Great Mosque of Esfahan, View of the north iwan from the courtyard, and the pishtaq, decorated with glazed tiles.

An iwan (Persian: ایوان‎ eyvān, Arabic: إيوان‎ Iwan)^[1][2] is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. The formal gateway to the iwan is called pishtaq, a Persian term for a portal projecting from the facade of a building, usually decorated with calligraphy bands, glazed tilework, and geometric designs.^[3][4]

Etymology[link]

The root for this term is Old Persian 'apadana' (see Apadana palace at Persepolis) where king Darius I declares in an inscription, "I Darius,........ had this 'apadana' constructed.." This is a name given to this particular palace in modern literature, although the name simply implies a type of structure--the iwan, not a particular palace. The term in Old Persian stand for "unprotected" (a-pâd-ana), since the design allows for the structure to be open to the elements on one side, whence the term. At Persepolis, however, the 'apadana' takes the form of a veranda, where instead of a vaulted hall, there is a flat roof held up by columns--but still, open to the elements on only one side. A comparable would be found 2000 years later in Isfahan at the Palace of Chehel Sotoun. By the time of the Parthian and the Sasanian dynasties, iwan had emerged as two types of structure: the old columned one, and a newer vaulted structure--both, however, carrying the same native name of apadana/iwan, because both types are "unprotected" (open on one side to the elements).

Iwans were a trademark of the Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224) and later the Sassanid architecture of Persia ( 224 -651.), later finding their way throughout the Arab and Islamic architecture which started developing in 7th century AD, after the period of Muhammad (c. 570 – 632).^[5] This development reached its peak during the Seljuki era, when iwans became a fundamental unit in architecture, and later the Mughal architecture.^[6][7] The form is not confined to any particular function, and is found in buildings for either secular or religious uses, and in both public and residential architecture.

Strictly the term iwan refers to the room, not to the portico or arch with which it is often fronted. The four-centred arch typically opens on to a central courtyard or Sehan.

The Iwan of Khosrau[link]

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Iwan of Khosrau

The Iwan of Khosrau is a Sassanid-era Persian monument in Mada'in which is the only visible remaining structure of the ancient city of Ctesiphon. It is near the modern town of Salman Pak, Iraq. Construction began during the reign of Khosrau I after a campaign against the Eastern Romans in 540 AD.^[8] The arched iwan hall, open on the facade side, was about 37 meters high 26 meters across and 50 meters long, the largest vault ever constructed at the time.^[9]

The Great Iwan of Cairo[link]

The Great Iwan (or al-Iwan al-Kabir, Dar al-'Adl, Iwan of al-Nasir) of Cairo was a public and ceremonial space located in the southern section of the Saladin Citadel where the Mamluk sultan sat enthroned to administer justice, receive ambassadors, and carry out other duties of state. The structure used to be known as Dar al-'Adl during the reign of Saladin, the Mamluk ruler of the Bahri dynasty Al-Nasir Muhammad rebuilt the monumental structure twice, in 1315 and 1334. The Great Iwan was demolished by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century.

The 19th century Description de l'Egypte depicted a square hypostyle structure with five parallel aisles and a dome. The building was open to the exterior on three sides through arcades, and the main façade was articulated with a large central arch flanked by two smaller arches on either side.^[10][11]

Gallery[link]

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Iwans (architecture)

• Islamic Architecture
• Liwan
• Mosque

References[link]

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Iwan Fals (born Virgiawan Listanto; September 3, 1961 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian singer–songwriter. In 2002, Time magazine named him as a Great Asian Hero.

Early life[link]

Iwan was born Virgiawan Listanto in Jakarta, on September 3, 1961 to Harsoyo, a soldier,^[1] and Lies Suudijah. He studied at SMP 5 Bandung and SMAK BPK Bandung. He continued his studies at Sekolah Tinggi Publisistik and then Jakarta Arts Institute. At the age of thirteen, he performed as a street performer at wedding ceremonies and other social events.^[2]

Personal life[link]

On 1st January 1982, his first son, Galang Rambu Anarki was born. One of his best-known songs, Galang Rambu Anarki, was written for his birth and released on 1982's Opini (Opinion) album. Galang was a guitarist who became a folk musician in his own right, and he died on 25 April 1997 of a suspected morphine overdose. 'Galang Rambu Anarki' translates to "support the sign of anarchy" in English.^[3]

Three years later, his first daughter Anissa Cikal Rambu Basae was born.^[4] His third child is Rayya Rambu Robbani.^[5] He and Rosanna, his wife live in Cibubur, West Java.^[6]

Galan Rambu Anarki had started to follow in his father's footsteps, playing in a band from a young age, but died in 1997, aged 16, either of asthma, or from a drug overdose.^[7]

Career[link]

Aged 18, Iwan Fals, Toto Gunarto, Helmi and Bambang Bule formed a group named Amburadul. The group released the album 'Perjalanan' in 1979, which was not succesful, but was re-released with the added track '3 Bulan' as '3 Bulan' (1980) in 1980. The group disbanded and played no further role in Iwan Fals' career.

As part of his early career, Iwan Fals also recorded some comedy albums, after winning a comedy country singing contest. He sang of comic situations and themes, and his first release was on 'Canda Dalam Nada' (the A-side featured five songs by Iwan: Generasi Frustrasi, Dongeng Tidur, Imitasi, Kisah Sepeda Motorku (aka. Kopral), and Joni Kesiangan while the B-side consisted of songs by Tom Slepe and Pusaka Jaya). The songs Dongeng Tidur, Joni Kesiangan and Kisah Sepeda Motorku were released, with one new song, Ambulance Zig Zag, on the Iwan Fals mini-album Canda Dalam Nada, while Generasi Frustrasi and Imitasi were also included on the 'Yang Muda Yang Bercanda II' multiartist comedy compilation.

During this time, Iwan supported himself by busking.

1981 saw Iwan Fals' breakthrough, when he signed to Musica Studio to record his first solo album, Sarjana Muda. This album shows Iwan Fals' signature country music style, with the protest song "Guru Oemar Bakrie", which talks of how a teacher is poorly paid but still responsible for educating future well-paid and successful people. 'Guru Oemar Bakrie' became very well-known and popular in Indonesia, and helped established Iwan's name. The album also contains several ballads. It benefited from considerable investment by Musica Studio, who used high-quality musicians and producer for the album.

1982's Opini, also on Musica Studio, cemented Iwan's reputation as a protest singer, but also as a balladeer. 'Galang Rambu Anarki', for his newborn son, combined both elements, commenting on both the happy event of the birth of his first child, but also commenting on rising prices, saying that perhaps his child would be malnourished if they could not afford to buy milk.

1983 saw the release of Sumbang, while 1984's album releases were Barang Antik and Sugali.

In April 1984, Iwan was arrested and questioned for two weeks after performing the songs 'Demokrasi Nasi' and Mbak Tini, both songs never recorded on album, in Pekanbaru. The song Mbak Tini was about a prostitute with a road-side coffee shop, married to 'Soeharyo' (Suharto).^[8] The events were retold on the song '14-4-84' on 1986's Ethiopia.

Iwan Fals continued to release albums throughout the 1980s, while in 1989 he formed the group Swami, which released two albums Swami I in 1989, and Swami II in 1991. A similar grouping was Kantata Takwa, which contained several Swami personnel. The musical style was "rebana rock", a blend of Jimi Hendrix and Rick Wakeman, to a Betawi rebana.^[9] The album Kantata Takwa' was released in 1990, featuring songs such as "Bento" and "Bongkar" ("Rip It Down"), two of several songs which they sang during a demonstration by college students.^[6]

Up to the release Orang Gila in 1994, Iwan had released approximately two new albums per year for 15 years. Since 1994, he has greatly reduced his release schedule, releasing two singles only in 1995, and one in 1996, whle in 1998 Kantata Samsara, the second and final album by Kantata Takwa, was released.

To make up for the lack of new content, a number of Iwan Fals compilations were released in the 1990s and 2000s, including Best Of The Best, Akustik (3 volumes), and Salam Reformasi ("Greetings Reformation"), which sold more than 50,000 copies.^[10]

In 2002, Iwan Fals released his first new solo album since 1994, Suara Hati.^[11] In 2003 the album 'In Collaboration With' was released consisting of performances with other Indonesia artists. Manusia Setengah Dewa, in 2004, was a solo album.

In 2005, he released Iwan Fals In Love, essentially a compilation of existing Iwan Fals romantic reocrdings, but with the new song "Ijinkan Aku Menyayangimu" ("Let Me Love You") as the main single, and five re-recordings of old songs.^[5] Two songs, in collaboration with Indra Lesmana, Haruskah Pergi, and Selancar, were released as digital download in 2006.

In 2007, 50:50 was released by Musica Studios. The album's themes were romance and social criticism. One single of the album, "Pulanglah" ("Go Home"), tells about the death of Munir.^[12] Six singles were written by himself and other six singles were written by his fellow musicians.^[5] Two songs were released in 2009 as Untukmu Terkasih.

In 2010, he released Keseimbangan, and in 2011 he released new album titled "tergila-gila" with 4 new songs inside.

he has a large fans club which called OI (Orang Indonesia).

Lyrical themes[link]

Iwan Fals has been compared with Bob Dylan, who was one of his key influences, both on his early style, which made heavy use of the harmonica, and on his lyrics, which have frequently been in the protest song genre.

For instance, "Kamu Sudah Gila" ("You've Gone Crazy") and "Apa Kamu Sudah Jadi Tuhan?" ("Have You Ever Been as God?") criticized the New Order regime.

Other songs are more observational, but still could be seen as political. For instance, his song Galang Rambu Anarki, written for his newborn son, talks of being too poor to raise his son, while "Kembang Pete" ("Petai Flower") tells the story of the underestimated poor.^[1] "Aku Bosan" ("I'm Bored") is about a child protesting to his parents because they left him alone at home. While "Hura-Hura Huru-Hara" ("Fake Riot") compares moneylender to blood-sucking vampires.^[13]

The 1988 song (and album) '1910', which could be interpreted as referring to the year 1910, was actually a reference to the date 19th October, the date, in 1987, of the Bintaro train crash, a disaster the song documents in observational style. "Celoteh Camar Tolol dan Cemar", on 1983's Sumbang, documented the sinking of the Tampomas II in Masalembu.

Aside from his observational protest songs, Iwan Fals is known for his love songs, which include "Yang Terlupakan" ("The Forgotten"), "Mata Indah Bola Pingpong" ("Beautiful Eyes, Pingpong Ball"), "Antara Kau, Aku, dan Bekas Pacarmu" ("Among You, Me, and Your ex-Boyfriend"), and "Pesawat Tempurku".

Although a songwriter, Iwan Fals' status as one of Indonesia's leading rock/pop performers has led to his recording material from numerous other song writers. Some of his most notable hits written by others include Barang Antik ("Antique"), "Kemesraan" ("Intimacy"), "Kumenanti Seorang Kekasih" ("I'm Waiting for a Lover"), "Aku Bukan Pilihan" ("I'm Not an Option") and "Ijinkan Aku Menyayangimu".^[14]

Discography[link]

• Perjalanan (as part of Amburadul group) (1979)
• Canda Dalam Nada (1979) - comedy album, Iwan has the A-sde only
• Canda Dalam Ronda (1980) - comedy mini-album of four tracks, contains one new track 'Ambulance Zig Zag'
• 3 Bulan (consists of Perjalanan plus the new track 3 Bulan) (1980)
• Sarjana Muda (1981) - Musica debut
• Opini (1982)
• Sumbang (1983)
• Barang Antik (1984)
• Sugali (1984)
• Kelompok Penyanyi Jalanan (KPJ) - as part of KPJ, or Street Singers Group, Iwan Fals sings on 3 songs (1985)
• Sore Tugu Pancoran (1985)
• Aku Sayang Kamu (1986)
• Ethiopia (1986)
• Lancar (1987)
• Wakil Rakyat (1987)
• 1910 (1988)
• Kemesraan (1988) - single, with Betharia Sonata, Chrisye, Rafika Duri, Itang, Jamal Mirdad, Etrie, Nani]]
• Mata Dewa (1989)
• Swami I (as part of the group Swami) (1989)
• Kantata Takwa (as part of the group Kantata) (1990)
• Cikal (1991)
• Swami II (as part of the group Swami) (1991)
• Belum Ada Judul (1992)
• Hijau (1992)
• Dalbo (1993)
• Anak Wayang (1994)
• Orang Gila (1994)
• Kantata Samsara (as part of the group Kantata) (1998)
• Suara Hati (2002)
• In Collaboration with (2003)
• Manusia Setengah Dewa (2004)
• In Love (2005) (contains only one new song, and four re-recordings)
• 50:50 (2007)
• Untukmu Terkasih (2009) - Mini-album - two songs only
• Keseimbangan (2010)
• Tergila-gila (2011)

Awards[link]

In 2002, he was named as Great Asian Hero by Time magazine.^[11] In 2011, he received "Satyalancana", the highest government awards from Jero Wacik, Culture and Tourism Minister of Indonesia.^[15]

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Aning S., Floriberta (2006). 100 Tokoh Yang Mengubah Indonesia (Revised ed.). Yogyakarta: Narasi. ISBN 9789797564759. http://books.google.com/books?id=XLrkTdG_9xEC. 
• Emmerson, Donald K. (1999). Indonesia Beyond Suharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 9781563248900. http://books.google.com/books?id=JQjzLRYXJZQC. 
• Ginting, Asrat; et al (2009). Musisiku. Jakarta: Republika. ISBN 9789791102520. http://books.google.com/books?id=ig3oH5TGv4oC. 
• Sen, Krishna; Hill, David T. (2000). Media, Culture and Politics in Indonesia. South Melbourne, Vict.: Oxfor University Press. ISBN 9780195537031. http://books.google.com/books?id=xMhWm38KQcsC. 
• Ubaedy, A. N.; Ratrioso, Imam (2005). Refleksi Kehidupan: Kisah dan Kajian Hidup Orang-Orang Ternama. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. ISBN 9789792077254. http://books.google.com/books?id=o85mshB9IK8C. 

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Iwan Rheon
Born	(1985-05-13) 13 May 1985 (age 27) Carmarthen, Wales, UK
Occupation	Actor, singer
Years active	2002–present

Iwan Rheon (born 13 May 1985) is an Olivier Award-winning Welsh stage and television actor and singer, and a graduate of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

Early life[link]

Born in Carmarthen, to Einir and Rheon Tomos, he has an older brother named Aled, and the family moved to Cardiff when he was five years old.^[1] Rheon attended Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf and began acting at the age of 17, where he took part in school drama productions, and was later "spotted" during a National Eisteddfod of Wales, before going on to study at LAMDA.^[1]

Career[link]

Acting[link]

Rheon joined Welsh language soap Pobol Y Cwm, aged 17, where he played Macsen White, but later left to train at LAMDA.^[1] His first notable stage part came from the play Eight Miles High which was staged in 2008 at the Royal Court Theatre in Liverpool.

Later in 2008 he was cast to play the role of the haunted Moritz Stiefel in the London production of the Tony Award-winning rock-musical, Spring Awakening.^[1] He played this role from January 2009 at the Lyric Hammersmith, and continued it when the show was transferred to the Novello Theatre, until it closed in May 2009, five months earlier than planned. He earned a What's On Stage Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Musical, which was eventually won by Oliver Thornton (Priscilla Queen of the Desert). He has been nominated as Best Supporting Actor in a Musical by the Olivier Awards, which he won in 2010.^[1]

Immediately after Spring Awakening, Rheon was cast in the E4 channel's Misfits, a BAFTA winning programme, a show described by 247 Magazine as "a mix of Skins and Heroes". He plays nervous, shy Simon Bellamy who gains the superpower of invisibility and precognition in season 3.^[2] On 20 December 2011, Rheon announced via Twitter that he had left the show, along with fellow cast member Antonia Thomas.^[3]

Most recently, Rheon made a guest appearance as character Ben Theodore in Simon Amstell's comedy Grandma's House.^[2] In 2011 he also appeared in the final episode of Secret Diary of a Call Girl. In 2011, he was nominated for a Golden Nymph in the "Outstanding Actor - Drama Series" category for his role in Misfits as Simon Bellamy.^[4]

Music[link]

Songwriting and singing since the age of 16, he was lead singer in The Convictions until leaving the band to pursue his acting career. In 2010, he recorded his first solo work, Tongue Tied EP, at RAK Studios in London,^[5] produced by Jonathan Quarmby and Kevin Bacon.^[6] An accomplished 4 track release with acoustic guitar and voice, the EP was released digitally in June 2010. He returned to RAK Studios, in April 2011, to record his second EP Changing Times, again produced by Quarmby and Bacon, with the addition of 3 backing musicians. Changing Times was released on 10 October 2011.^[7] In a February radio chat with AWAL OnAir Radio, Rheon announced that he was currently working on a full-length album.

Filmography[link]

Discography[link]

• 2010: Tongue Tied EP
• 2011: Changing Times EP

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Iwan Rheon

• Iwan Rheon on Facebook
• Iwan Rheon at the Internet Movie Database
• Iwan Rheon at London Theatre Database
• Iwan Rheon at BBC Wales
• Iwan Rheon at The Spotlight