For the Bundesministerium der Justiz, see Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany).

BMJ is an open-access^[1] peer-reviewed medical journal. Originally called the British Medical Journal, the title was officially shortened to BMJ in 1988. The journal is published by the BMJ Group, a wholly owned subsidiary of the British Medical Association. The editor in chief of BMJ is Fiona Godlee, who was appointed in February 2005.^[2]

History[link]

The journal began publishing on 3 October 1840 as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal and quickly attracted the attention of physicians around the world through its publication of high-impact original research articles and unique case reports.^[3] The BMJ's first editors were P. Hennis Green, lecturer on the diseases of children at the Hunterian School of Medicine, who also was its founder and Robert Streeten of Worcester, a member of the PMSA council.

The first issue of the British Medical Journal was 16 pages long and contained three simple woodcut illustrations. The longest items were the editors' introductory editorial and a report of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association's Eastern Branch. Other pages included a condensed version of Henry Warburton's medical reform bill, book reviews, clinical papers, and case notes. There were 2 ¹⁄₂ columns of advertisements. Inclusive of stamp duty it cost 7d, a price which remained until 1844. In their main article, Green and Streeten noted that they had "received as many advertisements (in proportion to the quantity of letter press) for our first number, as the most popular Medical Journal, (The Lancet) after seventeen years of existence."^[3]

In their introductory editorial and later statements, Green and Streeten defined "the main objects of promotion of which the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal is established". Summarised, there were two clear main objectives: the advancement of the profession, especially in the provinces and the dissemination of medical knowledge. Green and Streeten also expressed interest in promoting public well-being as well as maintaining 'medical practitioners, as a class in that rank of society which, by their intellectual acquirements, by their general moral character, and by the importance of the duties entrusted to them, they are justly entitled to hold'.^[3]

The BMJ published the first centrally randomised controlled trial.^[4] The journal also carried the seminal papers on the causal effects of smoking on health^[5][6] and lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking.^[7]

For a long time, the journal's sole competitor was The Lancet, also based in the UK, but with increasing globalisation, BMJ has faced tough competition from other medical journals, particularly The New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of the American Medical Association.^[8]

Journal content[link]

BMJ is an advocate of evidence-based medicine. It publishes research as well as clinical reviews, recent medical advances, editorial perspectives, among others.

The journal releases a number of "theme issues" every year, when it publishes research and review articles pertaining to the theme addressed. Some of the popular theme issues in recent^[when?] years include "Health in Africa", "Management of Chronic Diseases", and "Global Voices on the AIDS Catastrophe". A special "Christmas Edition" published annually on the Friday before Christmas is known for spoof or humorous articles^[9][10] (though mainstream media often fall for the joke).^[9][11]

Editions[link]

BMJ has four paper editions (which have the same content but different advertising):

• General Practice edition for general practitioners
• Clinical Research edition for hospital doctors
• International edition for overseas subscribers
• Compact Edition for retired members of the British Medical Association

There is also a monthly Student BMJ with content tailored towards medical students and junior doctors. Some of the international editions are also available in local languages. BMJ's global clinical online community is doc2doc.

Functioning of the journal[link]

BMJ has an open peer review system, wherein authors are told who reviewed their manuscript. About half the original articles are rejected after review in-house.^[12] Manuscripts chosen for peer review are first reviewed by external experts, who comment on the importance and suitability for publication, before the final decision on a manuscript is made by the editorial ("hanging") committee. The acceptance rate is less than 7% for original research articles.^{[citation needed]}

Indexing and citations[link]

BMJ is included in the major indexes PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, and the Science Citation Index. The most recent impact factor of the journal was 13.66 in 2009,^[13] ranking it fifth in the category "general and internal medical journals". The journal has long criticized the misuse of the impact factor to award grants and recruit researchers by academic institutions.^[14]

The five journals that as of 2008^[update] have cited BMJ most often are (in order of descending citation frequency) BMJ, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, The Lancet, BMC Public Health, and BMC Health Services Research.^[15]

As of 2008^[update], the five journals that have been cited most frequently by articles published in BMJ are BMJ, The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.^[15]

Most cited articles[link]

According to the Web of Science,^[15] the following articles have been cited the most often:

1. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH (2000). "Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey". British Medical Journal 320 (7244): 1240–1243. DOI:10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240. PMC 27365. PMID 10797032. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abridged/320/7244/1240. 
2. Baigent C, Sudlow C, Collins R, Peto R (2002). "Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients". British Medical Journal 324 (7329): 71–86. DOI:10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71. PMC 64503. PMID 11786451. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7329/71. 
3. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR (2000). "Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study". British Medical Journal 321 (7258): 405–412. DOI:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405. PMC 27454. PMID 10938048. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7258/405. 

BMJ website and access policies[link]

BMJ went fully online in 1995 and has archived all its issues on the web. In addition to the print content, supporting material for original research articles, additional news stories, and electronic letters to the editors are its principal attractions. The BMJ website has the policy of publishing most e-letters to the journal, called Rapid Responses,^[16] and is shaped like a fully moderated Internet forum. However, concerns remain, even among the web editors of the journal, that this feature may be abused by correspondents who might not want to contribute anything substantial to the topic under discussion.^[17]

From 1999, all content of BMJ was freely available online; however, in 2006 this changed to a subscription model. Original research articles continue to be available freely, but from January 2006, all other 'added value' contents, including clinical reviews and editorials, require a subscription. Access restrictions are lifted a year after publication. BMJ allows complete free access for visitors from economically disadvantaged countries as part of the HINARI initiative.

On October 14, 2008, BMJ announced it would become an open access journal. This only refers to their research articles. To view other articles, a subscription is required.^[1]

Other services[link]

BMJ has a weekly online newsletter available called "What's New Online" which summarises activity on BMJ.com and is available to anyone who registers on the website bmj.com.

BMJ iPad app[link]

In January 2011, the BMJ launched an iPad app version of the journal. The app combines the weekly BMJ print journal selection of research, comment, and education, along with feeds of news, blogs, podcasts, and videos to appear on bmj.com.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Online archive
• Doc2Doc
• Alerts

OFWGKTA
Odd Future performing in Toronto in 2011
Background information
Also known as	OFWGKTA, Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All, Wolf Gang, Golf Wang, Flog Gnaw
Origin	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Genres	Alternative Hip Hop, R&B
Years active	2007–Present
Labels	Odd Future Records
Associated acts	Trash Talk, Casey Veggies
Website	oddfuture.com
Members
Tyler, The Creator Hodgy Beats Left Brain Earl Sweatshirt Domo Genesis Mike G Frank Ocean Syd tha Kyd Matt Martians Jasper Dolphin Taco Bennett L-Boy

OFWGKTA, often abbreviated Odd Future, is an American alternative hip hop collective from Los Angeles, California. The group is led by rapper/producer Tyler, The Creator, and includes rappers Hodgy Beats, Earl Sweatshirt, Domo Genesis and Mike G, singer Frank Ocean, producers Left Brain, Syd tha Kyd, Matt Martians, and Hal Williams, and other non-musical members, notably Jasper Dolphin, Taco and L-Boy.

There are multiple groups inside the collective: The Jet Age of Tomorrow, EarlWolf, The Internet and MellowHype.

History[link]

2007–2009: Early career[link]

Odd Future formed in 2007 in Los Angeles. The original members were founder Tyler, the Creator, Left Brain, Hodgy Beats, and Tj Starr The Super 3, Jasper Dolphin and Casey Veggies, the latter of which appeared only on the group's debut mixtape before branching out to other projects. However Casey Veggies remains a close contributor. At some point before the release of Bastard, Brandun DeShay joined the group, and appeared on the track Session, but Tyler and DeShay had a falling out, and his vocals on Session were replaced by Mike G. Tyler also dissed DeShay on his track Yonkers. Much of their music is recorded in a room in Syd the Kyd's and Taco's house, known as the Trap, located in South Los Angeles.^[1] They have produced multiple releases, the first of which were available for free on their website.

2010: Rise to fame[link]

Since the release of his debut album, member Earl Sweatshirt has been absent from the group, but returned briefly before his eighteenth birthday, and started showing up to tours and interviews in the middle of March 2012. It was rumored that his mother sent him to an all boys boarding school for kids with drug issues and depression in Samoa.^[2][3][4]

The group completed a two-stop tour, their first outside of Los Angeles and in London, England, on November 5, 2010, and New York City on November 8. The concert at The Drop in London sold out within 48 hours of announcement by the group. At the highly anticipated show at Webster Hall in New York City, the venue was packed to its 300 person maximum capacity. Their concerts have frequently been compared to punk rock shows, with stagediving, moshing and antagonizing the crowd.^[5][6]

2011–present: Solo releases and TV show[link]

MellowHype recently re-released their album BlackenedWhite through Fat Possum records. Tyler, the Creator also signed a one album deal with XL Recordings and released his sophomore effort, Goblin, on May 10, 2011.

They have collected a cult following, and have been getting press from blogs as well as magazines.^[7] Though they are often labeled as horrorcore, the group has universally dismissed it on Twitter,^[8] in interviews,^[9] and on tracks such as "Sandwitches". Pitchfork Media has labeled the group as indie rap.^[10]

On February 18, 2011, two of Odd Future's members, Tyler and Hodgy Beats, performed "Sandwitches" on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon with The Roots.^[11]

Odd Future performed "Yonkers" and "Sandwitches" on the mtvU Woodie Awards on March 16, 2011.

On April 5, 2011, MellowHype performed the song "64" on the Fuel TV program The Daily Habit with Bass Drum of Death.^[12] They along with Tyler the Creator also performed their song "65" for the BBC music showcase.^[13] A "clean" version of the song "Sandwitches"^[14] and the song "Analog" by Tyler the Creator was also performed for the same venue by Tyler and Hodgy Beats.^[15]

In April 2011, the group signed a deal with RED Distribution to start their own label, Odd Future Records.^[16] According to Tyler, Bastard will be re-released as a physical copy sometime in the future.^[17]

On August 2, 2011, Odd Future announced on their website the Golf Wang Tour 2011.^[18] The tour included 27 stops, beginning on September 28, 2011 in San Diego, California at the House of Blues.^[19]

On September 8, 2011, it was announced that Odd Future would be receiving a television show called Loiter Squad. The show is to be a sketch comedy show featuring various skits and pranks and originally aired on March 25, 2012 on Adult Swim. All though the show only features Tyler, Jasper, Taco, and Lionel.^[20][21]

On October 3, 2011, Tyler, The Creator tweeted a link to a iTunes with an album of 12 old Odd Future songs from artists within the group Domo Genesis, Hodgy Beats, Mike G, and himself. Also, groups The Jet Age of Tomorrow, MellowHype, and The Internet had songs on the album. The album is simply named "12 Odd Future Songs", despite there being 13 songs including a brand new song from The Internet.

On March 20, 2012, the collective released their debut album, The OF Tape Vol. 2. The album is a sequel to the original mixtape, The Odd Future Tape.

Discography[link]

• The OF Tape Vol. 2 (2012)

Mixtapes[link]

• The Odd Future Tape (2008)
• Radical (2010)

Compilations[link]

• 12 Odd Future Songs (2011)

Awards and nominations[link]

O Music Awards

MTV2 Sucker Free Awards

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website