler. This developed into a love of artists such as Christy Moore, Luke Kelly, Shane MacGowan, Bob Marley and Elvis Presley.

Growing up on the northside of Dublin, the six foot two inch Dempsey trained and competed as an amateur boxer before committing himself to studying music.

Upon completing secondary school at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, he attended Ballyfermot College of Further Education - the "Rock School" - for 2 years before graduating in 1995. There he studied musical performance and management and his first EP, "The Contender" was released in 1995 on the school's record label.

Musical career[link]

His first commercial single "Dublin Town" was released in 1997, and reached number 18 in the Irish music charts. The Irish music magazine "Hot Press" praised the single, remarking that it was "..an underground anthem for disaffected youth and closet balladeer alike". His first full length album, titled "They Don't Teach This Shit In School" was released in 2000 and contained a re-recorded version of this song.

Dempsey's talent was beginning to get noticed, not least by Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor who invited him out on tour with her and championed him as one to watch - “I don't think there's ever been anyone like him. I think he represents the sort of voice in Ireland that is not allowed to be heard", she said. Dempsey would later joke onstage that when he got the call from O'Connor to join the tour, he assumed it would be on the door as a bouncer.

His next release, in 2002, the "Negative Vibes EP" featured Sinéad O'Connor on the title track and led to an invitation to support Sinéad on her 2002/2003 Irish, UK, and European tour.

Damien's second full-length album, "Seize the Day", was released in May 2003 in Ireland on Clear Records via Sony and entered the charts in its first week of release at No. 5. It has since achieved double-platinum sales.

In 2004 Dempsey toured extensively headlining his own shows as well as supporting Bob Dylan during the Irish leg of his European tour and making his debut appearances at The Fleadh and Womad.

He has earned the support of his peers, particularly Morrissey, who invited Damien to support him on various UK and Irish dates as well as his autumn 2004 US tour. Morrissey went on to sign Damien to his label (Attack), and "Seize the Day" had its U.S. release in October 2004.

	"Patience" noicon single from Shots (2005)
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

His third album, "Shots", simultaneously released in Ireland and the UK in March 2005 entered the Irish album charts at #19.

At Oxegen 2006, on the main stage on Saturday afternoon, the Dempsey said that Patrick Pearse would be "turning in his grave" at the state of modern Ireland.^{[citation needed]} This sparked off controversy.^{[citation needed]}

He supported British folk-rock band The Levellers on their UK tour in the spring of 2006 as well as playing at The Levellers' music festival Beautiful Days in August 2006.

Damien's first live album,"Live at The Olympia" was released June 2006 in Ireland and the UK. The album was recorded at Dublin's Olympia Theatre on 15 December 2005.

"Shots" was released in the U.S. on the United For Opportunity label in June 2006 and Damien undertook a coast to coast tour.

On the Fleadh 2007 tour Damien, along with Sharon Shannon's Big Band, toured Ireland and the UK with Willie Nelson.

His fourth studio album, "To Hell or Barbados" released in June 2007, entered the Irish album chart at No. 2. An extended version of the album, which included a bonus CD featuring previously unreleased and rare tracks, was released in Ireland via Sony BMG in November 2007.

Dempsey's fifth studio album, a covers album entitled The Rocky Road, was released on 6 June 2008 in Ireland via Sony BMG, with a UK release via IRL on 9 June 2008 and on August 26 via United For Opportity. The lead single "A Rainy Night In Soho", a cover of the Pogues' original, was released on 30 May 2008.

Discography[link]

• They Don't Teach This Shit in School (2000)
• Seize the Day (2003)
• Shots (2005)
• To Hell or Barbados (2007)
• The Rocky Road (2008)

Between The Canals[link]

The Irish crime film Between the Canals was Dempsey's debut performance as an actor. He played the fictional Dublin crime boss Paul Chambers. The film has been well received by critics. The Irish Times stated that the film "has all the raw, angry energy of the great man’s roaring songs."^[1] The film is due to be released in cinemas in March 2011.^[2]

Documentary[link]

A documentary, It's All Good: The Damien Dempsey Story, by independent filmmaker Dara McCluskey, that followed Damien's career progression up to the release of "Seize the Day", was broadcast on Ireland's national television station RTÉ and shown at film festivals in Ireland and New York. It shows how far Damien Dempsey has come in becoming a Platinum selling artist ("It's All Good: The Damien Dempsey Story" 52 Minute Documentary online).

Awards and nominations[link]

Nominated in 4 categories in the 2004 Irish Meteor Music Awards, Damien walked away with two, the only 2004 double winner. In 2006 and 2007, Damien added to his collection of Meteor Awards when he won Best Irish Male. Nominated in 2 categories in the Irish Meteor Awards 2008 and won “Best Folk/Traditional”.

Meteor Music Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Damien Dempsey on Myspace
• Damien Dempsey at Allmusic
• United for Opportunity (Record label's artist information page)
• Fleming Artists (U.S. Booking Agent's artist information page]
• cluas.com (Early career interview with Damien Dempsey)
• It's All Good: The Damien Dempsey Story (Documentary by Dara McCluskey)