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A savings bank is a financial institution whose primary purpose is accepting savings deposits. It may also perform some other functions.

In Europe, savings banks originated in the 19th or sometimes even the 18th century. Their original objective was to provide easily accessible savings products to all strata of the population. In some countries, savings banks were created on public initiative, while in others, socially committed individuals created foundations to put in place the necessary infrastructure.

In 1914, the New Student's Reference Work said of the origins: ^[1]

France claims the credit of being the mother of savings banks, basing this claim on a savings bank said to have been established in 1765 in the town of Brumuth, but it is of record that the savings bank idea was suggested in England as early as 1697. There was a savings bank in Hamburg, Germany, in 1778 and in Berne, Switzerland, in 1787. The first English savings bank was established in 1799, and postal savings banks were started in England in 1861.

The first chartered savings bank in the United States was the Provident Institution for Savings in the Town of Boston, incorporated December 13, 1816. The Philadelphia Savings Fund Society began business the same year, but was not incorporated until 1819. In 1818 banks for savings were incorporated in Baltimore and Salem, and in 1819 in New York, Hartford, Newport and Providence.

Nowadays, European savings banks have kept their focus on retail banking: payments, savings products, credits and insurances for individuals or small and medium-sized enterprises. Apart from this retail focus, they also differ from commercial banks by their broadly decentralised distribution network, providing local and regional outreach.

• Austria: see Erste Group
• Brazil: see Caixa Econômica Federal
• Communist Czechoslovakia: see Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia
• Germany: see Sparkassen
• New Zealand: Savings banks ceased to exist in 1987 as an official type of bank, being replaced with registered banks (Grimes, 1998)
• Norway: see Sparebank
• Portugal: see Caixa Geral de Depósitos
• Soviet Union: Traditionally, the Russian term sberkassa (сберкасса, сберегательная касса) is translated as "savings bank". However sberkassas were not banks in the common sense. Initially they were the outlets of the only Soviet State Bank, Gosbank until 1987 and Sberbank (USSR Savings Bank) afterwards.
• Spain: see Savings bank (Spain)
• United Kingdom: see Trustee savings bank
• United States: see Savings and loan association, Federal savings bank, and Mutual savings bank

See also[link]

• Postal savings system
• Crisis y Reforma de las Cajas de Ahorros en España

References[link]

[edit] Bibliography

• 'Liberalisation of financial markets in New Zealand' Arthur Grimes, Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 1998 [1] Retrieved Feb. 11, 2006.
• Tiwari, Rajnish and Buse, Stephan (2006): The German Banking Sector: Competition, Consolidation and Contentment, Hamburg University of Technology (TU Hamburg-Harburg)
• Brunner, A., Decressin, J. / Hardy, D. / Kudela, B. (2004): Germany’s Three-Pillar Banking System – Cross-Country Perspectives in Europe, Occasional Paper, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC 2004.

• Mauri, Arnaldo (1969). The Promotion of Thrift and of Savings Banks in Developing Countries, International Savings Bank Institute, Geneva.

External links[link]

• World Savings Bank Institute / European Savings Banks Group
• Savings Banking

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Savings banks

Otto Wagner
Born	(1841-07-13)13 July 1841 Vienna, Austrian Empire
Died	11 April 1918(1918-04-11) (aged 76) Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Nationality	Austria-Hungarian
Work
Buildings	Floodgate, Nußdorf, Vienna Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station Majolica House Postal Office Savings Bank Building Kirche am Steinhof Rumbach Synagogue
Projects	Viennese Wiener Stadtbahn

 Otto Koloman Wagner (help·info) (13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect and urban planner, known for his lasting impact on the appearance of his home town Vienna, to which he contributed many landmarks.

Life[link]

Wagner was born in Penzing, a district in Vienna. He studied in Berlin and Vienna. In 1864, he started designing his first buildings in the historicist style. In the mid- and late-1880s, like many of his contemporaries in Germany (such as Constantin Lipsius, Richard Streiter and Georg Heuser), Switzerland (Hans Auer and Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli) and France (Paul Sédille), Wagner became a proponent of Architectural Realism. It was a theoretical position that enabled him to mitigate the reliance on historical forms. In 1894, when he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, he was well advanced on his path toward a more radical opposition to the prevailing currents of historicist architecture.

By the mid-1890s, he had already designed several Jugendstil buildings. Wagner was very interested in urban planning — in 1890 he designed a new city plan for Vienna, but only his urban rail network, the Stadtbahn, was built. In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he expressed his ideas about the role of the architect; it was based on the text of his 1894 inaugural lecture to the Academy. His style incorporated the use of new materials and new forms to reflect the fact that society itself was changing. In his textbook, he stated that "new human tasks and views called for a change or reconstitution of existing forms". In pursuit of this ideal, he designed and built structures that reflected their intended function, such as the austere Neustiftgasse apartment block in Vienna.

In 1897, he joined Gustav Klimt, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser shortly after they founded the "Vienna Secession" artistic group. From the ideas of this group he developed a style that included quasi-symbolic references to the new forms of modernity.

Wagner died in Vienna in 1918.

Major works[link]

Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, Vienna (1894-1902)

Postal Office Savings Bank Building, Vienna (1894-1902)

Hungary

• Rumbach Street synagogue, Budapest (1872)

Austria

• Floodgate, Nußdorf, Vienna (1894)
• Viennese Wiener Stadtbahn, metropolitan railway system, e.g. Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station
• Majolica House, Vienna (1898–1899)
• Postal Office Savings Bank Building, Vienna (1894–1902)
• Kirche am Steinhof, Vienna (1903–1907)

Publications[link]

• Wagner, Otto (1988). Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to This Field of Art. Trans. Harry F. Mallgrave. Santa Monica: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. ISBN 0-226-86938-5. 

References[link]

• Mallgrave (ed.), Harry (1993). Otto Wagner: Reflections on the Raiment of Modernity. Santa Monica: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. ISBN 0-89236-257-X. 
• Duncan Berry, J. (1993). "From Historicism to Architectural Realism: On Some of Wagner’s Sources". In Harry Mallgrave. Otto Wagner: Reflections on the Raiment of Modernity. Santa Monica: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. pp. 242–278. ISBN 0-89236-257-X. 
• Graf, Otto Antonia (1994) (in german). Otto Wagner: Das Werk des Architekten 1860-1918. Vienna: Bölhau. ISBN 3-205-98224-X. 
• Kolb, Günter (1989) (in german). Otto Wagner Und Die Wiener Stadtbahn. Munich: Scaneg. ISBN 3-89235-029-9. 
• Schorske, Carl (1981). "The Ringstrasse and the Birth of Urban Modernism". Fin-De-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-74478-0. 
• Muller, Ines (1992) (in german). Die Otto Wagner-Synagoge in Budapest. Wien: Löcker. ISBN 978-3-85409-200-1. 
• Geretsegger, Heinz (1979). Otto Wagner, 1841-1989; the Expanding City; The Beginning of Modern Architecture. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-0217-5. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Otto Wagner

• Otto Wagner Museum in Vienna
• Great Buildings Online
• Images of several Wagner buildings
• Otto Wagner at WOKA (de/en)
• Majolica House in Vienna by Otto Wagner (with drawings and photos)
• AEIOU - Das österreichische Kulturinformationssystem

Digitized books from the architecture collection of AMS Historica, the digital library of the University of Bologna.

• (German) Einige skizzen 1, Wien, 1905.
• (German) Einige skizzen 2, Wien, 1905.
• (German) Einige skizzen 3, Wien, 1905.

David Boudia

Personal information
Full name	David Alasdair Boudia
Born	(1989-04-24) April 24, 1989 (age 23) Abilene, Texas
Height	175 centimetres (5 ft 9 in)
Sport
Country	United States
Event(s)	10m, 10m synchro
Club	National Training Center
Partner	Nick Mccrory
Former partner(s)	Thomas Finchum
Medal record Men's Diving Competitor for the  United States World Championships Silver 2009 Rome Synchro platform Silver 2011 Shanghai Platform Bronze 2007 Melbourne Synchro platform Pan American Games Gold 2007 Pan American Games Platform Synchro FINA Diving World Cup Gold 2010 Team Bronze 2008 Platform

David Alasdair Boudia (born April 24, 1989) is an American diver.

He now lives in Noblesville, Indiana. He started diving in 2000, and has been a member of the U.S National Diving Team since 2005. He was named to the 2008 U.S. Olympic team in the 10-meter platform and synchronized 10-meter platform events. His synchro partner is Thomas Finchum. They are the 2007 World Championship bronze medalists and 2009 World Championship (Rome) silver medalists. He is now attending Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN. Winner of the Big 10 Male Tower Diving event at the Big Ten Tournament held in 2010 at Ohio State. He is the first American to break 600 points in six dives.

References[link]

• "diving.about.com biography". http://diving.about.com/od/uscontenders/p/DBoudia.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
• David Boudia at the United States Olympic Committee

External links[link]

• "Report on Olympic Diving trials". Chicago Tribune. 2008-06-22. http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/olympics/chi-thomas-finchum-david-boudia-080622-ht,0,2413433.story. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
• "David Boudia Profile". divemeets.com. https://secure.meetcontrol.com/divemeets/system/profile.php?number=11408. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
• "Q & A with David Boudia". Noblesville Daily Times. 2007-04-09. http://www.county29.net/cms2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2247&Itemid=62. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 

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