A laughing gull with its wings extended in the gull wing profile

Several aircraft wing planform shapes: a swept wing KC-10 Extender (top) refuels a trapezoidal-wing F-22 Raptor fighter plane

The wing of a landing BMI Airbus A319-100. The slats at its leading edge and the flaps at its trailing edge are extended.

The low pressure region over the wing of this A340 is clearly shown by the condensation it causes in the humid air

Flaps (green) are used in various configurations to increase the wing area and to increase the lift. In conjunction with spoilers (red), flaps maximize drag and minimize lift during the landing roll.

Internal mechanical construction of a generic monospar wing. Black = solid, red = tube used for the spar, green = foam, wood, honeycomb, or sheet metal used for the ribs. The leading edge gives torsional stiffness. The trailing edge can either have a flexible skin, which does not break under wing bending (birdlike,) or have a stiff skin (made of carbon fiber, aluminum alloy, or titanium, aircraft-like), which is prevented from buckling by span-wise "stringers."

Various trees such as maples have winged seeds that enable them to disperse, some autorotating as they fall, often catching the autumn wind as they do so.

A wing is an appendage with a surface that produces lift for flight or propulsion through the atmosphere, or through another gaseous or liquid fluid. A wing is an airfoil, which has a streamlined cross-sectional shape producing a useful lift to drag ratio.

The word "wing" from the Old Norse vængr ^[1] for many centuries referred mainly to the foremost limbs of birds (in addition to the architectural aisle.) But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of insects, bats, pterosaurs, boomerangs, some sail boats and aircraft.

"Wing" can also mean an inverted airfoil on a race car that generates a downward force to increase traction.

Various species of penguins and other flighted or flightless water birds such as auks, cormorants, guillemots, shearwaters, eider and scoter ducks and diving petrels are avid swimmers, and use their wings to propel through water.^[2]

A wing's aerodynamic quality is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio. The lift a wing generates at a given speed and angle of attack can be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total drag on the wing. A high lift-to-drag ratio requires a significantly smaller thrust to propel the wings through the air at sufficient lift.

The aerodynamics of wings[link]

The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of aerodynamics, which is a branch of fluid mechanics. The properties of the airflow around any moving object can - in principle - be found by solving the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics. However, except for simple geometries these equations are notoriously difficult to solve.^[3] Fortunately, simpler explanations can be described.

For a wing to produce "lift", it must be oriented at a suitable angle of attack relative to the flow of air past the wing. When this occurs the wing deflects the airflow downwards, "turning" the air as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must exert a force on the wing, equal in size but opposite in direction. This force manifests itself as differing air pressures at different points on the surface of the wing.^[4][5][6]

A region of lower-than-normal air pressure is generated over the top surface of the wing, with a higher pressure existing on the bottom of the wing. (See: airfoil) These air pressure differences can be either measured directly using instrumentation or they can be calculated from the airspeed distribution using basic physical principles, including Bernoulli's Principle which relates changes in air speed to changes in air pressure.

The lower air pressure on the top of the wing generates a smaller downward force on the top of the wing than the upward force generated by the higher air pressure on the bottom of the wing. Hence, a net upward force acts on the wing. This force is called the "lift" generated by the wing.

The different velocities of the air passing by the wing, the air pressure differences, the change in direction of the airflow, and the lift on the wing are intrinsically one phenomenon. It is, therefore, possible to calculate lift from any of the other three. For example, the lift can be calculated from the pressure differences, or from different velocities of the air above and below the wing, or from the total momentum change of the deflected air. There are other approaches in fluid dynamics to solving these problems. All of these approaches will result in the same answers if done correctly. Given a particular wing and its velocity through the air, debates over which mathematical approach is the most convenient to use can be misperceived by novices as differences of opinion about the basic principles of flight.

For a more detailed coverage see lift (force).

Devices to change the shape of a wing[link]

Usually, aircraft wings have various devices, such as flaps or slats that the pilot uses to modify the shape and surface area of the wing to change its operating characteristics in flight. In 1948, Francis Rogallo invented the fully limp flexible wing, which ushered new possibilities for aircraft. Near in time, Domina Jalbert invented flexible un-sparred ram-air airfoiled thick wings. These two new branches of wings have been since extensively studied and applied in new branches of aircraft, especially altering the personal recreational aviation landscape.

A common misconception[link]

A common misconception is that in order to generate lift it is essential for the wing to have a longer path on the topside compared with the underside. Wings with this shape are the norm in subsonic flight, but symmetrically shaped wings (above and below) can generate lift by using a positive angle of attack to deflect air downward. Symmetrical aerofoils are, in general, less efficient and lack the lift provided by cambered wings at the zero angle of attack^[7] but are used in aerobatics, as they provide practical performance both upright and inverted. Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is merely a thin membrane and there is no path-length difference between one side and the other.^[8]

For flight speeds near the speed of sound (transonic flight) or above the speed of sound (supersonic flight), airfoils with complex asymmetrical shapes are used to minimize the drastic increase in drag associated with airflow near the speed of sound.^[9] Such airfoils are called supercritical airfoils.

Other examples[link]

The science of wings applies in other areas beyond conventional fixed-wing aircraft, including:

• Hang gliders, which use wings from fully flexible (paragliders, gliding parachutes) wings, flexible wings (framed sail wings), to rigid wings
• Kites, which use a vast variety of wings.
• Flying model airplanes
• Helicopters, which use a rotating wing with a variable pitch or angle to provide directional forces
• The NASA Space Shuttle, which uses its wings only to glide during its descent to a runway. These types of aircraft are called spaceplanes.
• Some racing cars, especially Formula One cars, which use upside-down wings (or airfoils) to provide greater traction at high speeds
• Sailboats, which use sails as vertical wings with variable fullness and direction to move across water

Structures with the same purpose as wings, but designed for use in liquid media, are generally called fins or hydroplanes, with hydrodynamics as the governing science, rather than aerodynamics. Applications of these arise in craft such as hydrofoils and submarines. Sailboats and sailing ships use both fins and wings.

Design features[link]

Aircraft wings may feature some of the following:

• A rounded leading edge cross-section
• A sharp trailing edge cross-section
• Leading-edge devices such as slats, slots, or extensions
• Trailing-edge devices such as flaps or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons)
• Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft clockwise or counterclockwise about its long axis
• Spoilers on the upper surface to disrupt the lift and to provide additional traction to an aircraft that has just landed but is still moving.
• Vortex generators to help prevent flow separation in transonic flow
• Wing fences to keep flow attached to the wing by stopping boundary layer separation from spreading
• Winglets to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and decreasing lift
• Dihedral, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal. This gives inherent stability in the roll direction. Anhedral, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, has a destabilizing effect
• Folding wings allow more aircraft storage in the confined space of the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier
• Variable-sweep wing or "swing wings" that allow outstretched wings during low-speed flight (i.e., take-off and landing) and swept back wings for high-speed flight (including supersonic flight), such as in the F-111 Aardvark, the F-14 Tomcat, the Panavia Tornado, the MiG-23 the MiG-27, and the B-1B Lancer warplanes

See also[link]

• Flight

Natural world:

• Bird flight
• Flight feather
• Flying and gliding animals
• Insect flight
• List of soaring birds
• Samara (winged seeds of trees)

Aviation:

• FanWing and Flettner airplane (experimental wing types)
• Kite types
• Ornithopter - Flapping-wing aircraft (research prototypes, simple toys and models)
• Otto Lilienthal
• Planform
• Wing configuration
• Wing suit

Sailing:

• Sails
• Forces on sails

References[link]

1. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wing. Retrieved 2012-04-25. 
2. ^ "Swimming". Stanford.edu. http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Swimming.html. Retrieved 2012-04-25. 
3. ^ ">"Navier-Stokes Equations". Grc.nasa.gov. 2012-04-16. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/nseqs.html. Retrieved 2012-04-25. 
4. ^ "...the effect of the wing is to give the air stream a downward velocity component. The reaction force of the deflected air mass must then act on the wing to give it an equal and opposite upward component." In: Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert, Fundamentals of Physics 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, p. 378 
5. ^ "If the body is shaped, moved, or inclined in such a way as to produce a net deflection or turning of the flow, the local velocity is changed in magnitude, direction, or both. Changing the velocity creates a net force on the body" "Lift from Flow Turning". NASA Glenn Research Center. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/right2.html. Retrieved 2011-06-29. 
6. ^ "The cause of the aerodynamic lifting force is the downward acceleration of air by the airfoil..." Weltner, Klaus; Ingelman-Sundberg, Martin, Physics of Flight - reviewed, http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm 
7. ^ E. V. Laitone, Wind tunnel tests of wings at Reynolds numbers below 70 000, Experiments in Fluids 23, 405 (1997). doi:10.1007/s003480050128
8. ^ "...consider a sail that is nothing but a vertical wing (generating side-force to propel a yacht). ...it is obvious that the distance between the stagnation point and the trailing edge is more or less the same on both sides. This becomes exactly true in the absence of a mast—and clearly the presence of the mast is of no consequence in the generation of lift. Thus, the generation of lift does not require different distances around the upper and lower surfaces." Holger Babinsky How do Wings Work? Physics Education November 2003, PDF
9. ^ John D. Anderson, Jr. Introduction to Flight 4th ed page 271.

External links[link]

• How Wings Work - Holger Babinsky Physics Education 2003
• "Physics of flight - revisited" Weltner and Ingelman-Sundberg
• How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of Lift
• Demystifying the Science of Flight - Audio segment on NPR's Talk of the Nation Science Friday
• NASA's explanations and simulations
• Flight of the StyroHawk wing
• See How It Flies

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wing

Ryan Lewis
Ryan Lewis (back) performing with Macklemore (front) at Sasquatch! Music Festival
Background information
Born	(1988-03-25) March 25, 1988 (age 24) Spokane, Washington, U.S.
Origin	Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Producer, DJ
Years active	2006–present
Associated acts	Macklemore
Website	rlewis.com

Ryan Lewis (born March 25, 1988) is an American music producer, musician, music video director, photographer, graphic designer, rapper and DJ currently based in Seattle. He is best known for his collaboration with American rapper Macklemore (Ben Haggerty) producing Macklemore & Ryan Lewis — The VS. EP (2009), The Heist (2012) and a handful of other singles. Since the beginning of their collaboration in late 2008, Ryan has produced, recorded, engineered and mixed all of the music, directed music videos ("Same Love", "Thrift Shop", "And We Danced", "Otherside (Remix)"), designed visuals (album art, web design, posters) and DJed the live show.

In a recent mini-documentary, Lewis recalled meeting Macklemore for the first time. "When I met him, it was a really different time. It was less than a year after [2005's] Language of My World had come out. So he had buzz. For me being a young kid, it was very exciting to link with him. The bulk of our original relationship was photo shoots. I became kind of his photographer."^[1]

[edit] The Heist

On October 9, 2012, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis released The Heist. The album debuted at #2 on the Billboard charts and #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums, selling 78,000 copies in the first week.^[2] The album also debuted at #1 on iTunes Digital Albums chart.^[3] The duo's album has received more than 1 million plays on SoundCloud, 70 million YouTube views and was accompanied by a sold-out 50-date U.S. and Canadian tour.^[4]

Discography[link]

(All credited to Macklemore & Ryan Lewis)

Studio albums[link]

EPs

Singles[link]

Notes[link]

• A ^ "Wing$" did not enter the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 7 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, which acts as an extension to the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.^[27]
• B ^ "Same Love" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 25 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.^[28]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

de:Ryan Lewis

Mary McCormack
Born	Mary Catherine McCormack (1969-02-08) February 8, 1969 (age 43) Plainfield, New Jersey, U.S.
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1994–present
Spouse	Michael Morris (2003–present; 3 children)

Mary Catherine McCormack (born February 8, 1969) is an American actress. Known for her work in television, she has had leading roles as Justine Appleton in the series Murder One (1995–97), as Deputy National Security Adviser Kate Harper in The West Wing (2004–06) and as Mary Shannon in In Plain Sight (2008–12).

Her film roles include Private Parts (1997); Deep Impact (1998); True Crime (1999); High Heels and Low Lifes (2001); K-PAX (2001); Right at Your Door (2006) and 1408 (2007).

Personal life[link]

McCormack was born in Plainfield, New Jersey. She is the daughter of clinical therapist Norah and car dealership and ice cream parlor owner William McCormack.^[1] Her parents divorced in 1990.^{[citation needed]} She has a sister Bridget, a professor of law at the University of Michigan Law School,^[2] and a brother William, an actor who has appeared in a recurring role as FBI agent Robert O'Connor on In Plain Sight.

McCormack graduated from The Wardlaw-Hartridge School in Edison, New Jersey, in 1987 and went on to attend and graduate from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, majoring in English and painting.^{[citation needed]}

McCormack married Brothers & Sisters producer Michael Morris in July 2003. They have three daughters, Margaret (born 2004), Rose (born 2007), and Lillian (born 2011).^[3] McCormack is the godmother of In Plain Sight co-star Fred Weller's daughter.^[4]

Career[link]

McCormack began her acting career at age 12, performing in Gian Carlo Menotti's Christmas opera, Amahl and the Night Visitors.^{[citation needed]} She continued her stage work in musicals and finished an acting program at the William Esper Studio.^{[citation needed]} She has worked in New York theater productions, including The Atlantic Theater Company, Alice's 4th Floor and Naked Angels, where she appeared in Jon Robin Baitz's A Fair Country.^{[citation needed]}

McCormack portrayed Justine Appleton on Murder One (1995–1997) and also starred in the HBO series K Street, which aired for only ten episodes.^{[citation needed]} She starred in Howard Stern's movie Private Parts. In 2004, McCormack joined the cast of The West Wing as Deputy National Security Advisor and ex-CIA officer Kate Harper. Her character soon became a recurring role and remained throughout the last three seasons of the series until its finale.^{[citation needed]}

McCormack now stars in a television series broadcast on the USA Network, In Plain Sight. She plays Mary Shannon, a Deputy United States Marshal attached to the Albuquerque, New Mexico, office of the Federal Witness Security Program (WITSEC), more commonly known as the Federal Witness Protection Program. On July 28, 2010, the show was renewed for its fourth and fifth seasons, to run in 2011 and 2012.^[5]

McCormack was nominated for the 2008 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for the role of Gretchen in the 2008 Broadway revival of Boeing Boeing.^[6]

Filmography[link]

Produced[link]

Theatre work[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Mary McCormack at the Internet Movie Database
• Mary McCormack at the Internet Broadway Database