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- Alisha Chinai
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Alisha Chinai
Alisha Chinai is an Indian pop singer known for her several albums as well as playback singing in Hindi cinema.
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Alka Yagnik
Alka Yagnik () (born March 20, 1966 in Kolkata, West Bengal, India) is an Indian singer who is ranked among the best-known Hindi playback singers of all time. She is a seven-time winner of the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award and has done playback singing for over 700 Indian films.
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Bipasha Basu
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Bobby Deol
Bobby Deol born as Vijay Singh Deol (, ), on January 27, 1967, is a Bollywood actor. Born into an acting family of Jat Sikh ethnicity, Deol is the son of the acclaimed Bollywood actor Dharmendra and the brother of Sunny Deol, also a successful actor in the Mumbai based Indian film industry.
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Delnaaz Paul
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Farida Jalal
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Kailash Kher
Kailash Kher (born July 7, 1973) is an Indian pop singer with very diverse music style often influenced by Indian folk music.
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Kumar Sanu
Kumar Sanu (alias Kedarnath Bhattacharya (), born September 23, 1957 in Kolkata, is a leading Indian playback singer of Bollywood. He is a recipient of the Padma Shri award, one of India's highest civilian honours. He won the Filmfare Best Male Playback Award for 5 consecutive years.
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Mahesh Thakur
Mahesh Thakuris an indian actor, who has acted in Bollywood films.
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Priyanka Chopra
Priyanka Chopra (; born 18 July 1982) is an Indian actress and former Miss World. Before starting her acting career, she worked as a model and gained fame after winning the Miss World title in 2000.
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Robin Bhatt
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Sapna Awasthi
Sapna Awasthi Singh is a Bollywood Playback Singer best remembered for her Dil Se song Chal Chaiyya Chaiyya.
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Sharat Saxena
Sharat Saxena is an Indian actor working in Bollywood films. He has acted in nearly 160 Bollywood films.
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Shyam Goel
Shyam K. Goel is a Bollywood script writer.
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Suneel Darshan
Suneel Darshan is an Indian filmmaker, film director, producer writer who works in the Bollywood industry.
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Supriya Pilgaonkar
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Udit Narayan
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Vivek Shauq
Vivek Shauq born 21 June 1963 at Chandigarh, is an Indian bollywood actor, who started his acting career from theatre and television. He then shifted his focus to Punjabi films and Hindi films. He has worked with and greatly influenced by Jaspal Bhatti.
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Vivek Vaswani
Viveck Vaswani (Vivek Vaswani) is a Bollywood Actor, Writer and Producer. He mostly appears in the films he produces
http://wn.com/Vivek_Vaswani
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Saajan Saajan Saajan - Barsaat (2005) *HD* Music Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Published: 31 Aug 2010
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 737655 http://wn.com/Saajan_Saajan_Saajan_Barsaat_2005_*HD*_Music_Videos
Maine Tumse Pyaar Bahut Kiya - Barsaat (2005) Special Compilation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 12 Feb 2012
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 12396 http://wn.com/Maine_Tumse_Pyaar_Bahut_Kiya_Barsaat_2005_Special_Compilation
Barsaat (2005) 6 - Watch Latest Movies Online Free2.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Published: 19 Dec 2010
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Views: 26891 http://wn.com/Barsaat_2005_6_Watch_Latest_Movies_Online_Free2mp4
YouTube Barsaat 2005 w Eng Sub Hindi Movie Part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:05
- Published: 30 Dec 2010
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Views: 73644 http://wn.com/YouTube_Barsaat_2005_w_Eng_Sub_Hindi_Movie_Part_3
Chori Chori - Barsaat (2005) *HD* Music Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Published: 31 Aug 2010
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
Views: 14159 http://wn.com/Chori_Chori_Barsaat_2005_*HD*_Music_Videos
Maine Tumse Pyaar Bahut Kiya - Barsaat (2005) *HD* Music Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Published: 31 Aug 2010
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Views: 10956 http://wn.com/Maine_Tumse_Pyaar_Bahut_Kiya_Barsaat_2005_*HD*_Music_Videos
Saajan Saajan Saajan - Barsaat (2005)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Published: 18 Feb 2012
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Views: 19544 http://wn.com/Saajan_Saajan_Saajan_Barsaat_2005
Sex Scene - Barsaat (2005) *HD* Music Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Published: 31 Aug 2010
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Views: 61876 http://wn.com/Sex_Scene_Barsaat_2005_*HD*_Music_Videos
Chori Chori Ladi Ankhiyan - Barsaat (2005)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Published: 12 Feb 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Views: 8823 http://wn.com/Chori_Chori_Ladi_Ankhiyan_Barsaat_2005
Yeh Jo Dil - Barsaat (2005)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Published: 11 Feb 2012
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Views: 3488 http://wn.com/Yeh_Jo_Dil_Barsaat_2005
Barsaat Ke Din Aaye - Barsaat (2005) *HD* Music Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Published: 01 Feb 2011
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Views: 25032 http://wn.com/Barsaat_Ke_Din_Aaye_Barsaat_2005_*HD*_Music_Videos
Saajan Saajan Saajan - Barsaat (2005) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Published: 17 Sep 2012
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Views: 698 http://wn.com/Saajan_Saajan_Saajan_Barsaat_2005_HD
Pyaar Aaya - Barsaat (2005) Special Compilation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Published: 15 Feb 2012
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Views: 4243 http://wn.com/Pyaar_Aaya_Barsaat_2005_Special_Compilation
Barsaat Ke Din Aaye - Barsaat (2005) Special Compilation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:56
- Published: 12 Feb 2012
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
Views: 7616 http://wn.com/Barsaat_Ke_Din_Aaye_Barsaat_2005_Special_Compilation
![Maine Tumse Pyaar Bahut Kiya (ENG SUB) [FULL SONG] *HD* - Barsaat 2005](http://web.archive.org./web/20121029020213im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1htT-KVUMr8/default.jpg "Maine Tumse Pyaar Bahut Kiya (ENG SUB) [FULL SONG] *HD* - Barsaat 2005")
Maine Tumse Pyaar Bahut Kiya (ENG SUB) [FULL SONG] *HD* - Barsaat 2005
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Published: 02 Aug 2012
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Views: 4850 http://wn.com/Maine_Tumse_Pyaar_Bahut_Kiya_ENG_SUB_FULL_SONG_*HD*_Barsaat_2005
Barsaat - Maine Tumse Pyaar Bahut Kiya 2 (HD 720p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Published: 12 Feb 2011
- Updated: 25 Nov 2011
Views: 1658 http://wn.com/Barsaat_Maine_Tumse_Pyaar_Bahut_Kiya_2_HD_720p
SAAJAN SAAJAN `````````````` BARSAT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Published: 17 Mar 2010
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 389589 http://wn.com/SAAJAN_SAAJAN_``````````````_BARSAT
Saajan Saajan Saajan Barsaat (2005) Full Song HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Published: 07 Jan 2012
- Updated: 04 Feb 2012
Views: 186 http://wn.com/Saajan_Saajan_Saajan_Barsaat_2005_Full_Song_HD
Barsaat Ke Din Aaye - Barsaat (2005)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Published: 23 Nov 2008
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
Views: 105832 http://wn.com/Barsaat_Ke_Din_Aaye_Barsaat_2005
![Barsaat Ke Din Aaye [ Barsaat 2005 ] Bobby Deol & Bipasha Basu & Priyanka Chopra](http://web.archive.org./web/20121029020213im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/n_NhGF5DWeU/default.jpg "Barsaat Ke Din Aaye [ Barsaat 2005 ] Bobby Deol & Bipasha Basu & Priyanka Chopra")
Barsaat Ke Din Aaye [ Barsaat 2005 ] Bobby Deol & Bipasha Basu & Priyanka Chopra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Published: 16 May 2011
- Updated: 04 Jun 2012
Views: 4004 http://wn.com/Barsaat_Ke_Din_Aaye_Barsaat_2005_Bobby_Deol_Bipasha_Basu_Priyanka_Chopra
![Chori Chori Barsaat 2005 HD [www.keepvid.com].mp4](http://web.archive.org./web/20121029020213im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Gdy3hj0sbV0/default.jpg "Chori Chori Barsaat 2005 HD [www.keepvid.com].mp4")
Chori Chori Barsaat 2005 HD [www.keepvid.com].mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Published: 21 Jun 2010
- Updated: 23 Feb 2012
Views: 7198 http://wn.com/Chori_Chori_Barsaat_2005_HD_wwwkeepvidcom_mp4
109 Chori Chori Ladi Akhiyaan Shreya Ghoshal Barsaat 2005 M Sabir
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:51
- Published: 24 Nov 2010
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Views: 2540 http://wn.com/109_Chori_Chori_Ladi_Akhiyaan_Shreya_Ghoshal_Barsaat_2005_M_Sabir
Barsaat Ke Din Aaye- Full HD 720p -Barsaat (2005) - by Engineer Hassan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Published: 25 Jan 2012
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
Views: 4133 http://wn.com/Barsaat_Ke_Din_Aaye_Full_HD_720p_-Barsaat_2005_by_Engineer_Hassan
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| Barsaat: A Sublime Love Story | |
|---|---|
| File:Barsaat.jpg Theatrical release poster |
|
| Directed by | Suneel Darshan |
| Produced by | Suneel Darshan |
| Written by | Suneel Darshan Robin Bhatt Shyam Goel Rumi Jaffery K.K. Singh |
| Starring | Bobby Deol Priyanka Chopra Bipasha Basu |
| Music by | Nadeem-Shravan |
| Cinematography | W.B. Rao |
| Editing by | Sanjay Sankla |
| Distributed by | Shree Krishna International |
| Release date(s) | 19 August 2005 |
| Running time | 144 mins |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |
This article is about the 2005 film. For other films with the same title, see Barsaat (disambiguation).
Barsaat (English: rain) is a 2005 Bollywood love triangle film, directed by Suneel Darshan. It stars Bobby Deol, Priyanka Chopra, and Bipasha Basu. The film is inspired by the 2002 Hollywood romantic comedy film, Sweet Home Alabama (film).
Contents |
Plot[link]
Arav (Bobby Deol) is an ambitious young Indian whose dream is to design cars. He travels to the United States seeking greener pastures, where he meets the beautiful Anna (Bipasha Basu). Anna instantly goes head over heels for Arav, but Arav remains focused on his career. Over time, he mellows and the two fall in love. Moreover, Arav's ambitions go on the upswing as the Chairman of the BMW company in the U.S. (Shakti Kapoor) gives him a job as a designer. Coincidentally, the BMW chairman just happens to be Anna's grandfather, and he announces the impending nuptials of Arav and Anna.
Cast[link]
- Bobby Deol as Arav Kapoor
- Priyanka Chopra as Kajal
- Bipasha Basu as Anna Virvani
- Shakti Kapoor as Mr. Virvani (Anna's Grandfather)
- Manmeet Singh as Maninder Singh (Arav's friend)
- Farida Jalal as Kajal's Grandmother
- Sharat Saxena as Lawyer
- Gajendra Chauhan as Arav's Father
- Beena Banerjee as Arav's Mother
- Vivek Shauq as Shammi
- Supriya Pilgaonkar as Supriya (Arav's sister-in-law)
- Mahesh Thakur as Dr. Pranav Kapoor
- Vivek Vaswani as Garage owner
- Delnaaz Paul as Dolly Bindra
- Palak Jain as Child Kajal
Soundtracks[link]
| Track # | Title | Singer(s) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | "Saajan Saajan Saajan" | Kailash Kher, Alka Yagnik |
| 2 | "Nakhre" | Alisha Chinai, Ishq Bector |
| 3 | "Maine Tumse Pyaar Bahut Kiya" | Alka Yagnik |
| 4 | "Aaja Aaja" | Alka Yagnik |
| 5 | "Chori Chori" | Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Sapna Awasthi |
| 6 | "Mushkil" | Abhijeet, Alka Yagnik |
| 7 | "Pyaar Aaya" | Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik |
| 8 | "Barsaat Ke Din Aaye" | Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik |
External links[link]
- Barsaat at the Internet Movie Database
|
|||||||||||
http://wn.com/Barsaat_(2005_film)
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Barsaat
http://pl.wn.com/Barsaat
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsaat_(2005_film)
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Barsaat may refer to several Bollywood films:
See also[link]
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
http://wn.com/Barsaat
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Barsaat
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsaat
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| List of years in film (table) |
|---|
| ... 1995 . 1996 . 1997 . 1998 . 1999 . 2000 . 2001 ... 2002 2003 2004 -2005- 2006 2007 2008 ... 2009 . 2010 . 2011 . 2012 . 2013 . 2014 . 2015 ... In home video: 2002 2003 2004 -2005- 2006 2007 2008 In television: 2002 2003 2004 -2005- 2006 2007 2008 |
| Art . Archaeology . Architecture . Literature . Music . Science +... |
2005 was a significant year in film.
Contents |
Highest-grossing films[link]
See also: List of 2005 box office number-one films in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States
These are the top grossing films that were first released in 2005. The top ten films of 2005, by worldwide gross in United States dollars, as well as the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia grosses, are as follows:
| Rank | Title | Studio | Worldwide | United States and Canada | United Kingdom | Australia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire | Warner Bros. | $895,921,036 | $290,013,036 | $85,870,215 | $26,734,333 |
| 2 | Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith | Fox/Lucasfilm | $848,754,768 | $380,270,577 | $72,827,146 | $27,248,575 |
| 3 | The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe |
Disney/Walden | $745,011,272 | $291,710,957 | $77,933,064 | $25,842,771 |
| 4 | War of the Worlds | Paramount/DreamWorks | $591,745,540 | $234,280,354 | $55,555,574 | $16,532,633 |
| 5 | King Kong | Universal | $550,517,357 | $218,080,025 | $52,619,933 | $15,970,050 |
| 6 | Madagascar | DreamWorks | $532,680,671 | $193,595,521 | $40,690,223 | $19,539,058 |
| 7 | Mr. & Mrs. Smith | Fox | $478,207,520 | $186,336,279 | $24,619,123 | $15,564,796 |
| 8 | Charlie and the Chocolate Factory | Warner Bros. | $474,968,763 | $206,459,076 | $65,842,139 | $18,812,394 |
| 9 | Batman Begins | Warner Bros. | $372,710,015 | $205,343,774 | $30,042,288 | $12,262,065 |
| 10 | Hitch | Columbia | $368,100,420 | $179,495,555 | $33,371,422 | $11,109,579 |
Events[link]
Years in film |
|---|
| 1870s |
| 1880s |
| 1890s |
| 1890 • 1891 • 1892 • 1893 • 1894 1895 • 1896 • 1897 • 1898 • 1899 |
| 1900s |
| 1900 • 1901 • 1902 • 1903 • 1904 1905 • 1906 • 1907 • 1908 • 1909 |
| 1910s |
| 1910 • 1911 • 1912 • 1913 • 1914 1915 • 1916 • 1917 • 1918 • 1919 |
| 1920s |
| 1920 • 1921 • 1922 • 1923 • 1924 1925 • 1926 • 1927 • 1928 • 1929 |
| 1930s |
| 1930 • 1931 • 1932 • 1933 • 1934 1935 • 1936 • 1937 • 1938 • 1939 |
| 1940s |
| 1940 • 1941 • 1942 • 1943 • 1944 1945 • 1946 • 1947 • 1948 • 1949 |
| 1950s |
| 1950 • 1951 • 1952 • 1953 • 1954 1955 • 1956 • 1957 • 1958 • 1959 |
| 1960s |
| 1960 • 1961 • 1962 • 1963 • 1964 1965 • 1966 • 1967 • 1968 • 1969 |
| 1970s |
| 1970 • 1971 • 1972 • 1973 • 1974 1975 • 1976 • 1977 • 1978 • 1979 |
| 1980s |
| 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 |
| 1990s |
| 1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999 |
| 2000s |
| 2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 |
| 2010s |
| 2010 • 2011 • 2012 2013 and beyond |
| Month | Day | Event |
| January | 6 | The Directors Guild of America nominates directors Martin Scorsese (The Aviator), Marc Forster (Finding Neverland), Taylor Hackford (Ray), Clint Eastwood (Million Dollar Baby) and Alexander Payne (Sideways) for its Directors Guild Awards. |
| 8 | The National Society of Film Critics awards go to Million Dollar Baby (film), Zhang Yimou (director, for: House of Flying Daggers), Imelda Staunton and Hilary Swank (tied for best actress), Jamie Foxx (actor), Thomas Haden Church (supporting actor) and Virginia Madsen (supporting actress). | |
| 9 | The People's Choice Awards go to Fahrenheit 9/11 (favorite motion picture), Passion of the Christ for favorite drama, and Shrek 2 (favorite comedy, animated film, sequel, animated character: Eddie Murphy as "donkey", and movie villain: Jennifer Saunders as "Fairy Godmother"). | |
| 16 | Golden Globes awards film winners included three for The Aviator (Picture-Drama, Actor and Score), two for Sideways (Picture-comedy and Screenplay), two for Million Dollar Baby (Director and Actress), and two for Closer (Supporting Actor and Supporting actress for Clive Owen and Natalie Portman). | |
| 22 | The Producers Guild of America picks The Aviator as its choice for best picture of 2004. | |
| 24 | The Golden Raspberry Awards picks for worst film achievement in 2004 had Catwoman leading with seven nominations, Alexander, Fahrenheit 9/11 and White Chicks each with five and four nominations for Superbabies: Baby Geniuses 2. | |
| 25 | The Academy Awards picks for best film achievement in 2004 had The Aviator leading nominations with 11, followed by Million Dollar Baby and Finding Neverland with seven, Ray with six, and Sideways with five. | |
| February | 2 | Pierce Brosnan officially announces that he will be resigning from the role of James Bond. Brosnan last appeared as Bond in Die Another Day (2002). |
| 12 | BAFTA Awards: Major winners include Imelda Staunton, Best Actress, Jamie Foxx, Best Actor and The Aviator, Best Film. | |
| 26 | Catwoman and Fahrenheit 9/11 dominate the Golden Raspberry Awards, walking away with 4 awards each. Four special awards were also handed out to commemorate the Razzies' 25th anniversary. Arnold Schwarzenegger was named the biggest loser of the previous 25 years, Battlefield Earth, Gigli, and From Justin to Kelly collected the worst film awards. | |
| 27 | 77th Academy Awards: Million Dollar Baby wins the awards for Best Picture and Best Director. | |
| May | 20 | Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith reaches a record high at the box offices on opening day with US$50 million on 9,400 screens at 3,661 theaters worldwide, edging out Spider-Man 2's top opening day record of $40.4 million and Shrek 2's top single day record of $44.8 million. |
| 22 | The Golden Palm in the 58th Edition of the Cannes Film Festival is awarded to L'enfant, directed by Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne. The Grand Prix is awarded to Broken Flowers by Jim Jarmusch, while the prize for best director is awarded to Michael Haneke for Caché. | |
| June | 4 | The 2005 MTV Movie Awards winners were announced. |
| 21 | The American Film Institute holds its 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes. The greatest film quote is "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn" from Gone with the Wind. | |
| August | 11 | Roger Ebert publishes the list of his most hated films, distilled down from reviews he has written which date back to the 1960s. The list includes 2005 releases such as Constantine, Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, and A Lot Like Love. |
| October | 14 | It is announced that Daniel Craig will be the new James Bond in the forthcoming Casino Royale. |
| December | 10 | The Los Angeles Film Critics Association gives its awards for the most outstanding motion pictures of 2005. Brokeback Mountain won best picture and best director for Ang Lee. Capote won best actor for Philip Seymour Hoffman. Best actress went to Vera Farmiga for Down to the Bone. |
| 11 | The Boston Society of Film Critics gives its awards for the most outstanding motion pictures of 2005. Brokeback Mountain won best picture and best director for Ang Lee. Capote won best actor for Philip Seymour Hoffman. Best actress went to Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line. | |
| The American Film Institute gives its picks for the ten most outstanding motion pictures of 2005, which are Brokeback Mountain, Capote, Crash, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Good Night, and Good Luck, A History of Violence, King Kong, Munich, The Squid and the Whale, and Syriana. | ||
| 12 | The New York Film Critics Circle gives its awards for the most outstanding motion pictures of 2005. Brokeback Mountain won best picture, best director for Ang Lee and best actor for Heath Ledger. Best actress went to Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line. | |
| 13 | The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominations for the Golden Globe Awards included Brokeback Mountain, The Constant Gardener, Good Night, and Good Luck, A History of Violence, and Match Point for best drama film. |
Awards[link]
- Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival)
- L'Enfant (The Child), directed by Luc and Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Belgium
- Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival)
- Brokeback Mountain, directed by Ang Lee, United States
- Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival)
- U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, directed by Mark Dornford-May, South Africa
Wide-release films[link]
In the film industry, a wide-release film is a film that studios believe will appeal to a broad spectrum of the public and that shows in at least 600 cinemas in the United States and Canada. Films are listed in order of their first theatrical release.
January - March[link]
April - June[link]
July - September[link]
October - December[link]
Films released in 2005[link]
For complete lists, see 2005 films and 2005 television films
- American films
- Argentine films
- Australian films
- Bengali films
- Bollywood films
- Brazilian films
- British films
- French films
- Hong Kong films
- Italian films
- Japanese films
- Mexican films
- Pakistani films
- Russian films
- South Korean films
- Spanish films
- Tamil films
- Telugu films
Notable deaths[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "2005 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2005&p=.htm. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
External links[link]
- Internet Movie Database - Release dates for movies scheduled for release in 2005 in various countries:
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http://wn.com/2005_in_film
Related pages:
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http://es.wn.com/Anexo Cine en 2005
http://ru.wn.com/2005 год в кино
http://nl.wn.com/Film in 2005
http://pt.wn.com/2005 no cinema
http://pl.wn.com/2005 w filmie
http://fr.wn.com/2005 au cinéma
http://de.wn.com/Filmjahr 2005
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the year 2005.
| 2005 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 20th century – 21st century – 22nd century |
| Decades: | 1970s 1980s 1990s – 2000s – 2010s 2020s 2030s |
| Years: | 2002 2003 2004 – 2005 – 2006 2007 2008 |
| Gregorian calendar | 2005 MMV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2758 |
| Armenian calendar | 1454 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԴ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6755 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 161–162 |
| Bengali calendar | 1412 |
| Berber calendar | 2955 |
| British Regnal year | 53 Eliz. 2 – 54 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2549 |
| Burmese calendar | 1367 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7513–7514 |
| Chinese calendar | 甲申年十一月廿一日 (4641/4701-11-21) — to —
乙酉年十二月初一日(4642/4702-12-1) |
| Coptic calendar | 1721–1722 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1997–1998 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5765–5766 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2061–2062 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1927–1928 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5106–5107 |
| Holocene calendar | 12005 |
| Iranian calendar | 1383–1384 |
| Islamic calendar | 1425–1426 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 17 (平成17年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4338 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 94 民國94年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2548 |
| Unix time | 1104537600–1136073599 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2005 |
2005 (MMV) was a common year that started on a Saturday (dominical letter B) in the Gregorian calendar. It was the 2005th year of Anno Domini or of the Common Era designation, the 5th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 6th of the 2000s decade.
2005 was designated:
- The Year of the Volunteer by the UK government.
- The World Year of Physics by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.[1]
- The International Year of the Eucharist in Catholicism.
- The Year of Cork City, Ireland, as European Capital of Culture.
- The Year of the Veteran in Canada.
- The Year of Discovery.[citation needed]
The year 2005 was the end of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People (1995–2005).
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 4 – Gunmen assassinate the Governor of Baghdad, Ali Al-Haidri.[2]
- January 5 – Eris, the largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System, is identified by a team led by Michael E. Brown using images originally taken on October 21, 2003, at the Palomar Observatory.
- January 9:
- The same storm which pounded the U.S. earlier in the month hits England, Scandinavia and the Baltic States, leaving 13 dead with widespread flooding and power cuts.[3]
- Mahmoud Abbas is elected to succeed Yasser Arafat as Palestinian Authority President.
- January 12 – Deep Impact is launched from Cape Canaveral by a Delta 2 rocket.[4]
- January 14 – The Huygens probe lands on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn.[5]
- January 20 – George W. Bush is inaugurated in Washington, D.C. for his second term as the 43rd President of the United States.[6]
- January 25 – A stampede at the Mandher Devi temple in Mandhradevi during a religious pilgrimage in India kills at least 250.[7]
- January 30 – The first free Parliamentary elections in Iraq since 1958 take place.[8]
February[link]
- February 9 – An ETA car bomb injures at least 40 people at a conference centre in Madrid.[9]
- February 10
- North Korea announces that it possesses nuclear weapons as a protection against the hostility it feels from the United States.[10]
- Saudi Arabia holds its first ever municipal elections, in which only male citizens are allowed to vote.[11]
- February 14
- Former Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafik Hariri is killed in Beirut after an assassination attempt by suicide bombing; it also kills at least 16 other people and injures 120 others.[12]
- YouTube, the most popular video sharing website, is founded.
- 59 people are killed and 200 injured after a fire breaks out in a mosque in Tehran, Iran.[13]
- February 16 – The Kyoto Protocol goes into effect, without the support of the United States and Australia.[14]
- February 19 – Suicide bombers kill more than 30 people in Iraq as Shia Muslims mark Ashura, their holiest day.[15]
- February 22 – More than 500 people are killed and over 1,000 injured, after entire villages are flattened in an earthquake (6.4 on the Richter scale) in the Zarand region of Kerman province in southern Iran.[16]
- February 26 – Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak asks Parliament to amend the constitution to allow multi-candidate presidential elections before September 2005.[17]
March[link]
- March 3
- The freighter M/V Karen Danielsen crashes into the Great Belt Bridge of Denmark. All traffic across the bridge is closed, effectively separating Denmark in two.[18]
- Millionaire Steve Fossett breaks a world record by completing the fastest non-stop, non-refueled, solo flight around the world in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer.[19]
- Four Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers are gunned down in Mayerthorpe, Alberta, Canada. It is deadliest day in Canadian law enforcement in over 120 years.[20]
- March 4 – The car of released Italian hostage Giuliana Sgrena is fired on by U.S. soldiers in Iraq, causing the death of 1 passenger and injuring 2 more.[21]
- March 8 – The Pakistan Army opens fire on insurgents in Baluchistan, in the first armed uprising since General Rahimuddin Khan's stabilization of the province in 1978.
- March 14
- The People's Republic of China ratifies an anti-secession law, aimed at preventing Taiwan from declaring independence.[22]
- 800,000 people gather for an opposition rally in Beirut, a month after the death of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. It is the largest rally in Lebanon's history.[23]
- March 19 – A time bomb explodes in a Muslim shrine in Quetta, southwestern Pakistan, killing at least 29 people and wounding 40.[24]
- March 23 – An explosion takes place at one of BP's largest oil refineries in Texas City, killing 15 and injuring more than 170.
- March 24 – The Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan reaches its climax with the overthrow of president Askar Akayev.[25]
- March 26 – The Taiwanese government calls on 1 million Taiwanese to demonstrate in Taipei, in opposition to the Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China. Between 200,000 and 300,000 attend the walk.[26]
April[link]
- April 2 – Pope John Paul II dies; over 4 million people travel to the Vatican to mourn him.[27][28][29]
- April 6 – The first 13th root calculation of a 200-digit number is computed by Frenchman Alexis Lemaire.[30]
- April 8 – A referendum is held in Curaçao on independence vs. integration with the Netherlands.[31]
- April 9
- Tens of thousands of demonstrators, many of them supporters of Shia cleric Moqtada Sadr, march through Baghdad denouncing the U.S. occupation of Iraq, 2 years after the fall of Saddam Hussein, and rally in the square where his statue was toppled in 2003.[32]
- Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles; Charles, Prince of Wales marries Camilla Parker Bowles in a civil ceremony at Windsor's Guildhall.
- April 17 – Twelve holidaymakers are killed in southern Switzerland when a bus carrying 27 people plunges 656 feet (200 m) into a ravine.[33]
- April 18 – Five people die in ethnic clashes in Iran's south-west Khuzestan province.[34]
- April 19 – Pope Benedict XVI succeeds Pope John Paul II, becoming the 265th pope.[35][36]
- April 20 – An earthquake (5.8 on the Richter scale) hits Fukuoka and Kasuga, Fukuoka, Prefecture, Japan, injuring 56.[37]
- April 25 – Amagasaki rail crash: A passenger train derails in Amagasaki Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, killing 104 people and injuring at least another 450.[38]
- April 26 – Facing international pressure, Syria withdraws the last of its 14,000 troop military garrison in Lebanon, ending its 29-year military domination of that country.[39]
- April 27 – The Superjumbo jet aircraft Airbus A380 makes its first flight from Toulouse.[40]
May[link]
- May 3 – At least 32 people are killed and 9 others injured when 3 two-story buildings in the eastern Pakistani city of Lahore collapse after gas cylinders stored in one of them explode.[41]
- May 4 – In one of the largest insurgent attacks in Iraq, at least 60 people are killed and dozens wounded in a suicide bombing at a Kurdish police recruitment center in Irbil, northern Iraq.[42]
- May 5 – Labour government of Tony Blair in the United Kingdom wins a third successive general election.[43]
- May 13 – Uzbek troops kill up to 700 during protests in eastern Uzbekistan over the trials of 23 accused Islamic extremists. President Islam Karimov defends the act.[44]
- May 15 – A passenger ferry capsizes and sinks in strong winds in the Bura Gauranga River in Bangladesh, leaving 200 people missing.[45]
- May 16 – George Galloway appears before a United States Senate committee, to answer allegations of making money from the Iraqi Oil-for-Food Programme.[46]
- May 17 – Kuwaiti women are granted the right to vote.[47]
- May 21 – Kingda Ka opens at Six Flags Great Adventure amusement park in Jackson, New Jersey as the world's tallest and (at the time) fastest roller coaster.
June[link]
- June 21 – A Volna booster rocket carrying the first light sail spacecraft (a joint Russian-United States project) fails 83 seconds after its launch, destroying the spacecraft.[48]
- June 28
- Queen Elizabeth II conducts the International Fleet Review of 167 international warships in the Solent, as part of the Trafalgar 200 celebrations.[49]
- Three U.S. Navy SEALs, 16 American Special Operations Forces soldiers, and an unknown number of Taliban insurgents are killed during Operation Red Wing, a failed counter-insurgent mission in Kunar province, Afghanistan.
July[link]
- July 2 – Live 8, a set of 10 simultaneous concerts, takes place throughout the world, raising interest in the Make Poverty History campaign.[50]
- July 4
- NASA's "Copper bullet" from the Deep Impact spacecraft hits Comet Tempel 1, creating a crater for scientific studies.[51]
- Violent anti-G8 demonstrations occur in Gleneagles, Scotland.
- The Italy-USA Foundation is established in Rome, Italy.
- July 6
- The European Parliament rejects the Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions in its second reading in the codecision procedure.[52]
- The International Olympic Committee awards the 2012 Summer Olympics to London.[53]
- July 7 – Four terror attacks (3 on the London Underground and 1 on a bus) rock the transport network in London, killing 52 (not including the 4 bombers) and injuring over 700.[54]
- July 12 – Terrorists kill 5 people and wound 90 in a crowded mall in Netanya, Israel. Islamic Jihad claims responsibility for attack.[55]
- July 23 – A series of blasts hits a resort town in Egypt.[56]
- July 28 – The Provisional IRA issues a statement formally ordering an end to the armed campaign it has pursued since 1969, and ordering all its units to dump their arms.[57]
August[link]
- August 1 –King Fahd of Saudi Arabia died at the hospital because of pneumonia and a high fever.
- August 2 – Air France Flight 358 overran Runway 24L at Toronto Pearson International Airport.
- August 13 – The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is launched.
- August 14 – Helios Airways Flight 522 crashes near the town of Grammatiko in Greece, killing 121 people. Observations from fighter jet aircraft indicate a decompression problem.
- August 16 – West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 crashes into a mountain in Venezuela, killing 152 passengers.
- August 18 – Peace Mission 2005, the first joint China–Russia military exercise, begins its 8-day training on the Shandong peninsula.
- August 22 – A 4.1 kilograms (9.0 lb) meteorite crashes into the Dotito area of Zambezi Escarpment in Zimbabwe, leaving a 150 millimeters (5.9 in) crater.
- August 23 – Israel's unilateral disengagement from 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank ends.
- August 29 – Hurricane Katrina makes land fall along the U.S. Gulf Coast causing severe damage. At least 1,836 die in the aftermath.
- August 31 – A crowd crush on the Al-Aaimmah bridge in Baghdad kills several hundred civilians (see Baghdad bridge stampede).
September[link]
- September 2 – Protesters and Israeli forces clash in Bil'in.
- September 11 – Japan general election, 2005: Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and the Liberal Democratic Party are returned to power.
- September 12 – Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong opens.
- September 14–September 16 – The largest UN World Summit in history is held in New York City.
- September 18 – Afghan parliamentary election: Former Northern Alliance warlords and their followers claim victory.
- September 19 – North Korea agrees to stop building nuclear weapons in exchange for aid and cooperation.
- September 23 – Convicted bank thief and Boricua Popular Army leader, Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, is killed in his home in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico, when members of the FBI attempt to serve an arrest warrant.
- September 26 – U.S. Army Reservist Lynndie England is convicted by a military jury on 6 of 7 counts, in connection with the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal.
- September 30 – Controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten.
October[link]
- October 1
- The 2005 Bali bombings kill 26 people and injure more than 100.
- The world's largest bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, is formed by the merger of 2 Japanese banking conglomerates.
- An Australian photojournalist in Afghanistan, Stephen Dupont, films U.S. soldiers burning 2 dead Taliban militias' bodies.
- October 8 – The 2005 Kashmir earthquake kills about 80,000 people.
- October 12 – The second manned Chinese spacecraft, Shenzhou 6, is launched, carrying Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng for 5 days in orbit.
- October 15
- The referendum on the new proposed Iraqi constitution is held.
- The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is completed.
- October 19 – The Trials of Saddam Hussein begin.
- October 21 – The 200th Anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar is observed, with celebrations held around the United Kingdom.
- October 29 – At least 61 people are killed and many others wounded in 3 powerful blasts in the Indian capital, Delhi (see 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings).
November[link]
- November 2 – The Spanish Congress of Deputies approves the admission to formality of the new Catalan Statute of Autonomy with the support of all the groups except the People's Party (PP), which the same day files an objection of unconstitutionality.
- November 4 – The U.S. and Uruguay governments sign a Bilateral Investment Treaty.
- November 9 – At least 50 people are killed and more than 120 injured in a series of coordinated suicide bombings in Amman, Jordan (See 2005 Amman bombings).
- November 13 – Andrew Stimpson, a 25-year-old British man, is reported as the first person proven to have been 'cured' of HIV.
- November 25 – The 20th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting opens in Valletta, Malta.
- November 28 – December 9 – The United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Montreal, Quebec.
- November 30 – Surgeons in France carry out the first human face transplant.
December[link]
- December 6 – An Iranian C-130 Hercules airplane crashes into a ten-story building in a civilian area of Tehran, the capital of Iran, killing all 94 people aboard and 34 residents of the building (128 total).
- December 7 – The European Union TLD .eu is launched, and replaces .eu.int. Initially this will be only for business purposes. From 7 April 2006 onwards, EU citizens can also register .eu domains.
- December 11 – The 2005 Cronulla riots occur in Sydney, Australia, involving up to 5,000 youths.
- December 12 – Scientists announce that they have created mice with small amounts of human brain cells in an effort to make realistic models of neurological disorders.
- December 14 – Shakidor Dam fails in Pakistan due to heavy rain.
- December 16 – The 43rd Mersenne prime is found.
- December 20 – Aleksandër Moisiu University was founded in Durrës, Albania.
- December 23 – Chad declares a state of war with Sudan, following a December 18 attack on Adre, which left about 100 people dead.
- December 31 – Another second is added, 23:59:60, called a leap second, to end the year 2005. The last time this occurred was on June 30, 1998.
World population[link]
| World population | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2000 | 2010 | ||||
 World |
6,453,628,000 | 6,070,581,000 |  383,047,000 |
|||
 Africa |
887,964,000 | 795,671,000 | 92,293,000 |
|||
 Asia |
3,917,508,000 | 3,679,737,000 | 237,771,000 |
|||
 Europe |
724,722,000 | 727,986,000 |  3,264,000 |
|||
 Latin America |
558,281,000 | 520,229,000 | 38,052,000 |
|||
 Northern America |
332,156,000 | 315,915,000 | 16,241,000 |
|||
 Oceania |
32,998,000 | 31,043,000 | 1,955,000 |
|||
Births[link]
- June 26 – Princess Alexia of the Netherlands, daughter of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
- October 15 – Prince Christian of Denmark, son of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark and his wife Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark
- October 31 – Infanta Leonor of Spain, daughter of Felipe, Prince of Asturias and his wife Letizia
- December 3 – Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway, grandson of King Harald V of Norway
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 2005
January[link]
- January 1
- Shirley Chisholm, African-American politician (b. 1924)
- Eugene J. Martin, American artist (b. 1938)
- January 2 – John Ziman, English-New Zealand physicist (b. 1925)
- January 4
- Guy Davenport, American author, artist, and scholar (b. 1927)
- Robert Heilbroner, American writer (b. 1919)
- January 7 – Pierre Daninos, French writer and humorist (b. 1913)
- January 10 – Joséphine-Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1927)
- January 12 – Amrish Puri, Indian actor (b. 1932)
- January 15 – Victoria de los Ángeles, Spanish Catalan soprano (b. 1923)
- January 17
- Virginia Mayo, American actress (b. 1920)
- Zhao Ziyang, Chinese premier (b. 1919)
- January 19
- Bill Andersen, New Zealand trade union leader (b. 1924)
- Anita Kulcsár, Hungarian handball player (b. 1976)
- January 20 – Per Borten, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1913)
- January 21
- Theun de Vries, Dutch writer (b. 1907)
- Adrianne Leigh Reynolds, American murder victim (b. 1988)
- January 23 – Johnny Carson, American television host (b. 1925)
- January 25 – Philip Johnson, American architect (b. 1906)
February[link]
- February 1 – John Vernon, Canadian Actor (b.1932)
- February 2 – Max Schmeling, German boxer (b.1905)
- February 3 – Zurab Zhvania, Prime Minister of Georgia (b. 1963)
- February 5 – Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (b. 1935)
- February 6 – Merle Kilgore, American singer and songwriter (b. 1934)
- February 10 – Arthur Miller, American playwright (b. 1915)
- February 13 – Lucia dos Santos, Visionary to the Marian apparitions at Fátima (b. 1907) a Discalced Carmelite nun
- February 14 – Rafik Hariri, Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1944)
- February 17
- Nariman Sadeq, Queen of Egypt (b. 1934)
- Omar Sívori, Argentian Footballer (b. 1935)
- February 20
- Sandra Dee, American actress (b. 1944)
- Hunter S. Thompson, American journalist (b. 1937)
- February 22 – Simone Simon, French actress (b. 1910)
- February 25 – Peter Benenson, lawyer and founder of Amnesty International (b. 1921)
March[link]
- March 3 – Rinus Michels, Dutch soccer player and coach (b. 1928)
- March 6
- Teresa Wright, American actress (b. 1918)
- Tommy Vance, British radio disc jockey (b. 1941)
- March 9
- Jeanette Schmid, German-born professional whistler (b. 1924)
- Chris LeDoux, American rodeo performer and singer (b. 1949)
- March 10 – Dave Allen, Irish comedian (b. 1936)
- March 13 – Lyn Collins, American soul singer (b. 1948)
- March 19 – John Z. DeLorean, American car maker (b.1925)
- March 21 – Bobby Short, American entertainer (b. 1924)
- March 22 – Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, Spanish spiritual leader (b. 1946)
- March 25 – George F. Kennan, American diplomat and political advisor (b. 1904)
- March 26 – James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1912)
- March 28 – Pal Losonczi, former Hungarian leader (b. 1919)
- March 29 – Johnnie Cochran, American lawyer (b. 1937)
- March 30 – Fred Korematsu, American civil rights activist (b. 1919)
- March 31
- Terri Schiavo, American right-to-die cause célèbre (b. 1963)
- Justiniano Montano, Filipino politician (b. 1905)
April[link]
- April 1 – Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and ambassador (b. 1925)
- April 2 – Pope John Paul II, Polish Roman Catholic Pope (b. 1920)
- April 5
- John Sichel, British film and television director (b. 1937)
- Saul Bellow, American writer (b. 1915)
- April 6 – Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (b. 1923)
- April 19 – Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911)
- April 20 – Zygfryd Blaut, Polish footballer (b. 1943)
- April 22 – Norman Bird, British actor (b. 1920)
- April 23 – John Mills, English actor (b. 1908)
- April 24 – Ezer Weizman, former President of Israel (b. 1924)
- April 26
- Mason Adams, American actor (b. 1919)
- Maria Schell, Austrian actress (b. 1926)
May[link]
- May 2 – Wee Kim Wee, President of Singapore (b. 1915)
- May 7 – Peter Wallace Rodino, American politician (b. 1909)
- May 8 – Lloyd Cutler, American attorney and Presidential advisor (b. 1917)
- May 13 – George Dantzig, American mathematician (b. 1914)
- May 14 – Jimmy Martin, American musician (b. 1927)
- May 21 – Howard Morris, American actor (b. 1919)
- May 22 – Thurl Ravenscroft, American voice actor (b. 1914)
- May 25
- Robert Jankel, British coachbuilder (b. 1938)
- Ismail Merchant, Indian film producer (b. 1936)
- May 26 – Eddie Albert, American actor (b. 1906)
June[link]
- June 4 – Ronald F. Marryott, American admiral (b. 1934)
- June 6
- Maurice Rabb, Jr., American ophthalmologist (b. 1932)
- Anne Bancroft, American actress (b. 1931)
- June 13
- Jonathan Adams, British actor (b. 1931)
- Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (b. 1913)
- June 21 – Jaime Sin, Archbishop of Manila (b. 1928)
- June 25 – Domino Harvey, British born bounty hunter who moved to Los Angeles (b. 1969)
- June 28
- Michael P. Murphy, Navy SEAL, first Medal of Honor recipient of the War in Afghanistan
- Danny Dietz, Navy SEAL, Navy Cross recipient
- Matthew Axelson, Navy SEAL, Navy Cross recipient
July[link]
- July 1 – Luther Vandross, American R&B singer (b. 1951)
- July 5 – James Stockdale, American admiral and vice presidential candidate (b. 1923)
- July 6 – Evan Hunter A.K.A. Ed McBain, American crime writer (b. 1926)
- July 17 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1916)
- July 18 – William Westmoreland, U.S. general (b. 1914)
- July 19 – John Tyndall, British activist (b. 1934)
- July 20 – James Doohan, Canadian actor (b. 1920)
- July 21
- Long John Baldry, British musician (b. 1941)
- Alfred Hayes, English wrestling announcer (b. 1928)
- July 23 – Myron Floren, American accordionist & musician (b. 1919)
- July 26
- Jack Hirshleifer, American economist (b. 1925)
- Robert C. Turner, American potter (b. 1913)
- July 31 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch president of the European Central Bank (b. 1935)
August[link]
- August 1 – King Fahd of Saudi Arabia (b. 1923)
- August 6 – Robin Cook, British politician (b. 1946)
- August 7 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-American news anchor (b. 1938)
- August 8
- Ahmed Deedat, South African preacher (b. 1918)
- John H. Johnson, American businessman and publisher. (b. 1918)
- August 12 – Lakshman Kadirgamar, foreign minister of Sri Lanka (assassinated) (b. 1932)
- August 13 – David Lange, former Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1942)
- August 16 – Frère Roger, Swiss founder of the Taizé Community (b. 1915), Joe Ranft, a director of Disney/Pixar
- August 19 – Mo Mowlam, British politician (b. 1949)
- August 21 – Dahlia Ravikovitch, Israeli poet (b. 1936)
- August 22 – Luc Ferrari, French composer (b. 1929)
September[link]
- September 3 – William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1924)
- September 10 – Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, American musician (b. 1924)
- September 14 – Robert Wise, American film director (b. 1914)
- September 17 – Alfred Reed, American Composer and Conductor (b. 1921)
- September 18 – Michael Park, English Rally driver (b. 1966)
- September 20 – Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Holocaust survivor and Nazi hunter (b. 1908)
- September 23 – Roger Brierley, English actor (b. 1935)
- September 25 – Don Adams, American actor (b. 1923)
- September 26 – Jerry Juhl, American writer (b. 1938)
- September 27 – Ronald Golias, Brazilian actor and comedian (b. 1929)
October[link]
- October 2 – Nipsey Russell, American actor and game show personality (b. 1918)
- October 3 – Ronnie Barker, British comic actor (b. 1929)
- October 10 – Milton Obote, President of Uganda (b. 1925)
- October 17 – Ba Jin, Chinese writer (b. 1904)
- October 22 – Arman, French-American artist (b. 1928)
- October 24
- Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (b. 1913)
- José Azcona del Hoyo, President of Honduras (b. 1926)
- Robert Sloman, English writer (b. 1926)
- October 28 – Richard Smalley, American chemist and physicist (b. 1943)
November[link]
- November 2 – Ferruccio Valcareggi, Italian football player and manager (b. 1919)
- November 5 – John Fowles, English novelist (b. 1926)
- November 9 – K. R. Narayanan, former President of India (b. 1921)
- November 11
- Moustapha Akkad, Syrian-American film producer (b. 1930)
- Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield, British photographer (b. 1939)
- November 12 – Arthur K. Cebrowski, American admiral (b. 1942)
- November 13 – Eddie Guerrero, Mexican-American professional wrestler (b. 1967)
- November 19 – Erik Balling, Danish television and film director (b. 1924)
- November 20 – Chris Whitley, American musician (b. 1945)
- November 24 – Pat Morita, American actor (b. 1932)
- November 25
- George Best, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1946)
- Richard Burns, English rally driver (b. 1971)
- November 26 – Takanori Arisawa, Japanese Composer (b. 1951)
- November 28 – Tony Meehan, English drummer (The Shadows) (b. 1943)
December[link]
_(cropped).jpg)
- December 1 – Mary Hayley Bell (Lady Mary Mills), Actress & Writer (b. 1911)
- December 2
- Mohammed Amza Zubeidi, former prime minister of Iraq (b. 1938)
- Nguyen Tuong Van, Vietnamese-Australian drug trafficker and capital punishment cause célèbre (b. 1980)
- Christine Pullein-Thompson, British author (b. 1925)
- December 6 – Devan Nair, President of Singapore (b. 1923)
- December 10 – Richard Pryor, American comedian (b. 1940)
- December 12 – Ramanand Sagar, Indian film director (b. 1917)
- December 13 – Stanley Williams, American gang founder (b. 1953)
- December 16 – John Spencer, American actor (b. 1946)
- December 18 – Alan Voorhees, American engineer and urban planner (b. 1922)
- December 19 – Vincent Gigante, New York City mafia boss (b. 1928)
- December 21 – William C. Rodgers, American arsonist (b. unknown)
- December 23 – Yao Wenyuan, Chinese politician (b. 1931)
- December 25
- Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (b. 1918)
- Charles Socarides, American psychiatrist (b. 1922)
- December 26
- Kerry Packer, Australian media tycoon (b. 1937)
- Vincent Schiavelli, American actor (b. 1948)
- December 28 – Patrick Cranshaw, American actor (b.1919)
- December 29 – Gerda Boyesen, Norwegian-born body psychotherapist (b. 1922)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, and Theodor W. Hänsch
- Chemistry – Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, and Yves Chauvin
- Physiology or Medicine – Robin Warren, and Barry Marshall
- Literature – Harold Pinter
- Peace – Mohamed ElBaradei
- Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Robert J. Aumann, and Thomas Schelling
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 2005
- The Transformers: The Movie (1986): The story takes place in 2005, 20 years after the events of the TV series.
- Bicentennial Man (1999): This movie is set in April, 2005.
- Metal Gear Solid (1998): The story is set in 2005, when the game itself was released in 1998.
- Twisted Metal (1995): The tenth "Twisted Metal" competition takes place on Christmas Eve in the streets of Los Angeles.
References[link]
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- ^ "Kyoto Protocol comes into effect". CBC. 2005-02-16. http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2005/02/16/kyoto050216.html. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ "Violence mars Iraq Shia festival". BBC. 2006-02-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4279139.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ "Eyewitness: Iran earthquake". BBC. 2005-02-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4288043.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ Nadia Abou El-Magd (2005-02-28). "Mubarak reform plan just a start, critics say". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002192140_egypt28.html. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ "Rammed ship: Skipper was drunk". News24. 2005-03-07. http://www.news24.com/Content/World/News/1073/7a2503fc273c4e43baf802d755d6c2ea/07-03-2005-08-12/Rammed_ship_Skipper_was_drunk. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ Eastley, Tony (2005-03-04). "Steve Fossett sets solo aviation record". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2005/s1315740.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ "Four Mounties Killed in Canadian Pot Raid". Fox News. Associated Press. 2005-03-04. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,149397,00.html. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ "Wounded Italian journalist Sgrena returns home". CTV News. 2005-03-05. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1110028220472_50/?hub=CTVNewsAt11. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
- ^ "Countries support Anti-Secession Law". China Daily. 2005-03-16. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-03/16/content_425628.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ "Beirut street rally draws 800,000". Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-03-15. http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Beirut-street-rally-draws-800000/2005/03/15/1110649166042.html. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ "Pakistan Shrine Blast Kills 30". Fox News. Associated Press. 2005-03-20. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,150950,00.html. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ Roberto Ortiz de Zárate (2008-09-18). "Askar Akáyev" (in Catalan). CIDOB Foundation. http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/asia/kirguizistan/askar_akayev. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ Bradsher, Keith (2005-03-26). "Hundreds of Thousands Stage Mass Rally in Taiwan". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/26/international/asia/26cnd-taiwan.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II Laid to Rest Today Amidst Huge Crowds". CNN International. April 8, 2005. http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/08/lt.03.html. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Coates, Sam; Asthana, Anushka (April 8, 2005). "What is Pope John Paul II's legacy?". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/article377153.ece?token=null&offset=0. Retrieved October 23, 20093.
- ^ "The funeral of Pope John Paul II". BBC News. April 8, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/breakfast/4420145.stm. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
- ^ Bremner, Charles (April 8, 2005). "What is the 13th root of . . .". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article378484.ece?. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
- ^ Sluis, Miriam (April 9, 2005). "Bevolking Curaçao wil een 'status aparte'". NRC Handelsblad. http://www.nrc.nl/dossiers/nederlandse_antillen/interne_politiek/article1862214.ece/Bevolking_Curaccedil_ao_wil_een_status_aparte. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ Filkins, Dexter (April 10, 2005). "Demonstrators in Iraq Demand That U.S. Leave". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/10/international/middleeast/10iraq.html?_r=1. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ "12 killed as Swiss bus plunges into ravine". The Guardian. Associated Press (London). April 18, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/apr/18/2. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ "Five die in Iran ethnic clashes". BBC News. April 19, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4461893.stm. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ Johnson, Daniel (April 20, 2005). "Pope Benedict XVI may be more controversial than his predecessor but he can still be a great leader". London: The Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article383225.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ "Pope Benedict XVI". New York Times. April 19, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/19/opinion/19iht-web.0419popeed.html. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ "56 hurt as big earthquake hits Japan.". Yomiuri Shimbun. April 20, 2005. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-131768388/56-hurt-big-earthquake.html. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "Japan train crash toll tops 100". BBC News. April 28, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4492267.stm. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ "Syria withdrawal: Lebanese speak". BBC News. April 27, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4482883.stm. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ "Airbus A380 Completes First Flight". Fox News. Associated Press. April 27, 2005. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,154745,00.html. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ "Explosion, building collapse kills at least 25 in Pakistan". USA Today. Associated Press. May 3, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-05-03-pakistan-building_x.htm?csp=34. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ "The Struggle For Iraq: The Insurgency; 60 Kurds Killed by Sicide Bomb in Northern Iraq". New York Times. May 5, 2005. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E1DA1730F936A35756C0A9639C8B63. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
- ^ "2005: Historic third term for Labour". BBC News. September 20, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/6994476.stm.
- ^ "Toll from Uzbekistan violence disputed". USA Today. Associated Press. May 17, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-05-17-uzbekistan_x.htm. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ "Search for 200 missing after ferry capsizes in Bangladesh". New York Times. May 19, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/19/world/asia/19iht-web.0519bangl.html. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ Gibson, John (May 17, 2005). "George Galloway Got Away Scot-Free". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,156854,00.html. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ Fattah, Hassan M. (May 18, 2005). "Surprise measure gives Kuwaiti women the vote". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/17/world/africa/17iht-kuwait.html. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ "Solar Sail Spacecraft Launch Fails". Fox News. Associated Press. June 22, 2005. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,160301,00.html. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
- ^ "Norfolk hero Nelson honoured". Eastern Daily Press. June 28, 2005. http://www.edp24.co.uk/content/edp24/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=edponline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED27%20Jun%202005%2017:22:47:223. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
- ^ "Millions gather for Live 8". CNN. July 3, 2005. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/02/live8.main/. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Reid, Tim (July 4, 2005). "Nasa probe hits comet". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article540267.ece. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ "Software patent bill thrown out". BBC News. July 6, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/technology/4655955.stm. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ "London Wins Vote for 2012 Olympics". Fox News. Associated Press. July 6, 2005. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,161657,00.html. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ "London bombings: Police updates". BBC News. July 9, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4667381.stm. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ "Israel raids target Hamas members". BBC News. July 15, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4686739.stm. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
- ^ "Death toll from Egypt blasts rises to 59 - TV". Xinhua News Agency. July 23, 2005. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-07/23/content_3256722.htm. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
- ^ Frankel, Glenn (July 29, 2005). "IRA Says It Will Abandon Violence". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/28/AR2005072800427.html. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about motion pictures or movies. For still photography film, see Photographic film. For motion picture film, see Film stock.
"Movie" and "Moving picture" redirect here. For other uses, see Movie (disambiguation), Moving Pictures (disambiguation) and Film (disambiguation).
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (January 2012) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating.
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| World cinema |
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A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects. The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue into the language of the viewer.
Films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Viewers perceive motion due to a psychological effect called beta movement.
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photo-play and flick. A common name for film in the United States is movie, while in Europe the term film is preferred. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema and the movies.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of film
Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film: scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, and scores. Much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scene (roughly, the entire visual picture at any one time). Owing to an absence of technology for doing so, moving visual and aural images were not recorded for replaying as in film.
In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing two-dimensional drawings in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope, mutoscope and praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect, and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. An 1878 experiment by English photographer Eadweard Muybridge in the United States using 24 cameras produced a series of stereoscopic images of a galloping horse, is arguably the first "motion picture", though it was not called by this name.[1] This technology required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second, depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Commercial versions of these machines were coin operated.
By the 1880s the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques. The first public exhibition of projected motion pictures in America was shown at Koster and Bial's Music Hall in New York City on the 23rd of April 1896.
Ignoring W. K. L. Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the 20th century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell a story. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience with noise of early cinema projectors, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music that would cover noises of projector. Eventually, musicians would start to fit the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I when the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood, typified most prominently by the great innovative work of D. W. Griffith in The Birth of a Nation (1914) and Intolerance (1916). However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, in many ways inspired by the meteoric war-time progress of film through Griffith, along with the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, quickly caught up with American film-making and continued to further advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural color", which meant color that was photographically recorded from nature rather than being added to black-and-white prints by hand-coloring, stencil-coloring or other arbitrary procedures, although the earliest processes typically yielded colors which were far from "natural" in appearance. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color replaced black-and-white much more gradually. The pivotal innovation was the introduction of the three-strip version of the Technicolor process, which was first used for short subjects and for isolated sequences in a few feature films released in 1934, then for an entire feature film, Becky Sharp, in 1935. The expense of the process was daunting, but continued favorable public response and enhanced box-office receipts increasingly justified the added cost. The number of films made in color slowly increased year after year.
In the early 1950s, as the proliferation of black-and-white television started seriously depressing theater attendance in the US, the use of color was seen as one way of winning back audiences. It soon became the rule rather than the exception. Some important mainstream Hollywood films were still being made in black-and-white as late as the mid-1960s, but they marked the end of an era. Color television receivers had been available in the US since the mid-1950s, but at first they were very expensive and few broadcasts were in color. During the 1960s, prices gradually came down, color broadcasts became common, and the sale of color television sets boomed. The strong preference of the general public for color was obvious. After the final flurry of black-and-white film releases in mid-decade, all major Hollywood studio film production was exclusively in color, with rare exceptions reluctantly made only at the insistence of "star" directors such as Peter Bogdanovich and Martin Scorsese.
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. Various New Wave movements (including the French New Wave, Indian New Wave, Japanese New Wave and New Hollywood) and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s. 3D technology increased in usage and has become more popular since the early 2010s.
Theory[link]
Main articles: Film theory and Philosophy of language film analysis
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Béla Balázs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. André Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Jacques Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others. On the other hand, critics from the analytical philosophy tradition, influenced by Wittgenstein, try to clarify misconceptions used in theoretical studies and produce analysis of a film's vocabulary and its link to a form of life.
Language[link]
Film is considered to have its own language. James Monaco wrote a classic text on film theory titled "How to Read a Film". Director Ingmar Bergman famously said, "[Andrei] Tarkovsky for me is the greatest [director], the one who invented a new language, true to the nature of film, as it captures life as a reflection, life as a dream." Examples of the language are a sequence of back and forth images of one actor's left profile speaking, followed by another actor's right profile speaking, then a repetition of this, which is a language understood by the audience to indicate a conversation. Another example is zooming in on the forehead of an actor with an expression of silent reflection, then changing to a scene of a younger actor who vaguely resembles the first actor, indicating the first actor is having a memory of their own past.
Montage[link]
Main article: Montage
Parallels to musical counterpoint have been developed into a theory of montage, extended from the complex superimposition of images in early silent film[citation needed] to even more complex incorporation of musical counterpoint together with visual counterpoint through mise en scene and editing, as in a ballet or opera; e.g., as illustrated in the gang fight scene of director Francis Ford Coppola’s film, Rumble Fish.
Criticism[link]
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry[link]
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumières quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. By 1917 Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
From 1931 to 1956, film was also the only image storage and playback system for television programming until the introduction of videotape recorders.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[2] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Associated fields[link]
Derivative academic Fields of study may both interact with and develop independently of filmmaking, as in film theory and analysis. Fields of academic study have been created that are derivative or dependent on the existence of film, such as film criticism, film history, divisions of film propaganda in authoritarian governments, or psychological on subliminal effects of a flashing soda can during a screening. These fields may further create derivative fields, such as a movie review section in a newspaper or a television guide. Sub-industries can spin off from film, such as popcorn makers, and toys. Sub- industries of pre-existing industries may deal specifically with film, such as product placement in advertising.
Terminology used[link]
Although the words "film" and "movie" are sometimes used interchangeably, "film" is more often used when considering artistic, theoretical, or technical aspects, as studies in a university class and "movies" more often refers to entertainment or commercial aspects, as where to go for fun on a date. For example, a book titled "How to Read a Film" would be about the aesthetics or theory of film, while "Lets Go to the Movies" would be about the history of entertaining movies. "Motion pictures" or "Moving pictures" are films and movies. A "DVD" is a digital format which may be used to reproduce an analog film, while "videotape" ("video") was for many decades a solely analog medium onto which moving images could be recorded and electronically (rather than optically) reproduced. Strictly speaking, "Film" refers to the media onto which a visual image is shot, and to this end it may seem improper for work in other "moving image" media to be referred to as a "film" and the action of shooting as "filming", though these terms are still in general use. "Silent films" need not be silent, but are films and movies without an audible dialogue, though they may have a musical soundtrack. "Talkies" refers to early movies or films having audible dialogue or analog sound, not just a musical accompaniment. "Cinema" either broadly encompasses both films and movies, or is roughly synonymous with "Film", both capitalized when referring to a category of art. The "silver screen" refers to classic black-and-white films before color, not to contemporary films without color.
The expression "Sight and Sound", as in the film journal of the same name, means "film". The following icons mean film: a "candle and bell", as in the films Tarkovsky, of a segment of film stock, or a two faced Janus image, and an image of a movie camera in profile.
"Widescreen" and "Cinemascope" refers to a larger width to height in the frame, compared to an earlier historic aspect ratios.[3] A "feature length film", or "feature film", is of a conventional full length, usually 60 minutes or more, and can commercially stand by itself without other films in a ticketed screening.[4] A "short" is a film that is not as long as a feature length film, usually screened with other shorts, or preceding a feature length film. An "independent" is a film made outside of the conventional film industry.
A "screening" or "projection" is the projection of a film or video on a screen at a public or private theater, usually but not always of a film, but of a video or DVD when of sufficient projection quality. A "double feature" is a screening of two independent, stand-alone, feature films. A "viewing" is a watching of a film. A "showing" is a screening or viewing on an electronic monitor. "Sales" refers to tickets sold at a theater, or more currently, rights sold for individual showings. A "release" is the distribution and often simultaneous screening of a film. A "preview" is a screening in advance of the main release.
"Hollywood" may be used either as a pejorative adjective, shorthand for asserting an overly commercial rather than artistic intent or outcome, as in "too Hollywood", or as a descriptive adjective to refer to a film originating with people who ordinarily work near Los Angeles.
Expressions for Genres of film are sometimes used interchangeably for "film" in a specific context, such as a "porn" for a film with explicit sexual content, or "cheese" for films that are light, entertaining and not highbrow.
Any film may also have a "sequel", which portrays events following those in the film. Bride of Frankenstein is an early example. When there are a number of films with the same characters, we have a "series", such as the James Bond series. A film which portrays events that occur earlier than those in another film, but is released after that film, is sometimes called a "prequel", an example being Butch and Sundance: The Early Days.
Credits is a list of the people involved in making the film. Before the 1970s, credits were usually at the beginning of a film. Since then, the credits roll at the end of most films.
A Post-credits scene is a scene shown after the end of the credits. Ferris Bueller's Day Off has a post-credit scene in which Ferris tells the audience that the movie is over and they should go home.
Preview[link]
Main article: Test screening
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections (Audience response).
Trailer[link]
Main article: Film trailer
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
Film, or other art form?[link]
Film may be combined with performance art and still be considered or referred to as a "film", for instance, when there is a live musical accompaniment to a silent film. Another example is audience participation films, as at a midnight movies screening of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, where the audience dresses up in costume from the film and loudly does a karaoke-like reenactment along with the film. Performance art where film is incorporated as a component is usually not called film, but a film, which could stand-alone but is accompanied by a performance may still be referred to as a film.
The act of making a film can, in and of itself, be considered a work of art, on a different level from the film itself, as in the films of Werner Herzog.
Similarly, the playing of a film can be considered to fall within the realm of political protest art, as in the subtleties within the films of Tarkovsky. A "road movie" can refer to a film put together from footage from a long road trip or vacation.
Education and propaganda[link]
Main articles: Education and Propaganda
Film is used for education and propaganda. When the purpose is primarily educational, a film is called an "educational film". Examples are recordings of lectures and experiments, or more marginally, a film based on a classic novel.
Film may be propaganda, in whole or in part, such as the films made by Leni Riefenstahl in Nazi Germany, US war film trailers during World War II, or artistic films made under Stalin by Eisenstein. They may also be works of political protest, as in the films of Wajda, or more subtly, the films of Andrei Tarkovsky.
The same film may be considered educational by some, and propaganda by others, such as some of the films of Michael Moore.
Production[link]
Main article: Filmmaking
At its core, the means to produce a film depend on the content the filmmaker wishes to show, and the apparatus for displaying it: the zoetrope merely requires a series of images on a strip of paper. Film production can therefore take as little as one person with a camera (or without it, such as Stan Brakhage's 1963 film Mothlight), or thousands of actors, extras and crewmembers for a live-action, feature-length epic.
The necessary steps for almost any film can be boiled down to conception, planning, execution, revision, and distribution. The more involved the production, the more significant each of the steps becomes. In a typical production cycle of a Hollywood-style film, these main stages are defined as:
This production cycle usually takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
The bigger the production, the more resources it takes, and the more important financing becomes; most feature films are not only artistic works, but for-profit business entities.
Crew[link]
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology[link]
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16⅔ frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown).[5] When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras – allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design – allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters: three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black-and-white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are preferred by some moviemakers, especially because footage shot with digital cinema can be evaluated and edited with non-linear editing systems (NLE) without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still shot on film.
Independent[link]
Main article: Independent film
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[6] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film.
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie, and Microsoft's Windows Movie Maker make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film[link]
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film[link]
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures.
Distribution[link]
Main articles: Film distribution and Film release
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The identity of the first theater designed specifically for cinema is a matter of debate; candidates include Tally's Electric Theatre, established 1902 in Los Angeles,[7] and Pittsburgh's Nickelodeon, established 1905.[8] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[9] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters.[citation needed] In 1967, videocassettes of movies became available to consumers to watch in their own homes.[10] Recording technology has since enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision – see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as a television movie or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own movie studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[11] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[11]
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Animation[link]
Main article: Animation
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labor intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[12]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Future state[link]
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This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon[clarification needed] of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts[who?] predicted the demise of local movie theaters.[citation needed] Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s[citation needed] such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In fact with the rise of television's predominance, film began to become more respected as an artistic medium by contrast due the low general opinion of the quality of average television content.[citation needed] In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.[citation needed]
In the 1990s and 2000s, the development of DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction.[citation needed] These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 21st century and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.[citation needed] The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new high definition (HD) format, Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality.[citation needed] Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film offers; 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920×1080, a leap from the DVD offering of 720×480 and the 330×480 offered by the first home video standard, VHS.[citation needed] Ultra HD, a future digital video format, will offer a resolution of 7680×4320. However, the nature and structure of film prevents an apples-to-apples comparison with regard to resolution.[13] The resolving power of film, and its ability to capture an image which can later be scanned to a digital format, will ensure that film remains a viable medium for some time to come.[citation needed] Currently the super-16 format is seeing use as a capture medium, with digital scanning and post-production providing good results.[14][15] Despite advances in digital capture, film still offers unsurpassed ability to capture fine detail beyond what is possible with digital image sensors. A 35 mm film frame, with proper exposure and processing, still offers an equivalent resolution in the range of 500 mega pixels.[13]
Despite the rise of all-new technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online copyright infringement, 2007 was a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many[who?] expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the future.[citation needed]
See also[link]
- Genre
- Fiction film basic genre
- Documentary basic genre
- Docufiction hybrid genre
- Lists
Main articles: Outline of film and Lists of film topics
- List of film awards
- List of film festivals
- List of film journals and magazines
- List of film topics
- List of video-related topics
- List of years in film
- Lists of films
- Related topics
Notes[link]
- ^ Williams, Alan Larson (1992) Republic of images: a history of French filmmaking Harvard University Press
- ^ Bollywood Hots Up cnn.com. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
- ^ "Movie Terminology Glossary: W". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/glossary/W.
- ^ "Movie Terminology Glossary: F". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/glossary/F.
- ^ "Silent Film Speed". Cinemaweb.com. 1911-12-02. http://www.cinemaweb.com/silentfilm/bookshelf/18_car_1.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ Amdur, Meredith (2003-11-16). "Sharing Pix is Risky Business". Variety. http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=print_story&articleid=VR1117895718&categoryid=10. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
- ^ "Tally's Electric Theatre". http://cinematreasures.org/theater/8855/. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ Timothy McNulty (2005-06-19). "You saw it here first: Pittsburgh's Nickelodeon introduced the moving picture theater to the masses in 1905". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05170/522854.stm. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ "Pre-Nickelodeon/Nickelodeon". University of Maryland Libraries. 2005-07-05. http://www.lib.umd.edu/RARE/Exhibits/Headley/styles1.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ "Timeline/Fun Facts," Broadcasting & Cable, Nov. 21, 2011.
- ^ a b PBS Frontline: The Monster that Ate Hollywood: Anatomy of a Monster: Now Playing ... And Playing ... And Playing ... pbs.org. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
- ^ Savage, Mark (2006-12-19). "Hanna Barbera's golden age of animation". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6193603.stm. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ a b "ADOX CMS Film Resolving Equivalence". http://www.adox.de/english/ADOX%20Films/Premium/ADOX_Films/ADOX_CMS_Films.html.
- ^ "Kodak Motion Picture Film". http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/index.htm.
- ^ "Kodak Motion Picture Film Testimonials". http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Customer_Testimonials/index.htm.
References[link]
- Acker, Ally (1991). Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema, 1896 to the Present. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0499-5.
- Basten, Fred E. (1980). Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow. Cranbury, NJ: AS Barnes & Company. ISBN 0-498-02317-6.
- Basten, Fred E. (writer); Peter Jones (director and writer); Angela Lansbury (narrator) (1998). Glorious Technicolor (Documentary). Turner Classic Movies. http://imdb.com/title/tt0274530/.
- Casetti, Francesco (1999). Theories of Cinema, 1945-1995. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71207-3.
- Cook, Pam (2007). The Cinema Book, Third Edition. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-1-84457-193-2.
- Faber, Liz, & Walters, Helen (2003). Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940. London: Laurence King, in association with Harper Design International. ISBN 1-85669-346-5.
- Hagener, Malte, & Töteberg, Michael (2002). Film: An International Bibliography. Stuttgart: Metzler. ISBN 3-476-01523-8.
- Hill, John, & Gibson, Pamela Church (1998). The Oxford Guide to Film Studies. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-871124-7.
- King, Geoff (2002). New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12759-6.
- Ledoux, Trish, & Ranney, Doug, & Patten, Fred (1997). Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide. Issaquah, WA: Tiger Mountain Press. ISBN 0-9649542-5-7.
- Merritt, Greg (2000). Celluloid Mavericks: A History of American Independent Film. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-232-4.
- Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1999). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-874242-8.
- Rocchio, Vincent F. (2000). Reel Racism: Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-6710-7.
- Schrader, Paul (Spring 1972). "Notes on Film Noir". Film Comment 8 (1): 8–13. ISSN 0015-119X.
- Schultz, John (writer and director); James Earl Jones (narrator) (1995). The Making of 'Jurassic Park' (Documentary). Amblin Entertainment. http://imdb.com/title/tt0256908/.
- Thackway, Melissa (2003). Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-85255-576-8.
- Vogel, Amos (1974). Film as a Subversive Art. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-49078-9.
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Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Film
http://es.wn.com/Película
http://ru.wn.com/Фильм
http://cs.wn.com/Film
http://pt.wn.com/Filme
http://pl.wn.com/Film
http://hi.wn.com/फ़िल्म
http://it.wn.com/Film
http://id.wn.com/Film
http://nl.wn.com/Film (cinematografie)
http://fr.wn.com/Cinéma
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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