9-1-1 is a common emergency telephone number, used in countries such as Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Jordan, Liberia, Paraguay, Uruguay and the United States

In many countries the public telephone network has a single emergency telephone number (sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or occasionally the emergency services number) that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country; it is typically a three-digit number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services; these often differ only by the last digit. In the European Union, '112' was introduced as a common emergency call number during the 1990s, and as the GSM standard it is now a well known emergency number across the globe alongside the North American '911' and the British '999'.

Configuration and operation[link]

The emergency telephone number is a special case in the country's telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the emergency telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now often mixed with ordinary telephone traffic, they still may be able to access circuits that other traffic cannot. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to an emergency telephone number, it must be answered. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers and releases the call.

An emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a telephone operator or an emergency service dispatcher. The nature of the emergency (police, fire, medical) is then determined. If the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of multiple services being needed on a call, the most urgent need must be determined, with other services being called in as needed.

Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to provide help in an appropriate manner; they can be assisted by computer aided call handling systems (CACH). The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations. Some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform first aid or CPR.

In many parts of the world, an emergency service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the telephone company uses to bill calls, making the number visible even for users who have unlisted numbers or who block caller ID. For an individual fixed landline telephone, the caller's number can often be associated with the caller's address and therefore their location. However, with mobile phones and business telephones, the address may be a mailing address rather than the caller's location. The latest "enhanced" systems, such as Enhanced 911, are able to provide the physical location of mobile telephones. This is often specifically mandated in a country's legislation.

History of emergency services numbers[link]

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Operator assistance[link]

When an emergency happened in the pre-dial (or "manual") telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer "number, please?" The user responded with "get me the police," "get me the fire service," or "I need an ambulance/doctor." Even in large cities, it was seldom necessary to ask for these services by number.

In small towns, operators frequently provided additional service, knowing where to reach doctors, veterinarians, and law enforcement personnel at all times. Frequently, the operator was also responsible for activating the town's fire alarm.

When manual switching systems began to be replaced by automatic, or "dial" systems, there was frequently concern among users that the very personalized emergency service provided by manual operators would be lost.

Because numbers were different for every exchange, callers either had to dial the operator or look up the telephone number. An example of this was Auckland, New Zealand before the introduction of 111 in the 1960s – the city had 40 exchanges, all with different emergency numbers, and finding the telephone number for the local exchange would require having to search through the city's 500-page telephone directory.^[1]

This problem was at least partially solved in the United States, Canada, and the UK by dialling "0" for the local assistance operator in case of emergency, although faster service could be obtained if the user dialled the full number for the Police or Fire Department. This system remained essentially unchanged throughout most of North America until the 1970s.

Direct-dial numbers[link]

The first emergency number system to be deployed anywhere in the World was in London on 1 July 1937 ^[2][3] using the number 999, and this was quickly extended to cover the entire kingdom.^[2] When 999 was dialled, a buzzer sounded and a red light flashed in the exchange to attract an operator's attention.^[3]

Because of loop disconnect dialing, attention was devoted to making the numbers difficult to dial accidentally by making them involve long sequences of pulses, such as with the UK 999 emergency number.^[3] However in modern times, where repeated sequences of numbers are easily accidentally dialled on mobile phones, this is problematic, as mobile phones will dial an emergency number while the keypad is locked or even without a SIM card^[4].^{[citation needed]} Some people have reported accidentally dialing 112 by loop-disconnect for various technical reasons, including while working on extension telephone wiring, and point to this as a disadvantage of the 112 emergency number, which takes only four loop disconnects to activate.^[5]

Southern California Telephone Co. began using 116 as an emergency line for Los Angeles, California in 1946.^[6] The emergency number 999 was adopted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1959 at the urging of Stephen Juba, mayor of Winnipeg at the time.^{[citation needed]} The city changed the number to 911 in 1972, in order to be consistent with the newly adopted U.S. emergency number.

The first 911 emergency phone systems went into use in Alabama and Alaska in 1968.^{[citation needed]} The first 911 call was made in Haleyville, Alabama on February 10, 1968.^{[citation needed]} The second system, in Nome, Alaska was put into service later that same month.^{[citation needed]} However, 911 systems were not in widespread use until the 1980s when the number 911 was adopted as the standard number across most of the country under the North American Numbering Plan.^{[citation needed]}

The implementation of 911 service in the USA was a gradual and haphazard process. Because telephone service boundaries did not always exactly match governmental and other jurisdictional boundaries, a user might dial 911, only to discover that he had been connected to the wrong dispatch center because he had telephone service from one location but lived within the boundaries of another jurisdiction.^{[citation needed]}

Electromechanical switching equipment still in use made it difficult to adapt to recognize 911, especially in small towns and rural areas where the call might have to be switched over a considerable distance.^{[citation needed]} For this reason, it is still not unusual for a county sheriff's department to have a toll-free "800" area code number.^{[citation needed]}

Gradually, various problems were overcome; "smart" or "enhanced" 911 systems were developed that not only would display the caller's number and address at the dispatch center but also could be configured so that 911 calls were automatically routed to the correct dispatch center, regardless of what central office the caller was served from. In the United States, most cities have E911 systems either in use, or in their emergency systems design plans.

The rapid replacement of electromechanical switching systems in the 1980s with electronic or digital systems eliminated the problem of older switches that would not recognize 911. At this point, 911 service is available in most of North America, but there is still the occasional small, remote town that does not have it.^{[citation needed]}

In France, many telephone exchanges were closed at night but it was still possible to make emergency calls. An operator had to connect the emergency calls only. In 1913, an automatic system was set up. It made provision for calling the police by dialling 17 and the fire brigade by dialling 18. As more manual telephone exchanges were converted to dial operation, more and more subscribers had access to these special numbers.^{[citation needed]} The service was not widespread until the 1970s.

The CEPT recommended the use of 112 in 1972. The European Union subsequently adopted the 112 number as a standard on 29 July 1991. It is now a valid emergency number throughout EU countries and in many other CEPT countries. It works in parallel with other local emergency numbers in about 2/3 of EU states.

In January 2008, the Internet Engineering Task Force released a set of RFC documents pertaining to emergency calls in IP networks.^[7]

Emergency numbers and mobile telephones[link]

Mobile phones can be used in countries with different emergency numbers. A traveller visiting a foreign country does not have to know the local emergency numbers, however. The mobile phone and the SIM card have a preprogrammed list of emergency numbers. When the user tries to set up a call using an emergency number known by a GSM or 3G phone, the special emergency call setup takes place. The actual number is not even transmitted into the network, but the network redirects the emergency call to the local emergency desk. Most GSM mobile phones can dial emergency calls even when the phone keyboard is locked, the phone is without a SIM card, or an emergency number is entered instead of the PIN.

Most GSM mobile phones have 112, 999 and 911 as pre-programmed emergency numbers that are always available.^[8] The SIM card issued by the operator can contain additional country-specific emergency numbers that can be used even when roaming abroad. The GSM network can also update the list of well-known emergency numbers when the phone registers to it.

Using an emergency number recognized by a GSM phone like 112 instead of another emergency number may be advantageous, since GSM phones and networks give special priority to emergency calls. A phone dialing an emergency service number not recognized by it may refuse to roam onto another network, leading to trouble if there is no access to the home network. Dialing a known emergency number like 112 forces the phone to try the call with any available network.

On some networks a GSM phone without a SIM card may be used to make emergency calls and most GSM phones accept a larger list of emergency numbers without SIM card, such as 112, 911, 118, 119, 000, 110, 08, and 999. However, some GSM networks will not accept emergency calls from phones without a SIM card, or even require a SIM card that has credit. For example, Latin American networks typically do not allow emergency calls without a SIM. Also, GSM phones sold in some countries like Singapore do not accept 112 as an emergency number even if they have a SIM card inserted.

The GSM phones may regard some phone numbers with one or two digits as special service codes. It might be impossible to make an emergency call to numbers like 03 with a GSM phone.

In the United States, the FCC requires networks to route every mobile-phone and payphone^{[verification needed]} 911 call to an emergency service call center, including phones that have never had service, or whose service has lapsed.^[9][10] As a result, there are programs that provide donated used mobile phones to victims of domestic violence and others especially likely to need emergency services.

Mobile phones generate additional problems for emergency operators, as many phones will allow emergency numbers to be dialed even while the keypad is locked. Since mobile phones are typically carried in pockets and small bags, the keys can easily be depressed accidentally, leading to unintended calls. A system has been developed in the UK to connect calls where the caller is sent to an automated system, leaving more operators free to handle genuine emergency calls.^[11]

Emergency numbers[link]

This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (January 2010)

Africa[link]

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Algeria	17	14	14	National Gendarmerie : 1055; Counter Terrorist Unit : 1548; support for children : 3033.
Chad	17		18
Djibouti	17		18
Egypt	122	123	180	Tourist Police – 126; Traffic Police – 128; Electricity Emergency – 121; Natural Gas Supply Emergency – 129.
Ghana	191	193	192	999 for any of the 3 services.
Mali	17	15	18
Mauritius	999	114	115
Morocco	City 19 Royal Gendarmerie177	15	15
Nigeria	199			199 for any of the 3 services.
South Africa	10111	10177	10111	112 from mobile phones (soon also from fixed line phones).
Tunisia	197	190	198	National guard – 193.
Rwanda	112
Uganda	999
Sudan	999			Traffic Police 777777
Sierra Leone	019	999
Zambia	999	991	993	112 from mobile phones (see www.zambiatourism.com/travel/listings/emergency.htm).
Zimbabwe	995	994	993	999 for any of the 3 services. 112 from mobile phones

Asia[link]

ASEAN's suggestion is to use 191. Currently using by 5 countries: Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand.

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Afghanistan	119	102	119	Rewards for Justice 010-8600-070
Bangladesh	999			For the cities of Dhaka and Chittagong only (Dhaka Metropolitan Police – "999" and Chittagong Metropolitan Police-"999")
Bahrain	999
China	Patrol: 110 Traffic: 122	120	119	Traffic accident – 122. 999 for private ambulance service in Beijing, along with government owned ambulance service 120.
Myanmar	191
Hong Kong	999			992 (fax on fixed line; SMS on mobile phones – latter being available only to subscribers with disabilities); 112 from mobile phones (routes to any network service) but redirected to the 999 call centre.
India	100 or 2611	102,1298,108,112,2611	101 or 2611	Chennai Traffic Police – 103. Delhi Traffic Police – 1095. Kolkata Traffic Police – 1073. 112. Bangalore uses both 108 and 100. As of 2010 the national emergency number is 2611[12], 108 is used in many states.
Indonesia	110	118/119	113	Search and rescue team – 115; Natural disaster – 129; Electricity – 123; Mobile phone and satellite phone emergency number – 112.
Iran	110	115	125	110 also serves as general relay. 112 also works for all emergencies from mobile phones.
Israel	100	101	102	112 also works for all emergencies from mobile phones. 103 Israel Electric Corporation. 106 For municipal hazards that are not emergencies, works in any municipality.
Japan	110	119		Emergency at sea – 118.
Jordan	911 OR 112			From Land-line and Mobile will call Command and Control Center "CCC" – 911.
Kazakhstan	112			Police – 102; Ambulance – 103; Fire – 101; Gas leaks 104.
North Korea	119			112 also works with cellphones. Operators mostly speak only Korean, some may speak English, Russian or Chinese
South Korea	112	119		National security hotline – 111; Reporting spies – 113; Reporting a child, mentally handicapped, or elderly person wandering – 182 (missing child report hotline); 114 connects to the phone service provider.
Kuwait	112			Used to be 777
Lebanon	112/999	140	175
Macau	999
Maldives	102			Civil defence – 118; Police service – 119 can be dialed from mobile phones.
Malaysia	999*			The worldwide emergency number for GSM mobile phones, 112 are redirected to the 999 call centre.
Mongolia	102	103	101	100
Nepal	100/103	102	101	112 from any GSM handset will forward to the local emergency number.
Oman	999
Pakistan	15 Traffic:1915	115/1122	16	15/1122 can be used to redirect to any service. 112 from any GSM handset will forward to the local emergency number.
Philippines	117			112 and 911 redirect to 117. 112 and 911 can be dialed from mobile phones. 117 may also be texted from mobile phones. 136 for motorist assistance (Metro Manila only), 163 for child abuse (Bantay Bata)
Qatar	999
Saudi Arabia	999	997	998	Traffic police – 993; Rescue emergency – 911, 112 or 08
Singapore	999	995		Foreign travellers in Singapore with roaming hand phone facilities can dial either the 112 or 911 emergency numbers to reach an Emergency Call Centre in Singapore.
Sri Lanka	119 or 118	110	111	Accident service – 11-2691111.
Syria	112	110	113
Taiwan	110	119		112 from any GSM handset will forward to the local emergency number.
Tajikistan	112			Fire – 101; Police – 102; Ambulance – 103; Gas leaks 104.
Thailand	191	1669	199	Bangkok EMS Command Center – 1646 (Bangkok only), Tourist Police "1155" (English speaking emergency and routine assistance).
Turkey	155	112	110	Gendarmerie – 156; Coast Guard – 158
United Arab Emirates	999 or 112	998 or 999	997
Vietnam	113	115	114

• * Changing to 191

Europe[link]

The most common European emergency number 112 (following Directive 2002/22/EC – Universal Service Directive) and also standard on GSM mobile phones. 112 is used in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom in addition to their other emergency numbers.^{[13][14][15][16]}

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Albania	129	127	128	Road police – 126
Armenia	102	103	101	Search and rescue – 108; Gas leaks – 104; Traffic police – 177
Austria	112			Police – 133; Ambulance – 144; Fire – 122; Gas leaks – 128; Alpine rescue – 140; On-duty medical unit – 141; crisis-hotline – 142; support for children and teens – 147.
Belarus	102	103	101	Gas leaks – 104; also 112 is being redirected to 101 on velcom GSM-operator mobile phones.
Belgium	112			Police – 101; Ambulance / Firebrigade – 100; Missing children – 110; Mental problems/suicide – 106.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	122	124	123	From mobile phones, dial the international emergency numbers 112, 911 and 08 for information about the local emergency numbers that are to be dialed (122, 123 and 124).
Bulgaria	112			Police – 166, Ambulance – 150; Fire – 160.
Croatia	112			Police – 192; Ambulance – 94; Fire – 193; Search and rescue at sea – 9155; Road help – 1987.
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	112			Police - 115; Fire - 199; Ambulance - 112.
Cyprus	112			Alternative numbers: 199
Czech Republic	112			Police – 158; Ambulance – 155; Fire – 150; Municipal police – 156.
Denmark	112 (old number was 000)			Nearest Police (non-urgent) – 114.
Estonia	112			Police – 110.
Faroe Islands	112
Finland	112
France	112			Police – 17; Hospital-based Ambulance (SAMU) – 15; Fire Service-based Ambulance – 18; Fire – 18. 112 calls are answered by 15 or 18 dispatchers, depending on the caller's location. 115 for homeless.
Georgia	022	033	011	Gas leaks – 04; 112 from mobile phones, from 2011 from landlines as well; in 2011 emergency numbers will be replaced as follows: 111 (Fire), 122 (Police), 113 (Ambulance), 114 (Gas leaks).
Germany	112			Additional number for police - 110
Gibraltar	112 or 199			Fire and Ambulance – 190
Greece	112			Police – 100; Ambulance – 166; Fire – 199; Forest fire – 1591; Coast guard emergency intervention – 108; Counter-narcotics immediate intervention – 109; Tourist police – 171; Emergency social aid – 197.
Hungary	112			Police – 107; Ambulance – 104; Fire – 105.
Iceland	112			Police in Reykjavík Capital Area Non-urgent – 4441000
Ireland	999 or 112			The emergency telephone number to dial in Ireland for Fire, Gardaí (Irish Police), Ambulance, Irish Marine Emergency Service and The Mountain and Cave Rescue is 999 or 112. These numbers are to be used only in an emergency.
Italy	112			Ambulance – 118; Fire – 115; (State Police) – 113; (Carabinieri) – 112; (Forest Service) – 1515; Guardia di Finanza (Customs/Financial Police) – 117; Coast guard – 1530. Also 911 is redirected to 112.
Latvia	112			Police – 02; Ambulance – 03, 113 ; Fire – 01; Gas leaks – 04.
Lithuania	112			Police – 02 / 102 / 022; Ambulance – 03/ 103 / 033; Fire – 01 / 101 / 011. The non-112 numbers are for separate emergency services differ in distinct telecommunications networks, whereas 112 is available on all networks.
Luxembourg	112			Police – 113.
Republic of Macedonia	112			Police – 192; Ambulance – 194; Fire – 193.
Malta	112			Previously: Police 191; Ambulance 196; Fire 199.
Moldova	902	903	901	112 is being implemented by 2010.
Monaco	112			Police – 17, Ambulance, severe – 15; Ambulance, less severe – 18, Fire – 18. 112 calls are answered by 15 or 18 dispatchers, depending on the caller's location. 115 for homeless.
Montenegro	112			Police – 122; Ambulance – 124; Fire – 123.
Netherlands	112			Police (non-urgent) – 0900-8844. Also 911 is being redirected to 112 on GSM mobile phones.
Norway	112	113	110	Police (non-urgent) – 02800.
Poland	112			Police – 997; Ambulance – 999; Fire – 998; Municipal wardens – 986; natural gas/LPG emergencies – 992.
Portugal	112			Forest fire 117
Romania	112			Former short numbers: (Police) – 955; Ambulance – 961; (Firefighters) – 981; (Gendarmerie) – 956; Civil Protection – 982; Family Violence – 983
Russia	112			Police – 02; Ambulance – 03; Fire, Search and rescue – 01; Gas leaks – 04. The new number 112 began operating in 2011
San Marino	113	118	115
Serbia	112			Police – 192; Ambulance – 194; Fire – 193
Slovakia	112			Police – 158; Ambulance – 155; Fire – 150
Slovenia	112			Police – 113
Spain	112			National – 091; Local Police – 092; Ambulance – 061; Fire – 080,085; Civil Guard – 062; Mossos d'Esquadra (Catalan police) 088
Sweden	112 (old number was 90000)			Non-urgent police – 11414
Switzerland	112			Police – 117; Ambulance – 144; Fire – 118; Poison – 145; Road emergency – 140; Psychological support (free and anonymous) – 143; Psychological support for teens and children (free and anonymous) – 147; Helicopter air-rescue (Rega) – 1414 or by radio on 161.300 MHz; Air rescue (Air Glaciers) (in Valais only) – 1415.[17]
Turkey	155	112	110	Gendarmerie – 156; Coast Guard – 158; Forest Fire – 177
Ukraine	112			Police – 102; Ambulance – 103; Fire – 101; Gas leaks – 104.
United Kingdom	999 or 112			In 2006 101 was made available as a non-emergency number for police (and in some areas local authorities) in England and Wales. 111 was made available (in England and Wales) as a non-emergency number for health issues. 999 and 112 can be used from any phone. When dialing 999 or 112, the caller is connected with a telecoms operator such as BT, Cable & Wireless, Railnet, or Kingston Communications, and the operator will ask which service is required. Operators have access to interpretation services covering 170 languages. Deaf people can text 18000 for the emergency services (after registration). 999 was first introduced on the 30th June 1937 in London.
Vatican City	113	118	115	112 is being redirected to 113 on GSM mobile phones

Australia and Oceania[link]

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Australia	000			From a mobile phone – 112 or 000. No other emergency numbers, such as 999 or 911, are redirected. State Emergency Service (ACT, VIC, NSW, QLD, SA, WA) – 132 500; From a Textphone/TTY call the National Relay Service on 106; Non Emergency – Police Assistance Line – 131 444; (NSW, QLD, SA, WA, NT, TAS, ACT); Crime Stoppers – 1800 333 000; Threats to national security – 1800 123 400;
Fiji	911		9170
New Zealand	111			*555 traffic (from mobile phones only) 0800 161616 Deaf TTY 0800 161610 deaf fax 111 deaf SMS (registered mobile phones only)
Solomon Islands	999			There are also local numbers for each service in each urban centre. These local numbers may be quicker than dialling 999.[18]
Vanuatu	112

North America[link]

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Canada	911			Non-emergency 311 in certain areas. Some rural areas still lack 911 service. 112 is being redirected to 911 on GSM mobile phones. *677 connects to the Provincial Police within the province of Ontario and *4141 links to the Sûreté du Québec in the province of Quebec.
Greenland	112			112 works from only mobile phones; fixed line phones must call the local police or hospital.
Mexico	066	065	068	"066" can be used as a general emergency number, In densely populated areas, 911 is redirected to the proper number.
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	17	15	18	Same as France
United States of America	911			Various services available through regional or national N11 codes (e.g.: 311 non-emergency police or city services) in certain areas. Also 112 is being redirected to 911 on GSM mobile phones.[19]

Central America and the Caribbean[link]

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Guatemala	110	120	123	Note: The number 911 exists only for private services like medical insurance.
El Salvador	911
Costa Rica	911 or 112
Panama	911
Barbados	211	511	311	References: Police, Ambulance, Fire
Cayman Islands	911
Dominican Republic	911 or 112			From a mobile phone – 112 or 911 Also 112 is being redirected to 911 on GSM mobile phones[12].
Jamaica	119	110
Trinidad and Tobago	999	990
Nicaragua	118
Honduras	199
Haiti	'118

South America[link]

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Argentina	101	107	100	Emergency dispatcher for Buenos Aires (city), Santa Fe (city), Rosario (city), Salta and Buenos Aires (provinces) 911.
Bolivia	110	118	119
Brazil	190	192	193	Federal highway police 191; federal police 194; civil police 197; state highway police 198; civil defense 199; human rights 100; emergency number for Mercosul area 128; 112 will be redirected to 190 when dialed from mobile phones and 911 will also be redirected to the police number (190) See also: Brazilian telephone numbering plan#Public utility.
Chile	133	131	132
Colombia	112 or 123 (landlines and mobile phones)			Traffic accidents 127, GAULA (anti-kidnapping) 165. More specialized three-digit numbers are available; check the local Yellow Pages for more information.
	156	132	119
Ecuador	911 (landlines and mobile phones)			All types of emergencies in Guayaquil (112 landlines, *112 mobile phones), traffic accidents in Guayaquil 103, red cross 131.
	101	911	102
French Guyana	17	15	18
Guyana	911	913	912
Paraguay	911
Peru	105	117	116	Civil defense (disasters) 115 – Domestic violence helpline 100
Suriname	115
Uruguay	911
Venezuela	171

E112

• eCall
• Emergency telephone
• Enhanced 911
• In case of emergency (ICE) entry in the mobile phone book.
• National Emergency Number Association (NENA)

See also[link]

• Aeronautical Emergency Communications System Plan
• Amateur radio emergency communications

References[link]

External links[link]

• SOS1.tel, Mobile-Friendly Emergency Phone Numbers International Directory
• 112 – The European emergency number
• National Emergency Number Association (NENA)
• European Emergency Number Association (EENA)
• The Norwegian National Centre on Emergency Communication in Health (KoKom)

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

Mathematics portal

1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or milliard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001.

In scientific notation, it is written as 10⁹.

A billion traditionally equated to one million, million, (1,000,000,000,000) though the short scale (American English) billion of merely one thousand million (1,000,000,000) has been adopted in finance and increasingly in other fields. The unambiguous term thousand million has the same meaning in both scales.

In South Asian English, it is known as 100 crore or 1 arab.

The term milliard can also be used to refer to 1,000,000,000; this name very often appears in other languages.

This terminology is rarely used in English outside of British English. The SI prefix giga indicates 1,000,000,000 times the base unit.

See Orders of magnitude (numbers) for larger numbers; and long and short scales.

Selected 10-digit numbers (1,000,000,000–9,999,999,999)[link]

Visualisation of powers of ten from one to 1 billion

• 1023456789 – smallest pandigital number in base 10
• 1026753849 – smallest pandigital square that includes 0
• 1073676287 – 15th Carol number
• 1073741824 = 2³⁰
• 1073807359 – 14th Kynea number
• 1129760415 – 23rd Motzkin number
• 1134903170 – 45th Fibonacci number
• 1162261467 = 3¹⁹
• 1220703125 = 5¹³
• 1234567890 – pandigital number with the digits in order
• 1311738121 – 25th Pell number
• 1382958545 – 15th Bell number
• 1406818759 – 30th Wedderburn–Etherington number
• 1836311903 – 46th Fibonacci number
• 1882341361 – The least prime whose reversal is both square (40391²) and triangular (triangular of 57121).
• 1977326743 = 7¹¹
• 2147483647 – 8th Mersenne prime and the largest signed 32-bit integer
• 2147483648 = 2³¹
• 2214502422 – 6th primary pseudoperfect number
• 2357947691 = 11⁹
• 2971215073 – 11th Fibonacci prime (47th Fibonacci number)
• 3166815962 – 26th Pell number
• 3192727797 – 24th Motzkin number
• 3323236238 – 31st Wedderburn–Etherington number
• 3405691582 – hexadecimal CAFEBABE; used as a placeholder in programming.
• 3405697037 – hexadecimal CAFED00D; used as a placeholder in programming.
• 3486784401 = 3²⁰
• 4294836223 – 16th Carol number
• 4294967291 – Largest prime 32-bit unsigned integer
• 4294967295 – Maximum 32-bit unsigned integer (hexadecimal FFFFFFFF)
• 4294967296 = 2³²
• 4294967297 – the first composite Fermat number
• 4295098367 – 15th Kynea number
• 4807526976 – 48th Fibonacci number
• 5784634181 – 13th alternating factorial
• 6103515625 = 5¹⁴
• 6210001000 – only self-descriptive number in base 10
• 6227020800 = 13!
• 6983776800 – 15th colossally abundant number
• 7645370045 – 27th Pell number
• 7778742049 – 49th Fibonacci number
• 7862958391 – 32nd Wedderburn–Etherington number
• 8589869056 – 6th perfect number
• 8589934592 = 2³³
• 9043402501 – 25th Motzkin number
• 9814072356 – largest square pandigital number, largest pandigital pure power
• 9876543210 – largest pandigital number without redundant digits

Sense of scale[link]

The facts below give a sense of how large 1,000,000,000 (10⁹) is in the context of time according to current scientific evidence:

• 10⁹ seconds is 114 days short of 32 calendar years (≈ 31.7 years).
• About 10⁹ minutes ago, the Roman Empire was flourishing and Christianity was emerging. (10⁹ minutes is roughly 1,900 years.) A billion minutes ago, Trajan was emperor in Rome^[1].
• About 10⁹ hours ago, modern human beings and their ancestors were living in the Stone Age (more precisely, the Middle Paleolithic). (10⁹ hours is roughly 114,000 years.)
• About 10⁹ days ago, Australopithecus, an ape-like creature related to an ancestor of modern humans, roamed the African savannas. (10⁹ days is roughly 2.7 million years.)
• About 10⁹ months ago, dinosaurs walked the Earth during the late Cretaceous. (10⁹ months is roughly 82 million years.)
• About 10⁹ years ago, the first multicellular eukaryotes appeared on Earth.
• The universe is currently thought to be about 13.7 × 10⁹ years old.

In terms of distance:

• 10⁹ inches is 15,783 miles (25,400 km), more than halfway around the world and sufficient to reach any point on the globe from any other point.
• 10⁹ metres is almost three times the distance from the Earth to the Moon.
• 10⁹ kilometres is over six times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

In terms of finance:

• The possession of assets with total value of 10⁹ United States dollars would place a person among the world's wealthiest individuals.
• As visualized in a work by artist Michael Marcovici, this amount of money in stacks of hundred-dollar bills can fit on twelve wrapped pallets.^[2]

In terms of area:

• A billion square inches would be a square about one half mile on a side.
• A piece of finely woven bed sheet cloth that contained a billion holes would measure about 500 square feet (46 m²), large enough to cover a moderate sized apartment.

In terms of volume:

• There are a billion cubic millimeters in a cubic meter.
• A billion grains of table salt or granulated sugar would occupy a volume of about two and a half cubic feet.
• A billion cubic inches would be a volume comparable to a large commercial building slightly larger than a typical supermarket.

In terms of natural landscape; a small mountain, slightly larger than Stone Mountain Georgia, United States, would weigh (have a mass of) a billion tons.

In terms of count:

A is a cube; B consists of 1000 cubes of type A. C consists of 1000 Bs; and D 1000 Cs. Thus there are 1 million As in C; and 1,000,000,000 As in D.

References[link]

1.1" / 75 Caliber Gun
Quadruple-mount 1.1-inch (28 mm) anti-aircraft cannon aboard the battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB 38) during World War II
Type	Anti-aircraft Naval Gun
Place of origin	United States
Service history
Used by	US Navy
Wars	World War II
Specifications
Weight	10,500 pounds (4,800 kg)
Length	119.6 inches (3.04 m)
Barrel length	82.5 inches (2.10 m) bore (75 calibres)
Shell	HE-Tracer
Caliber	1.1-inch (28 mm)
Recoil	3.25-inch (83 mm)
Elevation	-15 to 110 degrees
Traverse	360 degrees
Rate of fire	150 rpm
Muzzle velocity	2,700 feet per second (820 m/s)
Maximum range	6,300 yards (5,800 m)

The 1.1"/75 caliber gun was an American anti-aircraft weapon of World War II. The name means that it had a bore diameter of 1.1 inches (28 mm) and barrel length of 75 × 1.1 inches = 82.5 inches (2.1 m), using the "caliber" nomenclature common to large artillery pieces.

It was developed when the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) decided that the .50 caliber machine gun was not adequate for future AA duties:

"In recognition of the growing necessity for antiaircraft fire, the more or less continuous Bureau experimentation with double-purpose guns during the 1920's finally culminated in the early 1930's in the development of the 5"/38 DP gun which fulfilled its mission throughout the war with very little criticism. While the longer range antiaircraft gun field was taken care of, except for insufficient numbers, the situation was far from satisfactory in the short range category. Neither the .50 caliber machine gun, effective enough in plane-to-plane fire at pointblank range, nor the 1.1" which the Bureau developed in quadruple mounts in the 1930's, were competent to meet the menace of the Second World War plane. The 1.1" was too heavy to serve as a "last ditch" free mount and too light to span the gap between the small machine guns and the 5-inch guns, even had all its "bugs" been eliminated. The lack of adequate short range antiaircraft guns together with insufficient quantities of the best guns then available created a situation which by 1940 could hardly be termed anything but critical."^[1]

1.1" mounts firing aboard USS Hornet (CV-8), May 1942.

During the early part of World War II, they were deployed on most U.S. Navy warships of destroyer and larger size.

Due to teething problems that were never rectified, the gun was very unpopular with its crews. It was replaced with the Bofors 40 mm gun whenever possible, but served until the end of the war on some ships.

The guns were sometimes referred to as "Chicago Pianos."

See also[link]

• List of anti-aircraft guns
• List of artillery of the United States

Notes and references[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1.1"/75 caliber gun

• navweapons.com 1.1"/75 Gun

This artillery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Brek Shea

Shea with FC Dallas in 2010
Personal information
Full name	Dane Brekken Shea
Date of birth	(1990-02-28) February 28, 1990 (age 22)
Place of birth	College Station, Texas, United States
Height	6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Playing position	Winger
Club information
Current club	FC Dallas
Number	20
Youth career
2005–2007	IMG Soccer Academy
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2008–	FC Dallas	86	(19)
National team‡
2005–2007	United States U17	19	(0)
2007–2009	United States U20	12	(4)
2012–	United States U23	3	(0)
2010–	United States	12	(0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of May 24, 2012. † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of March 27, 2012

Dane Brekken "Brek" Shea (born February 28, 1990) is an American soccer player who plays as a midfielder for FC Dallas in Major League Soccer and the United States national team. A versatile attacking player known for his size and strength, Shea has been deployed in a variety of defensive, midfield and attacking roles, before settling as a wide-midfielder.

Career[link]

Youth and Club[link]

Born in College Station, Texas, Shea attended Brazos Christian School and one and a half years at Bryan High School in Bryan, Texas, and played for the Texans FC youth soccer organization in Houston, Texas, now known as the Dallas Texans, Houston Division. During his tenure with the Texans, Shea won four consecutive state championships. After his years in Bryan, Shea moved to U.S. Residency in Bradenton, Florida, while there Shea graduated in the top ten of his class at Edison Academy and later went to train with Bolton Wanderers F.C. in England in October 2007.

FC Dallas[link]

Shea did not play college soccer and instead turned professional straight out of high school. He was drafted 2nd overall by FC Dallas in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft, and he signed a Generation adidas contract. He made his MLS debut for Dallas on April 20, 2008, as a substitute against CD Chivas USA in the 86th minute. Four minutes into the game Shea would pick up his first yellow card. Brek appeared in five of the team's six international friendlies and made eight starts with the reserve team before he underwent season-ending surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his right knee on September 19, 2008. Shea earned his first professional start on May 23, 2009 in a match versus the Los Angeles Galaxy. Shea recorded his first MLS assist on Kenny Cooper’s game-tying goal during a match versus the Earthquakes on June 7, 2009. Shea also recorded two assists in a 6-0 blowout win over Kansas City on August 1, 2009 at Pizza Hut Park Shea spent his first two seasons with the club playing as a utility man, including spells as a striker, a central midfielder and as a defender. He eventually settled in at left winger during the 2010 MLS season. Shea scored his first professional goal on May 15 against the Philadelphia Union. During the 2010 Season Shea finished seventh on the team in minutes played (1,797) and made a career high 25 regular season appearances, Shea ended the season with five goals and four assists, as well as having 2 assists in four playoff games.

Shea graduated from the MLS Generation Adidas program at the end of the 2010 season.^[1] After playing central defender during a Generation Adidas trip to Spain, Shea started the 2011 season at centerback, with manager Schellas Hyndman saying he found Shea's talents better used there.^[2]

During a match against the Vancouver Whitecaps MVP David Ferreira came down with an injury and much of his scoring role was passed onto Shea. Coach Schellas Hyndman soon started Brek at the midfield, and he blossomed into a top player of the 2011 MLS season. Shea was named to the MLS Team of Week 11,14, and 16 in the 2011 MLS season for his performances against Seattle Sounders, Houston Dynamo, Chivas USA, and Columbus Crew.^[3] Following Ferreira's injury he led FC Dallas to 10 wins (the first team in the 2011 MLS season to do so) led the club in goals, and as a result he was named to the MLS All-Star Game as a midfielder. However, Shea was unable to play in the MLS All-Star game due to a CONCACAF Champions League match. During a match against Sporting Kansas City Brek Shea helped Dallas rally back from down 0-2 to win 3-2, with two crosses in the final two minutes, to Maicon Santos and Bobby Warshaw respectively. Following the end of the 2011 MLS campaign, where Shea was an MVP nominee.^[4] On November 10, 2011, it was announced that Shea would spend a month of his offseason training under manager Arsène Wenger at Arsenal.^[5][6]

International career[link]

Shea was a member of the U.S. residency program in Bradenton, Florida, and played extensively for the Under-17 team during that time. He later moved on to the U-20 national team, whom he has represented most recently at the 2009 CONCACAF U-20 Championship. He received his first call-up to the senior national team at the age of eighteen, when he was called in late for a second round World Cup qualifier on June 18, 2008, at Barbados.^[7][8]

In September 2010, he was called up for an October friendly against Colombia. Shea earned his first international cap playing the first half of the 0-0 draw and in the process became the first player born in the 1990s to make an appearance for the full US National team.^[9][10]

Shea received his third call up and second cap when he joined Eric Alexander, Zach Loyd and Ugo Ihemelu and made FC Dallas the most-represented MLS team at the 2011 January U.S. National Team camp. Shea started the January 22, 2011 match against Chile, playing 60 minutes.^[11]

Under new U.S. National Team coach Jürgen Klinsmann, Shea was named as one of seven midfielders for a friendly match vs. Mexico on August 10, 2011 in Philadelphia. In the 60th minute, Shea came on as a substitute for Jermaine Jones and recorded his first international assist on the equalizing goal from Robbie Rogers.^[12] Brek Shea started in a friendly against Costa Rica. Shea played all 90 minutes and picked up a yellow card in the 0-1 loss.

Personal life[link]

Brek Shea is the son of Charles and Kirstin Shea. Charles Shea played football at Virginia Tech. Shea is the middle of five children with two older brothers and two younger sisters. Shea was drafted by FC Dallas with the second pick in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft.

Shea is known for his unique hairstyles and colors; he has six tattoos and his natural hair color is blonde.

During Shea's personal time he often paints. On June 26, 2011, Shea showcased 10 of his abstract pieces to the Controlled Chaos Art Show and Auction at NYLO Hotel in Plano, raising almost $10,000 for the FC Dallas Foundation benefiting disadvantaged youth through soccer.^[13] During the art showcase FC Dallas owner Dan Hunt attended and purchased one of Shea's paintings. To sell and display his art Brek Shea has opened his own studio named Left Foot Studio. On the Left Foot Studio website fans can purchase Shea's paintings which all benefit the FC Dallas Foundation.

Shea also helps young players in the Dallas area with their soccer skills in one-on-one sessions with the aspiring players.

On July 22, 2011 Shea and New York Red Bulls player Tim Ream rang the closing bell at the New York stock exchange in New York City.^[14] While attending the stock exchange, Shea and Ream were accompanied by Chris Heck, the New York Red Bulls President of Business Operations.

Brek Shea has said that his favorite TV shows are Rob & Big and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and that his favorite type of music is hip-hop and techno. Shea says that he is a big fan of Assassin’s Creed, FIFA, Call of Duty and Guitar Hero and that his favorite films are 300, Troy and Superbad. Shea has listed Lance Armstrong as a huge inspiration and is his favorite athlete. Brek Shea is also a fan of the Dallas Mavericks, Texas Rangers and Dallas Cowboys.

Career Statistics[link]

Club[link]

Honors[link]

FC Dallas[link]

• Major League Soccer MLS Cup Runners-up: 2010
• Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship: 2010
• Major League Soccer All Star: 2011
• Major League Soccer Best XI: 2011

US Soccer[link]

• U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year: 2011 Young Male Athete of the Year

See also[link]

• List of current MLS players

References[link]

External links[link]

• MLS player profile
• Brek Shea at National-Football-Teams.com

Jackson Arley Martínez Valencia (born on October 3, 1986 in Quibdó) is a Colombian footballer who plays striker for Jaguares de Chiapas. Noted columnist Tim Vickery describes him as "an out-and-out goalscorer, a front-to-goal centre-forward who can finish off both feet".^[1]

Career[link]

Martínez is a young, fast, agile striker who is good in the air. In 2009, he became the all-time leading scorer in one season, with 18 goals in the Colombian league. He also led Independiente Medellín to its 5th title.

Jaguares de Chiapas[link]

He ended a good first season with a total of nine goals, placing him fourth in the top scorer's table.

International Goals - Colombia[link]

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1	September 5, 2009	Atanasio Girardot, Medellín, Colombia	Ecuador	0–1	0–2	2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying
2	September 9, 2009	Centenario, Montevideo, Uruguay	Uruguay	1–1	3–1	2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying
3	October 10, 2009	Atanasio Girardot, Medellín, Colombia	Chile	0–1	4–2	2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying
4	June 5, 2011	Estadio Atanasio Girardot, Medellín, Colombia	Senegal	1–0	2–0	Friendly
5	September 6, 2011	Fort Lauderdale, Florida	Jamaica	0–1	0–2	Friendly

References[link]

• Jackson Martínez at National-Football-Teams.com
• Career Stats

v t e Colombia squad – 2011 Copa América 1 N. Ramos 2 Zapata 3 Yepes 4 Bolívar 5 Anchico 6 Sánchez 7 Armero 8 Aguilar 9 Falcao 10 Cuadrado 11 Rodallega 12 N. Martínez 13 Guarín 14 Perea 15 Valencia 16 Soto 17 Moreno 18 Zúñiga 19 Gutiérrez 20 A. Ramos 21 J. Martínez 22 Mosquera 23 Castillo Coach: Gómez