In philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is, and which it has by necessity, and without which it loses its identity. Essence is contrasted with accident: a property that the object or substance has contingently, without which the substance can still retain its identity. The concept originates with Aristotle, who used the Greek expression to ti ên einai, literally 'the what it was to be', or sometimes the shorter phrase to ti esti, literally 'the what it is,' for the same idea. This phrase presented such difficulties for his Latin translators that they coined the word essentia (English "essence") to represent the whole expression. For Aristotle and his scholastic followers the notion of essence is closely linked to that of definition (horismos).^[1]

In the history of western thought, essence has often served as a vehicle for doctrines that tend to individuate different forms of existence as well as different identity conditions for objects and properties; in this eminently logical meaning, the concept has given a strong theoretical and common-sense basis to the whole family of logical theories based on the "possible worlds" analogy set up by Leibniz and developed in the intensional logic from Carnap to Kripke, which was later challenged by "extensionalist" philosophers such as Quine.

Ontological status[link]

In his dialogues Plato suggests that concrete beings acquire their essence through their relations to "Forms" (ειδε: eide) - abstract universals logically or ontologically separate from the objects of sense perception. These Forms are often put forth as the models or paradigms of which sensible things are "copies". When used in this sense, the word form is often capitalized.^[2] Sensible bodies are in constant flux and imperfect and hence, by Plato's reckoning, less real than the Forms which are eternal, unchanging and complete. Typical examples of Forms given by Plato are largeness, smallness, equality, unity, goodness, beauty and justice.

Aristotle moves the Forms of Plato to the nucleus of the individual thing, which is called ousía or substance. Essence is the tí of the thing, the to tí en einai. Essence corresponds to the ousia's definition; essence is a real and physical aspect of the ousía. (Aristotle, "Metaphisic", I)

According to nominalists (Roscelin of Compiègne, William of Ockham, Bernard of Chartres), universals aren't concrete entities, just voice's sounds; there are only individuals: "nam cum habeat eorum sententia nihil esse praeter individuum(...)" (Roscelin, De gener. et spec., 524). Universals are words that can to call several individuals; for example the word "homo". Therefore a universal is reduced to a sound's emission. (Roscelin, "De generibus et speciebus")

According to Edmund Husserl essence is ideal. However, ideal means that essence is the intentional object of the conscience. Essence is interpreted as sense. (E. Husserl, "Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy", paragraphs 3 and 4).

Existentialism[link]

Existentialism was coined by Jean-Paul Sartre's statement that for human beings "existence precedes essence." In as much as "essence" is a cornerstone of all metaphysical philosophy and the grounding of Rationalism, Sartre's statement was a repudiation of the philosophical system that had come before him (and, in particular, that of Husserl, Hegel, and Heidegger). Instead of "is-ness" generating "actuality," he argued that existence and actuality come first, and the essence is derived afterward. For Kierkegaard, it is the individual person who is the supreme moral entity, and the personal, subjective aspects of human life that are the most important; also, for Kierkegaard all of this had religious implications.^[3]

In metaphysics[link]

"Essence," in metaphysics, is often synonymous with the soul, and some existentialists argue that individuals gain their souls and spirits after they exist, that they develop their souls and spirits during their lifetimes. For Kierkegaard, however, the emphasis was upon essence as "nature." For him, there is no such thing as "human nature" that determines how a human will behave or what a human will be. First, he or she exists, and then comes attribute. Jean-Paul Sartre's more materialist and skeptical existentialism furthered this existentialist tenet by flatly refuting any metaphysical essence, any soul, and arguing instead that there is merely existence, with attributes as essence.

Thus, in existentialist discourse, essence can refer to physical aspect or attribute to the ongoing being of a person (the character or internally determined goals), or to the infinite inbound within the human (which can be lost, can atrophy, or can be developed into an equal part with the finite), depending upon the type of existentialist discourse.

Marxism's essentialism[link]

Karl Marx was a follower of Hegel's thought, and he, too, developed a philosophy in reaction to his master. In his early work, Marx used Aristotelian style teleology and derived a concept of humanity's essential nature. Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 describe a theory of alienation based on human existence being completely different from human essence. Marx said human nature was social, and that humanity had the distinct essence of free activity and conscious thought.

Some scholars, such as Philip Kain, have argued that Marx abandoned the idea of a human essence, but many other scholars point to Marx's continued discussion of these ideas despite the decline of terms such as essence and alienation in his later work.

Buddhism[link]

Within the Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism, Candrakirti identifies the self as:

an essence of things that does not depend on others; it is an intrinsic nature. The non-existence of that is selflessness.

— Bodhisattvayogacaryācatuḥśatakaṭikā 256.1.7^[4]

Buddhapālita adds, while commenting on Nagārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā,

What is the reality of things just as it is? It is the absence of essence. Unskilled persons whose eye of intelligence is obscured by the darkness of delusion conceive of an essence of things and then generate attachment and hostility with regard to them.

—Buddhapālita-mula-madhyamaka-vrtti P5242,73.5.6-74.1.2^[4]

For the Madhyamaka Buddhists, 'Emptiness' (also known as Anatta or Anatman) is the strong assertion that all phenomena are empty of any essence, and that anti-essentialism lies at the root of Buddhist praxis and it is the innate belief in essence that is considered to be an afflictive obscuration which serves as the root of all suffering. However, the Madhyamaka also rejects the tenets of Idealism, Materialism or Nihilism; instead, the ideas of truth or existence, along with any assertions that depend upon them are limited to their function within the contexts and conventions that assert them, possibly somewhat akin to Relativism or Pragmatism. For the Madhyamaka, replacement paradoxes such as Ship of Theseus are answered by stating that the Ship of Thesesus remains so (within the conventions that assert it) until it ceases to function as the Ship of Theseus.

Among the many canonical Buddhist sources articulating a philosophical "Examination of Essence," stands Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika, The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way. Chapter I examines the Conditions of Existence, while Chapter XV examines Essence in itself, difference, the eternalist's view and nihilist's view of essence and non-essence.

Hinduism[link]

In understanding any individual personality, a distinction is made between one's Swadharma (essence) and Swabhava (mental habits and conditionings of ego personality). Svabhava is the nature of a person, which is a result of his or her samskaras (impressions created in the mind due to one's interaction with the external world). These samskaras create habits and mental models and those become our nature. While there is another kind of svabhava that is a pure internal quality - smarana - we are here focusing only on the svabhava that was created due to samskaras (because to discover the pure, internal svabhava and smarana, one should become aware of one's samskaras and take control over them). Dharma is derived from the root Dhr - to hold. It is that which holds an entity together. That is, Dharma is that which gives integrity to an entity and holds the core quality and identity (essence), form and function of that entity. Dharma is also defined as righteousness and duty. To do one's dharma is to be righteous, to do one's dharma is to do one's duty (express one's essence).^[5]

See also[link]

• Accident (philosophy)
• Avicenna
• Essentialism
• Fuzzy-trace theory
• Haecceity
• Modal logic
• Physical ontology
• Quiddity
• Smarana
• Theory of forms

Related Concepts[link]

• Self Actualization by Maslow

Notes and references[link]

1. ^ S. Marc Cohen, "Aristotle's Metaphysics", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 20 April 2008.
2. ^
   "Chapter 28: Form" of The Great Ideas: A Synopticon of Great Books of the Western World (Vol. II). Encyclopaedia Britannica (1952), p. 526-542. This source states that Form or Idea get capitalized according to this convention when they refer "to that which is separate from the characteristics of material things and from the ideas in our mind."
3. ^ The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, Dorling Kindersley Lond. 1998, ISBN 0-7513-0590-1
4. ^ ^{a b} Translations from "The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path of Enlightenment", Vol. 3 by Tsong-Kha-Pa, Snow Lion Publications ISBN 1-55939-166-9
5. ^ Prasadkaipa.com

External links[link]

• Maurice De Wulf: "Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism.", in: The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company 1911.
• Laboratory for Rational Decision Making

Lucinda Williams
Williams at the Fillmore NYC October, 2009
Background information
Born	(1953-01-26) January 26, 1953 (age 59)
Origin	Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.
Genres	Americana, Folk rock, Country rock, Alternative country, Heartland rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Instruments	vocals, acoustic guitar
Years active	1978–present
Labels	Lost Highway Chameleon Folkways Rough Trade
Associated acts	Buick 6 Elvis Costello M. Ward
Website	LucindaWilliams.com

Lucinda Williams (born January 26, 1953^[1]) is an American rock, folk, blues and country music singer and songwriter. She recorded her first albums in 1978 and 1980 in a traditional country and blues style and received very little attention from radio, the media, or the public. In 1988, she released her self-titled album, Lucinda Williams. This release featured "Passionate Kisses," a song later recorded by Mary Chapin Carpenter which garnered Lucinda her first Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1994. Known for working slowly, Lucinda recorded and released only one other album in the next several years (Sweet Old World in 1992) before her greatest success came in 1998 with Car Wheels on a Gravel Road. This album presented a broader scope of songs that fused rock, blues, country, and Americana into a more distinctive style that still managed to remain consistent and commercial in sound. It went gold and earned Lucinda another Grammy while being universally acclaimed by critics. Since Car Wheels on a Gravel Road, she has released a string of albums that have also been critically acclaimed, though none have sold in the numbers of her 1998 breakthrough. She was also named "America's best songwriter" by TIME magazine in 2002.^[2]

Early life[link]

Williams was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana, the daughter of poet and literature professor Miller Williams and an amateur pianist. Her parents divorced in the mid-1960s with Williams' father gaining custody of her and her younger brother and sister. Her father worked as a visiting professor in Mexico and different parts of the American South including Baton Rouge, New Orleans, Jackson, Mississippi, and Utah before settling at the University of Arkansas. His daughter started writing when she was 6 years old and showed an affinity for music at an early age, and was playing guitar at 12. Williams's first live performance was in Mexico City at 17, as part of a duo with her friend, a banjo player named Clark Jones.^[3]

Career[link]

Early years[link]

By her early 20s, Williams was playing publicly in Austin and Houston, Texas, concentrating on a folk-rock-country blend. She moved to Jackson, Mississippi, in 1978 to record her first album, for Smithsonian/Folkways Records. Titled Ramblin', it was a collection of country and blues covers. She followed it up in 1980 with Happy Woman Blues, which consisted of her own material. Neither album received much attention.

In the 1980s, Williams moved to Los Angeles, California (before finally settling in Nashville, Tennessee), where, both backed by a rock band and performing in acoustic settings, she developed a following and a critical reputation. While based in Los Angeles, she was briefly married to Long Ryders drummer Greg Sowders, whom she had met in a club. In 1988 Rough Trade Records released the self-titled Lucinda Williams, which was produced by Gurf Morlix. The single "Changed the Locks," about a broken relationship, received radio play around the country and gained fans among music insiders, including Tom Petty, who would later cover the song.

Its follow-up, Sweet Old World (Chameleon, 1992), also produced by Morlix, was a melancholy album dealing with themes of suicide and death. Williams' biggest success during the early 1990s was as a songwriter. Mary Chapin Carpenter recorded a cover of "Passionate Kisses" (from Lucinda Williams) in 1992, and the song became a smash country hit for which Williams received the Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1994 (Chapin also received a Grammy for her performance of the song). She duetted with Steve Earle on the song "You're Still Standin' There" from his album I Feel Alright. In 1991, the song "Lucinda Williams" appeared on Vic Chesnutt's album West of Rome.

Williams had garnered considerable critical acclaim, but her commercial success was moderate. Emmylou Harris said of Williams, "She is an example of the best of what country at least says it is, but, for some reason, she's completely out of the loop and I feel strongly that that's country music's loss." Harris recorded the title track from Williams's Sweet Old World for her career-redefining 1995 album, Wrecking Ball.

Williams also gained a reputation as a perfectionist and slow worker when it came to recording; six years would pass before her next album release, though she appeared as a guest on other artists' albums and contributed to several tribute compilations during this period.

[edit] Car Wheels on a Gravel Road

The long-awaited release, 1998's Car Wheels on a Gravel Road, was Williams' breakthrough into the mainstream and received a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album. Containing the single "Still I Long for Your Kiss" from the Robert Redford film The Horse Whisperer, the album received wide critical notice and soon went gold. The single "Can't Let Go" also enjoyed considerable crossover radio play. Williams toured with Bob Dylan and on her own in support of the album. An expanded edition of the album, including three additional studio recordings and a second CD documenting a 1998 concert, was released in 2006.

In 1999, Williams appeared on Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons, duetting with David Crosby on the title track of the tribute album.

Williams followed up the success of Car Wheels with Essence (2001). This release featured a less produced, more down-tuned approach both musically and lyrically, and moved Williams further from the country music establishment while winning fans in the alternative music world. She won the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for the single "Get Right With God", an atypically uptempo gospel-rock tune from the otherwise rather low-key release. The title track includes a contribution on Hammond organ by alternative country musician Ryan Adams.

Her seventh album, World Without Tears, was released in 2003. A musically adventurous though lyrically downbeat album, this release found Williams experimenting with talking blues stylings and electric blues.

Recent work[link]

Lucinda Williams and Roots of Heaven in Haarlem, The Netherlands

In 2006, Williams recorded a version of the John Hartford classic "Gentle On My Mind," which played over the closing credits of the Will Ferrell film Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby.

Williams was a guest vocalist on the song "Factory Girls" from Irish punk-folk band Flogging Molly's 2004 album, "Within a Mile of Home," and appeared on Elvis Costello's The Delivery Man. She sings with folk legend Ramblin' Jack Elliott on the track "Careless Darling" from his 2006 release "I Stand Alone."

In 2007, Williams released West, for which she wrote more than 27 songs. The album was released on February 13, 2007. It addresses her mother's death and a tumultuous relationship break-up. Vanity Fair praised it, saying "Lucinda Williams has made the record of a lifetime—part Hank Williams, part Bob Dylan, part Keith Richards circa Exile on Main St. ..."

In the fall of 2007, Williams announced a series of shows in Los Angeles and New York. Playing five nights in each city, she performed her entire catalog on consecutive nights. These albums include the self titled Lucinda Williams, Sweet Old World, Car Wheels on a Gravel Road, Essence, and World Without Tears. Each night also featured a second set with special guest stars. Some of the many special guests included Steve Earle, Allison Moorer, Mike Campbell, Greg Dulli, E, Ann Wilson, Emmylou Harris, David Byrne, David Johansen, Yo La Tengo, John Doe, Chuck Prophet, Jim Lauderdale and Shelby Lynne. In addition, each night's album set was recorded and made available to the attendees that night. These live recordings are currently available on her website and at her shows.

The next album from Lucinda Williams wrapped recording in March 2008. Titled Little Honey, it was released on October 14 of that year. It includes 13 songs—among them, "Real Love" and "Little Rock Star," the latter inspired by music celebrities in the press, like Pete Doherty and Amy Winehouse. "Little Honey" also includes a cover of AC/DC's "Long Way to the Top" and "Rarity," inspired by singer-songwriter Mia Doi Todd.^[4]

In July 2008, though "Little Honey" had yet to be released, Paste magazine.com listened to an advance copy and rated the duet between Williams and Elvis Costello on the song "Jailhouse Tears" as the #5 all time greatest country/rock duets.

Williams released a cover of Shel Silverstein's famous song "The Ballad of Lucy Jordan" in June 2010 as part of the Twistable, Turnable Man tribute album. [1]

Her 2008 concert appearance at the Catalyst, Santa Cruz, contained an announcement by the city's mayor that September 6 would henceforth be Lucinda Williams Day.

On March 1, 2011, Williams released a new album, Blessed.

Engagement and Marriage[link]

In 2006, Williams announced her engagement to former Universal Music Group/Fontana Distribution music executive Tom Overby. Although she first told reporters the marriage would take place that year, she still described Overby as her fiancé in 2008. Professionally, Overby became her manager in May 2007. Overby also co-produced Little Honey.

On September 18, 2009, Williams performed at First Avenue in Minneapolis and married Overby on stage in front of her fans before her encore.

On September 19–20, 2010, Williams performed at George's Majestic Lounge in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Her father Miller Williams was in attendance and opened the September 19th show with remarks and poetry. The reason for the special shows, announced just days before, is unknown. The show dates do correspond to the one-year anniversary of her reported marriage.

David Lee Powell petition[link]

Williams's website featured a petition by Amnesty International to stop the execution of David Lee Powell in Texas. Powell was convicted in 1978 for the shooting death of 26-year-old Austin police officer Ralph Ablanedo during a traffic stop. He was tried twice since the death penalty came in to effect and was sentenced to death both times, in 1991 and 1999. Powell was executed by lethal injection on June 15, 2010.^[5] Williams's website stated it was cruel and unusual punishment for Powell to serve a life sentence and be executed afterwards. She wrote a song in honor of Ablanedo and stated that the proceeds would be donated to Ablanedo's family.

Discography[link]

Charted songs[link]

Albums[link]

• ^A Reached position 25 on the Top Heatseekers chart.^[9]

DVD[link]

• 2005 - Lucinda Williams - Live from Austin, TX

• 11 Nov 2008 Lucinda Williams—Live From Austin TX ’89: her 13 Oct 1989 appearance on Austin City Limits (65 minutes):

(all songs composed by Williams except as noted) 1. Big Red Sun Blues 2. Wild and Blue [John Sherrill] 3. Am I Too Blue 4. Crescent City 5. Nothing in Rambling [Memphis Minnie] 6. The Night's Too Long 7. Abandoned 8.I Just Want To See You So Bad 9. Side of the Road 10. Price to Pay 11. Disgusted [Lil' Son Jackson] 12. Something About What Happens When We Talk 13. Passionate Kisses 14. Changed the Locks 15. Happy Woman Blues

Guest appearances[link]

• 1988 - Various Artists -- "Dark Side of Life" on A Town South of Bakersfield, Vols. 1 & 2
• 1990 - Various Artists -- "Which Will" on True Voices produced by George Callins & Saul Davis
• 1990 - The Band of Blacky Ranchette -- "Burning Desire" on Sage Advice
• 1992 - David Rodriguez -- "Deportee (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos)" on The True Cross
• 1993 - Various Artists -- "Pancakes" on Born to Choose
• 1993 - Various Artists -- "Main Road" on Sweet Relief: A Benefit for Victoria Williams
• 1993 - Jimmie Dale Gilmore -- "Reunion" on Spinning Around the Sun
• 1993 - Michael Fracasso -- "Door #1" on Love & Trust
• 1994 - Various Artists -- "You Don't Have Very Far to Go" on Tulare Dust: A Songwriter's Tribute to Merle Haggard
• 1994 - Various Artists -- "Positively 4th Street" on In Their Own Words, Vol. 1 - Live Performances from the Bottom Line, New York City
• 1994 - Julian Dawson -- "How Can I Sleep Without You" on How Human Hearts Behave
• 1994 - Lisa Mednick -- "A Different Sky" on Artifacts Of Love
• 1995 - Terry Allen -- "Room to Room" and "Black to Black" from Human Remains
• 1995 - Kieran Kane -- "This Dirty Little Town" on Dead Rekoning
• 1995 - Chris Gaffney -- "Cowboys to Girls" on Loser's Paradise
• 1996 - Various Artists -- "The Night's Too Long" on Lone Star: Original Soundtrack from the Film
• 1996 - Steve Earle -- "You're Still Standing There" on I Feel Alright
• 1997 - RB Morris -- "Glory Dreams" on Take That Ride
• 1997 - Ray Wylie Hubbard -- "The Ballad of the Crimson Kings" on Dangerous Spirits
• 1997 - Donnie Fritts -- "Breakfast in Bed" on Everybody's Got a Song
• 1997 - Bo Ramsey -- "Desert Flower" on In the Weeds
• 1998 - Hayseed -- "Precious Memories" and "Credo" on Melic
• 1998 - Robbie Fulks -- "Pretty Little Poison" on Let's Kill Saturday Night
• 1998 - Various Artists -- "Here in California" on Treasures Left Behind: Remembering Kate Wolf
• 1998 - Nanci Griffith -- "Wings of a Dove" on Other Voices, Too (A Trip Back to Bountiful)
• 1998 - Various Artists -- "Come to Me Baby" on Wolf Tracks: A Tribute to Howlin' Wolf
• 1999 - Leftover Salmon -- "Lines Around Your Eyes" on The Nashville Sessions
• 1999 - Various Artists -- "Return of the Grievous Angel" with David Crosby on Return of the Grievous Angel: Tribute to Gram Parsons
• 1999 - John Prine -- "Wedding Bells"/"Let's Turn Back The Years" on In Spite of Ourselves
• 1999 - Little Milton -- "Love Hurts" on Welcome to Little Milton
• 1999 - Evie Sands -- "Cool Blues Story" on Women in Prison
• 1999 - Chip Taylor -- "Through Their Mother's Eyes" and "If I Don't Know Love" on Seven Days in May...a love story
• 1999 - Bonepony -- "Sweet Bye and Bye" on Traveler's Companion
• 2000 - Sue Foley -- "Empty Cup" (harmony vocals) on Love Comin' Down
• 2000 - Kevin Gordon -- "Down to the Well on Down to the Well
• 2000 - Chip Taylor -- "Head First", "Annie on Your Mind" and "The Ghost of Phil Sinclair" on The London Sessions Bootleg
• 2001 - Kasey Chambers -- "On a Bad Day" on Barricades & Brickwalls
• 2001 - Matthew Ryan -- "Devastation" on Concussion
• 2001 - Various Artists -- "Cold, Cold Heart" on Timeless: Hank Williams Tribute
• 2001 - Ralph Stanley and Friends -- "Farther Along" on Clinch Mountain Sweethearts
• 2001 - Various Artists -- "Nothin'" on A Tribute to Townes Van Zandt
• 2001 - Chip Taylor -- "Could I Live with This" and "The Ship" on Black and Blue America
• 2001 - Various Artists -- "Angels Laid Him Away" on Avalon Blues: A Tribute to the Music of Mississippi John Hurt
• 2002 - Various Artists -- "Lately" on Going Driftless: An Artist's Tribute to Greg Brown
• 2003 - Various Artists -- "Hang Down Your Head" on Crossing Jordan - Original Soundtrack
• 2003 - Terri Binion -- "GayleAnne" (harmony vocal) on Fool
• 2003 - Various Artists -- "Hard Times Killing Floor Blues" on Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: The Soul of a Man
• 2003 - Colin Linden -- "Don't Tell Me" on Big Mouth
• 2004 - Graham Parker -- Your Country
• 2004 - Flogging Molly -- "Factory Girls" on Within a Mile of Home
• 2004 - Elvis Costello -- "There's a Story in Your Voice" on The Delivery Man
• 2004 - Willie Nelson -- "Overtime" on It Always Will Be
• 2004 - Various Artists -- "Pyramid of Tears" on Por Vida - A Tribute to the Songs of Alejandro Escovedo
• 2004 - Various Artists -- "Down to the Well" with Kevin Gordon on No Depression: What It Sounds Like, Vol. 1
• 2004 - Tony Joe White -- "Closing In on the Fire" on The Heroines
• 2005 - North Mississippi Allstars -- "Hurry Up Sunrise" on Electric Blue Watermelon
• 2006 - Tim Easton -- "Back to the Pain" on Ammunition
• 2006 - Ramblin' Jack Elliott -- "Careless Darling" on I Stand Alone
• 2006 - P.F. Sloan -- "Sins of a Family" on Sailover
• 2006 - John Brannen -- "A Cut So Deep" on Twilight Tattoo
• 2006 - Anne McCue -- Koala Motel
• 2006 - Various Artists -- "Bonnie Portmore" on Rogue's Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs, and Chanteys
• 2006 - Doug Pettibone -- "Two of Us" and "She Belongs to Me" on The West Gate
• 2007 - Various Artists -- "Honey Chile" on Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino
• 2007 - John Platania -- "In Memory of Zapata" on Blues, Waltzes & Badland Borders
• 2008 - Various Artists -- "Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" on The Imus Ranch Record
• 2008 - Carrie Rodriguez -- Mask Of Moses on "She Ain't Me"
• 2009 - Susan Marshall -- "Don't Let Me Down" on Little Red
• 2009 - Various Artists -- "Positively 4th Street" on The Village: A Celebration Of The Music Of Greenwich Village
• 2009 - M. Ward -- "Oh Lonesome Me" on Hold Time
• 2010 - Various Artists -- "Kiss Like Your Kiss" w/ Elvis Costello on True Blood - Music From The HBO Original Series Volume 2 [Soundtrack]
• 2010 - Various Artists -- "The Ballad of Lucy Jordan" on Twistable, Turnable Man: A Musical Tribute to the Songs of Shel Silverstein[2]
• 2010 - Ray Davies -- "Long Way From Home" on See My Friends (album)
• 2010 - Jimmy Webb -- "Galveston" on Just Across The River*2010 - Various Artists -- Performed on the song "Somebody Somewhere (Don't Know What He's Missin' Tonight)" from Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute to Loretta Lynn (2010).
• 2011 - Over the Rhine (band) -- "Undamned" on The Long Surrender
• 2011 - Michael Monroe -- "Gone, Baby Gone" on Sensory Overdrive
• 2011 - Amos Lee -- "Clear Blue Eyes" on Mission Bell
• 2011 - Blackie & The Rodeo Kings -- "If I Can't Have You" on Kings & Queens
• 2011 - Steve Cropper -- "When I Get Like This" on Dedicated: A Salute To The 5 Royales
• 2011 - Steve Cropper -- "Dedicated To The One I Love" on Dedicated: A Salute To The 5 Royales
• 2011 - Tom Russell -- "A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall" on Mesabi
• 2011 - Various Artists -- "I'm So Happy I Found You" on The Lost Notebooks Of Hank Williams
• 2012 - Walter Rose -- "Driving South" on Cast Your Stone
• 2012 - Various Artists -- "Tryin' To Get To Heaven" on Chimes Of Freedom: The Songs Of Bob Dylan

Awards and nominations[link]

Grammy Awards[link]

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the record industry. Williams has received three awards from 15 nominations.

See also[link]

• Music of Austin

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lucinda Williams

• Lucinda Williams official site
• Lucinda Williams at Allmusic
• Lucinda Williams at the Internet Movie Database
• Lucinda Williams discography at MusicBrainz

The Lox are an American hip hop group composed of Jadakiss, Sheek Louch, and Styles P. They were originally signed to Sean Combs' Bad Boy Records before joining Ruff Ryders Entertainment, and are now a part of their own label, D-Block Records

Early career[link]

Jason "Jadakiss" Phillips, David Styles "Styles P", and Sean "Sheek Louch" Jacobs, began their musical careers in their hometown of Yonkers, New York. As high school students they formed a group called "The Bomb Squad" and began performing at local shows and producing their own demos. In 1994 they appeared on Main Source's "Set It Off" from the album "Fuck What You Think". While the local rap scene was being dominated by artists like Raw Rome, Lord Devon and a young DMX, the group began to gain attention for their lyrical style and ability to present tales of urban life. The group eventually changed their name to "The Warlocks" and continued developing a fan base by appearing on underground mix tapes. One of their admirers was the "Queen of Hip hop soul," fellow Yonkers native Mary J. Blige. Mary passed their demo tape on to Bad Boy CEO Sean "Puffy" Combs who signed them to a deal. At the behest of Combs, The Warlocks would later change their name to "The L.O.X" which stands for Living Off eXperience.

Mainstream career[link]

The LOX gained national exposure in 1996 with an onside collaboration on Sean "Puffy" Combs' single "It's All About the Benjamins", shortly after gaining additional exposure with their multi-platinum tribute to The Notorious B.I.G. "We'll Always love Big Poppa". The trio later appeared on a multitude of hits, Mase's "24 Hours to Live", Mariah Carey's "Honey", and Jennifer Lopez's "Jenny From The Block". The group's debut album Money, Power & Respect went platinum.

In the summer of 1999, the Yonkers trio found themselves disappointed with the direction of their career on Bad Boy, and the group wanted to be released from their contract in order to join the newly formed Ruff Ryders/ Interscope label. The Ruff Ryders had always served as the Lox's managers and the group felt like the new label could better represent the hard-core sensibilities which they expressed in their rhymes. Bad Boy was known for its radio friendly dance hits and high priced videos, while the Lox were quickly establishing themselves as Hardcore rap artists. The identities clashed — "We just needed to be with a rougher label," said Sheek Louch. "A harder label that fit our image."

The LOX tried all of the legal maneuvering available to be released from their contract with Bad Boy. However, when the lawyers and conference calls didn't work, the group did what they do best. They took their story to the streets. At a New York rap concert, the defiant group sported "Let the LOX Go" T-shirts and sparked a grass roots movement to "Free the Lox." Pressure resultant from the campaign ultimately caused Bad Boy to release the group from their contract. "We really changed the game by doing that," says Styles concerning the contractual drama. "It might take years from now, but other people are gonna do it. We made it so they don't have to be scared to speak up."

Discography[link]

• Money, Power & Respect (1998)
• We Are the Streets (2000)
• New L.O.X. Order (TBD)

References[link]

External links[link]

• The LOX's Official Myspace Music Page
• D-Block Myspace Blog Page