- published: 26 Mar 2013
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- Cayman Islands
- Celtic Sea
- Cheshire
- Cheviot Hills
- Chichester
- Chile
- Chiltern Hills
- Christmas Island
- City of Bradford
- City of Leeds
- City of London
- Cook Islands
- Cornwall
- County Durham
- Covent Garden
- Coventry
- Creswell Crags
- Crown Dependencies
- Cumbria
- Danelaw
- Dartmoor
- Denmark
- Derbyshire
- Devon
- Dominica
- Dorset
- Duchy of Aquitaine
- Dudley
- Durham Cathedral
- Dutch Empire
- East Midlands
- East of England
- East Sussex
- Eboracum
- England
- English Channel
- Eritrea
- Essex
- Ethiopia
- Eton College
- European Commission
- Exmoor
- Falkland Islands
- Fiji
- Finland
- Folkestone
- France
- Gateshead
- Germany
- Ghana
- Gibraltar
- Glastonbury Festival
- Gloucestershire
- Great Britain
- Great Fire of London
- Greater London
- Greater Manchester
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guam
- Guernsey
- Guyana
- Hampshire
- Harrow School
- Hebrides
- Herefordshire
- Hertfordshire
- Home Office
- Hong Kong
- House of Lords
- Hove
- Huddersfield
- Iberian Peninsula
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Inner Hebrides
- Ireland
- Irish Free State
- Irish Sea
- Ironbridge Gorge
- Isle of Man
- Isle of Wight
- Israel
- Isurium Brigantum
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jarrow
- Jersey
- Jurassic Coast
- Kartlis Deda
- Kent
- Kenya
- Kingdom of England
- Kingdom of Ireland
- Kiribati
- Lake District
- Lancashire
- Leeds
- Leicestershire
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Lincoln green
- Lincolnshire
- Littlehampton
- Liverpool
- Liverpool Urban Area
- London
- London Wasps
- Long Eaton
- Lordship of Ireland
- Louisiana
- M1 motorway
- M25 motorway
- M4 motorway
- M60 motorway
- M62 motorway
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Malta
- Manchester
- Manchester Airport
- Mangotsfield
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritius
- Mercia
- Merseyside
- Midland Metro
- Montserrat
- Mother Armenia
- Namibia
- National Gallery
- Nauru
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- Nigeria
- Niue
- Norfolk
- Norfolk Island
- North Downs
- North Shields
- North Yorkshire
- Northamptonshire
- Northern England
- Northern Ireland
- Northumberland
- Northumbria
- Norway
- Nottingham
- Nottinghamshire
- Oldham
- Orkney
- Outer Hebrides
- Oxfordshire
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Papua New Guinea
- Peak District
- Philippines
- Pillars of Hercules
- Pitcairn Islands
- Poland
- Port of Tilbury
- Portugal
- Poundbury
- Puerto Rico
- Republic of Ireland
- Ripon
- River Mersey
- Roanoke Colony
- Rotherham
- Royal Albert Hall
- Royal Oak
- Royal Opera House
- Rugby School
- Russia
- Rutland
- Rwanda
- Saba
- Saint Helena
- Saint Lucia
- Salisbury Cathedral
- Saltaire
- Samoa
- Scotland
- Scottish Parliament
- Sheffield
- Sheffield Urban Area
- Sherwood Forest
- Shetland
- Shropshire
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Sint Eustatius
- Sint Maarten
- Solomon Islands
- Somaliland
- Somerset
- South Africa
- South Downs
- South Shields
- South Sudan
- South West England
- South Yorkshire
- Spain
- Spanish Empire
- Staffordshire
- Staffordshire Hoard
- Stockport
- Stoke Gifford
- Stonehenge
- Studley Royal Park
- Sudan
- Suffolk
- Surrey
- Sutton Hoo
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Tanzania
- Tate
- The Bahamas
- The Crystal Palace
- Tokelau
- Tower of London
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tristan da Cunha
- Truro
- Tuvalu
- Tyne and Wear
- Tyne and Wear Metro
- Tyneside
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- University of London
- Vanuatu
- Varsity Line
- Virginia
- Wakefield
- Wales
- Walsall
- Warwick Castle
- Warwickshire
- Weald
- Wells
- Wessex
- West Sussex
- West Yorkshire
- Wiltshire
- Winchester
- Winchester College
- Windsor Castle
- Windsor Great Park
- Wolverhampton
- Worcestershire
- World Wide Web
- Worthing
- Wytch Farm
- York
- York Minster
- Yorkshire
- Yorkshire Dales
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Agatha Christie
- Aidan of Lindisfarne
- Alan Turing
- Alcuin
- Aldous Huxley
- Alexander Pope
- Alfred the Great
- Andrew Marvell
- Andrew Wiles
- Angles
- Anselm of Canterbury
- Anthony van Dyck
- Aristotle
- Arthur Penty
- Bede
- Ben Jonson
- Benjamin Britten
- Bernard Williams
- Bertrand Russell
- Black British
- Blackbeard
- Boudica
- British Asian
- British Chinese
- British people
- Caratacus
- Catherine of Aragon
- Celts
- Charles Babbage
- Charles Darwin
- Charles Dickens
- Charles I of England
- Christopher Marlowe
- Christopher Wren
- Claudius
- Cnut the Great
- Cornish people
- Cuthbert
- Cædmon
- Danelaw
- Danes
- David Cameron
- David Crystal
- David Underdown
- Deutscher Michel
- Dick Turpin
- Eadred
- Ed Miliband
- Edgar the Ætheling
- Edmund Burke
- Edmund Spenser
- Edward Elgar
- Edward I of England
- Edward Jenner
- Edward the Confessor
- Elizabeth II
- Elton John
- English Chilean
- English people
- Enid Blyton
- Eugène Delacroix
- Evelyn Underhill
- Financial Times
- Francis Bacon
- Francis Crick
- Francis Drake
- Frank Whittle
- Frederick Ashton
- Frederick Delius
- Gaels
- Geoff Hurst
- Geoffrey Chaucer
- Geoffrey of Monmouth
- George Eliot
- George Orwell
- Germanic peoples
- Gibraltarian people
- Godfrey Kneller
- Gordon Brown
- Gustav Holst
- Guy Fawkes
- Harrow School
- Henry II of England
- Henry Moore
- Henry Purcell
- Henry V of England
- Henry VII of England
- Hereward the Wake
- Herne the Hunter
- Hilaire Belloc
- House of Plantagenet
- Iceni
- Irish people
- Isaac Newton
- James II of England
- James VI and I
- Jane Austen
- Jeremy Bentham
- Jeremy Goldberg
- John Donne
- John Everett Millais
- John Fisher
- John Gower
- John Keats
- John Locke
- John Milton
- John Playford
- John Stuart Mill
- John Wesley
- John Wilkins
- Johnny Canuck
- Joseph of Arimathea
- Joseph Priestley
- Joshua Reynolds
- Julian of Norwich
- Jutes
- King Arthur
- Lady Godiva
- Lewis Carroll
- Linda Colley
- Lord Byron
- Lucian Freud
- Lucius of Britain
- Macbeth
- Manx people
- Margaret Clitherow
- Margot Fonteyn
- Mary I of England
- Mary Shelley
- María Clara
- Mercia
- Merlin
- Michael Faraday
- Michael Nyman
- Michael Steed
- Mother Shipton
- Napoleon
- Nicholas Hilliard
- Nick Clegg
- Nikolaus Pevsner
- Normans
- Norsemen
- Offa of Angel
- Oliver Cromwell
- Paul Dirac
- Percy Bysshe Shelley
- Peter Ackroyd
- Peter Lely
- Philip Ziegler
- Pope Adrian IV
- Pope Eleuterus
- Ptolemy
- Quinlan Terry
- Raymond Erith
- Richard Cromwell
- Richard Dawkins
- Richard I of England
- Richard Rogers
- Roanoke Colony
- Robert Boyle
- Robert Filmer
- Robert Hooke
- Robin Hood
- Rod Stewart
- Roger Bacon
- Roger Scruton
- Romanichal
- Rudyard Kipling
- Rugby School
- Saint Alban
- Saint George
- Saint Petroc
- Saint Piran
- Samuel Johnson
- Saxons
- Scottish people
- Septimius Severus
- Stephen Hawking
- Stephen Oppenheimer
- Sweyn Forkbeard
- Tacitus
- Terry Pratchett
- Thomas Becket
- Thomas Gainsborough
- Thomas Hardy
- Thomas Hobbes
- Thomas Kyd
- Thomas More
- Thomas Newcomen
- Thomas Paine
- Thomas Tallis
- Trinovantes
- Ulster Scots people
- Virginia Woolf
- Walter Raleigh
- Welsh people
- Wessex
- Wilfrid
- William Beveridge
- William Blake
- William Byrd
- William Cobbett
- William Dobson
- William Langland
- William of Ockham
- William Shakespeare
- William Wordsworth
- Winston Churchill
- Wynkyn de Worde
- Æthelstan
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- England - Jimmy Buffett
- England - P.J. Harvey
- England - Great Big Sea
- England - Adicts
- England - Ulver
- England - National
- England - The Adicts
- England - Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine
- England - Nationalhymnen
- England - Brutal Attack
- England - British Whale
I have watched as the sun went down
I have crashed as the room spun around
Now she's gone, she can't be found
And I'm down where I've been before
Sat and watched as she bolts out the door
Can't explain why the woman's sore
It's gonna rain some more
Chorus:
Somebody told me the last word they heard her say was England
Somebody said that she mentioned the airline and the fare
Now I wonder if's she's there
'Cause she took every cent of mine
Paid it all to the Pan Am line
Though she's gone, I hope she's fine
Fly love of mine
Chorus:
Somebody told me the last word they heard her say was England
Somebody said that she mentioned the airline and the fare
Now I wonder if's she's there
So tally-ho
Jolly good show
My woman's gone to England
I live and die through England
Through England
It leaves a sadness
Remedies never were within my reach
I cannot go on as I am
Withered vine reaching from the country
That I love
England
You leave a taste
A bitter one
I have searched for your springs
But people, they stagnate with time
Like water, like air
To you, England, I cling
Undaunted, never failing love for you
We shipped on board the Maryanne
To find a better life
And we walked across the water
When she broke up on the ice
We came ashore in Carbonear
With nothing but our rights
And I wondered if I e'er again
Would see my London lights
We were far from the shores of England
Far from our children and wives
To play our hand in the Newfoundland
Where the wind cuts like a knife
We were far from the shores of England
Far from our native soil
To chase a wish and hunt the Fish
And on the rocks to toil
We were far from the shores of England
We spend our days amid the waves
Working water, hook and twine
We would go for weeks with blistered cheeks
Waiting for the sun to shine
But as long as the sky hold over us
We will not taste the brine
And we'll curse the cod
With the fear of God
As we haul in every line
Should we find Fortune's Favour
And be spared from the gale
We will live off honest labour
With our hearts as big as sails
But if I should die don't bury me
Or leave me to the sea
Please send my bones back to my home
I hate this war
Can't take any more
It's a real gas
How long does it last
I don't wanna die for England
I don't wanna die at all
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I got my uniform
Now it's battle torn
I'm wet and I'm cold
What a way to grow old
I don't wanna die for England
England will survive
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I don't wanna die for England
I don't wanna die at all
I don't wanna die for England
Mount the high horse
And dogs will follow
The scent of innocence
The wars of the roses
Sounding the charge
Down in history
The hand that offers
The heart is unfaithful
Full of broken promise
And hidden in the hollow
A blood-red coat
White to the bone
Fit for a queen
And the cloven foot
A trophy animal
Someone send a runner
Through the weather that I'm under
For the feeling that I lost today
Someone send a runner
For the feeling that I lost today
Someone send a runner
Through the weather that I'm under
For the feeling that I lost today
Someone send a runner
For the feeling that I lost today
You must be somewhere in London
You must be loving your life in the rain
You must be somewhere in London
Walking Abbey Lane
I don't even think to make
I don't even think to make
I don't even think to make corrections
Famous angels never come through England
England gets the ones you never need
I'm in a Los Angeles cathedral
Minor singing airheads sing for me
Put an ocean and a river
Between everybody else,
Between everything, yourself, and home
Put an ocean and a river
Between everything, yourself, and home
You must be somewhere in London
You must be loving your life in the rain
You must be somewhere in London
Walking Abbey Lane
I don't even think to make
I don't even think to make
I don't even think to make corrections
Famous angels never come through England
England gets the ones you never need
I'm in a Los Angeles cathedral
Minor singing airheads sing for me
Afraid of the house, stay the night with the sinners
Afraid of the house, stay the night with the sinners
Afraid of the house, 'cause they're desperate to
I hate this war
Can't take any more
It's a real gas
How long does it last
I don't wanna die for England
I don't wanna die at all
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I got my uniform
Now it's battle torn
I'm wet and I'm cold
What a way to grow old
I don't wanna die for England
England will survive
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I don't wanna die for England
I don't wanna die at all
I don't wanna die for England
Didn't hear the bugle call
I was born under a wandering star
in the second council house of virgo
Forceply removed from the belly of my ma
and raised on milk and pernod
So just lie back and think of England
Because I've slid down banisters
for judges and barristers
readers' wives' husbands
with toothless decay
I've been GBH'd and ABH'd
for a packet of B & H
I've been taken
and I've been driven away
I was fornicating
before I could read or write
and now I can't stop, sir
I graduated from the university of life
and the school of hard knocks, sir
And my telephone is always ringing
and my number is triple X directory
Call 0898 treble three
Talk dirty to me
Oh come all ye unfaithful
joyful, triumphant and pathetically weak
I've been Amsterdamned, reeperbahned
wham bam no thankyou mammed
If the spirit is willing
then the telephone's cheap
And if you want to step outside love
you can step outside love, with me
You can step outside with me
And if we ever meet again
Don't know where
and I don't care when
I'm gonna help you with your sickness like a Jehova's
witness
you'll be born again
and again, and again
Just lie back, close your eyes
and think of England
God save our gracious Queen,
Long live our noble Queen,
God save the Queen!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us;
God save the Queen!
O Lord our God arise,
Scatter her enemies
And make them fall;
Confound their politics,
Frustrate their knavish tricks,
On Thee our hopes we fix,
God save us all!
Thy choicest gifts in store
On her be pleased to pour;
Long may she reign;
May she defend our laws,
And ever give us cause
To sing with heart and voice,
God save the Queen!
Not in this land alone,
But be God's mercies known,
From shore to shore!
Lord make the nations see,
That men should brothers be,
And form one family,
The wide world over.
From every latent foe,
From the assassins blow,
God save the Queen!
O'er her thine arm extend,
For Britain's sake defend,
Our mother, prince, and friend,
God save the Queen!
Lord grant that Marshal Wade
May by thy mighty aid
Victory bring.
May he sedition hush,
And like a torrent rush,
Rebellious Scots to crush.
God save the King!
As I stand up over the fields
to my right I can see the warriors the yields
to my left, lies, corruption and greed
but I know they are not of your seed
England I would die for you
despite the things that you put me through
it's not your choice who lives upon your land
but I'm gonna change it whit the power in my hands
I can see the flame starting to burn again
the blood is strong and the loyalty it remains
our enemies are gonna wish they never stood to face us
as our strength reduces their pillars to death
Fields of green and a sky so clear and blue
anyone who can turn their back must be fool
I have this feeling deep down inside of me
it tells me that pretty soon we will all be free
So lets look forward to tomorrow when we will reign
supreme
and we will be the beholders of the final dream
never again for someone else will we have toil
like the rain from the heavens our blood will feed the
England men, England women, England boys, England girls
Tears of pride will stain your faces when we conquer the world
England is the motherland of football
And the World Cup will once again be hers
Football will be our only weapon
Skill and power will be our only shield
We fought them on the beaches
Now we'll play them on the field
And once again the world will surely yield
England, England, England, England, England, England, England England, England, England, England, England, England, England
From the Tyne to the White Cliffs and the Cornish Sea
Every rolling moor and every shining city
Every town and village shouting ever so proudly
For an English victory
Our boys have got balls, all we need's a pitch
Scratching away at the 40 year itch
Pull on the England shirt, be proud of every stitch
'Cos this year's pickings will be rich
England, England, England, England, England, England, England England, England, England, England, England, England, England
England, England, England, England
Engerland
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Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Full Highlights | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26.03.2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Full Highlights | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26.03.2013 Montenegro 1 vs 1 England - 1-1 - All Goals | 2014 World Cup Qualific...
http://wn.com/Montenegro_vs_England_1-1_Full_Highlights_|_2014_World_Cup_Qualification_26032013
Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Full Highlights | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26.03.2013 Montenegro 1 vs 1 England - 1-1 - All Goals | 2014 World Cup Qualific...
England vs Brazil 2-1 Official Goals and Highlights, Wembley 06.02.13 | FATV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
http://wn.com/England_vs_Brazil_2-1_Official_Goals_and_Highlights,_Wembley_060213_|_FATV
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
- published: 07 Feb 2013
- views: 593906
- author: england
The Difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain and England Explained
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
The United Kingdom vs Great Britain, England and much more. *T-Shirts for sale!* Help support more videos: http://goo.gl/1Wlnd Grey's blog: http://www.cgpgre...
http://wn.com/The_Difference_between_the_United_Kingdom,_Great_Britain_and_England_Explained
The United Kingdom vs Great Britain, England and much more. *T-Shirts for sale!* Help support more videos: http://goo.gl/1Wlnd Grey's blog: http://www.cgpgre...
- published: 30 Jan 2011
- views: 3989971
- author: CGPGrey
England U21s vs Austria 4-0, Official highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
Goals from Shelvey, McEachran, Sordell and Wickham gave England a 4-0 win over Austria. Watch all the highlights now... Subscribe to the official YouTube cha...
http://wn.com/England_U21s_vs_Austria_4-0,_Official_highlights
Goals from Shelvey, McEachran, Sordell and Wickham gave England a 4-0 win over Austria. Watch all the highlights now... Subscribe to the official YouTube cha...
- published: 25 Mar 2013
- views: 41707
- author: england
Tiesto ft. Kyler England - Take Me [Preview] (Available May 14)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
Join us on: http://facebook.com/musicalfreedom http://twitter.com/musicalfreedom http://youtube.com/user/musicalfreedomrecs Available on Musical Freedom May ...
http://wn.com/Tiesto_ft_Kyler_England_Take_Me_Preview_Available_May_14
Join us on: http://facebook.com/musicalfreedom http://twitter.com/musicalfreedom http://youtube.com/user/musicalfreedomrecs Available on Musical Freedom May ...
- published: 24 Apr 2013
- views: 301
- author: musicalfreedomrecs
England vs Brazil - Full Match - 06/02/2013 - HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 117:06
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/England_vs_Brazil_Full_Match_06_02_2013_HD
Skate World: England
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:13
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
First, Winston Whitter gives us a history of skateboarding in London. Later, some local amateurs take us around to England's best skate spots. Originally rel...
http://wn.com/Skate_World_England
First, Winston Whitter gives us a history of skateboarding in London. Later, some local amateurs take us around to England's best skate spots. Originally rel...
- published: 02 Apr 2013
- views: 38965
- author: vice
VLOG - Back in England!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
Adam makes a video blog explaining what his plans are now he's back in England! ------------------------ Sorry for the late upload. I've been swamped with er...
http://wn.com/VLOG_Back_in_England!
Adam makes a video blog explaining what his plans are now he's back in England! ------------------------ Sorry for the late upload. I've been swamped with er...
- published: 24 Apr 2013
- views: 1
- author: Ghost1113
Shane Warne 90 vs England 3rd Test at Old Trafford 2005
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:00
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Shane_Warne_90_vs_England_3rd_Test_at_Old_Trafford_2005
LV= County Catch Up - Unseen Footage - Championship supports England side
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Dominic Cork says the LV= County Championship is where future England players learn their trade.
http://wn.com/LV=_County_Catch_Up_Unseen_Footage_Championship_supports_England_side
Dominic Cork says the LV= County Championship is where future England players learn their trade.
- published: 23 Apr 2013
- author: ecbcricket
There'l Always Be an England - Tiny Tim
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
The Isle of Wight Festival 1970.
http://wn.com/There'l_Always_Be_an_England_Tiny_Tim
Full Time Highlights Wales v England 16 March 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
Wales v England rugby match, which took place at The Millennium Stadium on Saturday, March 16th 2013 in the RBS 6 Nations Championship. Subscribe to the chan...
http://wn.com/Full_Time_Highlights_Wales_v_England_16_March_2013
Wales v England rugby match, which took place at The Millennium Stadium on Saturday, March 16th 2013 in the RBS 6 Nations Championship. Subscribe to the chan...
- published: 17 Mar 2013
- views: 59662
- author: RBS6Nations
Medieval 2: Total War - Darthmod - England - Part 6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:57
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Thanks for watching! Feedback is appreciated! Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/pages/TheSageRises/126656317409468 Steam Group: http://steamcommunity....
http://wn.com/Medieval_2_Total_War_Darthmod_England_Part_6
Thanks for watching! Feedback is appreciated! Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/pages/TheSageRises/126656317409468 Steam Group: http://steamcommunity....
- published: 23 Apr 2013
- views: 3
- author: TheSageRises
England 1-1 Brazil (1987)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:06
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
England welcome Brazil to Wembley in May 1987, as the sides meet in the Rous Cup. All the main drama comes in the space of a minute towards the end of the fi...
http://wn.com/England_1-1_Brazil_1987
England welcome Brazil to Wembley in May 1987, as the sides meet in the Rous Cup. All the main drama comes in the space of a minute towards the end of the fi...
- published: 23 Apr 2013
- views: 1
- author: cestrian81
England U18 27-22 France U18: 2013 FIRA/AER European Championship Final
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 20 Apr 2013
Highlights of England Under 18's 27-22 win against France in the 2013 FIRA/AER European Championship Final at the Stade des Alpes, Grenoble.
http://wn.com/England_U18_27-22_France_U18_2013_FIRA_AER_European_Championship_Final
Highlights of England Under 18's 27-22 win against France in the 2013 FIRA/AER European Championship Final at the Stade des Alpes, Grenoble.
- published: 31 Mar 2013
- views: 8484
- author: officialRFUTV
Montenegro vs England 1-1 - All Goals & Full Highlights - 2014 World Cup Qualifiers 26/03/2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:46
- Updated: 11 Apr 2013
Montenegro 1 vs 1 England - 1-1 - All Goals | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26/03/2013 Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Goal Wayne Rooney | 2014 World Cup Qualif...
http://wn.com/Montenegro_vs_England_1-1_All_Goals_Full_Highlights_2014_World_Cup_Qualifiers_26_03_2013
Montenegro 1 vs 1 England - 1-1 - All Goals | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26/03/2013 Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Goal Wayne Rooney | 2014 World Cup Qualif...
- published: 26 Mar 2013
- views: 5141
- author: SoccerAllGoals
Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - All Goals | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26.03.2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 08 Apr 2013
Montenegro 1 vs 1 England - 1-1 - All Goals | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26.03.2013 Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Goal Wayne Rooney | 2014 World Cup Qualif...
http://wn.com/Montenegro_vs_England_1-1_All_Goals_|_2014_World_Cup_Qualification_26032013
Montenegro 1 vs 1 England - 1-1 - All Goals | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26.03.2013 Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Goal Wayne Rooney | 2014 World Cup Qualif...
- published: 26 Mar 2013
- views: 11492
- author: JUNIOR BARATA
England vs San Marino 8-0 Goals and Highlights 22/3/2013 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:57
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
England vs San Marino 22/3/2013 England vs San Marino goals and highlights 22/03/2013 england san marino 22-3-2013 england san marino 22.3.2013 england vs sa...
http://wn.com/England_vs_San_Marino_8-0_Goals_and_Highlights_22_3_2013_HD
England vs San Marino 22/3/2013 England vs San Marino goals and highlights 22/03/2013 england san marino 22-3-2013 england san marino 22.3.2013 england vs sa...
- published: 23 Mar 2013
- views: 153093
- author: John Henry
England U21s 4-0 Sweden U21s
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Updated: 07 Apr 2013
Goals from Tom Ince, Jonjo Shelvey and Connor Wickham extended England Under-21s' winning streak to a record seven games as they eased past Sweden. It was a ...
http://wn.com/England_U21s_4-0_Sweden_U21s
Goals from Tom Ince, Jonjo Shelvey and Connor Wickham extended England Under-21s' winning streak to a record seven games as they eased past Sweden. It was a ...
- published: 06 Feb 2013
- views: 100752
- author: england
Sweden v England - 4-2 - Official Goals and Highlights | FATV 14/11/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
The official highlights to England vs Sweden Wednesday 14th November Sweden 4-2 England 7.30pm, Wednesday 14 November 2012 Friends Arena, Stockholm By Nichol...
http://wn.com/Sweden_v_England_4-2_Official_Goals_and_Highlights_|_FATV_14_11_12
The official highlights to England vs Sweden Wednesday 14th November Sweden 4-2 England 7.30pm, Wednesday 14 November 2012 Friends Arena, Stockholm By Nichol...
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 1171887
- author: england
Trent Boult 6 for 68 - England v New Zealand 3rd test at Auckland 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 10 Apr 2013
What a day for left arm bowlers!
http://wn.com/Trent_Boult_6_for_68_England_v_New_Zealand_3rd_test_at_Auckland_2013
![The History Of Iron Maiden - Part 3 [Maiden England '88 2013] (Subtitulos en Español)](http://web.archive.org./web/20130424193651im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/GZfkSEuTzC4/default.jpg "The History Of Iron Maiden - Part 3 [Maiden England '88 2013] (Subtitulos en Español)")
The History Of Iron Maiden - Part 3 [Maiden England '88 2013] (Subtitulos en Español)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:43
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/The_History_Of_Iron_Maiden_Part_3_Maiden_England_'88_2013_Subtitulos_en_Español
England Rugby Tunnel Cam - England vs France 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
See exclusive footage of what went on in the tunnel before, during and after England's 23-13 win over France in the RBS 6 Nations, giving you access to every...
http://wn.com/England_Rugby_Tunnel_Cam_England_vs_France_2013
See exclusive footage of what went on in the tunnel before, during and after England's 23-13 win over France in the RBS 6 Nations, giving you access to every...
- published: 25 Feb 2013
- views: 78449
- author: officialRFUTV
photo: AP / Robert F. Bukaty
23 Apr 2013
Click photo to enlarge. Officers march into position near the blast site on Boylston Street between Dartmouth and Exeter Streets near the Boston Marathon finish line Monday, April 22, 2013 in Boston. Federal investigators formally released the finish line bombing crime scene to the city in a brief ceremony at 5 p.m. «12». WASHINGTON—The Boston Marathon bombings could provide an opportunity for the U.S ... soil since 9/11 ... ....(size: 7.3Kb)
photo: AP / Bilal Hussein
24 Apr 2013
As fierce clashes continue in the border villages of al Qusayr, there are growing fears that Lebanon is being drawn further into the Syrian conflict. For more than a week, Syrian rebels have fired shells hitting the eastern Lebanese Hermel region, a bastion for the Lebanese Shia movement Hezbollah, in what they say is retaliation for strikes by the group ... Hezbollah-led, continues ... "As Hezbollah sends fighters to defend Shia areas... ....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons
22 Apr 2013
WASHINGTON, April 22 (RIA Novosti) – Canadian security officials on Monday arrested two men who were suspected of planning a terror attack to derail a passenger train, allegedly with backing from “al-Qaida elements in Iran,” the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) said ... They will appear in court for bail hearings on Tuesday ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Khin Maung Win
22 Apr 2013
Violence against Burma’s Rohingya Muslims in October last year was a carefully planned and co-ordinated assault involving Burmese security forces and Buddhist monks, according to fresh evidence unearthed in a report released today by Human Rights Watch (HRW) ... More than 180 people were killed and 100,000 left homeless by anti-Rohingya violence last year. The report states ... “Lifting all the sanctions on Burma is premature and unjustified....(size: 5.0Kb)
photo: AP / Kerstin Joensson
24 Apr 2013
Bayern Munich made a brutally efficient case that it is the team to beat in the Champions League this season, humbling Barcelona, 4-0, on Tuesday in a semifinal at Allianz Arena. Thomas Müller scored two goals and set up two others for Bayern, which did not so much change places with Barcelona atop the pedestal as shove the visitors off it. The Times's soccer blog has the world's game covered from all angles. Go to the Goal Blog ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
Arts Council England). Arts Council England responds to the Secretary of State's speech on arts and cultural funding. Sir Peter Bazalgette, Chair of Arts Council England, said. ... This noodl was issued by Arts Council England and was initially posted at www.artscouncil.org.uk....(size: 1.6Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
Badminton England) ... England's Chris Adcock and Andy Ellis got their men's doubles challenge at the Yonex-Sunrise India Open off to a winning start in New Delhi today. Their easy 21-8 21-14 win over India's Srujan Nandaluri and Vinay Kumar Reddy swept them into the last 16 and ended a losing run by their England team-mates ... The England pair are the No....(size: 2.6Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
(Source. England Athletics). Results for the team events of the England Marathon championships are now available. Click here to see England Championships individual results. Women's team ... Photos. Mark Shearman (top. Samantha Amend, bottom ... England Athletics is currently carrying out a consultation which will shape our future work ... This noodl was issued by England Athletics and was initially posted at www.englandathletics.org ... (noodl....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
(Source. Badminton England). 24.04.13 ... The Commonwealth silver medallist and world No ... The England pair led 19-15 in the deciding game of their match against Aksahy Dewalkar and Pradnya Gadre only for the Indian pair to reel off six points in a row to snatch victory 16-21 22-20 21-19 ... Langridge and Olver, who are No ... distributed by. This noodl was issued by Badminton England and was initially posted at www.badmintonengland.co.uk....(size: 2.0Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
England Squash and Racketball) PERRY TO MAKE ENGLAND DEBUT. Sarah-Jane Perry will make her England debut in Amsterdam next month as the title holders bid to continue their domination of the European Women's Team Squash Championship ... Robertson said of the men's event, where England will be bidding to win the trophy for the 21st consecutive year....(size: 4.8Kb)
ESPN
24 Apr 2013
England captain Steven Gerrard is expected to undergo a shoulder operation this summer that will see him sidelined for high-profile international friendlies against Ireland and Brazil. GettyImagesSteven Gerrard is unlikely to play for England again before August....(size: 1.2Kb)
Sky Sports
24 Apr 2013
Captain Michael Clarke says Australia have "a lot of work to do" if they want to compete with England in this summer's Ashes series ... Australia will arrive on the back of a 4-0 hammering in India, where England won last year ... weakest squad Australia have ever taken to England....(size: 1.4Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
New England Revolution). Brian O'Connell from New England Soccer Today looks at how the Rochester Rhinos did during their two games this past weekend ... This noodl was issued by New England Revolution and was initially ......(size: 1.1Kb)
noodls
24 Apr 2013
The Guardian
24 Apr 2013
Steven Gerrard is to miss England's summer friendly games against the Republic of Ireland and Brazil so that he can undergo surgery on a long-standing shoulder problem ... to date – and do not deem it overly serious in the long term, with England instead to suffer the brunt of his absence....(size: 1.4Kb)
Goal
24 Apr 2013
Jeremie Aliadiere insists that he has no regrets over his time in England and is instead simply savouring "the best season of his career", with Lorient ... If things are going well for me this year, it's because of how I developed in England. It is perhaps because of my experiences in England that I am at the level I am today." ... However, I do not feel a need to return to England."....(size: 2.4Kb)
BBC News
24 Apr 2013
The Bank of England has announced plans to expand a lending scheme designed to help businesses and households ... Bank of England figures suggest banks took nearly £14bn from the FLS between August and December last year ... Growth needed ... In its most recent policy meeting, the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee said it saw "merit" in extending the scheme, as an alternative to an expansion of quantitative easing ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
BBC News
24 Apr 2013
The spread of HIV in England can be stopped within a generation, according to a new prevention campaign launched by the Department of Health. Currently, there are around 90,000 people living with HIV in England. Only one person in four knows they have it ... Effective treatment ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
For other uses, see England (disambiguation).
| England | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French) "God and my right"[1][2] |
||||||
| Anthem: None (de jure) God Save the Queen (de facto) |
||||||
 Location of England (dark green)
– in the European continent (light green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
London 51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.5°N 0.117°W / 51.5; -0.117 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | English (de facto)[nb 1] | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Cornish | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2009 [3][4]) |
87.5% White, 6.0% South Asian, 2.9% Black, 1.9% Mixed race, 0.8% Chinese, 0.8% Other | |||||
| Demonym | English | |||||
| Government | Non-devolved constituent country within a constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | David Cameron MP | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament of the United Kingdom | |||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 130,395 km2 50,346 sq mi |
||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 estimate | 52,234,000[5] | ||||
| - | 2001 census | 49,138,831 | ||||
| - | Density | 395/km2 1,023/sq mi |
||||
| Currency | Pound sterling (GBP) |
|||||
| Time zone | GMT (UTC0) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | BST (UTC+1) | ||||
| Date formats | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) | |||||
| Drives on the | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | GB | |||||
| Internet TLD | .uk[nb 2] | |||||
| Calling code | 44 | |||||
| Patron saint | Saint George | |||||
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
England 
i/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.[6][7][8] It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world.[9] The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations.[10] The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.[11] England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.[12]
England's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north (for example, the mountainous Lake District, Pennines, and Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (for example, Dartmoor and the Cotswolds). The former capital city of England was Winchester until London took over in 1066. Today London is the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures.[nb 3] England's population is about 51 million, around 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, and is largely concentrated in London, the South East and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Meadowlands and pastures are found beyond the major cities.
The Kingdom of England—which after 1284 included Wales—was a sovereign state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain.[13][14] In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the Irish Free State was established as a separate dominion, but the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 reincorporated into the kingdom six Irish counties to officially create the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Contents |
[edit] Toponymy
See also: Toponymy of England
The name "England" is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means "land of the Angles".[15] The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea.[16] According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of "England" to refer to the southern part of the island of Great Britain occurs in 897, and its modern spelling was first used in 1538.[17]
The earliest attested mention of the name occurs in the 1st century work by Tacitus, Germania, in which the Latin word Anglii is used.[18] The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape.[19] How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire country and its people is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons.[20] It may be worth noting that in Scottish Gaelic, another language which developed on the island of Great Britain, it was the dominant Saxon tribe who gave their name to the word for 'England' ("Sasunn").[21]
An alternative name for England is Albion. The name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo:[22] "Beyond the Pillars of Hercules is the ocean that flows round the earth. In it are two very large islands called Britannia; these are Albion and Ierne".[22] The word Albion (Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum has two possible origins. It either derives from a cognate of the Latin albus meaning white, a reference to the white cliffs of Dover, the only part of Britain visible from the European Continent,[23] or from the phrase in Massaliote Periplus, the "island of the Albiones".[24] Albion is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity.[25] Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend.
History[link]
Main article: History of England
Prehistory and antiquity[link]
Main article: Prehistoric Britain
The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.[26] Modern humans are known to have first inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.[27][28] After the last ice age only large mammals such as mammoths, bison and woolly rhinoceros remained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when the ice sheets began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.[29] The sea level was lower than now, and Britain was connected by land to both Ireland and Eurasia.[30] As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later.
The Beaker culture arrived around 2500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.[31] It was during this time that major Neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury were constructed. By heating together tin and copper, both of which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made bronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of iron smelting allowed the construction of better ploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, with Celtic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons.[32]
According to John T. Koch and others, England in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that included the whole of the British Isles and much of what we now regard as France together with the Iberian Peninsula. Celtic languages developed in those areas; Tartessian may have been the earliest written Celtic language.[33][34][35]
During the Iron Age, Celtic culture, deriving from the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe. Brythonic was the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according to Ptolemy's Geographia there were around 20 different tribes in the area. However, earlier divisions are unknown because the Britons were not literate. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic attempted to invade twice in 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a client king from the Trinovantes.
The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province.[36] The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Later, an uprising led by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street.[37] This era saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law, Roman architecture, sewage systems, many agricultural items, and silk.[38][39][40] In the 3rd century, Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum (modern-day York), where Constantine was subsequently proclaimed emperor.[41]
There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, with probability lying much earlier. According to Bede, missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Britain in AD 180 to settle controverted points of differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials which were disturbing the church. There are, however, traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through Joseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.[42] By 410, as the Empire declined, Britain was left exposed by the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.[43]
Middle Ages[link]
Main article: England in the Middle Ages
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Roman military withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province and now began to settle, initially in the eastern part of the country.[43] Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the Battle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, over-running the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under Brythonic control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a Dark Age. The nature and progression of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain is consequently subject to considerable disagreement. Christianity had in general disappeared from the conquered territories, but was reintroduced by missionaries from Rome led by Augustine from 597 onwards and by Irish missionaries led by Aidan around the same time.[44] Disputes between the varying influences represented by these missions ended in victory for the Roman tradition.
During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent and Sussex. Over the following centuries this process of political consolidation continued.[45] The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.[46] In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by the Danes culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under Alfred the Great was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the Danelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under Æthelstan in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by Eadred in 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 and again by his son Cnut in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived North Sea empire that also included Denmark and Norway. However the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of Edward the Confessor in 1042.
A dispute over the succession to Edward led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066, accomplished by an army led by Duke William of Normandy.[47] The Normans themselves originated from Scandinavia and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.[48] This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language.[49]
The House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II, adding England to the budding Angevin Empire of fiefs the family had inherited in France including Aquitaine.[50] They reigned for three centuries, proving noted monarchs such as Richard I, Edward I, Edward III and Henry V.[50] The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of the Magna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic monasticism flourished, providing philosophers and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century[51] and the Lordship of Ireland was gifted to the English monarchy by the Pope.
During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and House of Valois both claimed to be legitimate claimants to House of Capet and with it France—the two powers clashed in the Hundred Years' War.[52] The Black Death epidemic hit England, starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's inhabitants.[53][54] From 1453 to 1487 civil war between two branches of the royal family occurred—the Yorkists and Lancastrians—known as the Wars of the Roses.[55] Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the Tudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed by Henry Tudor who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field where the Yorkist king Richard III was killed.[56]
Early Modern[link]
During the Tudor period, the Renaissance reached England through Italian courtiers, who reintroduced artistic, educational and scholarly debate from classical antiquity.[57] During this time England began to develop naval skills, and exploration to the West intensified.[58][59]
Henry VIII broke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to divorce, under the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of the Church of England. In contrast with much of European Protestantism, the roots of the split were more political than theological.[nb 4] He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the 1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The former brought the country back to Catholicism, while the later broke from it again, more forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism.
An English fleet under Francis Drake defeated an invading Spanish Armada during the Elizabethan period. Competing with Spain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer Walter Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony, after it was found abandoned on the return of the late arriving supply ship.[61] With the East India Company, England also competed with the Dutch and French in the East. The political structure of the island was changed in 1603, when the Stuart James VI of Scotland, a kingdom which was a longtime rival, inherited the throne of England as James I—creating a personal union .[62][63] He styled himself King of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.[64] Under the auspices of King James VI and I the so called Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It has not only been ranked with Shakespeare's works as the greatest masterpiece of literature in the English language, but also has been the standard version of the Bible most Christians have read for four hundred years.
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Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of Parliament and those of King Charles I, known as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced with the Commonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1653, a period of personal rule followed.[65] After Cromwell's death, and his son Richard's resignation as Lord Protector, Charles II was invited to return as monarch in 1660 with the Restoration. It was now constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, and the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without prior approval by Parliament.[66] With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged.
The Great Fire of London in 1666 gutted the City of London but it was rebuilt shortly afterwards.[67] In Parliament two factions had emerged—the Tories and Whigs. The former were royalists while the latter were classical liberals. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king James II, some of them, along with the Whigs, deposed him in the Revolution of 1688 and invited Dutch prince William III to become monarch. Some English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,[68] the two countries joined in political union, to create the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.[62] To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national church of each remained separate.[69]
Late Modern and contemporary[link]
Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment to create innovations in science and engineering. This paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire. Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution, a period of profound change in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.[70] The opening of Northwest England's Bridgewater Canal in 1761 ushered in the canal age in Britain.[71][72] In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway—the Stockton and Darlington Railway—opened to the public.[71]
During the Industrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance at Manchester and Birmingham, dubbed "Warehouse City" and "Workshop of the World" respectively.[73][74] England maintained relative stability throughout the French Revolution; William Pitt the Younger was British Prime Minister for the reign of George III. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon planned to invade from the south-east. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington. The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people, shared with the Scots and Welsh.[75]
London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era, and trade within the British Empire—as well as the standing of the British military and navy—was prestigious.[76] Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and universal suffrage.[77] Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the Allies.[nb 5] Two decades later, in World War II, the United Kingdom was again one of the Allies. At the end of the Phoney War, Winston Churchill became the wartime Prime Minister. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during the Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapid decolonisation, and there was a speeding up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport and Frank Whittle's development of the jet engine led to wider air travel.[79] Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. England's NHS provided publicly funded health care to all UK permanent residents free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. Combined, these changes prompted the reform of local government in England in the mid-20th century.[80][81]
Since the 20th century there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the British Isles, but also from the Commonwealth, particularly the Indian subcontinent.[82] Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the service industry.[83] As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined a common market initiative called the European Economic Community which became the European Union. Since the late 20th century the administration of the United Kingdom has moved towards devolved governance in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[84] England and Wales continues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.[85] Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.[86][87] There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by referendum.[88]
Governance[link]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of England
As part of the United Kingdom, the basic political system in England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system.[89] There has not been a Government of England since 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[68] Before the union England was ruled by its monarch and the Parliament of England. Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, although other countries of the United Kingdom have devolved governments.[90] In the House of Commons which is the lower house of the British Parliament based at the Palace of Westminster, there are 532 Members of Parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.[91]
In the United Kingdom general election, 2010 the Conservative Party had won an absolute majority in England's 532 contested seats with 61 seats more than all other parties combined (the Speaker of the House not being counted as a Conservative). However, taking Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales into account this was not enough to secure an overall majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[92] In order to achieve a majority the Conservative party, headed by David Cameron, entered into a coalition agreement with the third largest party, the Liberal Democrats, led by Nick Clegg. Subsequently the Labour Party leader, Gordon Brown was forced to step down as prime minister[93] and leader of the Labour party, now led by Ed Miliband.
As the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, there are elections held regionally in England to decide who is sent as Members of the European Parliament. The 2009 European Parliament election saw the regions of England elect the following MEPs: 23 Conservatives, ten Labour, nine UK Independence Party (UKIP), nine Liberal Democrats, two Greens and two British National Party (BNP).[94]
Since devolution, in which other countries of the United Kingdom—Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland—each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues, there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that various regions of England would be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by the North East in a referendum, this has not been carried out.[88]
One major issue is the West Lothian question, in which MPs from Scotland and Wales are able to vote on legislation affecting only England, while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters.[95] This when placed in the context of England being the only country of the United Kingdom not to have free cancer treatment, prescriptions, residential care for the elderly and free top-up university fees,[96] has led to a steady rise in English nationalism.[97] Some have suggested the creation of a devolved English parliament,[98] while others have proposed simply limiting voting on legislation which only affects England to English MPs.[99]
Law[link]
Main article: English law
The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of common law[100] legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries[101] and the United States (except Louisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued, under the Treaty of Union, as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent—stare decisis—to the facts before them.[102]
The court system is headed by the Supreme Court of Judicature, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice for civil cases, and the Crown Court for criminal cases.[103] The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords.[104] A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions.[105]
Crime increased between 1981 and 1995, but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.[106] The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.[107] Her Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to the Ministry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing over 80,000 convicts.[107]
Regions, counties, and districts[link]
Main article: Subdivisions of England
The subdivisions of England consist of up to four levels of subnational division controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of local government. The highest tier of local government were the nine regions of England: North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East, South East, South West, and London. These were created in 1994 as Government Offices, used by the British Government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally, but there are no elected bodies at this level, except in London, and in 2011 the regional Government offices were abolished.[108] The same boundaries remain in use for electing Members of the European Parliament on a regional basis.
After devolution began to take place in other parts of the United Kingdom it was planned that referendums for the regions of England would take place for their own elected regional assemblies as a counterweight. London accepted in 1998: the London Assembly was created two years later. However, when the proposal was rejected by the northern England devolution referendums, 2004 in the North East, further referendums were cancelled.[88] The regional assemblies outside London were abolished in 2010, and their functions transferred to respective Regional Development Agencies and a new system of local authority leaders' boards.[109]
Below the regional level, all of England is divided into 48 ceremonial counties.[110] These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the Middle Ages, with some established as recently as 1974.[111] Each has a Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff; these posts are used to represent the British monarch locally.[110] Outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly, England is also divided into 83 metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties; these correspond to areas used for the purposes of local government[112] and may consist of a single district or be divided into several.
There are six metropolitan counties based on the most heavily urbanised areas, which do not have county councils.[112] In these areas the principal authorities are the councils of the subdivisions, the metropolitan boroughs. Elsewhere, 27 non-metropolitan "shire" counties have a county council and are divided into districts, each with a district council. They are typically, though not always, found in more rural areas. The remaining non-metropolitan counties are of a single district and usually correspond to large towns or sparsely populated counties; they are known as unitary authorities. Greater London has a different system for local government, with 32 London boroughs, plus the City of London covering a small area at the core, governed by the City of London Corporation.[113] At the most localised level, much of England is divided into civil parishes with councils; they do not exist in Greater London.[114]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of England
Landscape and rivers[link]
Geographically England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom—to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. England is closer to the European continent than any other part of mainland Britain. It is separated from France by a 34-kilometre (21 mi)[115] sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone.[116] England also has shores on the Irish Sea, North Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
The ports of London, Liverpool, and Newcastle lie on the tidal rivers Thames, Mersey and Tyne respectively. At 354 kilometres (220 mi), the Severn is the longest river flowing through England.[117] It empties into the Bristol Channel and is notable for its Severn Bore tidal waves, which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.[118] However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 346 kilometres (215 mi) in length.[119] There are many lakes in England; the largest is Windermere, within the aptly named Lake District.[120]
In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago.[121] Their geological composition includes, among others, sandstone and limestone, and also coal. There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. The Pennine landscape is high moorland in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain three national parks, the Yorkshire Dales, Northumberland, and the Peak District. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), is Scafell Pike in Cumbria.[120] Straddling the border between England and Scotland are the Cheviot Hills.
The English Lowlands are to the south of the Pennines, consisting of green rolling hills, including the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North and South Downs—where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the cliffs of Dover. The granite Southwest Peninsula in the West Country includes upland moorland, such as Dartmoor and Exmoor, and enjoys a mild climate; both are national parks.[122]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of England
England has a temperate maritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.[123] The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.[123] Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year.
Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its northern latitude and the warming of the sea by the Gulf Stream.[123] Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the Lake District receive more rain than anywhere else in the country.[123] Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on 10 August 2003 at Brogdale in Kent,[124] while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond, Shropshire.[125]
| Climate data for England | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7 (45) |
7 (45) |
9 (48) |
12 (54) |
15 (59) |
18 (64) |
21 (70) |
21 (70) |
18 (64) |
14 (57) |
10 (50) |
7 (45) |
13 (55) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1 (34) |
1 (34) |
2 (36) |
4 (39) |
6 (43) |
9 (48) |
11 (52) |
11 (52) |
9 (48) |
7 (45) |
4 (39) |
2 (36) |
6 (43) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 84 (3.31) |
60 (2.36) |
67 (2.64) |
57 (2.24) |
56 (2.2) |
63 (2.48) |
54 (2.13) |
67 (2.64) |
73 (2.87) |
84 (3.31) |
84 (3.31) |
90 (3.54) |
838 (32.99) |
| Source: Met Office[126] | |||||||||||||
Major conurbations[link]
See also: List of places in England
The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England[127] and one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself.[127] Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands.[127] There are fifty settlements which have been designated city status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has sixty-six.
While many cities in England are quite large in size, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham and others, a large population is not necessarily a prerequisite for a settlement to be afforded city status.[128] Traditionally the status was afforded to towns with diocesan cathedrals and so there are smaller cities like Wells, Ely, Ripon, Truro and Chichester.[128] According to the Office for National Statistics the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are:[127]
| Rank | Urban area | Population | Localities | Major localities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Greater London Urban Area | 8,278,251 | 67 | Greater London, divided into the City of London and 32 London boroughs including Croydon, Barnet, Ealing, Bromley[129] |
| 2 | West Midlands Urban Area | 2,284,093 | 22 | Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Walsall, Aldridge |
| 3 | Greater Manchester Urban Area | 2,240,230 | 57 | Manchester, Salford, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham |
| 4 | West Yorkshire Urban Area | 1,499,465 | 26 | Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield |
| 5 | Tyneside | 879,996 | 25 | Newcastle, North Shields, South Shields, Gateshead, Jarrow |
| 6 | Liverpool Urban Area | 816,216 | 8 | Liverpool, St Helens, Bootle, Huyton-with-Roby |
| 7 | Nottingham Urban Area | 666,358 | 15 | Nottingham, Beeston and Stapleford, Carlton, Long Eaton |
| 8 | Sheffield Urban Area | 640,720 | 7 | Sheffield, Rotherham, Chapeltown, Mosborough |
| 9 | Bristol Urban Area | 551,066 | 7 | Bristol, Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford |
| 10 | Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton | 461,181 | 10 | Brighton, Worthing, Hove, Littlehampton, Shoreham, Lancing |
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of England
England's economy is one of the largest in the world, with an average GDP per capita of £22,907.[132] Usually regarded as a mixed market economy, it has adopted many free market principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure.[133] The official currency in England is the pound sterling, whose ISO 4217 code is GBP. Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe—as of 2009 the basic rate of personal tax is 20% on taxable income up to £37,400, and 40% on any additional earnings above that amount.[134]
The economy of England is the largest part of the UK's economy,[132] which has the 18th highest GDP PPP per capita in the world. England is a leader in the chemical[135] and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the manufacturing side of the software industry. London, home to the London Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's main stock exchange and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre—100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations are based in London.[136] London is the largest financial centre in Europe, and as of 2009[update] is also the largest in the world.[137]
The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the United Kingdom's central bank. Originally established as private banker to the Government of England, since 1946 it has been a state-owned institution.[138] The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, although not in other parts of the United Kingdom. The government has devolved responsibility to the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates.[139]
England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy.[83] Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars—although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Rolls-Royce, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley—crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages.[140] Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.[141] Two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the other to arable crops.[142]
Science and technology[link]
Main articles: List of English inventions and discoveries and Royal Society
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Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestley, J. J. Thomson, Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, Christopher Wren, Alan Turing, Francis Crick, Joseph Lister, Tim Berners-Lee, Paul Dirac, Andrew Wiles and Richard Dawkins. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins, the first secretary of the Royal Society, in 1668.[143] As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.[144] Thomas Newcomen's steam engine helped spawn the Industrial Revolution.[145] The physician Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine is said to have "saved more lives [...] than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."[146][147][148]
Inventions and discoveries of the English include: the jet engine, the first industrial spinning machine, the first computer and the first modern computer, the World Wide Web along with HTML, the first successful human blood transfusion, the motorised vacuum cleaner,[149] the lawn mower, the seat belt, the hovercraft, the electric motor, steam engines, and theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution and atomic theory. Newton developed the ideas of universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics, and infinitesimal calculus, and Robert Hooke his eponymously named law of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the thermosiphon, tarmac, the rubber band, the mousetrap, "cat's eye" road marker, joint development of the light bulb, steam locomotives, the modern seed drill and many modern techniques and technologies used in precision engineering.[150]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in England
The Department for Transport is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. There are many motorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as the A1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle[152] (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is the M6, from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border.[152] Other major routes include: the M1 from London to Leeds, the M25 which encircles London, the M60 which encircles Manchester, the M4 from London to South Wales, the M62 from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the M5 from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.[152]
Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include National Express, Arriva and Go-Ahead Group. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. There is a rapid rail network in two English cities: the London Underground; and the Tyne and Wear Metro in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland.[153] There are several tram networks, such as the Blackpool tramway, Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram and Midland Metro, and the Tramlink system centred on Croydon in South London.[153]
Rail transport in England is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.[154] Much of Britain's 16,116 kilometres (10,014 mi) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively, although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century. There are plans to reopen lines such as the Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge. These lines are mostly standard gauge (single, double or quadruple track) though there are also a few narrow gauge lines. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994.
England has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport is London Heathrow, which is the world's busiest airport measured by number of international passengers.[155] Other large airports include Manchester Airport, London Stansted Airport, Luton Airport and Birmingham Airport.[151] By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including to Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium.[156] There are around 7,100 km (4,400 mi) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by British Waterways (Waterscape),[156] however water transport is very limited. The Thames is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the Port of Tilbury in the Thames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports.[156]
Healthcare[link]
Main article: Healthcare in England
The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the National Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of the Beveridge Report, prepared by economist and social reformer William Beveridge.[157] The NHS is largely funded from general taxation including National Insurance payments,[158] and it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care.[159]
The government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by the Secretary of State for Health, who sits in the British Cabinet. Most of the expenditure of the Department of Health is spent on the NHS—£98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.[160] In recent years the private sector has been increasingly used to provide more NHS services despite opposition by doctors and trade unions.[161] The average life expectancy of people in England is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the four countries of the United Kingdom.[162]
Demography[link]
Population[link]
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With over 51 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.[163] England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population in the world.[164] With a density of 395 people per square kilometre, it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta.[165][166]
The English people are a British people.[3] Some genetic evidence suggests that 75–95% descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who originally came from the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a 5% contribution from Angles and Saxons, and a significant Norse element.[167][168][169] However, other geneticists place the Norse-Germanic estimate up to half.[170][171][172] Over time, various cultures have been influential: Prehistoric, Brythonic,[173] Roman, Anglo-Saxon,[174] Norse Viking,[175] Gaelic cultures, as well as a large influence from Normans. There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the United States, Canada, Australia, Chile, South Africa and New Zealand.[nb 6] Since the late 1990s, many English people have migrated to Spain.[180][181]
At the time of the Domesday Book, compiled in 1086, more than 90% of the English population of about two million lived in the countryside.[183] By 1801 the population had grown to 8.3 million, and by 1901 had grown to 30.5 million.[184] Due in particular to the economic prosperity of South East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.[3] There has been significant Irish migration.[185] The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 87.50%, including Germans[186] and Poles.[3]
Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, 6% of people living in England have family origins in the Indian subcontinent, mostly India and Pakistan.[3][186] 2.90% of the population are black, from both the Caribbean and countries in Africa itself, especially former British colonies.[3][186] There is a significant number of Chinese and British Chinese.[3][186] As of 2007[update], 22% of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families.[187] About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration.[188] Debate over immigration is politically prominent;[189] according to a Home Office poll, 80% of people want to cap it.[190] The ONS has projected that the population will grow by six million between 2004 and 2029.[191]
Language[link]
As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today. It is an Indo-European language in the Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family.[193] After the Norman conquest, the Old English language was displaced and confined to the lower social classes as Norman French and Latin were used by the aristocracy.
By the 15th century, English came back into fashion among all classes, though much changed; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the English Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins.[194] Modern English has extended this custom of flexibility, when it comes to incorporating words from different languages. Thanks in large part to the British Empire, the English language is the world's unofficial lingua franca.[195]
English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity, and includes language schooling, tourism spending, and publishing. There is no legislation mandating an official language for England,[196] but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinct regional accents, and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood everywhere in the country.
Cornish, which died out as a community language in the 18th century, is being revived,[197][198][199][200] and is now protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[201] It is spoken by 0.1% of people in Cornwall,[202] and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools.[203][204] State schools teach students a second language, usually French, German or Spanish.[205] Due to immigration, it was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a foreign language at home,[187] the most common being Punjabi and Urdu.[206]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in England
Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England, as it has been since the Early Middle Ages, although it was first introduced much earlier, in Gaelic and Roman times. It continued through Early Insular Christianity, and today about 72% of English people identify as Christians.[207] The largest form practised in the present day is Anglicanism,[208] dating from the 16th century Reformation period, with the 1536 split from Rome over Henry VIII wanting to divorce Catherine of Aragon, and the need for the Bible in the English tongue. The religion regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed.
There are High Church and Low Church traditions, and some Anglicans regard themselves as Anglo-Catholics, after the Tractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is a titular leader of the Church, acting as its Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are around 26 million adherents to the Church of England and they form part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as the symbolic worldwide head.[209] Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as Westminster Abbey, York Minster, Durham Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral.
The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, which traces its formal, corporate history in England to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the main religion on the entire island for around a thousand years. Since its reintroduction after the Catholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).[210] There has been one Pope from England to date, Adrian IV; while saints Bede and Anselm are regarded as Doctors of the Church.
A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley.[211] It gained popularity in the mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and amongst tin miners in Cornwall.[212] There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, Congregationalists, Unitarians and The Salvation Army.[213]
The patron saint of England is Saint George; he is represented in the national flag, as well as the Union Flag as part of a combination.[214][214] There are many other English and associated saints; some of the best known include: Cuthbert, Alban, Wilfrid, Aidan, Edward the Confessor, John Fisher, Thomas More, Petroc, Piran, Margaret Clitherow and Thomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised. Jews have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.[215] They were expelled from England in 1290 following the Edict of Expulsion, only to be allowed back in 1656.[215]
Especially since the 1950s, Eastern religions from the former British colonies have begun to appear, due to foreign immigration; Islam is the most common of these, accounting for around 3.1% of the population in England.[207] Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism are next in number, adding up to 2% combined,[207] introduced from India and South East Asia.[207] Around 14.6% have no religion.[207]
Education[link]
Main articles: Education in England and List of universities in England
The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.[216] State-run and -funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.[217] Of these, a minority are faith schools, primarily Church of England or Catholic. Between three and four is nursery school, 4 and 11 is primary school, and 11 to 16 is secondary school. After finishing compulsory education, pupils take a GCSE examination, following which they may decide to continue in further education for two years. Further education colleges, such as sixth form colleges are either separate or attached to the secondary school institution and prepare students to sit A-Level examinations, for higher education at universities.
Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, in some areas there are selective intake grammar schools, to which entrance is subject to passing the eleven plus exam. Around 7.2% of English schoolchildren attend private schools, which are funded by private sources.[218] Standards in state schools are monitored by the Office for Standards in Education, and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.[219]
Students normally enter universities in the United Kingdom from 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree. There are over 90 universities England, all but one of which are public. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England.[220] Students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance.[nb 7] The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then eligible for a postgraduate degree, a Master's degree, taking one year, or a Doctorate degree, which takes three.
England's universities include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world; the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, the University of Oxford and University College London are all ranked in the global top 10 in the 2010 QS World University Rankings.[221] The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.[222] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the Financial Times.[223] Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class).
The King's School, Canterbury and King's School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.[224] Many of England's better-known schools, such as Winchester College, Eton College, St Paul's School, Rugby School, and Harrow School are fee-paying institutions.[225]
Culture[link]
Main articles: Culture of England and English Renaissance
Architecture[link]
Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period, amongst the best known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg.[226] With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts.[227] It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England.[227] Another well preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset.[227]
Early Medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno—Saxon monasticism,[228][229] to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 various Castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their authority and in the north to protect from invasion. Some of the best known medieval castles include the Tower of London, Warwick Castle, Durham Castle and Windsor Castle amongst others.[230]
Throughout the Plantagenet era an English Gothic architecture flourished—the medieval cathedrals such as Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and York Minster are prime examples.[230] Expanding on the Norman base there was also castles, palaces, great houses, universities and parish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th century Tudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity, synthesised with Christianity appeared—the English Baroque style, architect Christopher Wren was particularly championed.[231]
Georgian architecture followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence of romanticism during Victorian period, a Gothic Revival was launched—in addition to this around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s various modernist forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places.[nb 8]
Folklore[link]
Main article: English folklore
English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elfs, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and dwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, for instance the tales featuring Offa of Angel and Wayland the Smith,[233] others date from after the Norman invasion; Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham being, perhaps, the best known.[234]
During the High Middle Ages tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore—the Arthurian myth.[235][236][237] These were derived from Anglo-Norman, French and Welsh sources,[236] featuring King Arthur, Camelot, Excalibur, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table such as Lancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together within Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.[nb 9] Another early figure from British tradition, King Cole, may have been based on a real figure from Sub-Roman Britain. Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make up part of the wider Matter of Britain, a collection of shared British folklore.
Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry, Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch.[239] On 5 November people make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot centred around Guy Fawkes. The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character, while Blackbeard is the archetypal pirate. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill.[240] There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard, the Morris costume and Beefeaters.[241]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: English cuisine
Since the Early Modern Period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.[242] During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance period, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the Industrial Revolution with the move away from the land and increasing urbanisation of the populace. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by the food critics with some good ratings in Restaurant's best restaurant in the world charts.[243] An early book of English recipes is the Forme of Cury from the royal court of Richard II.[244]
Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast, featuring a roasted joint, usually beef, lamb or chicken, served with assorted boiled vegetables, Yorkshire pudding and gravy.[245] Other prominent meals include fish and chips and the full English breakfast—consisting of bacon, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding, baked beans, fried mushrooms, sausages and eggs. Various meat pies are consumed such as steak and kidney pie, cottage pie, Cornish pasty and pork pie, the last of which is eaten cold.[245]
Sausages are commonly eaten, either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole. Lancashire hotpot is a well known stew. Some of the most popular cheeses are Cheddar and Wensleydale. Many Anglo-Indian hybrid dishes, curries, have been created such as chicken tikka masala and balti. Sweet English dishes include apple pie, mince pies, spotted dick, scones, Eccles cakes, custard and sticky toffee pudding. Common drinks include tea, whose popularity was increased by Catherine of Braganza,[246] while alcoholic drinks include wines, ciders and English beers such as bitter, mild, stout, and brown ale.[247]
Visual arts[link]
Main articles: English art and Arts Council England
The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces, most prominent in North Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria, but also feature further south, for example at Creswell Crags.[248] With the arrival of Roman culture in the 1st century, various forms of art utilising statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough.[249] During the Early Middle Ages the style was sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the Staffordshire Hoard discovered in 2009. Some of these blended Gaelic and Anglian styles, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and Vespasian Psalter.[250] Later Gothic art was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as Benedictional of St. Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter.[251]
The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of their court, portrait painting which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German Hans Holbein, natives such as Nicholas Hilliard built on this.[251] Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include—Anthony van Dyck, Peter Lely, Godfrey Kneller and William Dobson.[251] The 18th century was a time of significance with the founding of the Royal Academy, a classicism based on the High Renaissance prevailed—Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds became two of England's most treasured artists.[251]
The Norwich School continued the landscape tradition, while the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood with their vivid and detailed style revived the Early Renaissance style—Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais were leaders.[251] Prominent amongst 20th century artists was Henry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.[252] Contemporary painters include Lucian Freud, whose work Benefits Supervisor Sleeping in 2008 set a world record for sale value of a painting by a living artist.[253]
Literature, poetry and philosophy[link]
Main article: English literature
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Early authors such as Bede and Alcuin wrote in Latin.[254] The period of Old English literature provided the epic poem Beowulf and the secular prose of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,[255] along with Christian writings such as Judith, Cædmon's Hymn and hagiographies.[254] Following the Norman conquest Latin continued amongst the educated classes, as well as an Anglo-Norman literature.
Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer, author of The Canterbury Tales, along with Gower, the Pearl Poet and Langland. William of Ockham and Roger Bacon, who were Franciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. Julian of Norwich, who wrote Revelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style appeared. William Shakespeare, whose works include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature.[256]
Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sydney, Thomas Kyd, John Donne, and Ben Jonson are other established authors of the Elizabethan age.[257] Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism, including scientific method and social contract.[257] Filmer wrote on the Divine Right of Kings. Marvell was the best known poet of the Commonwealth,[258] while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration.
This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.
Some of the most prominent philosophers of the Enlightenment were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Samuel Johnson and Jeremy Bentham. More radical elements were later countered by Edmund Burke who is regarded as the founder of conservatism.[260] The poet Alexander Pope with his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role in romanticism: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, John Keats, Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake and William Wordsworth were major figures.[261]
In response to the Industrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way between liberty and tradition; William Cobbett, G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc were main exponents, while the founder of guild socialism, Arthur Penty, and cooperative movement advocate G. D. H. Cole are somewhat related.[262] Empiricism continued through John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell, while Bernard Williams was involved in analytics. Authors from around the Victorian era include Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, H. G. Wells, Lewis Carroll and Evelyn Underhill.[263] Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as C. S. Lewis, George Orwell, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, Enid Blyton, Aldous Huxley, Agatha Christie, Terry Pratchett, J. R. R. Tolkien, and J. K. Rowling.[264]
Performing arts[link]
Main articles: Folk music of England and Music of the United Kingdom
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The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Wynkyn de Worde printed ballads of Robin Hood from the 16th century are an important artefact, as are John Playford's The Dancing Master and Robert Harley's Roxburghe Ballads collections.[265] Some of the best known songs are The Good Old Way, Pastime with Good Company, Maggie May and Spanish Ladies amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roses are red, Jack and Jill, Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush and Humpty Dumpty.[266]
Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas Tallis and William Byrd, followed up by Henry Purcell from the Baroque period. German-born George Frideric Handel became a British subject[267] and spent most of his composing life in London, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, The Messiah, Water Music, and Music for the Royal Fireworks. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led by Benjamin Britten, Frederick Delius, Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams and others.[268] Present-day composers from England include Michael Nyman, best known for The Piano.
In the field of popular music many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such as The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Elton John, Queen, Rod Stewart and The Rolling Stones are among the highest selling recording artists in the world.[269] Many musical genres have origins or strong associations with England, such as British invasion, hard rock, glam rock, heavy metal, mod, britpop, drum and bass, progressive rock, punk rock, indie rock, gothic rock, shoegazing, acid house, UK garage, trip hop and dubstep.[270]
Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular, such as Glastonbury, V Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals. The most prominent opera house in England is the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden.[271] The Proms, a season of orchestral classical music concerts held at the Royal Albert Hall, is a major cultural event held annually.[271] The Royal Ballet is one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies, its reputation built on two prominent figures of 20th century dance, prima ballerina Margot Fonteyn and choreographer Frederick Ashton.
Museums, libraries, and galleries[link]
Further information: Museums in England
English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The charity National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty holds a contrasting role. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England.[272] Some of the best known of these include; Hadrian's Wall, Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, Tower of London, Jurassic Coast, Saltaire, Ironbridge Gorge, Studley Royal Park and various others.[273]
There are many museums in England, but the most notable is London's British Museum. Its collection of more than seven million objects[274] is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world,[275] sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats; including around 25 million books.[276] The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.[277] The Tate galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the famously controversial Turner Prize.[278]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sport in England
England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century codified many sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include association football,[280] cricket, rugby union, rugby league, tennis, badminton, squash,[281] rounders,[282] hockey, boxing, snooker, billiards, darts, table tennis, bowls, netball, thoroughbred horseracing and fox hunting. It has helped the development of sailing and Formula One. Football is the most popular of these sports. The England national football team, whose home venue is Wembley Stadium, won the 1966 FIFA World Cup against the Germany national football team where they won it 4–2 in extra time helped by the fact that Geoff Hurst scored a hatrick.[283] That was the year the country hosted the competition.
At club level England is recognised by FIFA as the birth-place of club football, due to Sheffield FC founded in 1857 being the oldest club.[280] The Football Association is the oldest of its kind, FA Cup and The Football League were the first cup and league competitions respectively. In the modern day the Premier League is the world's most lucrative football league[284] and amongst the elite.[285] The European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) has been won by Liverpool, Manchester United, Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa and Chelsea, while Arsenal, and Leeds United have reached the final.[286]
Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the Weald.[287] The England cricket team is a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries is The Ashes series between England and Australia, contested since 1882. The finale of the 2009 Ashes was watched by nearly 2 million people, although the climax of the 2005 Ashes was viewed by 7.4 million as it was available on terrestrial television.[288] England are the current holders of the trophy and are ranked 1st in Test and 4th in One Day International cricket.[289]
England has hosted four Cricket World Cups (1975, 1979, 1983, 1999) and the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009. There are several domestic level competitions, including the County Championship in which Yorkshire are by far the most successful club having won the competition 31 times.[290] Lord's Cricket Ground situated in London is sometimes referred to as the "Mecca of Cricket".[291] William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games. London hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1948, and will host them again in 2012. England competes in the Commonwealth Games, held every four years. Sport England is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. A Grand Prix is held at Silverstone.[292]
The England rugby union team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup, the country was one of the host nations of the competition in the 1991 Rugby World Cup and is set to host the 2015 Rugby World Cup.[293] The top level of club participation is the English Premiership. Leicester Tigers, London Wasps, Bath Rugby and Northampton Saints have had success in the Europe-wide Heineken Cup. In another form of the sport—rugby league which was born in Huddersfield in 1895, the England national rugby league team are ranked third in the world and first in Europe.
Since 2008 England has been a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team, which won three World Cups but is now retired. Club sides play in Super League, the present-day embodiment of the Rugby Football League Championship. Some of the most successful clubs include Wigan Warriors, St Helens, Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants; the former three have all won the World Club Challenge previously. The United Kingdom is to host the 2013 Rugby League World Cup.[294] In tennis, the Wimbledon Championships are the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely considered the most prestigious.[295][296]
National symbols[link]
Main article: National symbols of England
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The St George's Cross has been the national flag of England since the 13th century. Originally the flag was used by the maritime Republic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to the Doge of Genoa from 1190 onwards, so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with Saint George, along with countries and cities, which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner.[297] Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of the Union Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by King James I.[214]
_Rose.jpg)
There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the Tudor rose, the nation's floral emblem, the White Dragon, and the Three Lions featured on the Royal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace.[298] It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the white rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians—cadet branches of the Plantagenets who went to war over control of the nation. It is also known as the Rose of England.[299] The oak tree is a symbol of England, representing strength and endurance. The term Royal Oak alludes to the escape of King Charles II from the grasp of the parliamentarians after his father's execution: he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before safely reaching exile.
The Royal Arms of England, a national coat of arms featuring three lions, originated with its adoption by Richard the Lionheart in 1198. It is blazoned as gules, three lions passant guardant or and it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England; it is similar to the traditional arms of Normandy. England does not have an official designated national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has God Save the Queen. However, the following are often considered unofficial English national anthems: Jerusalem, Land of Hope and Glory (used for England during the 2002 Commonwealth Games),[300] and I Vow to Thee, My Country. England's National Day is 23 April which is St George's Day: St George is the patron saint of England.[301]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ English is established by de facto usage.
- ^ Assigned on a United Kingdom basis, not constituent country
- ^ According to the European Statistical Agency, London is the largest Larger Urban Zone which uses conurbations and areas of high population as its definition. A ranking of population within municipal boundaries places London first. However, the University of Avignon in France claims that Paris is first and London second when including the whole urban area and hinterland, that is the outlying cities as well.
- ^ As Roger Scruton explains, "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make substantial change in doctrine".[60]
- ^ Figure of 550,000 military deaths is for England and Wales[78]
- ^ For instance, in 1980 around 50 million Americans claimed English ancestry.[176] In Canada there are around 6.5 million Canadians who claim English ancestry.[177] Around 70% of Australians in 1999 denoted their origins as Anglo-Celtic, a category which includes all peoples from Great Britain and Ireland.[178] Chileans of English descent are somewhat of an anomaly in that Chile itself was never part of the British Empire, but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins living there.[179]
- ^ Students attending English universities now have to pay tuition fees towards the cost of their education, as do English students who choose to attend university in Scotland. Scottish students attending Scottish universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish Parliament.[96]
- ^ While people such as Norman Foster and Richard Rogers represent the modernist movement, Prince Charles since the 1980s has voiced strong views against it in favour of traditional architecture and put his ideas into practice at his Poundbury development in Dorset.[232] Architects like Raymond Erith, Francis Johnson and Quinlan Terry continued to practice in the classical style.
- ^ These tales may have come to prominence, at least in part, as an attempt by the Norman ruling elite to legitimise their rule of the British Isles, finding Anglo-Saxon history ill-suited to the task during an era when members of the deposed House of Wessex, especially Edgar the Ætheling and his nephews of the Scottish House of Dunkeld, were still active in the isles.[236][238] Also Michael Wood explains; "Over the centuries the figure of Arthur became a symbol of British history—a way of explaining the matter of Britain, the relationship between the Saxons and the Celts, and a way of exorcising ghosts and healing the wounds of the past."[235]
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External links[link]
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| Personal information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Shane Keith Warne | |||
| Born | (1969-09-13) 13 September 1969 (age 42) Upper Ferntree Gully, Victoria, Australia |
|||
| Nickname | Warnie, King of Spin, Sheik of Tweak | |||
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | |||
| Batting style | Right-handed, Lower order | |||
| Bowling style | Right-arm leg break | |||
| Role | Leg spin bowler | |||
| International information | ||||
| National side | Australia | |||
| Test debut (cap 350) | 2 January 1992 v India | |||
| Last Test | 2 January 2007 v England | |||
| ODI debut (cap 110) | 24 March 1993 v New Zealand | |||
| Last ODI | 10 January 2005 World XI v Asia XI | |||
| ODI shirt no. | 23 | |||
| Domestic team information | ||||
| Years | Team | |||
| 1990/91–2006/07 | Victoria (squad no. 23) | |||
| 2000–2007 | Hampshire (squad no. 23) | |||
| 2008–2011 | Rajasthan Royals (squad no. 23) | |||
| 2011/12– | Melbourne Stars (squad no. 23) | |||
| Career statistics | ||||
| Competition | Tests | ODIs | FC | LA |
| Matches | 145 | 194 | 301 | 311 |
| Runs scored | 3,154 | 1,018 | 6,919 | 1,879 |
| Batting average | 17.32 | 13.05 | 19.43 | 11.81 |
| 100s/50s | 0/12 | 0/1 | 2/26 | 0/1 |
| Top score | 99 | 55 | 107* | 55 |
| Balls bowled | 40,704 | 10,642 | 74,830 | 16,419 |
| Wickets | 708 | 293 | 1,319 | 473 |
| Bowling average | 25.41 | 25.73 | 26.11 | 24.61 |
| 5 wickets in innings | 37 | 1 | 69 | 3 |
| 10 wickets in match | 10 | n/a | 12 | n/a |
| Best bowling | 8/71 | 5/33 | 8/71 | 6/42 |
| Catches/stumpings | 125/– | 80/– | 264/– | 126/– |
| Source: cricketarchive.com, 29 March 2008 | ||||
Shane Keith Warne (born 13 September 1969) is a former Australian international cricketer widely regarded as one of the greatest bowlers in the history of the game.[1] In 2000, he was selected by a panel of cricket experts as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Century, the only specialist bowler selected in the quintet and the only one still playing at the time. He is also a cricket commentator and a professional poker player.
Warne played his first Test match in 1992, and his 708 wickets was the record for the most wickets taken by any bowler in Test cricket, until it was broken by Sri Lanka's Muttiah Muralitharan on 3 December 2007. He took over 1000 international wickets (in Tests and One-Day Internationals)—he was the second bowler to reach this milestone after Muttiah Muralitharan.[2] A useful lower-order batsman, Warne also scored over 3000 Test runs, and he holds the record for most Test runs without a century. His career was plagued by scandals off the field; these included a ban from cricket for testing positive for a prohibited substance, charges of bringing the game into disrepute by accepting money from bookmakers, and sexual indiscretions.
As well as Australia, he also played Australian domestic cricket for his home state of Victoria, and English domestic cricket for Hampshire. He was captain of Hampshire for three seasons, from 2005 to 2007.
He retired from international cricket in January 2007, at the end of Australia's 5–0 Ashes series victory over England. Three other players integral to the Australian team at the time, Glenn McGrath, Damien Martyn and Justin Langer, also retired from Tests at the same time which led some, including the Australian captain, Ricky Ponting, to declare it the "end of an era".[3]
Following his retirement from international cricket, Warne played a full season at Hampshire in 2007. He had been scheduled to appear in the 2008 English cricket season, but in late March 2008 he announced his retirement from playing first-class cricket in order to be able to spend more time pursuing interests outside of cricket.[4] In March 2008, Warne signed to play in the Indian Premier League for the Jaipur team, Rajasthan Royals in the first edition of the tournament, where he played the roles of both captain and coach. He led his team to victory against the Chennai Super Kings in a cliffhanger of a final match on 1 June 2008.
Contents
|
Youth and early cricket career[link]
Warne's first representative honours came when in 1983/84 season he represented University of Melbourne Cricket Club in the then Victorian Cricket Association under 16 Dowling Shield competition. He bowled a mixture of leg-spin and off-spin and was also a handy lower order batsman. The following season he joined the St Kilda Cricket Club near his home town of Black Rock. He started in the lower elevens and over a number of seasons progressed to the first eleven. He was later chosen to train at the AIS Australian Cricket Academy in 1990 in Adelaide.[5]
Warne joined English team Accrington Cricket Club in 1991. He enjoyed a good season with the ball, taking 73 wickets at 15.4 each, but scored only 330 runs at an average of 15.0. The committee at Accrington Cricket Club decided not to re-engage him for the 1992 Lancashire League season as he was seen not to be good enough.[citation needed]
Warne made his first-class cricket debut on 15 February 1991, taking 0/61 and 1/41 for Victoria against Western Australia at the Junction Oval in Melbourne. He was then selected for the Australia B team which toured Zimbabwe in September 1991. His best performance was 7/52 in a four-day match. Upon returning to Australia, Warne took 3/14 and 4/42 for Australia A against India in December 1991. The incumbent spinner in the Australian Test Team, Peter Taylor, had taken only one wicket in the first two tests, so Warne was brought into the team for the Third Test against India at the Sydney Cricket Ground a week later.
International career[link]
Early international career (1992–1993)[link]
Warne had an undistinguished Test debut when called into the Australian team in January 1992 for a Test against India at the Sydney Cricket Ground. He took 1/150 (Ravi Shastri caught by Dean Jones for 206) off 45 overs. He took 0/78 in the fourth Test in Adelaide, recording overall figures of 1/228 for the series, and was dropped for the fifth Test on the pace-friendly WACA Ground in Perth. His poor form continued in the first innings against Sri Lanka at Colombo, in which he recorded 0/107. However, a spell of 3/11 in the second innings precipitated the hosts' second innings collapse and contributed to a remarkable Australian win.
However, Warne's performances in the last two Tests in Sri Lanka were not to the satisfaction of the selectors, and he was dropped for the First Test against the West Indies in the 1992–93 Australian season. Greg Matthews played in Warne's place and despite Australia being in a strong position on the final day, was unable to dismiss the tourists on a turning surface. Warne was thus recalled for the Second Test in Melbourne, where he took 7/52 in a match-winning performance in the second innings.
Path to 300 Test wickets (1993–1999)[link]
In 1993, Warne was selected for Australia's Ashes tour of England. He was the leading wicket taker for the six-Test series, with 34.[6] His first ball of the series was written into the history books as the "Ball of the Century", bowling the experienced English batsman Mike Gatting with a ball that turned from well outside leg stump to clip the off bail.[7] He took 71 Test wickets in 1993, then a record for a spin bowler in a calendar year.[8] New Zealand batsmen contributed significantly to his tally. He took 17 wickets in Australia's tour of New Zealand early in the year, tying Danny Morrison as the top wicket-taker for the series with 17. When New Zealand toured Australia for three Tests in November and December, Warne took 18 more and was named player of the series.[9][10][11]
Warne featured in South Africa's tour of Australia in 1993–94 and Australia's return tour in March 1994. In the second Test of South Africa's tour, held at the Sydney Cricket Ground, Warne took ten wickets in a Test for the first time in his career. His 7/56 in the first innings and 5/72 in the second was not enough to secure victory for Australia; Warne was part of an Australian batting collapse on the final day of the Test that handed South Africa the win.[12]
Australia sought to retain The Ashes when England toured for a five Test series in 1994–95. Warne took a career-best 8/71 in the second innings of the first Test at The Gabba,[13] before going on to take 27 wickets in the five-Test series.[14] In the Second Test at Warne's home ground, the Melbourne Cricket Ground, he took his first and only Test hat-trick, dismissing tail-enders Phil DeFreitas, Darren Gough and Devon Malcolm in successive balls. It was the first hat-trick by an Australian bowler in a Test against England since Hugh Trumble's at the same ground in 1904.[15] However it was with the bat that Warne ultimately secured The Ashes for Australia. In the Third Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground, he and fellow tail-ender Tim May survived the final 19 overs on the fifth day in fading light to secure a draw and a 2–0 series lead that meant Australia would retain The Ashes regardless of the result of the fourth and fifth Tests.[16] Later in 1995, he toured the West Indies, taking 15 wickets over four Tests as Australia defeated the West Indies in a Test series for the first time in almost 20 years.[17]
In the summer of 1995–96, Australia played home series against Pakistan and Sri Lanka. He took 11 wickets in the first Test against Pakistan but broke his toe in the second. Selectors included him in the squad for the third Test just days later to give him the chance to prove his fitness; he did so by taking four wickets in Pakistan's first innings and another four in their second to be named the player of the series.[18][19]
Warne was to be a key member of Australia's squad for the 1996 World Cup, held in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Australia qualified for the final, with Warne having taken 12 wickets, including a man-of-the-match 4/36 in the semi-final against the West Indies.[20] Ahead of the final against Sri Lanka, Australian captain Mark Taylor publicly declared that Warne was not "vital" to his team, emphasising that Warne alone could not win the World Cup.[21] Warne conceded 58 runs for no wickets in the final; Australia lost the match to first-time champions Sri Lanka.[22]
The West Indies toured Australia for a five-Test series in the summer of 1996–97. Warne took 22 wickets in the series, and a further 11 in Australia's three-Test tour of South Africa early in 1997.[23] In the northern summer, Warne returned to England with the Australian team to attempt to retain The Ashes. After struggling for form early in the tour, Warne took 24 wickets at an average of 24.04 as Australia won the six-Test series 3–2.[24][25]
The following Australian summer (1997–98) saw a continued flow of wickets for Warne. He picked up 19 in New Zealand's three-Test series in Australia, before taking 20 wickets in three Tests against South Africa.[23] In the second of those three, he took five wickets in the first innings and six in the second, while becoming the second Australian after Dennis Lillee to take 300 Test wickets.[26][27] At the beginning of the summer, the Australian media had criticised Warne for his weight; now, The Australian wrote that he was one of Australia's three most "influential" cricketers (with Donald Bradman and Dennis Lillee).[28] Journalist and former English cricketer Derek Pringle observed as Warne passed the 300 Test wicket mark at the age of 28: "we are in the presence of true greatness and not some pretender to the great figures in the game's history."[29]
Later in 1998, Warne was a member of Australia's touring squad of India. Finding Indian food not to his liking, he had spaghetti and baked beans flown in from Australia. With Australia's two top pace bowlers Glenn McGrath and Jason Gillespie missing the tour due to injury, Warne shouldered more of the bowling burden. He took 10 wickets, but conceding 54 runs each, going for 0/147 in India's only innings of the second and series-winning Test in Calcutta. Australia lost the series, breaking a run of nine Test series victories.[30][31]
Warne did not play international cricket again until the fifth Test of the Ashes series in Australia in January 1999, suffering a shoulder injury. He missed Australia's tour of Pakistan and the first four Ashes Tests.[32] At the time, he was also at the centre of the John the bookmaker controversy. In early December 1998, the Australian Cricket Board revealed that three years earlier it had fined Warne and Mark Waugh for accepting money from a bookmaker for giving information about pitch and weather conditions.[33] Warne's extended absence from the Australian team gave his understudy Stuart MacGill the opportunity to play in his place. MacGill responded by taking 15 wickets in three Tests against Pakistan—the most for any bowler in the series—and another series-high 27 wickets against England. Warne and MacGill bowled in tandem upon Warne's return to the team for the fifth Ashes Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground, where MacGill took 12 wickets and Warne two.[34]
Vice-captaincy of Australia (1999–2000)[link]
The Ashes series was the last for Australian captain Mark Taylor, who retired. Steve Waugh was appointed as Taylor's replacement, while Warne was promoted to the position of vice-captain.[35] However, he was dropped from the Test team during Australia's tour of the West Indies in early 1999. Warne took just two wickets in the first three Tests of the series, leading to calls from the Australian media for his removal from the team.[36] He was replaced for the final Test by off-spinner Colin Miller. Miller and MacGill took eight wickets between them as Australia won the Test to retain the Frank Worrell Trophy.[37] Warne's form recovered in the ODI series against the West Indies, and he was selected to play in the 1999 World Cup in the United Kingdom.[38] Just before the start of the World Cup, he was given a fine and a two-match suspended ban by the International Cricket Council for telling a newspaper about Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga that: "There is plenty of animosity between Arjuna and myself. I don't like him and I'm not in a club of one".[39]
Australia were seeking to win their first World Cup since 1987. Warne took 12 wickets in the preliminary phases of the tournament as Australia qualified for a semi-final against South Africa. While the match became notable for the dramatic fashion in which Australia won, Warne was the man of the match, dismissing four key South African batsmen: Herschelle Gibbs, Gary Kirsten, Hansie Cronje and Jacques Kallis.[40] Australia faced Pakistan in the tournament's Final. Pakistan batted first, and were all out for only 132; Warne took 4/33. Australia chased down the target comfortably to win the World Cup. Warne was the tournament's joint top wicket-taker with Geoff Allott and was named the man of the match in the Final.[41]
After his World Cup performances, Warne was retained as Australia's vice-captain for the tours of Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe later in 1999.[37] The following Australian summer, he played in all Tests of the series against Pakistan and India. He reached his highest score with the bat in the first Test against Pakistan in Brisbane, with 86, before matching that score in the first Test against India in Adelaide the following month.[42] Warne's performances in the Brisbane Test were overshadowed by the Joe the Cameraman controversy, in which a jibe about the abilities of Australian bowler Scott Muller was picked up by an on-field microphone during the match. Channel Nine cameraman subsequently confessed to making the "can't bowl, can't throw" remark that many had believed was made by Warne.[43] Warne took 18 wickets over the six summer Tests and Australia won both series 3–0.[23] He then took another 15 wickets in Australia's 3–0 sweep of New Zealand in March 2000.[44] In the first Test of the series at Eden Park, he surpassed Dennis Lillee (with 355 wickets) as Australia's leading ever wicket-taker.[45]
Warne joined English county side Hampshire in 2000 and played for them during the year's English summer. Reports emerged that during the county season he had repeatedly sent lewd SMS messages to an English nurse. In August 2000, the Australian Cricket Board removed him as Australia's vice-captain, citing his history of indiscretions off the field. The Board's decision was contrary to the wishes of the team's selectors, including captain Steve Waugh. Warne was replaced as vice-captain by Adam Gilchrist.[46]
Wickets and injuries (2001–2003)[link]
Warne missed the entire Australian summer of 2000–01 with a finger injury, and found himself battling Stuart MacGill and an in-form Colin Miller to be selected for Australia's tour of India in early 2001.[47] MacGill was ultimately the spinner left out. Warne took 10 wickets over the three-Test series at an average of 50.50. His Indian spin counterpart Harbhajan Singh was the man of the series with 32 wickets at an average of 17.03.[48] Australia lost the series 2–1.[49] In the northern summer of 2001, Warne made his third Ashes tour and took 31 wickets in the five-Test series, which Australia won 4–1.[50] He took three five-wicket hauls in the series.[51] In the final Test at The Oval he took 11 wickets across both innings, including the 400th wicket of his Test career (Alec Stewart). He became the sixth person and the first Australian in the history of cricket to reach the milestone.[52]
In the 2001–02 Australian summer, Australia played home series against New Zealand and against South Africa. Warne took six wickets in three Tests against New Zealand, and in the third Test in Perth made his highest career score with the bat in international cricket. He was caught at mid-wicket off the bowling of Daniel Vettori while on 99 runs, one run short of a maiden Test century.[53] He took 17 wickets in the three Tests against South Africa—more than any other player—including a five-wicket haul (5/113) in the first innings of the first Test.[54][55] Warne was again the leading wicket-taker when Australia played a three-Test series in South Africa in February and March 2002, with 20 dismissals.[56] In February 2002, Ricky Ponting replaced Steve Waugh as captain of Australia's ODI squad. The elevation of Ponting—five years younger than Warne—appeared to extinguish any prospect of Warne ever being appointed to captain Australia.[57]
Australia played a three-Test series against Pakistan in October 2002, held in neutral Sri Lanka and the United Arab Emirates. Warne, who had lost weight over the previous months, took 27 wickets, was named the player of the series, and was man of the match in the first Test (with 11 wickets) and the third Test (with eight wickets).[58][59][60][61] He returned to Australia for the Ashes series against England, starting in November 2002. He scored a half-century (57) with the bat in the first Test, before taking 11 wickets in the first three Tests of the series. However, in an ODI in December 2002, he suffered a shoulder injury.[62] The injury not only ruled him out of the remainder of the Ashes series, but put him in doubt for the World Cup, due to commence in February 2003.[63]
Ban from cricket (2003)[link]
In February 2003, a day befre the start of the World Cup, Warne was sent home after a drug test during a one-day series in Australia returned a positive result for a banned diuretic.[64] Warne claimed that he took only one of what he called a "fluid tablet" – the prescription drug Moduretic – given to him by his mother to improve his appearance.[65] A committee established by the Australian Cricket Board found Warne guilty of breaching the Board's drug code, and imposed a one-year ban from organised cricket.[66]
At the time, Warne took the view that the ban imposed would lengthen his Test playing career.[67] That Warne was allowed to play in charity matches while serving his one year ban was criticised by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)[68] although WADA, in turn, was criticised by Warne for interfering in the matter.[69]
During his suspension, Warne was hired by the Nine Network, Australia's main free-to-air cricket broadcaster, as a commentator.[70] During the winter of 2003, he worked for the St Kilda Australian rules football club in an unpaid consultancy role, after the Australian Football League disallowed him from holding an official club position because of his drugs ban.[71] He also received invitations to play in various celebrity "park cricket" teams, and the newly renamed Cricket Australia reversed its decision on whether Warne, as a contracted player, should be allowed to play in such matches. He also became a TV commentator for Channel 9.[72]
Return to cricket (2004–2006)[link]
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This section requires expansion with: examples and descriptions covering the period 2005–2006. |
Warne returned to competitive cricket following his ban in February 2004.[73] In March, in the first Test of a three-Test series against Sri Lanka in Galle, he became the second cricketer after Courtney Walsh to take 500 Test wickets.[74] Warne took five wickets in each innings of the first and second Tests; a further six wickets in the third Test saw him named the player of the series.[75] He broke the record for most career wickets in Test cricket on 15 October 2004 during the second Test of Australia's series against India at Chennai. His dismissal of Irfan Pathan, caught at slip by Matthew Hayden, saw him overtake his Sri Lankan rival, Muttiah Muralitharan, with 533 wickets. Muralitharan, who was injured at the time, had taken the record himself from Courtney Walsh five months earlier.[76][77] Australia won the series 2–1; it was Australia's first series win in India since 1969. Warne's 14 wickets at an average of 30.07 was a marked improvement on his previous performances in India, when in six Tests he had taken 20 wickets at an average of 52 runs each.[78][79]
On 11 August 2005 at Old Trafford, in the Third Ashes Test, he became the first bowler in history to take 600 Test wickets. In 2005, Warne also broke the record for the number of wickets in a calendar year, with 96 wickets. His ferocious competitiveness was a feature of the 2005 Ashes series, when he took 40 wickets at an average of 19.92 and scored 249 runs.
International retirement (2006–2007)[link]
Warne began his 2006/07 Ashes campaign with an indifferent Test in Brisbane and a poor first innings showing in Adelaide. However, his second innings heroics, including bowling Kevin Pietersen around the legs, triggered England's fifth-day collapse and Australia's historic victory. Warne again bowled well in the second innings in the third Test, and took the final wicket of Monty Panesar as Australia regained the Ashes.
On 21 December 2006 Warne announced his retirement, which came into effect after the fifth Ashes Test match at the SCG. He became the first cricketer to reach the 700-wicket milestone in his second last Test, on Boxing Day 2006. Warne said that it was his intention to "go out on top", adding that he might have retired after the 2005 Ashes series, had Australia won. Warne achieved his 700th test wicket at 3.18 pm on 26 December 2006[80] (AEST) by bowling English batsman Andrew Strauss out at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, in what was almost certainly his final appearance at the ground. This was the first occasion that a player had taken 700 career wickets. The wicket was described as a "classic Warne dismissal" to which the crowd of 89,155 gave a standing ovation.[81]
Warne's final Test was held at the same venue has his first, 15 years earlier: the Sydney Cricket Ground. Warne ended England's first innings by trapping Monty Panesar lbw for a duck and his 1000th total international wicket. His final Test wicket was the wicket of English all-rounder Andrew Flintoff, stumped by Adam Gilchrist near the end of Day 3.[82]
In 2007, Cricket Australia and Sri Lanka Cricket decided to name the Australia- Sri Lanka Test cricket series, Warne-Muralidaran Trophy in honour of Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan[83]
Twenty20 career (2008–present)[link]
After his retirement from international cricket, Warne was signed as the captain for Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League 2008, fetching US$450,000 in the pre-season player auction.[84] He led the Royals to victory in the first season of the competition.[85] He continued as captain of the Royals for a further four seasons, the 2011 season being his last with the franchise.[86][87]
Warne was signed as a player for the Melbourne Stars in Australia's inaugural Big Bash League in November 2011. The Stars qualified for the semi-finals of the tournament, and Warne took seven wickets in eight matches at an economy rate of 6.74 runs conceded per over.[88]
Playing style and influence[link]
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After an inauspicious start to his Test career, Warne revolutionised cricket thinking with his mastery of leg spin, which many cricket followers had come to regard as a dying art due to its immense difficulty of execution. For all his on-pitch and off-pitch controversies, Warne's place in cricketing posterity has been assured by the fact that he has overturned the domination of cricket by fast bowling that had prevailed for two decades before his debut. Despite the presence of high quality spin bowlers such as the Indian spin quartet of the 1970s or Abdul Qadir on the Test scene, Australia's fast bowlers Dennis Lillee and Jeff Thomson had dominated cricket in the early 1970s. Furthermore, from 1976 until the early 1990s, the West Indies had lost only one (ill-tempered and controversial) Test series with a bowling attack almost exclusively comprising fast bowlers. In the early 1990s, with the West Indies on the wane, Waqar Younis and Wasim Akram of Pakistan were assuming the mantle of the world's most feared bowling combination. It was in that context that Warne's tormenting of batsmen became so significant rather than his actual statistics. His humiliation of Mike Gatting and subsequent dominance, in particular, of English and South African batsmen, provided a welcome sight for cricket watchers weary of the relentless intimidation by West Indian bowlers of the 1980s and 1990s. His treatment of South African batsman Daryl Cullinan was such that Cullinan was said to have sought the help of a therapist to overcome Warne's psychological hold.[89]
Warne combined the ability to turn the ball prodigiously, even on unhelpful pitches, with unerring accuracy and a variation of deliveries (notable among these being the flipper) In the latter stages of his career, variation was less evident, despite regular press conferences announcing a "new" delivery for each series he participated in. Gideon Haigh, the Australian journalist, said of Warne upon his retirement: "It was said of Augustus that he found Rome brick and left it marble: the same is true of Warne and spin bowling."[90]
Where my ability to spin a cricket ball came from, I honestly don't know. I can only think that I was born with it. I have a skill as cricketer and fortunately cricket found me.[91]
– Shane Warne
Many of his most spectacular performances have occurred in Ashes series against England In particular, the famous "Gatting Ball", otherwise known as the "Ball of the Century" which spun sharply and bowled a bemused Mike Gatting in the 1993 Ashes series. Conversely, he has struggled against India, particularly against Sachin Tendulkar: his bowling average against India is 47.18 runs per wicket, compared with his overall average of less than 26.[92] In fairness to Warne, other foreign spinners have also struggled against India in recent years; Warne's contemporary off-spinner rival, Muttiah Muralitharan, for instance, has a much higher bowling average (39.58 as at 2009) in Tests played in India than his overall Test figures.[93]
As well as his Test career Warne has been highly effective bowling in one-day cricket, something few other leg spin bowlers have managed. He also captained Australia on several occasions in One Day Internationals, winning ten matches and losing only one. Warne was instrumental in helping Australia win the 1999 Cricket World Cup in England. His performances in the semifinal against South Africa and in the final against Pakistan helped him get Man of the Match Awards. Warne had intended to retire from ODI cricket at the end of the 2003 World Cup: as it transpired, his last game for Australia was in January 2003. However, he did appear for the ICC World XI for the Tsunami benefit match in 2005.
Warne is also noted for his exuberant (and sometimes effective) lower-order batting, once famously being dismissed for 99 with a reckless shot on what was later shown to be a no ball. In fact, of all Test cricketers Warne has scored the most Test runs without having scored a century, with two scores in the nineties being his best efforts (99 and 91). Warne is also third overall in the most international test ducks. Of players who have batted in more than 175 Test innings, his proportion of dismissals by being out bowled is the lowest, at under seven percent.[94] In 2006 Warne and Glenn McGrath reportedly lost a bet of which bowler would be the first to get a Test century with fellow Australian bowler Jason Gillespie after Gillespie scored a record double-century as a nightwatchman against Bangladesh.
Warne has also been a successful slip fielder, and is currently seventh in the list of most catches as a fielder in test cricket.
Outside cricket[link]
Media[link]
On 13 July 2005, Australia's Nine Network announced it would not renew Warne's commentating contract, worth around A$300,000 annually.[95] Warne had previously been seen as a future member of the Nine cricket commentary team, and had done commentary work during his one-year ban from cricket in 2003. He later rejoined Nine in 2008, and was signed by Sky Sports in 2009.[96]
Warne took over from Ally McCoist as a team captain on the BBC television sports quiz A Question of Sport in September 2007.
In 2010, the Nine Network commissioned a chat show hosted by Warne, entitled Warnie. The program debuted on 24 November 2010, with Warne interviewing James Packer.[97] Celebrities interviewed on the programme included then captain of the Australian cricket team Ricky Ponting, and the singers Chris Martin and Susan Boyle.[98][99] The program experienced spiralling audience figures and was axed before its final scheduled episode, although the network denied that it had been cancelled due to poor ratings.[100]
Endorsements[link]
In 2005, Shane Warne signed a lucrative multi-year sponsorship deal[101][102] with Messages On Hold. The irony of Warne promoting On Hold phone messages after weathering the ignominy of several SMS/text messaging scandals was not lost on the spin bowler.[103] Several media sources, and even Messages On Hold’s own promotional materials quote him as saying, “Trust me with this recommendation—I know a thing or two about spin."[104]
Warne also does promotional work for hair-loss-recovery company Advanced Hair. This matter was investigated by the British Advertising Standards Authority in relation to an illegal celebrity endorsement of medical services.[105] In response to the investigation Warne stated "There's only one thing that worries me, and that's hair loss."[citation needed] He also does an ad with commentator Mark Sheridan, which is also pending investigation. They both wear brown in this ad as a protest to the British Advertising Standards Authority.
Warne has also endorsed the Codemaster video games Shane Warne Cricket and Shane Warne Cricket '99. Outside Australia these were known as Brian Lara Cricket and Brian Lara Cricket '99.
For the 2007/08 Australian cricket series, Warne took over as Victoria Bitter spokesperson from David Boon in the Boonanza promotion.[106] Warne had a talking figurine as part of the promotion, which continued from the "Talking Boony" doll.[107]
In January 2008, Warne signed a two year agreement with 888 Poker (owned by 888 Holdings PLC, a public listed company in London) to represent them at poker events around the world including the Aussie Millions, World Series of Poker and the 888 UK Poker Open.
Personal life[link]
Warne was born in Upper Ferntree Gully, Victoria to parents Keith and Bridgette, and grew up in Black Rock, Victoria. He went to Oakleigh South Primary School for one year. He attended Mentone Grammar School on a sporting scholarship and was the school's captain of cricket. He has three children — Brooke, Summer and Jackson — with his ex-wife Simone Callahan.
Since retirement, Warne has been doing "work for the Shane Warne Foundation... [which] assists seriously ill and underprivileged children."[108] Since launching in 2004, the charity has distributed £400,000; Warne is organising a poker tournament and a breakfast and "by the end of our summer, we hope to have raised £1.5million."[108]
Marital infidelities[link]
Warne's private life has been beset by scandals and subjected to scrutiny by British tabloid newspapers. He came under criticism for text messaging a woman while on tour in South Africa, accused of sending lewd and harassing messages. However, the woman who made the claims was subsequently charged with extortion in her own country.[109]
In 2000, he was stripped of the Australian vice-captaincy after bombarding a British nurse with erotic text messages. He was also involved in an altercation with some teenage boys who took a photo of him smoking; Warne had accepted a sponsorship of a nicotine patch company in return for quitting smoking.[110]
Further allegations of Warne having extramarital affairs broke in 2005 as Australia began its tour of England in preparation for The Ashes. On 25 June 2005, Warne and his wife Simone Callahan announced that they had decided to separate.
On 7 May 2006, the News of the World tabloid newspaper published pictures of Warne standing in his underwear with a pair of 25-year-old models, as well as explicit text messages allegedly from Warne.[111]
On 1 April 2007, Warne and his wife were reported to be getting back together.[112] However, in September 2007, Simone returned to Australia from England after her husband had accidentally sent a text message meant for another woman to her phone.[113][114]
Warne's history of high-profile marital infidelities inspired Australian singer-songwriter Kevin Bloody Wilson's 2003 music video entitled "The Shane Warne Song" as well as lines in Tim Minchin's "Some People Have It Worse Than Me" and "The JLA Song".
Relationships post divorce[link]
On 12 December 2010, following press reports and footage of him and English actress Elizabeth Hurley kissing, Warne announced via his Twitter account that he and Simone had separated a couple of months ago, but only his close friends and family had been informed of this,.[115][116][117] Although the relationship with Hurley at first seemed short-lived following the disclosure of Warne texting salacious messages to a married Melbourne businesswoman[118][119] the couple created a media frenzy when Hurley later moved in to Warne's Brighton mansion for a short period.[120] On 30 September 2011, it was reported that Hurley and Warne were engaged and she was spotted wearing a large sapphire ring,[121] with their engagement confirmed via Twitter shortly thereafter.[122]
Test wicket milestones[link]
| Milestone | Batsman | Country | Method | Venue | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (First) | Ravi Shastri |  India |
Caught DM Jones | Sydney | 1991/92 |
| 50 | Nasser Hussain |  England |
Caught DC Boon | Nottingham | 1993 |
| 100 | Brian McMillan |  South Africa |
LBW | Adelaide | 1993/94 |
| 150 | Alec Stewart | England |
Caught and Bowled | Melbourne | 1994/95 |
| 200 | Chaminda Vaas |  Sri Lanka |
Caught IA Healy | Perth | 1995/96 |
| 250 | Alec Stewart | England |
Bowled | Manchester | 1997 |
| 300 | Jacques Kallis | South Africa |
Bowled | Sydney | 1997/98 |
| 350 | Hrishikesh Kanitkar | India |
LBW | Melbourne | 1999/2000 |
| 400 | Alec Stewart | England |
Caught AC Gilchrist | The Oval | 2001 |
| 450 | Ashwell Prince | South Africa |
Caught ME Waugh | Durban | 2002 |
| 500 | Hashan Tillakaratne | Sri Lanka |
Caught A Symonds | Galle | 2004 |
| 550 | James Franklin |  New Zealand |
LBW | Adelaide | 2004/05 |
| 600 | Marcus Trescothick | England |
Caught AC Gilchrist | Manchester | 2005 |
| 650 | Ashwell Prince | South Africa |
LBW | Perth | 2005/06 |
| 700 | Andrew Strauss | England |
Bowled | Melbourne | 2006/07 |
| 708 (Last) | Andrew Flintoff | England |
Stumped AC Gilchrist | Sydney | 2006/07 |
File:Shane Warne graph.png
Shane Warne's Test career batting performance.
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ 'The finest legspinner the world has ever seen' – Cricinfo Australia, 20 December 2006
- ^ "1000 wickets for Warne". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 January 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/news/news/1000-wickets-for-warne/2007/01/03/1167777131854.html. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ End of an era: Ponting Sportal.com.au
- ^ Shane Warne retires from first-class cricket as Hampshire pay tribute to leg spinner. The Times, retrieved on 29 March 2008
- ^ Excellence : the Australian Institute of Sport. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. 2002.
- ^ "Records / The Ashes, 1993 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=335;type=series. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ Sangster, Tom (21 November 2006). "Great Ashes moments: Shane Warne's 'Ball of the Century'". Daily Telegraph (Australia). http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/warnies-ball-of-the-century/story-e6frexni-1111112560525. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "Spin bowler Warne the brightest young star". New Straits Times. 26 December 1993. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iNhOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1174,2469504&dq=shane-warne&hl=en. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Trans-Tasman Trophy, 1992/93 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=331;type=series. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Trans-Tasman Trophy, 1993/94 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=338;type=series. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "New Zealand tour of Australia, 1993/94 / Scorecard: 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63623.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "South Africa tour of Australia, 1993/94 / Scorecard: Second Test". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63629.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne poses threat to England". New Straits Times. 26 December 1994. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TyJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2736,2286717&dq=shane+warne&hl=en. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / The Ashes, 1994/95 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=353;type=series. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "ASHES 2009: Great Ashes moments - Warne's hat-trick in 1994". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/cricket/article-1196771/ASHES-2009-Great-Ashes-moments--Warnes-hat-trick-1994.html. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ Johnson, Martin (6 January 1995). "Atherton denied by the powers of darkness". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/atherton-denied-by-the-powers-of-darkness-third-test-england-seamers-rendered-impotent-by-poor-light-as-resilient-warne-seals-a-draw-to-retain-the-ashes-for-australia-1566830.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / The Frank Worrell Trophy, 1994/95 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=360;type=series. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne in Australian squad for Third Test". New Straits Times. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=07xOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3B4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1518,3633117&dq=shane-warne&hl=en. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Pakistan tour of Australia, 1995/96 / Scorecard: Third Test". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63699.html. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Wills World Cup - 2nd semi final Australia v West Indies: Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65191.html. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Wills World Cup, 1995/96 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=722;type=tournament. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Wills World Cup - Final Australia v Sri Lanka: Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65192.html. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ a b c "Statistics / Statsguru / SK Warne / Test matches". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8166.html?class=1;template=results;type=allround;view=match. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / The Ashes, 1997 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=386;type=series. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "Aussies back at their best". New Straits Times. 24 July 1997. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hVdIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PxUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6760,5456779&dq=shane-warne&hl=en. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "Shane Warne joins 300 club". BBC News. 7 January 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/cricket/44712.stm. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "South Africa tour of Australia, 1997/98 / Scorecard: Second Test". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63779.html. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "'Warne among the best'". New Straits Times. 7 January 1998. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RvxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2755,2496728&dq=shane+warne+300+south+africa&hl=en. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "Cricket: Peroxide genius of the flipper". The Independent. 6 January 1998. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-peroxide-genius-of-the-flipper-1137131.html. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Border-Gavaskar Trophy, 1997/98 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=399;type=series. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "The Australians in India, 1997-98". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/153376.html. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
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- ^ Ray, Mark; Blake, Martin (9 December 1998). "Warne, Mark Waugh took bookie's cash". The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/1998/12/09/1060588497968.html. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "England tour of Australia, 1998/99 / Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63818.html. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Waugh appointed Australian captain". New Straits Times. 12 February 1999. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G_xOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2927,3284413&dq=mark-taylor+steve-waugh+shane-warne+vice-captain&hl=en. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne and Healy under fire over poor form". New Straits Times. 2 April 1999. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RC1PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ciEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6751,1993347&dq=shane-warne+macgill+west-indies&hl=en. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Warne keeps vice-captaincy". BBC News. 13 July 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/cricket/393329.stm. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Love or loathe him". CNN. 11 May 1999. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/cricket/1999/world_cup/australia/news/1999/05/11/warne/. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne rapped for Ranatunga row". BBC News. 15 May 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/1999_cricket_world_cup/general_news/344731.stm. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ Alter, Jamie. "Warne mesmerises in classic". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/wctimeline/content/story/281792.html. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / ICC World Cup, 1999 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=787;type=tournament. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "India on the ropes on second day". New Straits Times. 12 December 1999. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-U1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=axQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3840,1403802&dq=shane+warne+86&hl=en. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ Lamont, Louise (30 November 1999). "Cricket: Warne cleared of Muller taunt". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-warne-cleared-of-muller-taunt-1129865.html. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Trans-Tasman Trophy, 1999/00 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=427;type=series. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ "Prolific Warne seals Australia win". BBC Sport. 15 March 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/678152.stm. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne stripped of vice-captaincy". BBC Sport. 4 August 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/865466.stm. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ "MacGill in spin battle with Warne for India tour spot". Express India. 31 December 2000. http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20010101/isp01018.html. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Border-Gavaskar Trophy, 2000/01 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=443;type=series. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ "Australia tour of India, 2000/01 / Scorecard: 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63921.html. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / The Ashes, 2001 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=449;type=series. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ "Australia tour of England and Ireland, 2001 / Scorecard: 5th Test". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63940.html. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne strikes 400, Ramps keeps England afloat". Independent Online (South Africa). 25 August 2001. http://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/warne-strikes-400-ramps-keeps-england-afloat-1.501555. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ "Vettori, Warne dominate thrilling day in deciding Test". Daily News (Sri Lanka). 3 December 2001. http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/12/03/spo03.html. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ "South Africa tour of Australia, 2001/02 / Scorecard: First Test". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63964.html. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / South Africa in Australia Test Series, 2001/02 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=459;type=series. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Australia in South Africa Test Series, 2001/02 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=465;type=series. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ Conn, Malcolm (17 February 2002). "The prodigious Ponting takes over". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2002/02/17/stories/2002021707331900.htm. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ "Australia v Pakistan Test Series - 1st Test: Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64001.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Australia v Pakistan Test Series - 3rd Test: Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64003.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Australia v Pakistan Test Series, 2002/03 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=473;type=series. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne climbs the ratings, England's best lag behind". Sydney Morning Herald. 24 October 2002. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/10/23/1034561550931.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne sidelined by shoulder injury". ABC News. 16 December 2002. http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s748135.htm. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Don't risk unfit Warne: Waugh". Sydney Morning Herald. 21 December 2002. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/12/21/1040174431421.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Drug test halts Warne's World Cup". The Age. 12 February 2003. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/12/1044927636027.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne's mum key element in probe". ESPNcricinfo. 20 February 2003. http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/126831.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ ACB Anti-Doping Committee suspends Shane Warne, Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ Ban will lengthen career, says Warne, Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ World anti-doping body condemns Warne ruling, Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ Warne hits back at anti-doping body, Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ "Warne hurt by contract cancellation". iafrica.com. 13 July 2005. http://sport.iafrica.com/cricket/ashes/news/460696.htm. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ Hinds, Richard (12 August 2003). "Dumb and dumber: up on a pedestal too far from reality". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/11/1060588326707.html. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne hurt by contract cancellation". iafrica.com. 13 July 2005. http://sport.iafrica.com/cricket/ashes/news/460696.htm. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne return dampened by rain". The 7.30 Report. ABC. 10 February 2004. http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2004/s1042210.htm. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
- ^ Clare, Nelson (13 March 2004). "Warne wears his 501 well". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2374761/Warne-wears-his-501-well.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Ponting honours Lehmann and Warne". Independent Online (South Africa). 28 March 2004. http://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/ponting-honours-lehmann-and-warne-1.533901. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Walsh praise for Murali". BBC Sport. 9 May 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3697791.stm. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ Hogan, Jesse (15 October 2004). "Golden-boy Warne spins into history". The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/15/1097784032069.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ Marshallsea, Trevor (20 October 2004). "Warne's Indian stocks are rising". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/19/1097951694978.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Records / Border-Gavaskar Trophy, 2004/05 / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=510;type=series. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ English, Peter (2006-12-26). "Another first at the last". Australia v England, 4th Test, Melbourne (Cricinfo). http://content-eap.cricinfo.com/ausveng/content/current/story/273941.html. Retrieved 2006-12-26. "The fourth over was the one for history and, at 3.18 pm, Andrew Strauss became the crucial figure."
- ^ Miller, Andrew (2006-12-26). "Warne's 700th rattles England". Australia v England, 4th Test, Melbourne (Cricinfo). http://content-eap.cricinfo.com/ausveng/content/current/story/273884.html. Retrieved 2006-12-26. "The delivery that did for Strauss was a classic Warne dismissal, a flighted ball that dipped into the rough, bit and crashed into middle stump as Strauss played loosely for an imagined half-volley."
- ^ Miller, Andrew (4 January 2007). "Warne sets up the whitewash". Cricinfo. http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausveng/content/story/275055.html. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
- ^ "Warne-Muralidaran Trophy unveiled". ABC News. 15 November 2007. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/15/2091733.htm. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ "Warne retires from first-class cricket". The Hindu. 28 March 2008. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200803281040.htm. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ "Warne's Royals win inaugural IPL". BBC Sport. 2 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7430352.stm. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ Jackson, Glenn (27 December 2011). "MacGill wants bash at the IPL". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/macgill-wants-bash-at-the-ipl-20111226-1paiv.html. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ Bose, Saibal (20 May 2011). "Royals plan a warm send-off for Warne". Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/news/29563926_1_shane-warne-rajasthan-royals-royals-plan. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ "Big Bash League, 2011/12 / Records / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/big-bash-league-2011/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6538;type=tournament. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ Alex Brown (24 August 2005). "''Warne predicts return of the real Australia'', Alex Brown, ''The Guardian'', 24 August 2005". London: Sport.guardian.co.uk. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/ashes2005/story/0,15993,1555116,00.html. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Positive spin, Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ Warne (2006), p. 11.
- ^ Statsguru – Tests – Innings by innings list, Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ "Cricinfo Stats". Stats.cricinfo.com. http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/49636.html?class=1;home_or_away=2;opposition=6;template=results;type=allround. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ S Rajesh (6 January 2012). "Mind the gap". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/548213.html. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^ Warne hurt by contract cancellation, 20 July 2009, sport.iafrica.com
- ^ Bull, Andy (25 February 2009). "Signing of Warne is a coup for Sky's Ashes coverage". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2009/feb/25/shane-warne-ashes-cricket-sky. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
- ^ Solid start for Shane Warne chat show, ninemsn, 25 November 2010.
- ^ Warnie plays host TV Fix. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ Colin Paterson, Boycott: "I like that one. Good tune." BBC 5 Live Blog. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ "Warnie: retired limping". The Spy Report (Media Spy). 5 January 2011. http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2011/01/05/warnie-retired-limping/. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
- ^ Warnie's marketing charm, MSN. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ Spin King Warne joins Messages on Hold, B and T. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ No saving this match: Warne to divorce, Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ Warne lands phone sponsorship deal, Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ Warne's hair spin wears thin, The Age. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ VB and Shane Warne join forces – Fosters Group, 30 August 2007
- ^ A real doll for Shane Warne – The Herald Sun, 4 October 2007
- ^ a b The Times, 27 November 2004, p.75 "How England can avoid falling under the spell of Muralitharan the magician", by Shane Warne
- ^ Warne's spin doctor drops the ball, Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ John Polack (4 August 2000). "Gilchrist named Australia's new vice-captain". http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/84770.html. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
- ^ Warne caught out once again, ABC News. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ "Warnes back together: report". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 April 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2007/04/01/1175366056080.html. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
- ^ "Warne's marriage stumped by poorly aimed text". NineMSN. 24 September 2007. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=298635. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
- ^ "Shane Warne dumped after wife gets text by mistake". thelondonpaper. 25 September 2007. http://www.thelondonpaper.com/cs/Satellite/london/news/article/1157149109597?packedargs=suffix%3DArticleController. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
- ^ Jody Thompson and Andrea Magrath Shane Warne keeps quiet on Liz Hurley romance... but confirms split from wife Simone Mail Online, 13 December 2010
- ^ David Prestipino and Helen Davidson Shane Warne breaks silence over Liz Hurley affair PerthNow 14 December 2010
- ^ Fiona Byrne, Shane Warne fields fans' Liz Hurley messages on Twitter Herald Sun 16 December 2010
- ^ Nick Leys, Warnie loses Liz over sexting scandal. The Daily Telegraph 20 December 2010,
- ^ "Liz Hurley dumps Shane Warne - reports". The New Zealand Herald. BANG Showbiz. 20 December 2010. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10695529. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
- ^ Neil McMahon, When Warnie met Liz: a bogan love story and media frenzy, Sydney Morning Herald 13 February 2011
- ^ "Elizabeth Hurley shows off her huge engagement ring after accepting Shane Warne's proposal," Dailymail.co.uk., 1 October 2011.
- ^ "Elizabeth Hurley engaged to cricket star Shane Warne". Reuters Canada. 3 October 2011.
Sources[link]
- Warne, Shane (2006). My Illustrated Career. Cassell Illustrated. ISBN 1-84403-543-3.
- Shane Warne's Century – My Top 100 Cricketers by Shane Warne (Mainstream Publishing, 2008) ISBN
External links[link]
- Shane's Poker Blog
- Player profile: Shane Warne from ESPNcricinfo
- Cricinfo Stats Guru: List of Test wickets for Shane Warne
- Cricket Australia media release congratulating Warne on 500th wicket
- 10 photos of milestone wickets in Warne's career
- VB Warnie – Summer of Spin
- Shane's Official Blog
- Shane Warne on Twitter
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ricky Ponting |
Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World 2005 |
Succeeded by Andrew Flintoff |
| Sporting positions | ||
| Preceded by Steve Waugh |
Australian One-Day International cricket captains 1997/8–1998/9 |
Succeeded by Adam Gilchrist |
| Preceded by John Crawley |
Hampshire cricket captains 2004–2007 |
Succeeded by Dimitri Mascarenhas |
| Records | ||
| Preceded by Muttiah Muralitharan |
World Record – Most Career Wickets in Test cricket 708 wickets (25.41) in 141 Tests Held record 15 October 2004 to 3 December 2007 |
Succeeded by Muttiah Muralitharan |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Warne, Shane Keith |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Cricketer |
| Date of birth | 13 September 1969 |
| Place of birth | Ferntree Gully, Victoria |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Shane_Warne
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
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| Personal information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Trent Alexander Boult | |||
| Born | (1989-07-22) 22 July 1989 (age 22) Rotorua, New Zealand |
|||
| Batting style | Right-hand bat | |||
| Bowling style | Left-arm medium-fast | |||
| Role | Bowler | |||
| Relations | JJ Boult (brother) | |||
| International information | ||||
| National side | New Zealand | |||
| Test debut (cap 253) | 9 December 2011 v Australia | |||
| Last Test | 26 January 2012 v Zimbabwe | |||
| Domestic team information | ||||
| Years | Team | |||
| 2008–present | Northern Districts | |||
| Career statistics | ||||
| Competition | Test | FC | LA | T20 |
| Matches | 2 | 25 | 19 | 19 |
| Runs scored | 26 | 323 | 39 | 9 |
| Batting average | 26.00 | 12.92 | 5.57 | 9.00 |
| 100s/50s | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
| Top score | 21 | 46 | 11* | 3* |
| Balls bowled | 258 | 4,399 | 965 | 333 |
| Wickets | 6 | 82 | 26 | 12 |
| Bowling average | 19.83 | 24.67 | 33.11 | 39.33 |
| 5 wickets in innings | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| 10 wickets in match | 0 | 0 | n/a | n/a |
| Best bowling | 3/29 | 5/35 | 4/50 | 2/16 |
| Catches/stumpings | 0/– | 12/– | 7/– | 7/– |
| Source: Cricinfo, 2 March 2012 | ||||
Trent Boult (born 22 July 1989) is a New Zealand Under–19 cricketer. Born in Rotorua, Boult is a right–handed batsman and left–arm medium–fast opening bowler.[1] He accompanied the New Zealand A team on their winter training tour in 2007.[2][3] On 9 February 2007, Boult took two wickets for 28 runs and scored seven not out against India's Under–19 team.[4] He then travelled to Malaysia in February 2008 for the Under–19 World Cup. He is yet to make a first–class cricket debut,[2] however since July 2008 he has been in the Northern Districts squad for 2008–09. He plays club cricket for Otumoetai Cadets Cricket Club (O.C.C.C) who are the most successful cricket club in the Bay of Plenty. The premier team skipper Campbell Wilson describes him as an up and coming superstar.[5]
On 21 January 2009, Boult was selected for the New Zealand squad for the one-day series against Australia at just 19 years of age. Boult only managed to play in the warm up game against the Prime ministers XI and went wicketless of seven overs. During the tour Boult was clocked as the fastest bowler touring with the New Zealand team with a highest speed of 143.3 km/h (89.0 mph).
Boult made his Test debut in the 2011–12 season, in the Second Test against Australia in Hobart, a match won by New Zealand by 7 runs, New Zealand's first test win in Australia since 1985 and their first test win over Australia since 1993. He took four wickets in the match; additionally, he scored 21 runs in a tenth-wicket partnership with Chris Martin in the second innings
His brother Jonathon Boult made his first-class debut for Northern Districts in March 2009.
Notes[link]
- ^ New Zealand's prospects hinge on in-form bowlers CricInfo retrieved 16 September 2008
- ^ a b Player profile: Trent Boult from ESPNcricinfo retrieved 16 September 2008
- ^ Under-19 players to join A tour CricInfo retrieved 16 September 2008
- ^ India Under-19s in New Zealand Youth ODI Series - 2nd Youth ODI: New Zealand Under-19s v India Under-19s CricInfo retrieved 16 September 2008
- ^ Mark Orchard turns down Northern Districts contract CricInfo retrieved 16 September 2008
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Trent Boult |
- Player profile: Trent Boult from ESPNcricinfo
- Trent Boult at New Zealand Cricket Players Association
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Boult, Trent |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | New Zealand cricketer |
| Date of birth | 22 July 1989 |
| Place of birth | Rotorua |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
  |
This biographical article related to New Zealand cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Trent_Boult
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Boult
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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