This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2012)

A glass of pulp-free orange juice

Orange juice refers to the juice of oranges. It is made by extraction from the fresh fruit, by desiccation and subsequent reconstitution of dried juice, or by concentration of the juice and the subsequent addition of water to the concentrate. In American English, the term OJ may also be used to refer to orange juice.

Health[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)

A typical serving of orange juice has 120 mg of vitamin C (>100% RDI). It has 21 g of sugars and has 110 calories, both close to a can of soda. It also supplies potassium, thiamin, and folate.

Citrus juices contain flavonoids (especially in the pulp), that may have health benefits. Orange juice is also a source of the antioxidant Hesperidin. Due to its citric acid content, orange juice is acidic, with a typical pH of around 3.5.^[1]

Varieties[link]

blood orange juice

Common orange juice is made from the sweet orange. Different cultivars (e.g. Valencia, Hamlin) have different properties, and a producer may mix juices to get the desired taste.

Orangina

The blood orange is a mutant of the sweet orange. Blood orange juice is popular in Italy, but may be hard to find elsewhere.

The Mandarin orange (likely the parent of the sweet orange)^{[dubious – discuss]}, and varieties clementine and tangerine, are good for juice. They are often used for sparkling juice drinks.

Other types of orange may be more used for their peel or essential oils.

Commercial orange juice and concentrate[link]

Frozen concentrated orange juice[link]

Squeezed orange juice is pasteurized and filtered before being evaporated under vacuum and heat. After removal of most of the water, this concentrated juice, about 65% sugar by weight, is then stored at about 10 °F (−12 °C). Essences and oils extracted during the vacuum concentration process may be added back to restore flavor.^{[citation needed]}

Cans of frozen concentrate are later diluted by addition of filtered water bringing the sugar fraction down to 42%, about three times the concentration of fresh juice.^{[citation needed]} When water is added to freshly thawed concentrated orange juice, it is said to be reconstituted.^[2]

Most of the orange juice sold today throughout the world is reconstituted juice. Frozen orange juice concentrate is a common drink in the United States.^{[clarification needed]}

Not from concentrate[link]

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (January 2012)

Orange juice that is pasteurized and then sold to consumers without having been concentrated is labeled as "not from concentrate". Just like "from concentrate" processing, most "not from concentrate" processing reduces the natural flavor from the juice. The largest producers of "not from concentrate" use a production process where the juice is placed in aseptic storage, with the oxygen stripped from it, for up to a year. A flavor pack is added in the final step to give the juice flavor.^[3] According to the citrus industry, the Food and Drug Administration does not require the contents of flavor packs to be detailed on a product's packaging.^[4]

Canned orange juice[link]

A small fraction of fresh orange juice is canned. Canned orange juice retains Vitamin C much better than bottled juice.^[5] However, the canned product loses flavor when stored at room temperature for over 12 weeks.^[6]

Freshly squeezed, unpasteurized juice[link]

Fresh-squeezed, unpasteurized juice is the closest to consuming the orange itself. This version of the juice consists of oranges that are squeezed and then bottled without having any additives or flavor packs inserted. Fresh-squeezed, unpasteurized juices are usually found in specialty food stores or at the grove that squeezes it. Fresh squeezed orange juice has a typical shelf life of 12 days.^{[citation needed]} All other types of juice have either been heated or cooked, have additives, or are made from concentrate. Fresh-squeezed, unpasteurized juices typically originate from smaller juicing operations, such as a local citrus grove.^{[citation needed]}

Major orange juice brands[link]

In the US, the major orange juice brand is Tropicana Products (owned by PepsiCo Inc.), which possesses nearly 65%^{[citation needed]} of the market share. Tropicana also has a large presence in Latin America, Europe and Central Asia. Competing products include Minute Maid (of The Coca-Cola Company) and Florida's Natural (a Florida-based agricultural cooperative that differentiates itself from the competition by using only Florida grown oranges; Tropicana and Simply Orange use a mix of domestic and foreign stock). In Australia, Daily Juice (owned by National Foods) is a major brand of partially fresh partially preserved^[7] orange juice.

In the UK major orange juice brands include "Del Monte" and "Princes".

Additives[link]

Some producers add citric acid or ascorbic acid to juice beyond what is naturally found in the orange. Some also include other nutrients such as calcium and Vitamin D, not found naturally in oranges. Low-acid varieties of orange juice are also available. Omega-3 fatty acids are sometimes added to orange juice from fish oils.^[8]

Juice producers generally use evaporators to remove much of the water from the juice in order to decrease its weight and decrease transportation costs.^[9] Because the process removes the aroma compounds that give it a fresh-squeezed taste, producers later add back these compounds in a proprietary mixture, called a flavor pack, in order to improve the taste and to ensure a consistent year-round taste.^[9][10] The compounds in the flavor packs are derived from orange peels.^[10] Producers do not mention the addition of flavor packs on the label of the orange juice.^[10]

Color[link]

Orange juice usually varies between shades of orange and yellow, though some ruby red or blood orange varieties are a reddish-orange or even pinkish.^[11] This is due to different pigmentation in ruby red oranges.

See also[link]

• Orange Julius an orange juice based drink and company

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Alissa Hamilton:Squeezed: What You Don't Know about Orange Juice , Yale Agrarian Studies, 2010, ISBN 0-300-16455-6

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Orange juice

• Orange juice production Production process and distinction between juice products
• Brief film clip of orange juice processing from 1968. From the State Library & Archives of Florida
• Natural orange juice processing Industrial processing of natural orange juice

v t e Fruit juice Types Apple Coconut Cranberry Grape Grapefruit Lemon Lime Orange Pineapple Pomegranate Strawberry Tomato Category:Fruit juice

Tyler, The Creator
Background information
Birth name	Tyler Gregory Okonma
Also known as	Wolf Haley, Ace, Tron Cat, Young Nigga, Thurnis, Tyler Haley, DJ Stank Daddy
Born	(1991-03-06) March 6, 1991 (age 21)
Origin	Ladera Heights, Los Angeles County, California, United States[1]
Genres	Alternative hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, record producer, director, actor, graphic artist,[1] fashion designer[2]
Instruments	Vocals, piano, keyboards, drums
Years active	2006–present
Labels	Odd Future Records, XL Recordings, RED Distribution
Associated acts	Odd Future
Website	oddfuture.com

Tyler Gregory^[3] Okonma (born March 6, 1991), better known by his stage name Tyler, The Creator, is an American rapper, record producer, actor and fashion designer^[2] from Los Angeles. He is best known as the leader and co-founder of the alternative hip hop collective Odd Future,^[4] and has rapped on and produced songs for nearly every Odd Future release. Okonma also creates all the artwork for the group's releases^[1] and said in an interview with DJ Semtex that he designs all the group's clothing and other merchandise as well.^[2] He is currently signed to English independent record label XL Recordings, and his own record label, Odd Future Records.

Early life[link]

Tyler Okonma was born in Los Angeles, California to a Nigerian father and a mother of African-American and white Canadian descent.^[5][6][7] He claims that he had never met his father,^[8] and spent his early life living in the communities of Ladera Heights and Hawthorne in southwest Los Angeles County.^[1][9] At the age of seven, he would take the cover out of an album's case and create covers for his own imaginary albums including a tracklist with song times before he could even make music.^[10][11] At the age of 14, Okonma taught himself how to play piano.^[12] In his twelve years of schooling, he had attended twelve different schools, in Los Angeles and Sacramento areas.^[13]

Music career[link]

[edit] Bastard and Goblin (2009–2012)

On December 25, 2009, Tyler self-released his first album, Bastard. The album was eventually ranked 32nd on Pitchfork Media's list of the Top Albums of 2010. On February 11, 2011, Tyler released the music video for "Yonkers", the first single from his second album, Goblin, which was released May 10, 2011.^[14] The video has received attention from several online media outlets.^{[15][16][17][18]} An extended version with a third verse can be purchased on iTunes.^[19] After the release of "Yonkers," Tyler announced that he had signed a one-album deal with XL Recordings.^[20] Tyler and fellow OF member Hodgy Beats made their television debut on February 16, 2011 when they performed "Sandwitches" on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.^[21] On March 16, Tyler and Hodgy performed "Yonkers" and "Sandwitches" on the 2011 mtvU Woodie Awards, being joined by other members of Odd Future during "Sandwitches". Goblin was released on May 10, 2011.

During an interview with Tyler for Interview, Waka Flocka Flame expressed his interest in collaborating with the Odd Future frontman to direct a music video for him.^[22]

Tyler's third album Wolf is scheduled for release in 2012. It will contain the instrumentals that Tyler has been making since the age of 15.^[23]

Tyler won Best New Artist for "Yonkers" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.^[24]

[edit] Wolf and Loiter Squad (2012-present)

Tyler first mentioned the album in early 2010 saying that he would have an album titled Wolf. In early 2011 he told fans through his Formspring account that his third album would be called Wolf and it is scheduled to be released in May 2012. The album will continue Tyler's sessions with his fictional therapist, Dr. TC, as hinted by the title track on his first album, Bastard, in which Dr. TC says "this is the first of three sessions...".

In August 2011, Tyler said that the album will be more focused on beats and have less rapping.[4] He has said that on the album he will try to make music similar to his current interests, which he has said do not contain rapping.

In an interview with DJ Semtex, he confirmed that he will handle all the production on the album, except one song produced by Left Brain.[5] This was how the production on Goblin was dealt with.

Tyler initially announced in early 2011, after Los Angeles hip hop collective Odd Future annoced that will get their own TV show called Loiter Squad. It wasn't until September 8, 2011 that the show was finally confirmed as a 15-minute live action show composed of various sketches, man on the street segments, pranks and music made by OF. Dickhouse Productions, the production partnership that created Jackass, is scheduled to produce the show. The show premiered on March 25, 2012.

Other enterprises[link]

Tyler has also directed music videos, acted in two roles, and also done work as a graphic artist^[1].

Criticism[link]

Homophobia[link]

Tyler has been criticized for his use of homophobic slurs, in particular, his frequent use of the epithet faggot in his lyrics and on Twitter.^[25][26] He has denied accusations of homophobia, stating, "I'm not homophobic. I just say faggot and use gay as an adjective to describe stupid shit,"^[27][28] and, "I'm not homophobic. I just think faggot hits and hurts people."^[29] However, he later said in an interview with MTV about the slurs, "Well, I have gay fans and they don't really take it offensive, so I don't know. If it offends you, it offends you. If you call me a nigga, I really don't care, but that's just me, personally. Some people might take it the other way; I personally don't give a shit."^[30][31]

Misogyny[link]

Tyler has also been criticized for his graphic depictions of violence against women and his misogynistic lyrics.^[32][33] Brent DiCrescenzo of Time Out Chicago writes that rape is a "predominant theme" of Goblin^[34] and Hermione Hoby of The Guardian writes that Tyler's "rape and murder fantasies (are) graphic enough to send the vomit rising along with the bile."^[35] The Fader tallied 68 uses of the term "bitch" over Goblin's 73 minutes.^[36] Responding to Canadian indie pop duo Tegan and Sara's criticism of his lyrics,^[37] Tyler tweeted: "If Tegan and Sara need some hard dick, hit me up!"^[38]

Legal issues[link]

On December 22, 2011, Tyler was arrested during a show at the Roxy Theatre in West Hollywood, and charged with "suspicion of vandalism" for alleged destroying of sound equipment belonging to the venue. He was released on $20,000 bail.^[39][3]

Feuds[link]

In the song "Yonkers," Tyler disses numerous artists, such as rappers/singers B.o.B and Bruno Mars, and Hayley Williams, frontwoman of band Paramore. Tyler, the Creator also disses Bruno Mars in The Game's song "Martians vs. Goblins," in which he and Lil Wayne are featured artists. In response, B.o.B released a similar diss track, entitled "No Future" that also references Tyler's group, Odd Future. Ironically, Tyler praised the song, and initially did not think it was a diss track. Bruno Mars, in response to the verse "stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagus," said, "[Tyler] has to wait in line if he wants to stab me...[Tyler's] definitely not the first guy that's said something like that to me and he's not going to be the last."^[40] Los Angeles rapper Hopsin also dissed him in his "Ill Mind of Hopsin 4" music video, released in July 2011. Tyler did not respond to it.

Discography[link]

• Bastard (2009)
• Goblin (2011)
• Wolf (2012)

Filmography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

O Music Awards

MTV Video Music Awards

MTV2 Sucker Free Awards

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tyler, the Creator

Pete Postlethwaite, OBE
At the Make Poverty History march in Edinburgh, 2005
Born	Peter William Postlethwaite (1946-02-07)7 February 1946 Warrington, Cheshire, England, UK
Died	2 January 2011(2011-01-02) (aged 64) Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, UK
Cause of death	Pancreatic cancer
Nationality	British
Alma mater	Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1975–2011
Spouse	Jacqueline Morrish (m. 2003–2011, his death)

Peter William "Pete" Postlethwaite, OBE, ( /ˈpɒsəlθweɪt/; 7 February 1946 – 2 January 2011)^[1][2] was an English stage, film and television actor.

After minor television appearances including in The Professionals, Postlethwaite's first success came with the film Distant Voices, Still Lives in 1988. He played a mysterious lawyer, Mr. Kobayashi, in The Usual Suspects, and he appeared in Alien 3, In the Name of the Father, Amistad, Brassed Off, The Shipping News, The Constant Gardener, The Age of Stupid, Inception, The Town, Romeo + Juliet and Æon Flux. In television, Postlethwaite's most notable performance was as the villain Sergeant Obadiah Hakeswill in the Sharpe television series and television films opposite actor Sean Bean's character of Richard Sharpe.

Postlethwaite was born in Warrington, Lancashire, England in 1946. He trained as a teacher and taught drama before training as an actor. Steven Spielberg called Postlethwaite "the best actor in the world" after working with him on The Lost World: Jurassic Park. He received an Academy Award nomination for his role in In the Name of the Father in 1993, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2004 New Year Honours list. He died of pancreatic cancer on 2 January 2011.

Early life[link]

Postlethwaite was born in Warrington in Lancashire (now part of Cheshire) on 16 February 1946. He was the fourth and youngest child of William (1913–1988) and Mary Postlethwaite (née Lawless; 1913–2000). He was brought up in a working class Roman Catholic family^[3] with two sisters, Anne and Patricia, and a brother, Michael.^[4] He trained as a teacher at St Mary's College, Strawberry Hill and taught drama at Loreto College, Manchester, before training as an actor at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.