Shah Alam II
18th Mughal Emperor
Reign	24 December 1759 - 19 November 1806 (&1000000000000004600000046 years, &10000000000000330000000330 days)
Coronation	24 December 1759 at Gothauli
Predecessor	Shah Jahan III
Successor	Akbar Shah II
Spouse	Nawab Taj Mahal Begum Sahiba and 4 others
Issue
Over 50 sons and daughters
Full name
'Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Ali Gauhar Shah-i-'Alam II
House	Timurid
Father	Alamgir II
Mother	Nawab Zinat Mahal Sahiba
Born	(1728-06-25)25 June 1728 Shahjahanabad, Subah of Delhi, Mughal Empire
Died	19 November 1806(1806-11-19) (aged 78) Shahjahanabad, Subah of Delhi, Mughal Empire
Burial	Red Fort, Delhi
Religion	Islam

Shah Alam II (1728–1806 CE), also known as Ali Gauhar, was the eighteenth Mughal Emperor, he escaped to Allahabad in December 1759, he was later nominated as the emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat, when he was in Bihar region.^[1]

Though he was nominated as the Mughal Emperor, he did not venture to proceed to Delhi for 12 years until 1772, when he was installed as the puppet ruler on the Mughal throne by Mahadji Sindhia of the Maratha Empire,^[2] receiving in return the title of deputy Naib Vakil-ul-Mutlak or vice-regent of the Empire and that of Vakil-ul-Mutlak being at his request conferred on the Peshwa,^[3] Shah Alam II also gave Mahadji the title of Amir-ul-Amara(head of the amirs).^[4]

Throughout his life, Shah Alam II remained a puppet in the hands of the Marathas and the British.^[5] In 1788, Ghulam Qadir, grandson of the Rohilla Leaders Najib-ud-Daulah ransacked the Mughal palace. The floors of the houses of the grandees in the city were dug out. The princesses were turned out and their jewellery was snatched by Ghulam Qadir. Ghulam Qadir also blinded Shah Aalam and deposed him and put Bidar Bakhat on the Mughal Throne. However, the Marathas brought out Shah Aalam from his captivity and restored him to the throne. Ghulam Qadir was defeated and hanged by the Marathas. In 1803, the British captured Delhi after the Second Anglo-Maratha War and Shah Alam II became a pensioner of the British East India Company.^[6].

One of his grandson, along with a great grandson married both the daughters of the last Safavid ruler of Persia.^[7] Shah Alam II also authored his own Diwan of poems and was known by the pen-name Aftab, his poems were guided, compiled and collected by Mirza Fakhir Makin.^[8]

Escape from Delhi[link]

The Royal Chamber in the Public Audience Hall in the Middle of Yazdah Darreh, with the Ruler, Alam Bahador Badshah, and the Great Commanders, a page from the Lady Coote Album

Prince Ali Gauhar, afterwards Emperor Shah Alam II, had been the heir apparent of his father Alamgir II. Prince Ali Gauhar's father had been appointed Mughal Emperor by unscrupulous and rebellious Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk and his schismatic associate Sadashivrao Bhau,^[9] had completely dominated and later killed Alamgir II and kept Prince Ali Gauhar under surveillance. After a daring escape from Delhi, Prince Ali Gauhar appeared in the eastern provinces in 1759, hoping to strengthen his position by gaining control over Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

Very soon however, Najib-ud-Daula, forced the usurper Imad-ul-Mulk to flee from the capitol after he gathered a large Mughal Army outside Delhi led by Shah Alam II's son Mirza Jawan Bakht deposed the recreant Shah Jahan III.^[10] Najib-ud-Daula and Muslim nobles and then planned to defeat Marathas by maintaining correspondence with the powerful Ahmad Shah Durrani. After Ahmad Shah Durrani decisively defeated the Marathas, he nominated Ali Gauhar as the emperor under the name Shah Alam II.^[11]

Eastern Campaigns[link]

The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, negotiating territorial changes with an official of the British East India Company, 1781

In the year 1760 after gaining control over Bihar, Orissa and some parts of the Bengal, the Mughal Crown Prince Ali Gauhar and his Mughal Army of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and Imad-ul-Mulk after they tried to capture or kill him by advancing towards Awadh and Patna in 1759. But the conflict soon involved the intervention of the assertive British East India Company. The Mughals clearly intended to recapture their breakaway Eastern Subah's and were led by Prince Ali Gauhar, who was accompanied by Muhammad Quli Khan, Kadim Husein, Kamgar Khan, Hidayat Ali, Mir Afzal and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai. Their forces were reinforced by the forces of Shuja-ud-Daula, Najib-ud-Daula and Ahmad Shah Bangash. The Mughals were also joined by Jean Law and 200 Frenchmen and waged a campaign against the British during the Seven Years' War.^[12]

A Firman issued by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.

Prince Ali Gauhar successfully advanced as far as Patna, which he later besieged with a combined army of over 40,000 in order to capture or kill Ramnarian a sworn enemy of the Mughals. Mir Jafar was fraught in terror at the near demise of his cohort and sent his own son Miran to relieve Ramnarian and retake Patna. Mir Jafar also implored the aid of Robert Clive, but it was Major John Caillaud, who dispersed Prince Ali Gauhar's army in the year 1761 after four major battles including Battle of Patna, Battle of Sirpur, Battle of Birpur and Battle of Siwan.

After negotiations assuring peace Shah Alam II was escorted by the British to meet Mir Qasim the new Nawab of Bengal, who was nominated after the sudden death of Miran. Mir Qasim soon had the Mughal Emperor's investiture as Subedar of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, and agreed to pay an annual revenue of 2.4 million dam. Shah Alam II then retreated to Allahabad was protected by the Shuja-ud-Daula, Nawab of Awadh from 1761 until 1764, although his prestige was greatly weakened Shah Alam II still issued Firmans and even recognized Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro as the Nawab of Sindh in 1762.

Meanwhile Mir Qasim's relations with the British began to worsen he initiated reforms that withdrew many of the advantages enjoyed by the British East India Company, he also ousted Ramnarian a sworn enemy of the Mughal Empire and created Firelock manufacturing factories at Patna with the sole purpose of giving advantage to the newly reformed Mughal Army.

Angered by the these developments the British East India Company sought his ouster. Mir Qasim was chased out of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa; he encouraged Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh and even the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to engage the British.

Battle of Buxar[link]

The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh; the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.^[13] The battle fought at Buxar, then within the territory of Bengal, a town located on the bank of the Ganges river, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company.

The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, conveying the grant of the Diwani to Robert Clive, thus ensuring peace in the eastern regions of the Mughal Empire.

Diwani rights[link]

Soon after the Battle of Buxar, Shah Alam II, a sovereign who had just been defeated by the British, sought their protection by signing the Treaty of Allahabad in the year 1765. Shah Alam II granted the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal (which included Bihar and Orissa) to the British East India Company in return for an annual tribute of 2.6 million rupees. The company further secured for him the districts of Kora and Allahabad this allowed the British East India Company to directly tax more than 20 million people. Revenue was also collected by the deputy Nawab Muhammad Reza Khan.

Return to Delhi[link]

Shah Alam was nominated as the emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat, when he was in Bihar.^[14] Though he did not venture to proceed to Delhi for 12 until 1772, when he was installed as the puppet ruler on the Mughal throne by Mahadji Sindhia of the Maratha Empire.^[15]

The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, however resided in the fort of Allahabad for six years, while Warren Hastings who had been appointed Governor of Bengal in 1774 discontinued the tribute of 2.6 million Rupees and also made over the districts of Allahabad and Kora to the Nawab of Awadh. These measures amounted to a repudiation of the company's vassalage as Diwan and the annexation of Bengal. Shah Alam II agreed to the consultation of the British, who advised him never to trust the Marathas.

The newly reestablished Mughal Army during the reign of Shah Alam II.

In the year 1771 the Marathas began to reemerge in North and captured Delhi. In 1772, Shah Alam was made the nominal king of the Mughal throne by the Marathas.^[16] Soon after the emperor's arrival in Delhi, Zabita Khan began to align himself with Jat rebels and in response to this particular alliance Mirza Najaf Khan and his armies attacked Zabita Khan, who fled from his position and the chief of the Rohillas, but was restored once again after negotiating peace with Shah Alam II. Zabita Khan caused even greater tribulations when he intentionally attacked and provoked the Marathas, who then overran and set ablaze a large portion of Rohilkhand and captured Najafgarh.

Immediately after recapturing the throne Shah Alam II, came under the influence of Nizam Ali Khan the Nizam of Hyderabad, an ineffective ruler who could not increase his vassal state or expand its power. Nizam Ali Khan was very fearful of the rise of highly capable figures such as Hyder Ali and made every effort to downgrade the relations between the Mughal Emperor and the Sultanate of Mysore. Nizam Ali Khan even fought many deplorable battles against Hyder Ali, which weakened both sides.^[17]

In the year 1787, an embassy of Bijaya Singh from Jodhpur presented itself to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, bringing homage and the golden key of the Fortress of Ajmer.^[18] The envoy explained that he was instructed by his masters Bijaya Singh, Pratab Singh the Kachwaha Dhiraj of Jaipur to present the golden key as a token of their wish that the Imperial army led by Shah Alam II himself should march to take complete possession of the empire once again.

Reformation of the Mughal Army[link]

One of his first acts was to strengthen and raise a new Mughal Army, under the command of Mirza Najaf Khan capable of defending the Mughal Empire. This new army consisted of infantrymen who successfully utilized both Flintlocks and Talwars in combat formations,^[19] they utilized elephants for transportation and were less dependent on artillery and cavalry. Mirza Najaf Khan is also known to have introduced the more-effective Firelock muskets through his collaboration with Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal.^[20]

Maratha suzeranity[link]

Ten years after their defeat in the Third battle of Panipat, the Marathas recaptured Delhi in 1771 and installed Shah Alam as the puppet ruler on the Mughal throne.^[21] Mahadji Sindhia of the Maratha Empire became Naib Vakil-i-mutlaq(deputy regent of Mughal affairs) that of Vakil-ul-Mutlak being at his request conferred on the Peshwa in Pune. The Mughals also gave him the title of Amir-ul-Amara(head of the amirs).^[22] Mahadji ruled the Punjab as it was a Mughal territory and Sikh sardars and other Rajas of the Cis-Sutlej states paid tributes to him.^[23] Shah Alam and rest of Mughal Empire remained under Maratha suzeranity until the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803-1805, after which the Marathas lost the Mughal territory to the British.^[24][25]

Rohilla and Sikh raids[link]

Trouble with the Sikh militias was constant, they suddenly emerged in the year 1764 after the defeat of the Maratha Empire in the Third battle of Panipat, and attacked the Mughal Faujdar of Sirhind, Zain Khan Sirhindi in Punjab.

In 1788, Ghulam Qadir, grandson of the Rohilla Leaders Najib-ud-Daulah ransacked the Mughal palace. The floors of the houses of the grandees in the city were dug out. The princesses were turned out and their jewellery was snatched by Ghulam Qadir. Ghulam Qadir also blinded Shah Aalam and deposed him and put Bidar Bakhat on the Mughal Throne. However, the Marathas brought out Shah Aalam from his captivity and restored him to the throne. Ghulam Qadir was defeated and hanged by the Marathas.^[26]

In 1778, after a Sikh incursion into Delhi, Shah Alam appointed the Mughal Grand Vizier, Majad-ud-Daula marched with 20,000 Mughal troops under the standard of Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht against Sikh rebels into hostle territories, this action led to the defeat of the Mughal Army at Muzzaffargarh. Later onward's during that campaign the Mughal Army was ambushed at Ghanaur, due to the mounting casualties Shah Alam II reappointed Mirza Najaf Khan, who soon died of natural circumstances leaving the Mughal Empire weaker than ever.

Downfall[link]

A silver rupee struck in the name of Shah Alam, probably issued by some Princely State

After the defeats at Muzzaffargarh and later at Ghanaur, Majad-ud-Daula was arrested by the orders of Shah Alam II, who then recalled Mirza Najaf Khan. This led to the former Grand Vizier's arrest for causing miscalculations and collaborating with the enemies of the emperor. The traitor was imprisoned and a sum of two million dam in stolen revenue recovered from him. It was Shah Alam II's poor judgement and vacillation that led to his own downfall. Mirza Najaf Khan had given the Mughal Empire breathing space by having a powerful, well managed army in its own right. In 1779 the newly reformed Mughal Army decisively defeated Zabita Khan and his Sikh allies the rebels lost 5,000 men including their leader and therefore did not return during the lifetime of Mirza Najaf Khan. Unfortunately upon the general's death, Shah Alam's bad judgement prevailed. The dead man's nephew, Mirza Shafi whose valour had been proven during various occasions, was not appointed commander in chief. Unfortunately Shah Alam II also appointed Afrasyab Khan as the new Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire in the year 1782, the next year due various administrative disagreements and competitive jealousy Afrasyab Khan had Mirza Shafi assassinated. In response Mirza Shafi's brother Zain-ul-Abidin also had the Grand Vizier Afrasyab Khan eliminated.

Shah Alam II instead appointed worthless individuals whose loyalty and record were questionable at best. They were soon quarreling over petty matters. Even the corrupt and treasonous former Grand Vizier, Majad-ud-Daula was restored to his former office, he later colluded with the Sikhs and reduced the size of the Mughal Army from over 20,000 to only 5,000 thus bringing the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the mercy of his ruffian enemies.^[27] After Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht's fruitless attempts to halt the eunuch Ghulam Qadir and his renegade forces, unable to gather any assistance Mirza Jawan Bakht suddenly died mortified on May, 1778.

In 1788, Ghulam Qadir, grandson of the Rohilla Leaders Najib-ud-Daulah ransacked the Mughal palace. The floors of the houses of the grandees in the city were dug out. The princesses were turned out and their jewellery was snatched by Ghulam Qadir. Ghulam Qadir also blinded Shah Aalam and deposed him and put Bidar Bakhat on the Mughal Throne. However, the Marathas brought out Shah Aalam from his captivity and restored him to the throne. Ghulam Qadir was defeated and hanged by the Marathas. In 1803, the British captured Delhi after the Second Anglo-Maratha War and Shah Alam II became a pensioner of the British East India Company.^[28].

British protectorate, 1803[link]

The tomb of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, in Mehrauli, Delhi.

The French threat in Europe and its possible repercussions in India caused the British to strive to regain the custody of Shah Alam II. The British feared that the French military officers might overthrow Maratha power and use the authority of the Mughal emperor to further French ambition in India. After defeating the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, on 14 September 1803 British troops entered Delhi and Shah Alam II, a blind old man, seated under a tattered canopy, came under British protection. The Mughal Emperor no longer had the military power to enforce his will, but he commanded respect as a dignified member of the House of Timur in the length and breadth of the country. The Nawabs and Subedars still sought formal sanction of the Mughal Emperor on their accession and valued the titles he bestowed upon them. They struck coins and read the Khutba (Friday sermons) in his name. Shah Alam II also corresponded with Hyder Ali and later with his son Tipu Sultan during their conflicts with the British East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars and was very well informed about the expansionist agenda of the British.

Death[link]

His grave lies, next to the dargah of 13th century, Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli, Delhi in a marble enclosure, along with that of Bahadur Shah I (also known as Shah Alam I), and Akbar Shah II.

See also[link]

• Maratha Empire
• Mahadaji Sindhia
• Mirza Najaf Khan
• Shuja-ud-Daula
• Hyder Ali
• Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah

References[link]

• Shah Alam II (1728-1806)
• The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan - World Wide School
• Marathas and the English Company 1707-1800

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)

Shah Alam شه عالم
—  State Capital  —
Shah Alam Museum with the Blue Mosque's minarets in the background.
Official seal of Shah Alamشه عالم Seal
Nickname(s): Bandar Anggerik بندر اڠڬريق (Orchid City)
Motto: 'Indah Bestari' اينده بيستاري (Beautiful, Brilliant)
Location within Petaling District (and a portion of Klang District) and the state of Selangor Location within Petaling District (and a portion of Klang District) and the state of Selangor
Shah Alam شه عالم Location in the Peninsula Malaysia
Shah Alam شه عالم Location in Malaysia
Coordinates: 3°5′00″N 101°32′00″E / 3.0833333°N 101.5333333°E / 3.0833333; 101.5333333
Country	Malaysia
State	Selangor
Establishment	1963
Granted State Capital Status	7 December 1978
Government
• Mayor	Mohd. Jaafar Mohd. Atan
Area
• Total	290.3 km2 (112.1 sq mi)
Population (June 2011)
• Total	646, 890 (Census 2,011)
Time zone	MST (UTC+8)
• Summer (DST)	Not observed (UTC)
Website	http://www.mbsa.gov.my

Shah Alam ( /ʃɑː ˈɑːləm/) is the state capital of Selangor, Malaysia situated within the Petaling District and a small portion of the neighbouring Klang District. It is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of the country's capital, Kuala Lumpur. Shah Alam replaced Kuala Lumpur as the capital city of the state of Selangor in 1978 due to Kuala Lumpur's incorporation into a Federal Territory in 1974. Shah Alam was the first planned city in Malaysia after independence from Britain in 1957.

History[link]

Malaysia grew rapidly after its independence in 1957 under the "Father of Modernisation", the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Allahyarham Tun Abdul Razak Hussein. Shah Alam was once known as Sungai Renggam سوڠاي ريڠڬم and was noted for its rubber and oil palm estates. Later, the same area was identified as Batu Tiga prior to Malaysian independence, and has been a centre of rubber and palm oil trade for centuries. The Sungai Renggam Plantation was earmarked for the development of a township by the Selangor government in 1963, and under the recommendations of V. Antolic, a town planning advisor from the United Nations, chose the present site strategically located between Kuala Lumpur and Port Klang.^[1]

Its current name was chosen by the then state Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, after his late father Sultan Alam Shah. Many other monuments, buildings and even a street are named after the late Sultan. Shah Alam was opened in 1963 with the purpose of making it the administrative centre of Selangor once Kuala Lumpur was made a Federal District on 1 February 1974. With the consent of 8th Duli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan of Selangor, Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj, Shah Alam was proclaimed the capital of Selangor on 7 December 1978 with an area of 41.68 square km, and administrated by a municipal council. Shah Alam had encountered several processes of extending its areas and the last was on 1 January 1997. Through the Gazette Plan 1190, Shah Alam was extended to 293 square km.^[2]

Shah Alam was granted city status on 10 October 2000 with Dato' Haji Abu Sujak Haji Mahmud as the first mayor. He recently served as deputy Menteri Besar, or Chief Minister of Selangor. Abu Sujak declared the vision of making Shah Alam a modern city with a unique identity of "Bandaraya Melayu" or Malay City, showcasing the achievements of the Malay race in all sectors. In line with this identity, Shah Alam was declared the first city in the world with no entertainment outlets to avoid any vice activities.^[3][4]

Geography[link]

Shah Alam is located within the district of Petaling and a portion of the district of Klang in the state of Selangor. Due to its recent expansion, it is bordered by the cities of Subang Jaya and Petaling Jaya in the east, the district of Klang in the west, the district of Kuala Selangor and Selayang in the north, and the district of Kuala Langat in the south. Shah Alam is also one of the major cities within the Klang Valley, an area in Malaysia comprising Kuala Lumpur and its suburbs, and adjoining cities and towns in the state of Selangor, due to the Klang River flowing through it on its way westward to the Strait of Malacca.^[2]

Cityscape[link]

Shah Alam has a similar urban layout to Petaling Jaya or Subang Jaya with housing areas occupying most of the city (55.2 km²) and commercial centres scattered around the different 'Seksyen' (sections).^{[citation needed]} There are 56 sections in total. Generally Shah Alam can be divided into north, central and south part. North Shah Alam consist of 18 Sections including Sections U1 and U2 and Kampung Melayu Subang. The Central Shah Alam is the 'main' part of Shah Alam. It is where all the state administrative building and agencies are situated. It consist of Section 1 until Section 24 seen in the map as beige coloured area. South Shah Alam consists of 12 sections including Section 25(Sri Muda), Section 30 (Jalan Kebun), Section 31 (Kota Kemuning) and Section 32 (Bukit Rimau). In the map, the south Shah Alam is seen as the light purple coloured area.

The city has a number of shopping malls (Plaza Alam Sentral, (also known as PAS), SACC Mall, Plaza Shah Alam (formerly known as Shah Alam Mall, also known as Plaza Masalam), Ole-Ole Seksyen 18, Anggerik Mall and Kompleks PKNS). Vibrant commercial areas are situated mostly at the city centre (Seksyen 14), Seksyen 13 and Seksyen 9. There are no cinemas in the city.

All of the main roads and streets in Shah Alam including the new townships such as Setia Alam and Kota Kemuning have signs with their names shown in both Roman and Jawi scripts.

See also List of roads in Shah Alam

Climate[link]

As with other cities across Peninsular Malaysia, Shah Alam experiences a tropical rainforest climate according to the Köppen climate classification. Temperatures are consistent throughout the year with an average high temperature of 31.9°Celsius and an average low temperature of 27.8°Celsius. The city is warmest in the month of March, and experiences heavy rains and showers during the month of November as the northeast monsoon moves in from October to March.

Governance[link]

The Selangor state government's decision to develop the present land into a township saw the formation of the Shah Alam Town Board, a body governed by the Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS) or Selangor State Development Corporation in 1963. With the declaration of Shah Alam as the state capital by the Sultan of Selangor at the time, the Majlis Perbandaran Shah Alam (MPSA) or Shah Alam Municipal Council was formed in accordance to the Local Government Act 1976.^[1]

Local Government[link]

Shah Alam is presently administrated by the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam (MBSA) or Shah Alam City Council, which is an agency under the Selangor state government. It was founded as the Majlis Perbandaran Shah Alam (MPSA) or Shah Alam Municipal Council at the same time Shah Alam was declared the capital city of Selangor. Operating from a shophouse in Section 3, the council began operations on 1 January 1979 before moving twice; first to the Kompleks PKNS building on 1981 and later to a newly-built 28-storey building called Wisma MPSA on 1988. With the declaration of Shah Alam's city status on 10 October 2000, the agency was upgraded to a city council status.^[6]

Politics[link]

Within the Dewan Rakyat, the parliamentary constituency of Shah Alam (P108) is represented by Khalid Abdul Samad of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).

Economy[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

The main plant of the Malaysian car manufacturer Proton is located in the industrial outskirts of Shah Alam. The city is flourished as a growing urban settlement after the Proton car manufacturing plant was set up, which marked the beginning of the city as an industrial city. There are many companies who have their main plants in the industrial areas, both local and foreign in dedicated area of Shah Alam such as Section 21 and 26.

Many of Shah Alam residents work in other cities such as Subang Jaya or Kuala Lumpur.

Education[link]

The Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM, formerly known until 1996 as Institut Teknologi MARA or ITM) is located nearby the state capital. The whole university area occupies an entire section on the western hills of the city known as Seksyen 1. At Seksyen 17, there is also a branch campus of UiTM called INTEC UiTM (International Education College), where its students undergo preparation programmes for overseas studies. INTEC UiTM is the only UiTM campus where non-bumiputra students are accepted for admission.

Other institutions of higher learning in Shah Alam include Universiti Industri Selangor, Management and Science University (MSU), and its affiliate college, PTPL College. Shah Alam also has several industrial-related education centres namely Shah Alam Polytechnic (or Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah), CIAST, and ADTEC.

Shah Alam is served by many primary and secondary schools. Sometimes, the number of schools exceeded the population of the residential areas. For example, in Taman Alam Megah, Taman Bunga Negara and Taman Bukit Saga which are situated in Section 27 and Section 28, there are three secondary schools and seven primary schools. In contrast, in Section 16 and 17, the only secondary school for them is SMK Seksyen 16. Currently, Shah Alam has 23 secondary schools, 1 technical school, 1 vocational school, and 37 primary schools.

Chinese Taipei International School (Kuala Lumpur) is situated in Section 32, Shah Alam.^[7] It is the only international school in Shah Alam.

Infrastructure[link]

Transportation[link]

Shah Alam is well connected to other main cities in Klang Valley via a network of major highways, namely the Federal Highway, New Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE), Shah Alam Expressway (KESAS), Guthrie Corridor Expressway (GCE), North-South Expressway Central Link (ELITE) and the newest highway Kemuning-Shah Alam Highway (LKSA). Highways also connect the city to two major airports. The Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) located 30 km south of the city serves international flights and is connected via the ELITE highway, while the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang caters to domestic flights and is connected via the Federal Highway. Major roads within the city are connected via roundabouts that divide the city into different Sections. Each Section contain a network of local roads named according to a chosen theme; for example, Section 20's roads are named after animals.

The KTM Komuter commuter train service provides for residents who use public transportation to other major cities, connecting Shah Alam via the Batu Caves-Port Klang Route. This route stops at three stations within Shah Alam: the Shah Alam Komuter station situated at the southern part of the city in Section 19, the Padang Jawa Komuter station at Section 17 and the Sungai Buloh Komuter station at Section U20. Another KTM Komuter station located at the outskirts of Shah Alam is the Batu Tiga Komuter station situated near UEP Subang Jaya in Batu Tiga. Residents would then transfer to different routes at the KL Sentral station.^[8]