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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
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AirTrain JFK
AirTrain JFK is a 3-line, 8.1-statute mile (13 km) people mover system in New York City that connects John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) to the city's subway, commuter trains and airport parking lots. It is operated by Bombardier Transportation under contract to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which also operates the airport and AirTrain Newark.
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Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
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Algonquian peoples
The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples. This grouping consists of peoples that speak Algonquian languages.
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Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. They comprise the third largest minority group in the United States. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asian, which includes individuals of East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian origin.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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Bolivian American
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Buddhism
Bolivian American is a compound term that applies to American citizens of Bolivian origin. Racially, Bolivian Americans are identified as Indigenous, European (mostly Spanish, German, or Croatian), Afro Bolivian, or a combination of any or all three races in varying degrees of admixture. Furthermore, there are Bolivian Americans of Japanese descent, albeit, in small numbers.
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Charles Schumer
Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद्ध धर्म Buddha Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by adherents as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana, and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth.
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Chuck Schumer
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Colombian American
Charles Ellis "Chuck" Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected in 1998, he defeated three-term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato by a margin of 55%–44%. He was easily re-elected in 2004 by a margin of 71%–24%.
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David Paterson
Colombian Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their nationality or heritage from the South American nation of Colombia. They are the largest South American ethnic group in the United States.
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DeWitt Clinton
David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is the 55th and current Governor of New York. He is the first governor of New York of African American heritage and also the second legally blind governor of any U.S. state after Bob C. Riley, who was Acting Governor of Arkansas for 11 days in January 1975.
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Dominican American
DeWitt Clinton (March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828) was an early American politician who served as United States Senator and the sixth Governor of New York. In this last capacity he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal. Unlike his adversary Martin Van Buren, who invented machine politics, Clinton became the leader of New York's People’s Party. Clinton is an authentic but largely forgotten hero of American democracy, according to Daniel Walker Howe (2007). Howe explains, "The infrastructure he worked to create would transform American life, enhancing economic opportunity, political participation, and intellectual awareness."
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Ecuadorian American
A Dominican American is any American who has origins in the Dominican Republic.
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French Canadians
An Ecuadorian American is any person in the United States who is of Ecuadorian ancestry. Ecuadorian Americans can be Mestizo, White, Afro-Ecuadorian, Indigenous, Mulato, or Zambo. Many Ecuadorians are of Lebanese descent. There are also sizable populations of Ecuadorians of Italian, German, Chinese, and Japanese descent.
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George Pataki
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George Perkins Marsh
George Elmer Pataki (; born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who was the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki served three consecutive four-year terms from January 1, 1995 until December 31, 2006.
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George W. Bush
George Perkins Marsh (March 15, 1801 – July 23, 1882), an American diplomat and philologist, is considered by some to be America's first environmentalist. The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in Vermont takes its name, in part, from Marsh.
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George Washington
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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German Americans
George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)
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German-American
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Gustave Eiffel
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Henry Hudson
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel né Bönickhausen (December 15, 1832 – December 27, 1923; , ) was a French structural engineer from the École Centrale Paris, an entrepreneur and a specialist of metallic structures. He is acclaimed for designing the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built 1887–1889 for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France. Notable among his other works is the armature for the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, United States.
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indigenous people
Henry Hudson (c. 1560/70s – 1611?) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. After several voyages on behalf of English merchants to explore a prospective Northeast Passage to India, Hudson explored the region around modern New York City while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
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Irish Americans
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Irish-American
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Iroquois
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Italian Americans
The Iroquois (), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples coalesced as distinct tribes, based mostly in present-day central and upstate New York, in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems.
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Italian-American
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Jamaican American
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James II of England
Jamaican Americans are Americans of Jamaican heritage or Jamaican-born people who live in the United States of America. American citizenship is not a prerequisite of being a Jamaican American as permanent residents are also given this title.
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Janette Sadik-Khan
James II & VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Increasingly Britain's political and religious leaders opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded and the leaders called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. James fled England (and thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.
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John Kerry
Janette Sadik-Khan is the current Commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation, appointed by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg on April 27, 2007, to replace Iris Weinshall. Previously she worked at Parsons Brinckerhoff as a Senior Vice President and was a board member of the Tri-State Transportation Campaign.
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Kirsten Gillibrand
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
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Lenape
Kirsten Elizabeth Rutnik Gillibrand (; born December 9, 1966) is the junior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. On January 23, 2009, Gillibrand was appointed by Governor David Paterson to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Hillary Rodham Clinton, who assumed the office of United States Secretary of State in the Obama administration. She is the second woman to serve as a U.S. Senator from New York.
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New Netherland
The Lenape ( or ) are a group of several organized bands of Native American people with shared cultural and linguistic characteristics. Their name for themselves (autonym), sometimes spelled Lennape or Lenapi, means "the people." They are also known as the Lenni Lenape (the "true people") or as the Delaware Indians. English settlers named the Delaware River after Lord De La Warr, the governor of the Jamestown settlement. They used the exonym above for almost all the Lenape people living along this river and its tributaries.
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patroonship
New Netherland, or Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch, was the 17th-century colonial province on the East Coast of North America of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The claimed territories were the lands from the Delmarva Peninsula to extreme southwestern Cape Cod. The settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. The provincial capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan on upper New York Bay.
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Peruvian American
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Puerto Rican people
A Peruvian American is an immigrant or descendant of immigrants from Peru that arrived in the United States. Among Peruvian Americans there are those of White, mestizo, Amerindian, and Afro-Peruvian descent, as well as others, including Italian, French, and German or a mix of any of these. A significant number are of pure or mixed Chinese or/and Japanese heritage.
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soil
A Puerto Rican () (Taíno term: boricua) is a person who was born or raised as a Puerto Rican.
http://wn.com/soil
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Adirondack Park
The Adirondack Park is a publicly protected area in northeast New York. It is the largest park and the largest state-level protected area in the contiguous United States, and the largest National Historic Landmark.
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Binghamton, New York
Binghamton is a city located in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States. It is located near the Pennsylvania border, situated in a bowl-shaped valley at the confluence of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers. Binghamton is the county seat of Broome County and is the principal city and cultural center of the Greater Binghamton metropolitan area (also known as the Triple Cities), home to a quarter million people. The population of the city itself, according to the 2000 census, is 47,380.
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Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
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Brunswick, New York
Brunswick is a town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States that was originally settled in the early 18th century. During its history, it had been part of Albany County, Rensselaerswyck, and Troy, before its incorporation in 1807. It is bordered on the west by the city of Troy; on the north by Schaghticoke and Pittstown; on the east by Grafton; and on the south by Poestenkill and North Greenbush. The population was 11,664 at the 2000 census. The source of the town's name is not certain, though some claim it comes from the source of its first inhabitants from the province of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Germany.
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Buffalo, New York
Buffalo () is the second most populous city in the state of New York, behind New York City. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River across from Fort Erie, Ontario, Buffalo is the seat of Erie County and the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area (which is the largest in Western New York and the larger Upstate New York). Downtown Buffalo is located 17 miles (27 km) south of Niagara Falls (a site drawing millions of tourists each year) and 59 miles (95 km) southeast of Toronto, Ontario (Canada's largest city). The city also lies adjacent to the rapidly growing Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario, which has a population of more than 8 million. Buffalo itself has a population of 270,919 (July 1, 2009 Estimate), and the Buffalo–Niagara–Cattaraugus Combined Statistical Area is home to 1,203,997 residents. If the neighboring Regional Municipality of Niagara in Canada is included, the population of the Greater Buffalo-Niagara Region is 1,631,418 residents. Additionally, Buffalo-Niagara is considered to be a part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis, which contains an estimated 54 million people.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Capital District
New York's Capital District, also known as the Capital Region or Capital Land, is a region in upstate New York that generally refers to the four counties surrounding Albany, the capital of the state: Albany County, Schenectady County, Rensselaer County, and Saratoga County. Often the other counties of the Albany-Schenectady-Amsterdam Combined Statistical Area and Greene County are included, especially for economic and demographic compilations and regional planning.
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Catskill Park
The Catskill Park is in the Catskill Mountains in New York in the United States. It consists of 700,000 acres (2,800 km²) of land inside a Blue Line in four counties: Delaware, Greene, Sullivan, and Ulster. As of 2005 there are 287,514 acres (1,150 km²), or 41 percent of the land within, owned by the state as part of the Forest Preserve; it is managed by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Another 5% is owned by New York City to protect four of the city’s reservoirs in the region that lie partially within the park and their respective watersheds.
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Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
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Connecticut
Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
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Cornell University
Cornell University (, {{respell|kor-) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is a private land-grant university which receives funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.
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Deerpark, New York
Deerpark is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 7,858 at the 2000 census. The center of population of New York is located in Cuddebackville [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt].
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Finger Lakes
The Finger Lakes are a chain of lakes in the west-central section of Upstate New York in the United States and are a popular tourist destination. The lakes are linear in shape, each lake oriented on a north-south axis. The two longest, Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake, are among the deepest in America; both are close to 40 miles (64 km) from end to end, and never more than 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide. Cayuga is the longest (38.1 miles, 61 km) and Seneca the largest in total area. Seneca is the deepest (618 feet, 188 m), followed by Cayuga (435 feet, 133 m), with their bottoms well below sea level. These largest lakes resemble the others in shape, which collectively reminded early map-makers of the fingers of a hand. Oneida Lake is generally not considered one of the Finger Lakes, but it is sometimes called the "thumb".
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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Fordham University
Fordham University is a private university in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. It was founded by the Roman Catholic Diocese of New York in 1841 as ''St. John's College'', placed in the care of the Society of Jesus shortly thereafter, and has since become an independent institution under a lay Board of Trustees which describes the university as "in the Jesuit tradition."
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Fort Amsterdam
Fort Amsterdam (subsequently named Fort James, Fort Willem Hendrick, Fort James (again), Fort William, Fort Anne and Fort George) was a fort on the southern tip of Manhattan that was the administrative headquarters for the Dutch and then British rule of New York from 1625 until being torn down in 1790 after the American Revolution.
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater seas located in northeastern North America, on the Canada – United States border. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total surface and volume. The total surface is , and the total volume is The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States. The Great Lakes hold 21 percent of the world's surface fresh water.
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Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural, and business center. Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem was annexed to New York City in 1873.
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Innsbruck, Austria
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Ithaca, New York
The city of Ithaca, named for the Greek island of Ithaca, sits on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York, USA. It is best known for being home to Cornell University, an Ivy League school with almost 20,000 students (most of them studying on Cornell’s Ithaca campus). Ithaca College is located just south of the city in the town of Ithaca, adding to Ithaca’s “college town” focus and atmosphere.
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Long Beach, New York
Long Beach is a city in Nassau County, New York. One of Long Island's two cities, it is located on a namesake island, which forms part of the Outer Barrier off Long Island's South Shore. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 35,462. It was incorporated in 1922, and is nicknamed The City By the Sea (as seen in Latin on its official seal).
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Long Island
Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, United States, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs (Queens and Brooklyn) of New York City, and two of which (Nassau and Suffolk) are mainly suburban or rural. In popular usage, the term "Long Island" generally refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties in order to differentiate them from New York City, though all four counties on the island are part of the New York metropolitan area.
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Manhattan
Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a small section on the mainland adjacent to the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, and expanded in 1898 to include surrounding counties. It is the smallest, yet most urbanized of the five boroughs.
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Manhattan Island
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
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New York Harbor
New York Harbor refers to the waterways of the estuary near the mouth of the Hudson River that empty into New York Bay. Although the U.S. Board of Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. Originally used to refer to the Upper New York Bay, the term is also used to describe the Port of New York and New Jersey, the port district for New York-Newark metropolitan area, under the jurisdiction of the Port Authority.
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Niagara River
The Niagara River flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the Province of Ontario in Canada and New York State in the United States. There are differing theories as to the origin of the name of the river. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, "Niagara" is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the "Niagagarega" people on several late 17th century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called "Ongniaahra", meaning "point of land cut in two".
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North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology, Bio-Chemical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park (RTP), UNC Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State .
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Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
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Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
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Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
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Queens
Queens is the largest in area, the second largest in population, and the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States.
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Rensselaerswyck
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
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Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island ( or ), is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
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Rochester, New York
Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The Rochester metropolitan area is the second largest regional economy in all of New York State according to the U.S. Internal Revenue, after the New York City metropolitan area. Known as ''The World's Image Centre, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City''. It is the county seat for Monroe County.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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Sherrill, New York
Sherrill is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States. With a population of 3,147 (2000 census), it is the least populous city in the state. Sherill is located at the western end of the Town of Vernon on Route 5. Sherrill is referred to as The Silver City.
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Syracuse, New York
Syracuse (locally or ; generally the latter by non-natives) is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, United States, the largest U.S. city with the name "Syracuse", and the fifth most populous city in the state. At the 2000 census, the city population was 147,306, and its metropolitan area had a population of 732,117. It is the economic and educational hub of Central New York, a region with over a million inhabitants. Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites, with a downtown convention complex and, directly west of the city, the Empire Expo Center, which hosts the annual Great New York State Fair. Syracuse was named after the original Syracuse, (Siracusa in Italian) a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily.
http://wn.com/Syracuse_New_York -
Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
http://wn.com/Texas -
the Bronx
http://wn.com/the_Bronx -
The United States
http://wn.com/The_United_States -
Times Square
Times Square is a major commercial intersection in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. The extended Times Square area, also called the Theatre District, consists of the blocks between Sixth and Eighth Avenues from east to west, and West 40th and West 53rd Streets from south to north, making up the western part of the commercial area of Midtown Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Times_Square -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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University at Albany
http://wn.com/University_at_Albany -
Upper East Side
The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park and the East River. The Upper East Side lies within an area bounded by 59th Street, 96th Street, Central Park and the East River.
http://wn.com/Upper_East_Side -
Utica, New York
Utica is a city in the American state of New York, and the county seat of Oneida County.
http://wn.com/Utica_New_York -
Vermont
Vermont () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state ranks 43rd by land area, , and 45th by total area. It has a population of 621,270, making it the second least-populated state. The only New England state with no coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont is notable for Lake Champlain (which makes up 50% of Vermont's western border) and the Green Mountains, which run north to south. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Québec to the north.
http://wn.com/Vermont -
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
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Wallabout Bay
Wallabout Bay is small body of water in Upper New York Bay along the northwest shore of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, between the present Williamsburg and Manhattan bridges, opposite Corlear's Hook on Manhattan to the west, across the East River. Wallabout Bay now abuts the site of the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
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Washington D.C.
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West Point
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West Side Stadium
The West Side Stadium (also known as the New York Sports and Convention Center) was a proposed football stadium to be built on a platform over the rail yards on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. The arena would be an all-weather facility with a retractable roof, allowing it to be used as either a indoor convention hall, or a 85,000 seat (75,000 Post Olympics) indoor/outdoor sporting event stadium. It was to be the new home for the New York Jets, who at the time of the proposal played at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The stadium was to have served as the centerpiece of New York's bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but, after heated debate, the proposal was finally defeated politically only a month before the International Olympic Committee was to make its decision.
http://wn.com/West_Side_Stadium -
Westchester County
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Yonkers, New York
Yonkers is the fourth most populous city in the state of New York (behind New York City, Buffalo and Rochester), and the most populous city in Westchester County, with a population of 196,086 (according to the 2000 census), and an estimated 2008 population of 201,588. Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan at the cities' two respective closest points.
http://wn.com/Yonkers_New_York
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Beginning of the New York School 1950s-Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s
The video presents an afternoon with the New York artists. Artists' recollect the beginning of the New York School. Staring with the formation of the American Abstract Artists. The discussion emphasized the importance of Hans Hofmann's teaching in the early 1930s and the effect on the artists who went to study with him during the post world war II era by taking advantage of the GI bill. The artists are included in thefollowing books with two full-page color reproductions of artwork, statement and biography: www.amazon.com New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists ISBN: 0967799406 American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey ISBN:0967799414 American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism Style is Timely Art is Timeless ISBN:096779922 :
http://wn.com/Beginning_of_the_New_York_School_1950s-Abstract_Expressionism_of_the_1950s
Medical School Tour - New York
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:06
- Published: 29 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 07 Dec 2011
- Author: globalhealthbridge
Jeff and K hit the streets of New York City to give a tour of the medical schools and hospitals. MEDICAL SCHOOL TOUR STARTS AT 4:14. Medical School Tour: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (4:14), Mount Sinai School of Medicine (6:33), Weill Cornell Medical College (7:19), and NYU School of Medicine (10:38). We also talk about the schools' global health and surgery programs.
http://wn.com/Medical_School_Tour__New_York
New York School of Design December 2011 Seminar Speakers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Published: 27 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Dec 2011
- Author: zixingfeng
New York School of Design December 2011 Seminar Speakers
http://wn.com/New_York_School_of_Design_December_2011_Seminar_Speakers
Albert Kotin Abstract Expressionism 1950s-New York School 1950s action painting
Albert Kotin belonged to the early generation of New York School Abstract Expressionist Artists whose artistic innovation by the 1950s had been recognized across the Atlantic including Paris. New York School Abstract Expressionism represented by Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline and others became the leading art movement of the postwar era. Albert Kotin like many of the early abstract expressionist in the 1930s took part in the Federal Art Project, WPA. He joined the arm services during world WarII. Returning to the US he took advantage of the GI bill and studied with Hans Hofmann. Later he joined the artist club in New York and was included in the famous 9th St. Show in 1951. Later on Albert Kotin was among the 24 artists out of the total of 256 participants who were included in the famous 9th St. Show, (1951) and in all the following New York Painting and Sculpture Annuals from 1953 to 1957. Albert Kotin isincluded in each of the following books with two full-page color reproductions of his artwork, statement and biography: www.amazon.com New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists ISBN: 0967799406 American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey ISBN:0967799414 American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism Style is Timely Art is Timeless ISBN:096779922
http://wn.com/Albert_Kotin_Abstract_Expressionism_1950s-New_York_School_1950s_action_painting
Save 4201 NY Schools Now! (subtitled short film)
This is a short film demonstrating the case scenario when Deaf students are denied by the school districts from attending schools for the Deaf (4201 schools) in NY. because of the passing of Cuomo's proposal. Kudos to these young Deaf filmmaker and actors! To follow up what is going on with the Governor's proposal, please view my vlog @ www.youtube.com and my blog @ deafprogressivism.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Save_4201_NY_Schools_Now!_subtitled_short_film
Rally at New York School for the Deaf
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Published: 25 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 19 Dec 2011
- Author: deafnyaction
Students from New York School for the Deaf and Executive Director, Janet Dickinson, at a recent rally at their school in White Plains, NY. Also, a look inside a School for the Deaf.
http://wn.com/Rally_at_New_York_School_for_the_Deaf
English School in New York - Empire State | Kaplan International Colleges
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 04 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: kaplaninternational
Kaplan's English school in NYC Empire State: bit.ly Ludovica from Italy and Elena from Russia describe what it's like to be a student at Kaplan's English school in Empire State, NYC. They describe the City, its people and all the facilities available. Both students describe the school, its facilities, and the teachers and explain the overall Kaplan experience when learning English at Kaplan's school in NYC, Empire State.
http://wn.com/English_School_in_New_York__Empire_State_|_Kaplan_International_Colleges
Afternoon with the New York School 1950s artists-Abstract Expressionism May 14, 1994 .mp4
Phyllis Braff Art Historian and Art Critic conducts the discussion with the following artists or artists' representatives: Ann Arnold-sculptor; Cynthia Dantzic-Art Historian; Gail Levin, PhD-Art Historian; Robert Metzger, PhD-Art Historian; Jeff Morris-Son of Kyle Morris, painter; Lillian Orlowsky-painter; Robert Richenburg-painter; Martin Ries, PhD-Art Historian; Leatrice Rose-painter; Magda Salvasen-Widow of Jon Schueler; Sal Sarugo-painter; Anita Shapolsky-Art Dealer; Joe Stefanelli-painter; Yvonne Vulliemoz, PhD-Friend of the late Alcopley-painter. The New York School Abstract Expressionists being represented in the following books: www.amazon.com NewYork School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists ISBN: 0967799406 American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey ISBN:0967799414 American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism Style is Timely Art is Timeless ISBN:096779922
http://wn.com/Afternoon_with_the_New_York_School_1950s_artists-Abstract_Expressionism_May_14,_1994_mp4
New York School Debt Downgraded - Bloomberg
An exclusive girls' school in New York has had its debt downgraded by Moody's because it has too much money in a hedge fund. (Bloomberg News)
http://wn.com/New_York_School_Debt_Downgraded__Bloomberg
More New York Schools Close Due to Swine Flu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Published: 03 May 2009
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: AssociatedPress
New York Governor David Paterson updates the swine flu case count and says another school will close temporarily. (May 3)
http://wn.com/More_New_York_Schools_Close_Due_to_Swine_Flu
Girls Prep September 2007
Six minute video starring students of Girls Preparatory Charter School. Parents, students and staff tell about their love for this special school.
http://wn.com/Girls_Prep_September_2007
NBA Forever Video: TNT 2011 Basketball Season Amazing Intro! Old School Meets New School!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Published: 25 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: nbaweekone
Just before the New York Knicks and Boston Celtics got the 2011-12 NBA season underway at Madison Square Garden, TNT unveiled a mesmerizing video mashup of past and present NBA greats dubbed "NBA Forever." With the song "Live Forever" by Drew Holcomb & The Neighbors providing the soundtrack, the montage of modern and old-school players features Derrick Rose playing with Michael Jordan's Bulls, Dirk Nowitzki guarding Larry Bird and even LeBron James dunking on Julius Erving. Personally, my favorite part is when the low-key Tim Duncan is chats it up with Bill Walton, but there are plenty of incredible what-if moments to choose from, including Derrick Rose's fist bump with MJ; Magic Johnson dishing to Kobe; Wilt Chamberlin blocking Dwight Howard; and Patrick Ewing chest bumping Amar'e Stoudemire. Watch the video above and tell us what your favorite part was in the comment section!
http://wn.com/NBA_Forever_Video_TNT_2011_Basketball_Season_Amazing_Intro!_Old_School_Meets_New_School!
Charlie Straight - School Beauty Queen (Official) Full HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 17 May 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: CharlieStraight
The band flew over to New York City to shoot a new music video with the choreographer Yemi AD. He has worked with Kanye West and other cool artists around the world. The video was shot on the streets of Manhattan and Brooklyn in April. The song is called School Beauty Queen. Find out more at www.charliestraight.com. Support us on Facebook www.facebook.com directed by: Yemi AD edited by: AD ROOM postproduction: Vit Haratek produced by: JAD PRODUCTIONS www.adroom.cz http The debut album She's a Good Swimmer available via iTunes: itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/Charlie_Straight__School_Beauty_Queen_Official_Full_HD
Graffiti Trains NY Old School (Tribute)
A selection of Graffiti Trains in 70's Early 80's with some back ground music..
http://wn.com/Graffiti_Trains_NY_Old_School_Tribute
"All in" REMAKE VIDEO The New Dance from HS of NY Part 2 (Prod. by Weelynho & larry Smoove)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Published: 12 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: imWeelynho
All in the HS NY Dance Part 2 (Prod. by Weelynho & larry Smoove) All in the HS NY Dance Part 2 (Prod. by Weelynho & larry Smoove)\ NEW YORK CITY HIGH SCHOOL dance ALL in Lights up Drake ImWeelynho This Is: The New Dance They Do In NY For HS Kids: Introducing "ALL IN" New High school Dance in Brooklyn,New York Name All in Beat Instrumental Weelynho All in Prod. By Larry Smoove New Dance All in How to do it Teach me how to dougie Teach me how to Jerk Remake all in Teach me how to All in Wiz khalifa taylor gang Amber cole all in Amber rose all in
http://wn.com/All_in_REMAKE_VIDEO_The_New_Dance_from_HS_of_NY_Part_2_Prod_by_Weelynho_larry_Smoove
Dakota Fanning High School Graduation Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Published: 03 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: FanningWorldcom
Photos of Dakota with her high school friends. Congratulations to Dakota Fanning and the Campbell Hall Class of 2011! Graduation is just three days away. :)
http://wn.com/Dakota_Fanning_High_School_Graduation_Video
Cenk's Law School X-Mas Break Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Published: 10 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: tytuniversity
The Young Turks host Cenk Uygur shares a story from when he was on Christmas break at Columbia Law school in New York City. TYT co-host and host of TYT University Ana Kasparian chimes in. Subscribe to TYT U for more videos: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Cenk's_Law_School_X-Mas_Break_Story
Why the Economic Crisis Deepens | The New School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 122:21
- Published: 20 Oct 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: thenewschoolnyc
Presented by the Graduate Program in International Affairs | www.newschool.edu www.gpia.info Graduate Program in International Affairs instructor, Professor Richard Wolff, will speak about recent policies of the government since the economic crisis and why recovery isn't working. Professor Richard D. Wolff is Professor of Economics Emeritus, University of Massachusetts, Amherst where he taught economics from 1973 to 2008. He is currently a Visiting Professor in the Graduate Program in International Affairs of The New School, New York City. He also teaches classes regularly at the Brecht Forum in Manhattan. Earlier he taught economics at Yale University (1967-1969) and at the City College of the City University of New York (1969-1973). In 1994, he was a Visiting Professor of Economics at the University of Paris (France), I (Sorbonne). Visit http for more information. Location: Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Auditorium, Sheila C. Johnson Design Center. 09/30/2010 6:30 pm
http://wn.com/Why_the_Economic_Crisis_Deepens_|_The_New_School
LADY GAGA on THE TODAY SHOW 2010 (Bad Romance/Alejandro)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Published: 10 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: RADIOSTUDIOONE
Lady GaGa at Today Show NBC New York in Rockefeller Center , I was there very close with friends of Media and PRESS international . more 18000 people around Rockefeller Center . ABOUT : Lady Gaga (born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta; March 28, 1986) is an American recording artist. She began performing in the rock music scene of New York City's Lower East Side in 2003 and enrolled at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. She soon signed with Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records. During her early time at Interscope, she worked as a songwriter for fellow label artists and captured the attention of Akon, who recognized her vocal abilities, and signed her to his own label, Kon Live Distribution. Released on August 19, 2008, her debut album, The Fame, reached number one in the UK, Canada, Austria, Germany and Ireland, and reached the top-ten in numerous countries worldwide; in the United States, it peaked at two on the Billboard 200 chart and topped Billboard's Dance/Electronic Albums chart. Its first two singles, "Just Dance" and "Poker Face", co-written and co-produced with RedOne, became international number-one hits, topping the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States as well as the charts of other countries. The album later earned a total of six Grammy Award nominations and won awards for Best Electronic/Dance Album and Best Dance Recording. In early 2009 she embarked on her first headlining tour, The Fame Ball Tour. By the fourth quarter of <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/LADY_GAGA_on_THE_TODAY_SHOW_2010_Bad_Romance/Alejandro
AC360 - Jamey Rodemeyer's Sister Taunted At School Dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:30
- Published: 28 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Dec 2011
- Author: SuchIsLifeVideos
Anderson Cooper talks with Jamey Rodemeyer's sister Alyssa & bullying expert Rosalind Wiseman.
http://wn.com/AC360__Jamey_Rodemeyer's_Sister_Taunted_At_School_Dance
Vlog: Awkward High School Photo
This footage is super old... well, like a month ago. I just forgot about editing it for last month. I hope you still enjoy it! Doing Wendy's Nails: www.youtube.com My segment on Wendy Williams: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Vlog_Awkward_High_School_Photo
EatMyDiction's War School: Tools of Destruction (Battlefield 3 Gameplay/Commentary)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 17 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: machinimarespawn
www.youtube.com Click here to watch EatMyDiction's War School: Sexual Conquest (Battlefield 3 Gameplay/Commentary) EatMyDiction's War School: Tools of Destruction (Battlefield 3 Gameplay/Commentary) DIRECTOR'S CHANNEL: ?www.youtube.com DIRECTOR'S TWITTER: ?www.twitter.com WAR MOAR!!! ?www.youtube.com Music "Terminate II" by: ?www.youtube.com MAV Footage by: www.twitter.com Visit the NEW Inside Gaming Blog ?bit.ly - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - This respawn video will show you: How to play Battlefield 3 How to build an effective loadout How to attend War School - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Like Machinima Respawn on Facebook! facebook.com Enlist in the Respawn Army! therespawnarmy.com FOR MORE MACHINIMA, GO TO www.youtube.com FOR MORE GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE SPORTS GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE MMO & RPG GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE TRAILERS, GO TO: www.youtube.com Tags: yt:quality=high Battlefield 3 EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts BF3 Frostbite Engine 2.0 Microsoft Windows PC PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 first person shooter fps 1st fighter jets airplanes prone position tanks jeep 64 24 player ANT animation technology Paris Tehran Sulaymaniyah New York singleplayer multiplayer machinima respawn "how to" rush class kit suppression suppressing fire hummer defense squad conquest Rush 'n Attack EatMyDiction's War School EatMyDiction Tools of <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/EatMyDiction's_War_School_Tools_of_Destruction_Battlefield_3_Gameplay/Commentary
Re: Girls Basketball Team Suspended For Racist Pre-Game Chant!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Published: 13 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: hodgetwins
"Girls Basketball Team Suspended For Racist Pre-Game Chant! link to video discussed www.youtube.com Girls Basketball Team Suspended For Racist Pre-Game Chant! keywords racial slur tyra batts girls basketball team suspended Kenmore east high Like us on facebook www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Re_Girls_Basketball_Team_Suspended_For_Racist_Pre-Game_Chant!
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Still no deal on New York City’s new teacher ratings; $58 million for 44 low-performing schools at stake
30 Dec 2011
New York Daily News
Facing a looming deadline and the potential loss of millions of dollars, city Education Department officials and union heads spent a second day negotiating a deal on new teacher evaluations. Sources close to the talks were tight-lipped Thursday over the sticking points, insisting they were aware of...
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The Daily Mail
Disgraced: Principal Darlene Miller is accused of drink-driving A principal at a top-performing New York school has been charged with drink-driving after she allegedly crashed into a police car. Darline Miller, 64, who is known for ruling the NYC Museum School with an iron fist, is reported to have...
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The Australian
A 15-year-old boy was repeatedly stabbed in the head by a seething, scissor-wielding classmate today over a basketball game at a New York high school, authorities and witnesses said. The victim, Alfredo Allen - who attends the HS for Service & Learning at the former Erasmus High School site -...
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Business Wire
Say Yes To Education Announces Commitment to Invest Additional $15 Million to Increase Graduation and College-Going Rates and Bolster the Economy BUFFALO, N.Y.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Hundreds of students and community leaders cheered the announcements today from local business and foundation leaders and...
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New York Daily News
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Miami Ad School Opens in New York
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mediabistro
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New York Daily News
Cornell University has won the unprecedented competition to build the city’s “genius” school, sources told the Daily News Sunday night. The upstate Ivy League institution beat out six teams of universities to win the right to free land and $100 million in city subsidies to launch a top-flight...
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Fox News
The "Tebowing" that reportedly led to the suspension of two New York high schoolers continues as more than a dozen students chanted Tebow’s name and struck his kneeling, fisted signature pose in front of the school Friday, the New York Post reports. The students gathered Friday as one of the...
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| Fullname | State of New York |
|---|---|
| Name | New York |
| Flag | Flag of New York.svg |
| Seal | Seal of New York.svg |
| Nickname | The Empire State |
| Motto | Excelsior (Latin)Ever upward |
| Demonym | New Yorker |
| Officiallang | English |
| Map | New York in United States.svg |
| Capital | Albany |
| Largestcity | New York City |
| Largestmetro | New York City Metropolitan Area |
| Arearank | 27th |
| Totalareaus | 54,556 |
| Totalarea | 141,300 |
| Widthus | 285 |
| Width | 455 |
| Lengthus | 330 |
| Length | 530 |
| Pcwater | 13.5 |
| Latitude | 40° 30′ N to 45° 1′ N |
| Longitude | 71° 51′ W to 79° 46′ W |
| 2000pop | 19,378,102 (2010 Census) |
| Poprank | 3rd |
| 2000densityus | 408.7 |
| 2000density | 157.81 |
| Densityrank | 7th |
| Highestpoint | Mount Marcy |
| Highestelevus | 5,343 |
| Highestelev | 1628.57 |
| Meanelevus | 1,000 |
| Meanelev | 300 |
| Lowestpoint | Atlantic Ocean |
| Lowestelevus | 0 |
| Lowestelev | 0 |
| Admittancedate | July 26, 1788 |
| Admittanceorder | 11th |
| Governor | Andrew Cuomo (D) |
| Lieutenant governor | Robert Duffy (D) |
| Legislature | New York Legislature |
| Upperhouse | State Senate |
| Lowerhouse | State Assembly |
| Senators | Charles Schumer (D)Kirsten Gillibrand (D) |
| Representative | 21 Democrats,8 Republicans |
| Timezone | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 |
| Postalabbreviation | NY |
| Isocode | US-NY |
| Website | www.ny.gov }} |
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from the city of New York.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. It is known for its status as a financial, cultural, transportation, and manufacturing center, and for its history as a gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, it is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
New York was inhabited by the Algonquian, Iroquois, and Lenape Native American groups at the time Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609, the region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. Fort Nassau was built near the site of the present-day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley, establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took over the colony by annexation in 1664.
The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were roughly similar to those of the present-day state. About one third of all the battles of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. New York became an independent state on July 9, 1776, and enacted its constitution in 1777. The state ratified the United States Constitution on July 26, 1788, to become the 11th member of the United States.
History
17th century
See also: Province of New York During the 17th century, Dutch trading posts established for the trade of pelts from the Lenape, Iroquois and other indigenous peoples expanded into the colony of New Netherland. The first of these trading posts were Fort Nassau (1614, near present-day Albany); Fort Orange (1624, on the Hudson River just south of the current city of Albany and created to replace Fort Nassau), developing into settlement Beverwijck (1647), and into what became Albany; Fort Amsterdam (1625, to develop into the town New Amsterdam which is present-day New York City); and Esopus, (1653, now Kingston). The success of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck (1630), which surrounded Albany and lasted until the mid 19th century, was also a key factor in the early success of the colony. The British captured the colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and governed it as the Province of New York.
American Revolution
The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s, largely in response to the oppressive Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act Congress met in the city on October 19 of that year: a gathering of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies that set the stage for the Continental Congress to follow. The Stamp Act Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was the first written expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence, including the right to representative government.The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775.
New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776. The New York state constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains, New York on July 10, 1776, and after repeated adjournments and changes of location, terminated its labors at Kingston, New York on Sunday evening, April 20, 1777, when the new constitution drafted by John Jay was adopted with but one dissenting vote. It was not submitted to the people for ratification. On July 30, 1777, George Clinton was inaugurated as the first Governor of New York at Kingston.
The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared—and the largest battle of the entire war—was fought in New York at the Battle of Long Island (a.k.a Battle of Brooklyn) in August of 1776. British victory made New York City their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of the conflict, and consequently the center of attention for General George Washington's intelligence network.
The notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay saw more American combatants die of intentional neglect than were killed in combat in every battle of the war, combined.
The first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, influencing France to ally with the revolutionaries.
In an attempt to retain their sovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between the new United States and British North America, four of the Iroquois nations fought on the side of the British; only the Oneidas and their dependents the Tuscaroras allied themselves to the Americans. The Sullivan Expedition of 1778 and 1779 destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and adjacent croplands, forcing many refugees to British-held Niagara. As allies of the British, the Iroquois were resettled in Canada after the war. In the treaty settlement, the British ceded most Indian lands to the new United States. Because New York made treaty with the Iroquois without getting Congressional approval, some of the land purchases are the subject of modern-day claims by the individual tribes. More than of former Iroquois territory was put up for sale in the years after the Revolutionary War, leading to rapid development in upstate New York. As per the Treaty of Paris, the last vestige of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies—their troops in New York City—departed in 1783, which was long afterwards celebrated as Evacuation Day.
Following heated debate, which included the publication of the now quintessential constitutional interpretation—the Federalist Papers—as a series of installments in New York City newspapers, New York was the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.
19th century
Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built in the early part of the 19th century. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central New York. While the St. Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario, the way westward to the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls, and so the only route to western New York was over land.Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal to connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie, and thus all the Great Lakes. Work commenced in 1817, and the Erie Canal was finished in 1825. It was considered an engineering marvel. Packet boats traveled up and down the canal with sightseers and visitors on board. The canal opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes port cities such as Buffalo and Rochester to grow and prosper. It also connected the burgeoning agricultural production of the Midwest and shipping on the Great Lakes, with the port of New York City. Improving transportation, it enabled additional population migration to territories west of New York.
Ellis Island
Ellis Island was the main facility for immigrants, entering the United States in the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. The facility operated from January 1, 1892, until November 12, 1954. It is owned by the Federal government and is now part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. It is situated in New York Harbor, between two states and cities, Jersey City, New Jersey and New York City, New York.
More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island, between 1892 and 1954. After 1924, when the National Origins Act was passed, the only immigrants to pass through there were displaced persons or war refugees. Today, over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the immigrants, who first arrived in America through the island, before dispersing to points all over the country. Ellis Island was the subject of a border dispute between New York State and New Jersey.
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic, across the sea, served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York Harbor on October 28, 1886.
Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the island reopened in December, the monument reopened on August 3, 2004, but the statue remained closed until the summer of 2009. The National Park Service claims that the statue is not shut because of a terrorist threat, but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including inadequate evacuation procedures. The museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitors, but are only accessible if visitors have a "Monument Access Pass", which is a reservation that visitors must make in advance of their visit and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day, with a total of 15,000 visitors to the island daily. The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Gustave Eiffel's iron framework of Lady Liberty.
Geography
New York covers and ranks as the 27th largest state by size. The Great Appalachian Valley dominates eastern New York, while Lake Champlain is the chief northern feature of the valley, which also includes the Hudson River flowing southward to the Atlantic Ocean. The rugged Adirondack Mountains, with vast tracts of wilderness, lie west of the valley.
Most of the southern part of the state is on the Allegheny Plateau, which rises from the southeast to the Catskill Mountains. The western section of the state is drained by the Allegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and Delaware systems. The Delaware River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the federal government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system. The highest elevation in New York is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks.
New York's borders touch (clockwise from the west) two Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario, which are connected by the Niagara River); the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada; Lake Champlain; three New England states (Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut); the Atlantic Ocean, and two Mid-Atlantic States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In addition, Rhode Island shares a water border with New York. New York is the only state that touches both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, and is the second-largest of the original Thirteen Colonies.
In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere, the vast majority of the state is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. New York's Adirondack Park is the largest state park in the United States. It is larger than the Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Glacier and Olympic National Parks combined. New York established the first state park in the United States at Niagara Falls in 1885. Niagara Falls, on the Niagara River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, is a popular attraction.
The Hudson River begins at Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state without draining Lakes George or Champlain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern end extends into Canada, where it drains into the Richelieu and then the St. Lawrence Rivers. Four of New York City's five boroughs are on three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River: Manhattan Island; Staten Island; and Long Island, which contains Brooklyn and Queens on its western end.
Upstate and downstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater metropolitan area from the rest of New York state. The placement of a boundary between the two is a matter of great contention. Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New York include the Southern Tier, which often includes the counties along the border with Pennsylvania, and the North Country, which can mean anything from the strip along the Canadian border to everything north of the Mohawk River.
Climate
In general, New York has a humid continental climate, though under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate. Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest.The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau.
The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather warm summers by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s °F (25 to 30 °C), over much of the state.
New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This relative efficiency is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use.
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+ Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities + (Fahrenheit) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin New York City maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin
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+ Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities + (Celsius) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin New York City maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin ! style="background:#f0f8ff; color:#000; height:16px;" maxmin
State parks
New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature, published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."
The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885, which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of of land, the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over of multi-use trails in the Park.
The Montauk Point State Park boasts the 1797 Montauk Lighthouse, commissioned under President George Washington, which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip of Long Island. Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.
Counties
New York is divided into 62 counties:
Regions
New York State is divided into eleven regions by the Department of Economic Development:
# Chautaugua–Allegheny # Niagara Frontier # Finger Lakes # Thousand Islands Central New York Region>Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking) # Adirondack Mountains # Catskill Mountains # Hudson Valley # Capital District # New York City # Long Island
New York State is sometimes divided into eight major regions:
* North Country New York * Western New York * Central New York * Capital District * Southern Tier * Hudson Valley * New York City * Long Island
Cities
There are 62 cities in New York. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City, which comprises five counties (boroughs): the Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), and Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population.The following are the ten largest cities in New York:
# New York City (8,175,133) Buffalo, New York>Buffalo (261,310) Rochester, New York>Rochester (210,565) Yonkers, New York>Yonkers (195,976) Syracuse, New York>Syracuse (145,170) Albany, New York>Albany (97,856) New Rochelle, New York>New Rochelle (77,062) Mount Vernon, New York>Mount Vernon (67,292) Schenectady, New York>Schenectady (66,135) Utica, New York>Utica (62,235)
The location of these cities within the state stays remarkably true to the major transportation and trade routes in the early 19th century, primarily the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, Interstate 90 acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.
Grouped by metropolitan statistical area, the following are the twelve largest population centers in the state are:
The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the state capital, and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population. If it were a city, it would be the second largest in the state with over 700,000 residents.
New York metropolitan area>New York City (18,815,988 in NY/New Jersey Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,128,183) Rochester, NY MSA>Rochester (1,030,495) Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY MSA>Albany and the Capital District (853,358) Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY MSA>Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (669,915) Syracuse, NY MSA>Syracuse (645,293) Utica-Rome, NY MSA>Utica-Rome (294,862) Binghamton, NY MSA>Binghamton (246,426) Kingston, NY MSA>Kingston (181,860) Glens Falls, NY MSA>Glens Falls (128,886) Ithaca, NY MSA>Ithaca (101,055) Elmira, NY MSA>Elmira (88,015)
The southern tip of New York State—New York City, its suburbs including Long Island, the southern portion of the Hudson Valley, and most of northern New Jersey—can be considered to form the central core of the Northeast megalopolis", a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston south to the Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C..
Demographics
Population
As of 2006, New York was the third largest state in population after California and Texas, with an estimated population of 19,541,453 as of July 1, 2009. This represents an increase of 513,481, or 2.7%, since the last census in 2000. It includes a natural increase since the last census of 803,680 people (that is 2,072,765 births minus 1,269,085 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 698,895 people out of the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 876,969 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 1,575,864 people.
In spite of the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area.
New York is a slow growing state with a large rate of domestic migration to other states. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another. However, New York state is one of the leading destinations for international immigration and thus has the second largest immigrant population in the country (after California) at 4.2 million as of 2008. Although Upstate New York receives considerable immigration, most of the state's immigrants settle in and around New York City, due to its more vibrant economy and cosmopolitan culture.
The center of population of New York is located in Orange County, in the town of Deerpark. New York City and its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania) have a combined population of 13,209,006 people, or 68.42% of the state's population.
Racial and ancestral makeup
According to the US Census Bureau, the 2010 racial makeup of New York State was as follows:
The major ancestry groups in New York state are African American (15.8%), Italian (14.4%), Irish (12.9%), German (11.1%) and English (6%). According to a 2004 estimate, 20.4% of the population is foreign-born.
New York is home to the largest African American population and the second largest Asian American population in the United States. In addition it is home to the largest Puerto Rican, Dominican and Jamaican American populations in the continental United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and Bedford Stuyvesant is the largest such population in the United States.
Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population, and is also the most diverse county in the United States. The second concentration of Asian-Americans is in Manhattan's Chinatown. Queens is home to the largest Andean population (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and Bolivian) population in The United States of America.
In the 2000 Census, Italian Americans made up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed by Irish Americans. Albany and southeast-central New York also have populations with many of Irish-American and Italian-American descent. In Buffalo and western New York, German Americans are the largest group; in the northern tip of the state, French Canadians are. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York. New York State has a higher number of Italian Americans than any other U.S. state.
6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the population.
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home, while 2.04% speak Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.65% Italian, and 1.23% Russian.
Religion
Catholics comprise more than 40% of the population in New York. Protestants are 30% of the population, Jews 8.4%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claim no religious affiliation. The largest Protestant denominations are the United Methodist Church with 403,362; the American Baptist Churches USA with 203,297; and the Episcopal Church with 201,797 adherents.
Economy
New York's gross state product in 2010 was $1.16 trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger states of California and Texas. If New York were an independent nation, it would rank as the 16th largest economy in the world behind Turkey. Its 2007 per capita personal income was $46,364, placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland, and eighth in the world behind Ireland. New York's agricultural outputs are dairy products, cattle and other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and publishing, scientific instruments, electric equipment, machinery, chemical products, and tourism.
A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 states, including several of the nation's largest, face budget shortfalls for FY2009. New York faces a deficit that could be as large as $4.3 billion.
New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs, commodities, minerals, computers and electronics, cut diamonds, and automobile parts. In 2007, the state exported a total of $71.1 billion worth of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada ($15 billion), United Kingdom ($6 billion), Switzerland ($5.9 billion), Israel ($4.9 billion), and Hong Kong ($3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber.
Canada is a very important economic partner for the state. 21% of the state's total worldwide exports went to Canada in 2007. Tourism from the north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487 million in 2004 while visiting the state.
New York City is the leading center of banking, finance and communication in the United States and is the location of the New York Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city.
The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles. Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip manufacturing, while the Rochester area is important in photographic equipment and imaging.
New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, maple syrup and many others. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced US$3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain.
New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, behind California, and second-largest wine producer by volume. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition, the North Fork of Long Island developed vineyards, production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the 20th century. In 2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought US$6 billion into the state economy.
The state has of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and flounder. These areas of the economy have been increasing as environmental protection has led to an increase in ocean wildlife.
As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8.8%.
Transportation
New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome since the state was young. Population expansion of the state generally followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson River and then the Erie Canal. Today, railroad lines and the New York State Thruway follow the same general route. The New York State Department of Transportation is often criticized for how they maintain the roads of the state in certain areas and for the fact that the tolls collected along the roadway have long passed their original purpose. Until 2006, tolls were collected on the Thruway within The City of Buffalo. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign for Governor (both candidates called for their removal).In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway, four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city: the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester, the Rochester Subway operated from 1927 until 1956 but has fallen into disuse.
The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles as well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force. All gasoline powered vehicles registered in New York State must get an emissions inspection every 12 months. Diesel powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual safety inspection.
Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to easily switch from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport.
In May 2009 the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan banned cars from Times Square. The move designed to reduce pollution and pedestrian accidents looks likely to be implemented permantly, and will last at least until the end of the year.
Politics and government
Under its present constitution (adopted in 1938), New York is governed by the same three branches that govern all fifty states of the United States: the executive branch, consisting of the Governor of New York and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral New York State Legislature (senate and assembly); and the judicial branch, consisting of the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals, and lower courts. The state has two U.S. senators, 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).
New York's capital is Albany. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 counties. Other officially incorporated governmental units are towns, cities, and villages. New York has more than 4,200 local governments that take one of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City, which is the largest municipal government in the United States, whereas New York City houses only 42% of the state population.
The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington. The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar.
Many of New York's public services are carried out by public benefit corporations, frequently called authorities or development corporations. Well known public benefit corporations in New York include the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which oversees New York City's public transportation system, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency.
New York's legal system is explicitly based upon English common Law.
Federal representation
As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections, the state has 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and two U.S. senators. Two seats in the House will be lost in 2013 due to a decline in the state's rate of population growth. New York has 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States Senate and has 29 representatives to the United States House of Representatives, behind California's 53 congressional districts and Texas' 32 congressional districts.
Capital punishment
Capital punishment was reintroduced in 1995 under the Pataki administration but the statute was declared unconstitutional in 2004, when the New York Court of Appeals ruled in People v. LaValle that it violated the state constitution. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court to life imprisonment in 2007, in People v. John Taylor, and the death row was disestablished in 2008, under executive order from Governor Paterson. No execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the federal death penalty.
Politics
In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to the Democratic Party in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than John Kerry in 2004. New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of the state's other urban areas, such as Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor Republicans. Heavily populated Suburban areas such as Westchester County and Long Island have swung between the major parties over the past 25 years, but more often than not support Democrats.
Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.
New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.
Education
The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the New York City Department of Education manages the public school system in New York City. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination, the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up schools for children of African-American descent. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.At the college level, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York (SUNY). The City University of New York (CUNY) is the public university system of New York City. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges and universities. The four university centers are University at Albany, Binghamton University, University at Buffalo and Stony Brook University.
In addition there are many notable private universities, including the oldest Catholic institution in the Northeast, Fordham University. New York is home to both Columbia University in New York City and Cornell University in Ithaca, making it the only state to contain more than one Ivy League school. West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army is located just south of Newburgh, on the banks of the Hudson River.
During the 2007–2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on public education than any other state.
Sports
New York hosted the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, the Games known for the USA–USSR hockey game dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team 4–3 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Lake Placid also hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics. Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Innsbruck, Austria, it is one of the three places to have twice hosted the Winter Olympic Games.New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills (based in the suburb of Orchard Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area and were previously located in New York City, they play in New Meadowlands Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. There has been much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never came to fruition.
New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in the Bronx) and the New York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National Hockey League franchises: the New York Rangers in Manhattan, the New York Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has a National Basketball Association team, the New York Knicks, in Manhattan. The former New York Nets from 1968 to 1977 is now titled as a New Jersey team; however, plans to relocate to New York City are in the works. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found all through the State of New York, such as the Long Island Ducks.
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 43em;" |- ! colspan=3 | List of all New York State professional sports teams |- !Club !Sport !League |- |Buffalo Bills |Football |National Football League |- |New York Red Bulls |Soccer |Major League Soccer |- |New York Knicks |Basketball |National Basketball Association |- |New York Liberty |Basketball |Women's National Basketball Association |- |Rochester Raging Rhinos |Soccer |USL First Division |- |Buffalo Sabres |Ice hockey |National Hockey League |- |New York Islanders |Ice Hockey |National Hockey League |- |New York Rangers |Ice Hockey |National Hockey League |- |Adirondack Phantoms |Ice Hockey |American Hockey League |- |Albany River Rats |Ice Hockey |American Hockey League |- |Binghamton Senators |Ice Hockey |American Hockey League |- |Elmira Jackals |Ice Hockey |ECHL |- |Rochester Americans |Ice Hockey |American Hockey League |- |Syracuse Crunch |Ice Hockey |American Hockey League |- |New York Mets |Baseball |Major League Baseball |- |New York Yankees |Baseball |Major League Baseball |- |Brooklyn Cyclones |Baseball |New York – Penn League |- |Staten Island Yankees |Baseball |New York – Penn League |- |Jamestown Jammers |Baseball |New York – Penn League |- |Batavia Muckdogs |Baseball |New York – Penn League |- |Auburn Doubledays |Baseball |New York – Penn League |- |Oneonta Tigers |Baseball |New York – Penn League |- |Tri-City Valley Cats |Baseball |New York – Penn League |- |Hudson Valley Renegades |Baseball |New York – Penn League |- |Binghamton Mets |Baseball |Eastern League |- |Buffalo Bisons |Baseball |International League |- |Rochester Red Wings |Baseball |International League |- |Syracuse Chiefs |Baseball |International League |- |Long Island Ducks |Baseball |Atlantic League of Professional Baseball |- |New York Dragons |Arena football |Arena Football League |- |Albany Conquest |Arena football |af2 |- |Long Island Lizards |Lacrosse |Major League Lacrosse |- |Rochester Rattlers |Lacrosse |Major League Lacrosse |- |Buffalo Bandits |Lacrosse |National Lacrosse League |- |Rochester Knighthawks |Lacrosse |National Lacrosse League |- |New York Titans |Lacrosse |National Lacrosse League |- |Brooklyn Wonders |Basketball |American Basketball Association |- |Buffalo Silverbacks |Basketball |American Basketball Association |- |Rochester Razorsharks |Basketball |American Basketball Association |- |Strong Island Sound |Basketball |American Basketball Association |- |Albany Patroons |Basketball |Continental Basketball Association |- |New York |Gaelic football |Gaelic Athletic Association |- |New York |hurling |Gaelic Athletic Association |}
See also
References
Further reading
External links
General GovernmentTourism and recreation
Culture and history
Maps and Demographics
Category:Former British colonies Category:States of the United States
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| Official name | York |
|---|---|
| Nickname | "Capital of the North", "Chocolate City" |
| Settlement type | |
| Motto | 'Let the Banner of York Fly High' |
| Blank emblem type | Arms of City of York Council |
| Blank emblem link | Coat of arms of York |
| Pushpin map | United Kingdom North Yorkshire |
| Pushpin map alt | York within North Yorkshire |
| Map caption | York shown within North Yorkshire and England |
| Coordinates region | GB |
| Subdivision type | Sovereign state |
| Subdivision name | United Kingdom |
| Subdivision type1 | Constituent country |
| Subdivision name1 | England |
| Subdivision type2 | Region |
| Subdivision name2 | Yorkshire and the Humber |
| Subdivision type3 | Ceremonial county |
| Subdivision name3 | North Yorkshire |
| Subdivision type4 | Admin HQ |
| Subdivision name4 | York City Centre |
| Government type | Unitary Authority, City |
| Leader title | Governing body |
| Leader name | City of York Council |
| Leader title1 | Leadership: |
| Leader name1 | Leader and Executive |
| Leader title2 | Executive: |
| Leader name2 | Labour |
| Leader title3 | MPs: |
| Leader name3 | Hugh Bayley (L)Julian Sturdy (C) |
| Established title | Founded |
| Established date | as Eboracum c. 71 AD |
| Established title3 | |
| Area total km2 | 271.94 |
| Population as of | |
| Population total | (Ranked ) |
| Population density km2 | 687 |
| Population blank2 title | Ethnicity(2005 Estimates) |
| Population blank2 | 95.6% Any White3.0% Any Asian0.9% Mixed0.5% Any Black |
| Timezone | Greenwich Mean Time |
| Utc offset | +0 |
| Timezone dst | British Summer Time |
| Utc offset dst | +1 |
| Coordinates display | displayinline,title |
| Postal code type | Postcode |
| Postal code | YO |
| Area code | 01904 |
| Blank name | ISO 3166-2 |
| Blank info | GB-YOR |
| Blank1 name | ONS code |
| Blank1 info | 00FF |
| Blank2 name | OS grid reference |
| Blank2 info | SE603517 |
| Blank3 name | NUTS 3 |
| Blank3 info | UKE21 |
| Website | www.york.gov.uk |
| Footnotes | }} |
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
From 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2001 the urban area had a population of 137,505, while in 2007 the entire unitary authority had an estimated population of 193,300.
History
Toponymy
The word 'York' comes from the Latin name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first mention of York by this name is dated to c. 95–104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland.The toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population of the area was never recorded. These people are thought to have spoken a Celtic language, related to modern Welsh. Therefore, it is thought that Eboracum is derived from the Brythonic word Eborakon meaning either "place of the yew trees" (cf. yew = efrog in Welsh, eabhrac in Irish Gaelic and eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic, by which names the city is known in those languages) or perhaps "field of Eboras".
The name 'Eboracum' was turned into 'Eoforwic' by the Anglians in the 7th century. This was probably by conflation of 'ebor' with a Germanic root *eburaz (boar); by the 7th century the Old English for boar had become 'eofor', and Eboracum 'Eoforwic'. The 'wic' simply signified 'place'. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, the name became rendered as 'Jórvík'.
Jórvík was gradually reduced to York in the centuries following the Norman Conquest, moving from the Middle English Yerk in the 14th century through to Yourke in the 16th century and then Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century. Many present day names of companies and places, such as Ebor taxis and the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name. The Archbishop of York also uses Ebor as his surname in his signature.
Early history
Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether these settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but, later its leaders became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory.The city itself was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss. The fortress, which was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. The site of the Roman fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster, and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls.
The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a colonia or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.
While the Roman colonia and fortress were located on high ground, by 400 the town itself was victim to periodic flooding from the rivers Ouse and Foss and lay abandoned. York declined in the post-Roman era, and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.
Reclamation of the flooded parts of the town were initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria, and York became his chief city. The first Minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627. Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, however, he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor Oswald. In the following century Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as St Peter's School, York, which was founded in 627 AD, and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.
In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in the year 954 by King Edred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.
Post conquest
In 1068, two years after the Norman Conquest of England, the people of York rebelled. Initially the rebellion was successful, however, upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down. William at once built two wooden fortresses on mottes, which are still visible, on either side of the river Ouse. York was ravaged by him as part of the harrying of the North.The first stone Minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising and the Normans later decided to build a new Minster on a new site. Around the year 1080 Archbishop Thomas started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster. In the 12th century York started to prosper. In 1190, York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants, in which at least 150 Jews died (although some authorities put the figure as high as 500).
The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road became a major trading centre. King Henry I granted the city's first charter, confirming trading rights in England and Europe. During the course of the later Middle Ages York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the Low Countries, timber and furs from the Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries. York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. Edward I further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The city acquired an inceasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396.
Tudor and Stuart times
The city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times. Under Henry VIII, the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of the York's many monastic houses, including several orders of friars, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire who were opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority through the establishmnent of the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city very much became a trading and service centre during this period.Guy Fawkes who was born and educated in York was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot. Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I and the entire Protestant and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside.
In 1644, during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians besieged York, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but, the plot was discovered. On the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, nevertheless, the city could not hold out for long, and on 15 July the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax.
Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the local gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from the nearby cities of Leeds and Hull, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre. Nevertheless, the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. York's many elegant townhouses, such as the Lord Mayor's Mansion House and Fairfax House (now owned by York Civic Trust) date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Royal, and the Racecourse.
Modern history
George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace, by this time, York was a major railway centre. At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway, which employed over 5,500 people in York. The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works. Rowntree's was founded in York in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph Rowntree. Terry's Confectionery Works was also a major employer in the city.With the emergence of tourism as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area. The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975. The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city. The fast and frequent railway service, which brings York within two hours journey time of London, has resulted in a number of companies opening offices in the city.
York was voted as European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007. York beat 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden (second) and Valencia in Spain (third).
Governance
Parliamentary constituencies
From 1997 to 2010 the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale, Selby, and Vale of York. These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley, John Greenway, John Grogan, and Anne McIntosh respectively.Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the general election in 2010. These are York Central, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency.
The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the Yorkshire and the Humber constituency of the European Parliament.
Local government
York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire, yet it did not form part of any of the three historic ridings, or divisions, of Yorkshire. York is an ancient borough, and was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough. It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire.As a result of 1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of the Ryedale district. The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the council's own proposal.
The City of York Council has 47 councillors. As a result of the 2011 local elections the Labour Party won 26 seats to give them a majority of 5 seats. The Liberal Democrats have 8 councillors. The Conservative Party has ten councillors and the Greens have two with one Independent.
York Council operates on a Leader and Cabinet style of governance. Councillors are appointed to the cabinet by the full council of 47. Cabinet Members make decisions on their portfolio areas individually.
, York’s Right Honourable Lord Mayor is Councillor David Horton and his wife, Jane Horton, is the new Lady Mayoress. Councillor Alan Deller is the new Sheriff with his wife, Ann, the Sheriff's Lady. Both appointments are made each May for a period of one year. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely ceremonial post. The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full meetings of the council.
York Youth Council, consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people.
| Party | Seats | City of York Council (2011 election) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Geography
Location
York lies within the Vale of York, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines, the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds The original city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last Ice Age.During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was very marshy, making the site easier to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the River Foss where it joins the Ouse at the 'Blue Bridge'. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded. Much land in and around the city is on flood plains and has always been too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ings are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the strays are open common grassland in various locations around the city.
Climate
York has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York the city's climate is dryer and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and Humberside region. Because of its lowland location York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring and very early summer. In summer the average maximum temperature is 22 °C (72 °F) although some days can see highs of up to 28 °C (82 °F) rarely exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Nights are significantly colder averaging minimum of 15 °C (60 °F), although these can consistently dip below 10 °C (50 °F). The average daytime temperature in winter is 7 °C (45 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F) at night. Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April, but, quickly melts. The wettest months are November, December and January with an average of 17 days per month with rainfall more than . From May to July York experiences the most sunshine with an average of six hours per day. Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 33 °C (91.4 °F) (Monday 17 July 2006) and a lowest temperature of -12.3 °C (9.9 °F) (Monday 6 December 2010). The most rainfall in one day was .
Demography
| York Compared in 2006/7 | |||
| 2006/7 UK Population Estimates | York| | Yorkshire and the Humber | England |
| Total population | 193,300| | 5,177,200 | 51,092,000 |
| White British | 95.0%| | 91.1% | 88.7% |
| Asian | 1.9%| | 5.5% | 5.5% |
| Black | 0.6%| | 1.2% | 2.8% |
The population density was . Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York’s residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. White British form 95% of the population, the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.
The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7 compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively. The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average. The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 16.8. The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.
Population change
The table below details the population change since 1801.| Population growth in York since 1801 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 |
| Population | |||||||||||||||||||||
Religion
| Religion in York 2001 | |||
| UK Census 2001 || | York | Yorkshire and the Humber>Yorkshire andthe Humber | England |
| Christian | 74.42%| | 73.07% | 71.74% |
| No religion | 16.57%| | 14.09% | 14.59% |
| Muslim | 0.58%| | 3.81% | 3.1% |
| Buddhist | 0.21%| | 0.14% | 0.28% |
| Hindu | 0.19%| | 0.32% | 1.11% |
| Jewish | 0.11%| | 0.23% | 0.52% |
| Sikh | 0.05%| | 0.38% | 0.67% |
| Other religions | 0.30%| | 0.19% | 0.29% |
| Religion not stated | 7.57%| | 7.77% | 7.69% |
These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for England, but, those responding as "No Religion" was higher than the national average.
There are 32 active Anglican churches in York which is home to the Archbishop of York and the Mother Church, York Minster, and administrative centre of the Diocese of York. York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.
Other Christian denominations that are active in York include Religious Society of Friends who have a number of meeting houses in York, Methodists with the York North and York South circuits of The Methodist Church York and Hull District, and Unitarians. There is one mosque in York which also contains a UK Islamic Mission Islamic centre. Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York.
Economy
York's economy is based on the service industry, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city. The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounts for 10.7% of employment. Tourism has become an important element of the local economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, as well as a variety of cultural activities. In 2009, York was the 7th most visited city by UK residents and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors.Unemployment in York is low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%. The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 3,000 staff include Aviva (formerly Norwich Union Life), Selby and York Primary Care Trust, Shepherd Building Group (including Portakabin), and University of York. Other major employers include British Telecom, CPP Group (life assistance products), Nestlé, NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies.
Today's economic position is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies. Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as Asea Brown Boveri or ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people, but, closed in the mid 1990s. York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees), and home to the KitKat and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands. Terry's chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate Orange, was also located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods, to Poland. However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.
It was announced on 20 September 2006 that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York. This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva, British Sugar and Terry's chocolate factory. Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt.
Since the closure of York's carriage-works, the site has been developed into the headquarters for CPP Group and two housing schemes, one of which was a self-build project. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the creative industries. The city has become a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York. Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.
Regional gross value added figures for York, at 2005 basic prices in pounds sterling, are:
| Year | Agriculture| | Industry | Services | Total |
| 1995 | 30| | 579 | 1,443 | 2,052 |
| 2000 | 13| | 782 | 2,168 | 2,963 |
| 2003 | 16| | 779 | 2,505 | 3,299 |
Transport
York's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system. The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the River Ouse and the River Foss. The Ouse was originally a tidal river, accessible to sea-going ships of the time. Today both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull. The last significant traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. YorkBoat provides cruises on the river.
Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside, the A59 road from Liverpool to York, the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough, and the A1079 road from York to Hull. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about from the city.
The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, five bus based park and ride sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road, and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.
York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839 at the beginning of the railway age. For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway. York railway station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long distance trains on Cross Country services linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via Birmingham. TransPennine Express provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, Scarborough, Leeds, Manchester, Manchester Airport, and Liverpool. Local stopping services by Northern Rail connect York to Bridlington, Harrogate, Hull, Leeds, Sheffield and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester and Lancashire.
York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington, some south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum. Elvington is used for private aviation. Plans have been drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.
York is linked to Manchester Airport by an hourly direct TransPennine Express train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. Leeds Bradford Airport is closer to York but the hourly York Air Coach service operated by First York was withdrawn as of April 2009. Leeds Bradford Airport provides connections to most major European and North African airports as well as Pakistan and New York.
Public transport within the city is largely bus based. The principal bus operator is First York, a part of FirstGroup plc. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the York park and ride services. York is the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental, and controversial, ftr bus concept, which seeks to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost. Transdev York and York Pullman also operate a number of local bus services. Open top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York on behalf of City Sightseeing, and by York Pullman.
Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies. Longer distance bus services are provided by a number of operators including, Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby, East Yorkshire Motor Services on routes to Hull, Beverley, Pocklington, Harrogate & District services to Knaresborough and Harrogate. Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds via York with Scarborough, Filey, Bridlington and Whitby.
Local Transport Plan 2006
English local authorities are required to produce Local Transport Plans (LTPs), strategies for developing local integrated transport as part of a longer-term vision. LTPs are used by central government to allocate funding for transport schemes.The final Local Transport Plan 2006–2011 for York was submitted to central government in March 2006. The plan addresses the fact that traffic in York is predicted to grow considerably over the coming years. The key aims of the plan are to ease congestion and improve accessibility, air quality and safety. Major funding allocations earmarked for the first five years of the plan's life span include outer ring road improvements, improved management of the highway network, improvements to the bus network including park and ride services, provision of off-road walking and cycling routes, air quality improvements and safety measures.
Education
The University of York's main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington and is currently undergoing significant expansion with new buildings and departments including Law, Theatre, Film, and Television at Heslington East. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre. It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located York St John University, formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds, attained full university status. The city also hosts a branch of The College of Law. The University of York also has a highly rated medical school, Hull York Medical School.The city has two major further education institutions. York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves. Askham Bryan College offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and even golf course management.
There are 70 local authority schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area. The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city. Primary schools cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11–16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18. In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as York High School.
York also has several private schools. St Peter's School was founded in 627 and the scholar Alcuin, who went on to serve Charlemagne, taught here. It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes. Two schools have Quaker origins: Bootham School is co-educational and The Mount School is all-girls. On the outskirts of the city is Queen Margaret's School. Pupils from The Minster School, York sing in York Minster choir.
Public services
Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, York City Council had to appoint a Watch Committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable. On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police. Since 1974, Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police. The force's "Central Area" has its headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby in Fulford, York. Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service, whose headquarters is at Northallerton.The first hospital in York, the York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in Monkgate and was funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by the purpose built York Hospital, which opened in 1976 and gained Foundation status in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase and outpatient services. It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.
The Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport. Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.
The city's first subscription library opened in 1794, but it wasn't until 1893 that York's first free public library was built to mark Queen Victoria's jubilee. The library was initially on Clifford Street, but a new building was built on Museum Street which opened in 1927, and which is still the library today.
Since 1998 waste management has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership. York's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is CE Electric UK; there are no power stations in the city. Yorkshire Water, which has a local water extraction plant on the River Derwent at Elvington, manages York's drinking and waste water. The city has its own Magistrates' Court, and more unusually a Crown Court and County Court too. The Crown Court was designed by the architect John Carr, next to the then prison (including execution area). The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells.
Main sights
York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe, stands at the city's centre. thumb|left|Clifford's Tower, part of York Castle York Castle, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th century entrance to the York Castle Museum (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history.York's centre is enclosed by the city's medieval walls, which are a popular walk. The entire circuit is about , including a part where walls never existed, because the Norman moat of York Castle, formed by damming the River Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.
A feature of central York is the Snickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and St Sampson's Square. The Shambles is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived. Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early 14th century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry, at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.
As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens, JORVIK Viking Centre, the York Art Gallery, the Richard III Museum, the Merchant Adventurers' Hall, the medieval house Barley Hall owned by the York Archaeological Trust, Fairfax House, owned by the York Civic Trust and the Treasurer's House owned by the National Trust. The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER 4468 Mallard and the world famous 4472 Flying Scotsman, which is being overhauled in the Museum.
York is noted for its numerous churches and pubs. Most of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. St William's College behind the Minster, and Bedern Hall, off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the canons of the Minster.
Culture
Theatre
The Theatre Royal, which was established in 1744, produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country to see its veteran star, Berwick Kaler. The Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions. The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups. The Department of Theatre, Film and Television, and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances. The York Mystery Plays are performed every 4 years with texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds - often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the fishmongers used to present the play of Noah and the Flood.) The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city, following their resurrection in the middle of the 20th century as part of the quadrennial York City Festival, they were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey, using a mixture of professional and amateur actors. Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy (in the role of Christ) and Dame Judi Dench (who has appeared three times). Latterly the cycle has also been presented within York Minster and occasionally from wagons in the streets, recreating the original productions. The next cycle is due to take place in 2012 back in St. Mary's Abbey.
Music
Among many music groups performing regularly in York are the Academy of St Olave's, a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in the beautiful setting of St Olave's Church, Marygate. A former church, St Margaret's, Walmgate, is now the National Centre for Early Music, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the York Early Music Festival. Students, staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the University chapel, alongside special performances such as the annual Christmas concert. The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city and particularly in the Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall on the Heslington campus.
Gastronomy
In September, York has an annual Festival of Food and Drink, which has been held in the city since 1997. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production.The Festival generates up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days, from all over the country. One of the notable local products is York ham, a type of cured ham, which is a mild-flavoured ham that has delicate pink meat and does not need further cooking before eating. It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce. It is a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham, which is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams. Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham. Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, in Blossom Street, is the birthplace of the original “York Ham” and the reason why the premises became famous.In the centre of York, in St Helen’s Square, there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms. Bettys founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Marys’ designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen’s Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement ‘Bettys Bar’, became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. ‘Bettys Mirror’, on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.
Media
The York area is served by a local newspaper, The Press (known as the Evening Press until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate) and two local radio stations Minster FM and BBC Radio York.York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.
The University of York has its own television station York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision. Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted BBC Radio 1 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.
Sport
The city's football team is York City, currently playing in the Football Conference. York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3–0 during the 1995–96 League Cup. Their matches are played at Bootham Crescent.York also has a strong rugby league history. York FC, later known as York Wasps, formed in 1901, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002. The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights, who now play at the same stadium in Championship 1. There are three amateur rugby league teams in York, New Earswick All Blacks, York Acorn and Heworth. York International 9s is a rugby league nines tournament which takes place in York each year. Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference.
An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge. The rowing clubs of The University of York, York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC using the Ouse for training.
York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005. In August racing takes place over the three day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.
Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.
The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco Gabbiadini and former England manager Steve McClaren, who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called Millthorpe School).
There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club bouse and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe, a village to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn, south of York.
Twin cities
York is twinned with: Dijon, France – 1953 Münster, Germany – 1957There is also a community link with Fanteakwa District, Ghana.
See also
Notes
:There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age and Marital Condition. :There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office of National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the Vision of Britain website (quoted here).
References
External links
;Photos and images
;Historical and genealogical sources
Category:71 establishments Category:Populated places established in the 1st century Category:County towns in England Category:Leeds City Region Category:Local government districts of North Yorkshire Category:Unitary authorities of England Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League Category:University towns in the United Kingdom Category:Roman colonies Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English) Category:Cities in Yorkshire and the Humber Category:Local government districts of Yorkshire and the Humber Category:Walled towns
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The New York School (synonymous with abstract expressionist painting) was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s, 1960s in New York City. The poets, painters, composers, dancers, and musicians often drew inspiration from Surrealism and the contemporary avant-garde art movements, in particular action painting, abstract expressionism, Jazz, improvisational theater, experimental music, and the interaction of friends in the New York City art world's vanguard circle.
Except for Schuyler, all overlapped at Harvard University,
Except for Koch, all were homosexual,
Except for Ashbery, all did military service,
Except for Koch, all reviewed art,
Except for Ashbery, who soon moved to Paris, all lived in New York during their formative years as poets.
Herb Aach (1923–1985)
Mary Abbott (1921-)
Ruth Abrams (1912-1986)
Patricia Adams (1928-)
Peter Agostini (1913–1993)
Josef Albers (1888–1976)
Calvin Albert (1918–2007)
Olga Albizu (1924–2005)
Alfred L. Copley (1910–1992)
Anderson (NA)
Andrews (NA)
Anne Arnold (1925-)
Ruth Asawa (1926-)
Elise Asher (1914–2004)
Milton Avery (1885–1965)
Alice Baber (1928–1982)
William Baziotes (1912–1963)
Robert Beauchamp (1923–1995)
Rosemarie Beck (1923–2003)
Benn Ben (1884–1983)
J. Benton (NA)
Janice Biala (1903–2000)
Nell Blaine (1922–1996)
Ilya Bolotowsky (1907–1981)
Cameron Booth (1892–1980)
Rene Bouche (1906–1963)
Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010)
Paul Brach (1924–2007)
Theodore Brenson (1893–1959)
Ernest Briggs (1923–1984)
Gandy Brodie (1925–1975)
James Brooks (1906–1992)
Daniel Brustlein (Alain) (1904–1996)
Fritz Bultman (1919–1985)
Peter Busa (1914–1985)
John Button (1929–1982)
Charles Cajori (1921-)
Gretna Campbell (1922–1987)
M. Carles (NA)
Nicolas Carone (1917-2010)
Giorgio Cavallon (1904–1989)
Bernard Chaet (1924-)
Chase (NA)
Herman Cherry (1909–1992)
Carmen Cicero (1926-)
Robert F. Conover (1920–1998)
Edward Corbett (1919–1971)
Joseph Cornell (1903–1972)
Martin Craig (1906-)
Rollin Crampton (1896–1970)
Jane Crawford (1927-)
Hubert Crehan (NA)
Ben Cunningham (painter)|Ben Cunningham (1904–1975)
Nanno de Groot (1913–1963)
Dorothy Dehner (1901–1994)
Elaine de Kooning (1918-(1989)
Willem de Kooning (1904–1997)
Robert De Niro, Sr. (1922–1993)
Jose de Rivera (1904–1985)
Edwin Dickinson (1891–1978)
Burgoyne Diller (1906–1965)
Lois Dodd (1927-)
Enrico Donati (1909–2008)
Edward Dugmore (1915–1996)
Friedel Dzubas (1915–1994)
Thomas Brownell Eldred (1903–1993)
Arthur Elias (1925-)
Jimmy Ernst (1920–1984)
Fred Farr (1914–1973)
Sam L. Feinstein (1915-)
Herbert Ferber (1906–1991)
John Ferren (1905–1970)
Fick (NA)
Perle Fine (1908–1988)
Louis Finkelstein (1923–2000)
Joe Fiore (1925–2008)
Ida Fischer (1883–1956)
Fitzsimmons (NA)
Audrey Flack (1931-)
Jean Follet (1917–1991)
Miles Forst (1923-2006)
Helen Frankenthaler (1928-)
Seymour Frankes (NA)
Jane Freilicher (1924-)
Syd Fromboluti (1920-)
Sidney Geist (1914–2005)
William Getman (1916–1972)
Ilse Getz (1917–1992)
Julio Girona (1914-)
Fritz Glarner (1899–1972)
Joseph M. Glasco (1925–1996)
Michael Goldberg (Stuart) (1924–2007)
Sam Goodman (N/A)
Robert Goodnough (1917-)
Sidney Gordin (1918–1996)
Adolph Gottlieb (1903–1974)
John D. Graham (1886–1961)
Balcomb Greene (1904–1990)
Gertrude G. Green (1904–1956)
Clement Greenberg (1909–1994)
John Grillo (1917-)
Peter Grippe (1912–2002)
Salvatore Grippi (1921-)
Joseph Groell (NA)
Jose Guerrero (1914–1992)
Philip Guston (1913–1980)
Ruth Hageman (NA)
Raoul Hague (1905–1993)
David Hare (1917–1992)
Grace Hartigan (1922–2008)
Fred Hauck (1905–1960)
Sally Hazelet (1924-)
Raymond Hendler (1923–1998)
Emil John Hess (1913-)
Clinton Hill (1922-)
Hans Hofmann (1880–1966)
Charles Hodges (NA)
John Hultberg (1922–2005)
Angelo Ippolito (1922–2002)
Richard Ireland (1925-)
Ben Isquith (N/A)
Harry Jackson (1924-)
Alfred Jensen (1903–1981)
Ben Johnson (artist) (1902–1967)
Lester Johnson (1919–2010)
Reuben Kadish (1913–1992)
Wolf Kahn (1927-)
Herbert Kallem (1909–1994)
Howard Kanovitz (1929–2009)
Morris Kantor (1896–1974)
Hubert Kappel (NA)
Alex Katz (1927-)
Earl Kerkam (1891–1965)
William Kienbusch (1914–1980)
Frederich Kiesler (1896–1965)
William King (1925-)
Klavin (NA)
Franz Kline (1910–1962)
Guitou Knoop (1909–1985)
Gabriel Kohn (1910–1975)
Albert Kotin (1907–1980)
Lee Krasner (1908–1984)
Albert Kresch (1922–)
Ibram Lassaw (1913–2003)
Alfred Leslie (1927-)
Israel Levitan(1912–1982)
Landes Lewitin (1892–1966)
Linda Lindeberg (1915–1973)
Richard Lippold (1915–2002)
Seymour Lipton (1903–1986)
John Little (1907–1984)
William H. Littlefield (1902–1969)
Michael Loew (1907–1985)
Vincent J. Longo (1923-)
David Lund (1925-)
M. Manning (NA)
Conrad Marca-Relli (1913–2000)
Marcia Marcus (1928-)
Boris Margo (1902–1995)
Marisol Escobar (1930-)
Nicholas Marsicano (1908–1991)
Knox Martin (1923-)
Alice T. Mason (1904–1971)
Mercedes Matter (1913–2001)
George McNeil (1908–1995)
Deven Mead (NA)
Joseph Messina (NA)
Jeanne Patterson Miles (1908–1999)
Fred Mitchell (1923-)
Joan Mitchell (1926–1992)
Hans Moller (1905-200)
Kyle Morris (1917–1979)
Robert Motherwell (1915–1991)
Jan Müller (1922–1958)
Reuben Nakian (1897–1986)
Louise Berliawsky Nevelson (1900–1988)
Al James Newbill (1921-)
Roy Newell (NA)
Nichols (NA)
Costantino Nivola (1911–1988)
Isamu Noguchi (1904–1988)
Kenzo Okada (1902–1982)
George Earl Ortman (1926-)
Cyril Osborn (NA)
Alfonso A. Ossorio (1916–1990)
Stephan Pace (1918-)
Charlotte Park (1918-)
Ray Parker (1922–1990)
Felix Pasilis (1922-)
Patricia Passlof (NA)
Philip Pavia (1912–2005)
Vincent Pepi (1926-)
Philip Pearlstein (1924-)
Howard Petersen (NA)
Vita Peterson (NA)
Piller (NA)
Reginald Pollack (1924–2001)
Jackson Pollock (1912–1956)
Fairfield Porter (1907–1975)
Richard Pousette-Dart (1916–1992)
Melville Price (1920–1970)
Robert Rauschenberg (1925–2008)
Ad Reinhardt (1913–1967)
Wallace Reiss (1925–1978))
Theophil Reppke (N/A)
Milton Resnick (1917–2004)
Jeanne Reynal (1903–1983)
Robert Richenburg (1917–2006)
Larry Rivers (1923–2002)
Raymond Rocklin (1922-)
James Rosati (1911–1988)
Leatrice Rose (N/A)
Anne Ryan (1889–1954)
Attilio Salemme (1911–1955)
Ludwig Sander (1906–1975)
Joop Sanders (1921-)
Angelo Savelli (1911-)
Louis Schanker (1903–1981)
Miriam Schapiro (1923-)
Abram Schlemovitz (N/A)
Edith Schloss (1919-)
Day T. Schnabel (1905-)
Max Schnitzler (1903-)
Jon Schueler (1916–1992)
Ethel Schwabacher (1903–1984)
Sonia Sekula (1918–1963)
Charles Seliger (1926–2009)
Kurt Seligmann (1900–1962)
Thomas A. Sills (1914–2000)
David Slivka (1914–2010)
David Smith (1906–1965)
Hyde Solomon (1911–1982)
George Spaventa (1918–1978)
Ray Spillenger (1924-)
Nora Speyer (1923-)
Jack Squire (1927-)
Theodoros Stamos (1922–1997)
Richard Stankiewicz (1922–1983)
Joe Stefanelli (1921-)
John Stephan (1906–1994)
Hedda Sterne (1910-2011)
Jean Steubing (NA)
Anne Tabachnick (1927–1995)
Tavelli (NA)
Albert Terris (NA)
Yvonne Thomas (1913–2009)
Tolkach (NA)
Bradley Walker Tomlin (1899–1953)
Turku Trajan (1887–1957)
Stanley Twardowicz (1917–2008)
Cy Twombly (1928-2011)
Jack Tworkov (1900–1982)
Nicolai I. Vasilieff (1892–1970)
Esteban Vicente (1904–2001)
Vaclav Vytlacil (1892–1984)
Weil (NA)
Michael (Corinne) West (1908–1991)
Pennerton West (1913-)
Steve Wheeler (1912–1992)
Connie Whidden (NA)
William White (NA)
Norman Wiener (NA)
Jane Wilson (1924-)
Taro Yamamoto (1919–1993)
Alice Yamin (NA)
Manoucher Yektai (1922-)
Adja Yunkers (1900–1983)
Wilfrid Zogbaum (1915–1965)
Charles Alston (1907–1977)
Romare Bearden (1911–1988)
Edward Clark (1926- )
Beauford Delaney (1901–1979)
Harlan Jackson (1918- )
Norman Lewis (1909–1979)
Thomas Sills (1914–2000)
Merton Simpson (1928-)
Alma Thomas (1891–1978)
Hale Woodruff (1900–1980)
Norman Bluhm (1921–1999)
Art Brenner (1924-)
Judith Brown (1931–1992)
Mary Callery (1903–1977)
John Chamberlain (1927-)
Richard Diebenkorn (1922–1993)
Jim Dine (1935-)
Mark di Suvero (1933-)
Sam Francis (1923–1994)
Arshile Gorky (1904–1948)
Red Grooms (1937-)
Raoul Hague (1905–1993)
Al Held (1928–2005)
Paul Jenkins (1923-)
Jasper Johns (1930-)
Allan Kaprow (1927–2006)
Ellsworth Kelly (1923-)
Morris Louis (1912–1962)
Edward Meneeley (1927-)
Barnett Newman (1905–1970)
Kenneth Noland (1924-)
Claes Oldenburg (1929-)
Mark Rothko (1903–1970)
George Segal (1924–2000)
Leon Polk Smith (1906–1996)
Clyfford Still (1904–1980)
Mark Tobey (1890–1976)
John von Wicht (1888–1970)
Robert Whitman (1935-)
Ron Bladen (1918–1988)
Joe Brainard (1942–1994)
David Budd (1927–1991)
John Connell (1940-)
Robert F. Conover (1920–1998)
Lawrence Calcagno (1913–1993)
Dan Christensen (1942–2007)
Chuck Close (1940-)
Nassos Daphnis (1914-2010)
Allan D'Arcangelo (1930–1998)
Norris Embry (1921–1981)
Leon Golub (1922–2004)
Nancy Graves (1940–1995)
Chaim Gross (1904–1991)
Julius Hatofsky (1922–2006)
Burt Hasen (1921–2007)
Eva Hesse (1936–1970)
Budd Hopkins (1931-)
Lenore Jaffee (1925-)
Benjy Jay (1986-)
Buffie Johnson (1912–2006)
Ray Johnson (1927–1995)
Donald Judd (1928–1994)
Weldon Kees (1914–1955)
Lyman Kipp (1927-)
Irving Kriesberg (1919–2009)
Nicholas Krushenick (1929–1999)
John Krushenick (1927–1998)
Ronnie Landfield (1947-)
Sol LeWitt (1928–2007)
Roy Lichtenstein (1923–1997)
Lee Lozano (1930–1999)
Robert Mangold (1937-)
Brice Marden (1938-)
Ezio Martinelli (1913-1980)
Edward Meneeley (1927-)
Elizabeth Murray (1940–2007)
David Novros (1941-)
Doug Ohlson (1936–2010)
Frank O'Hara (1926–1966)
Jules Olitski (1922–2007)
Joe Overstreet (1933)
Larry Poons (1937-)
Fuller Potter (1910–1990)
Paul Rand (1914–1996)
Peter Reginato (1945-)
Leonard Rosenfeld (1926–2009)
James Rosenquist (1933-)
Theodore Roszak (1907–1981)
Jack Roth (1927-2004)[
Lucas Samaras (1936-)
Alan Saret (1944-)
Carolee Schneemann (1939)
Sean Scully (1945-)
Richard Serra (1939-)
Harold Shapinsky (1925–2004)
Alan Shields (1944–2005)
Kenneth Showell (1939–1997)
Peter Shulman (1937-)
Aaron Siskind (1903–1991)
Tony Smith (1912–1980)
Robert Smithson (1938–1973)
Kenneth Snelson (1927-)
Keith Sonnier (1941-)
Nancy Spero (1926-)
Frank Stella (1936 -)
Tony Towle (1939-)
Richard Tuttle (1941-)
Robert Vickers (1924–1988)
Andy Warhol (1928–1987)
Tom Weatherly (1942-)
Lawrence Weiner (1942-)
Neil Williams (1934–1988)
Hannah Wilke (1940–1993)
Larry Zox (1937–2006)
Philip Pavia; Natalie Edgar, Club without walls: selection from the Journals of Philip Pavia (New York : Midmarch Arts, ©2007.)
Irving Sandler, ‘’The New York School: the painters & sculptors of the fifties,’’ (New York; London : Harper and Row, 1978.) ISBN 0-06-438505-1 9780064385053
Irving Sandler, ‘’ The triumph of American painting: a history of abstract expressionism,’’ (New York; London : Harper and Row, 1977.) ISBN 0-06-430075-7 : 9780064300759
Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) ISBN 0-9677994-1-4
Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) ISBN 0-9677994-0-6
Statutes of Liberty, The New York School of Poets, Geoff Ward, Second Edition, 2001
The New American Poetry, 1945-1960, Donald Merriam Allen, 1969
An Anthology of New York Poets, Ron Padgett (ed.) and David Shapiro (ed.), 1970
Frank O'Hara: Poet Among Painters, Marjorie Perloff, 1977
The Last Avant-Garde: The Making of the New York School of Poets, David Lehman, 1998
Maurice Tuchman (ed.), The New York School, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1965.
9th Street Art Exhibition-abstract expressionist artists reminisce—video from youtube.com
Source of Creativity-Discussion with New York School artists of the 1950s— video from youtube.com
New York School 1950s-Growth of Artistic Ideas Toward the Realm of the Spiritual— video from youtube.com
Art Criticism, Press Coverage & Art of the 1950s-Abstract Expressionism 1950s Part 1— video from youtube.com
Art Criticism, Press Coverage & Art of the 1950s-Abstract Expressionism 1950s Part 2— video from youtube.com
Beginning of the New York School 1950s-Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s— video from youtube.com
James Brooks Abstract Expressionism-New York School 1950s action painting— video from youtube.com
Nicolas Carone-Abstract Expressionism-Artist of the 9th St. Show— video from youtube.com
Nanno de Groot Abstract Expressionism-New York School 1950s— video from youtube.com
Perle Fine Abstract Expressionism-1950s New York action painter— video from youtube.com
Albert Kotin Abstract Expressionism 1950s-New York School 1950s action painting— video from youtube.com
Conrad Marca-Relli Abstract Expressionism 1950s-New York School collage-painter— video from youtube.com
Kyle Morris Abstract Expressionism 1950s-New York School 1950s— video from youtube.com
Robert Richenburg Abstract Expressionism 1950s-New York School 1950s— video from youtube.com
Joe Stefanelli Abstract Expressionism 1950s-New York School 1950s''— video from youtube.com
The Poets
Concerning the New York School poets, critics argued that their work was a reaction to the Confessionalist movement in Contemporary Poetry. Their poetic subject matter was often light, violent, or observational, while their writing style was often described as cosmopolitan and world-traveled. The poets often wrote in a direct, and immediate, spontaneous, manner reminiscent of word/paintings, and stream of consciousness writing, often using vivid, and visual imagery. They drew on inspiration from Surrealism and the contemporary avant-garde art movements, in particular the action painting of their friends in the New York City art world circle like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning.Poets most often associated with the New York School are John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara, Kenneth Koch, James Schuyler, Barbara Guest, Ted Berrigan, Bernadette Mayer, Alice Notley, Kenward Elmslie, Ron Padgett, Lewis Warsh, and Joseph Ceravolo.
O'Hara was at the center of the group before his death in 1966. His numerous friendships and post as a curator at the Museum of Modern Art, he provided connections between the poets and painters like Jane Freilicher, Fairfield Porter and Larry Rivers (also his lover). There were many joint works and collaborations: Rivers inspired a play by Koch, Koch and Ashbery together wrote the poem "A Postcard to Popeye", Ashbery and Schuyler wrote the novel A Nest of Ninnies, and Schuyler collaborated on an ode with O'Hara, whose portrait was painted by Rivers.
Koch, O'Hara, Schuyler and Ashbery were quite different as poets, but they admired each other and had much in common personally:
All four were inspired by French Surrealists like Raymond Roussel, Pierre Reverdy and Guillaume Apollinaire. David Lehman, in his book on the New York poets, wrote, "They favored wit, humor and the advanced irony of the blague (that is, the insolent prank or jest) in ways more suggestive of Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg than of the New York School abstract expressionist painters after whom they were named."
The Beats
There are also commonalities between the New York School and the members of the beat generation poets also active in 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s New York City. Including Gregory Corso, Allen Ginsberg, Amiri Baraka, Jack Kerouac, William S. Burroughs, Diane di Prima, Diane Wakoski, Anne Waldman, Tuli Kupferberg, Ed Sanders, Norris Embry, and several others. Many of the poets, including Koch, Ashberry, Ginsberg, and Kerouac attended Columbia University.
The Composers
The term also refers to a circle of composers in the 1950s who orbited around John Cage: Morton Feldman, Earle Brown and Christian Wolff. Their music paralleled the music and events of the Fluxus group, and drew its name from the Abstract Expressionist painters above. What brought these artists together was a faith in the liberation of the unconscious and an excitement drawn from the street energies of Manhattan. In the 1960s the work of the avant-garde Minimalist composers La Monte Young, Philip Glass, Tony Conrad, Steve Reich, and Terry Riley became prominent in the New York art world.
The Dancers
During the 1960s the Judson Dance Theater located at the Judson Memorial Church, New York City, revolutionized Modern dance. Combining in new ways the idea of Performance art, radical and new Choreography, sound from avant-garde composers, and dancers in collaboration with several New York School Visual artists. The group of artists that formed Judson Dance Theater are considered the founders of Postmodern dance. The theater grew out of a dance composition class taught by Robert Dunn, a musician who had studied with John Cage. The artists involved with Judson Dance Theater were avant-garde experimenatalists who rejected the confines of ballet technique, vocabulary and theory.The first Judson concert took place on July 6, 1962, with dance works presented by Steve Paxton, Freddie Herko, David Gordon, Alex and Deborah Hay, Yvonne Rainer, Elaine Summers, William Davis, and Ruth Emerson. Seminal dance artists that were a part of the Judson Dance Theater include: David Gordon, Steve Paxton, Yvonne Rainer, Trisha Brown, Lucinda Childs, Deborah Hay, Elaine Summers, Sally Gross, Aileen Passloff, and Meredith Monk. The years 1962 to 1964 are considered the golden age of the Judson Dance Theater.
During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s New York School artists collaborated with several other choreographer / dancers including: Simone Forti, Anna Halprin, Merce Cunningham, Martha Graham, and Paul Taylor.
Jazz
The new Bebop and cool jazz musicians in the 1940s and 1950s featuring Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Charles Mingus, Cannonball Adderley, John Coltrane, Stan Getz, Ahmad Jamal, Gerry Mulligan, and many other great Jazz musicians set the tone for the New York School and Abstract expressionism. Later new jazz musicians like Archie Shepp, Ornette Coleman, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Pharoah Sanders, the evolving Miles Davis, and John Coltrane created the sounds for the new and more cool Hard-edge painters, Minimal artists, Color Field painters, Lyrical Abstractionists, and Pop artists of the 1960s.
New York School abstract expressionists of the 1950s
The New York School which represented the New York abstract expressionists of the 1950s was documented through a series of artists' committee invitational exhibitions commencing with the 9th Street Art Exhibition in 1951 and followed by consecutive exhibitions at the Stable Gallery, NYC: Second Annual Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture, 1953; Third Annual Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture, 1954; Fourth Annual Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture, 1955; Fifth Annual Exhibitions of Painting and Sculpture, 1956 and Sixth New York Artists’ Annual Exhibition, 1957.
New York Painting and Sculpture Annuals, 1951-1957
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African-American abstract expressionists of the 1950s
For African American artists a barrier to success in the post-War era was the prevailing blight of racism and segregation. This resulted in exclusion of artists of African-American origin from major exhibitions and critical attentions. The best evidence of this is the absence of African-American artists in the New York School Annuals between 1951 and 1957. These annual exhibitions represented a total of 265 New York School artists, none of whom were African-American.Those artists would include the following:
New York art scene in the late 1950s
Marilyn Stokstad, the British art historian, wrote: ’’When the United States emerged from World War II as the most powerful nation in the world, its new stature was soon reflected in the arts. American artists and architects-especially those living in New York City-assumed the leadership in artistic innovation that by the late 1950s had been acknowledged across the Atlantic Ocean, even in Paris. Critics, curators and art historians, trying to follow art’s ‘mainstream,’ now focused on New York as the new center of modernism.’’The post-World War II era highly benefited some of the artists who were early on recognized by the Art critics of the post World War II era. According to Irving Sandler, ‘’From 1947 to 1951, more than a dozen Abstract Expressionists achieved ‘breakthroughs’ to independent styles. Younger artists who entered their circle in the early fifties-the early wave of the second generation were also acclaimed, but with a few exceptions, their reputation had gone into decline by the end of the fifties.’’ (Sandler verified the arbitrary notion of “generation:” It refers to a group of artists close in age who live in the same neighborhood at the same time, and to a greater or lesser degree, know each other and partake of a similar sensibility, a shared outlook and aesthetic.)
Some of the New York artists having no galleries or means to get ahead took advantage of the GI Bill and left for Europe to later return with acclaim. Among them were Norman Bluhm and Sam Francis. The majority of artists from all across the US arrived in New York City to seek recognition. By the end of the decade the list of artists associated with the New York School had greatly increased. (see: Complete List of Artists' Participation in the New York Painting and Sculpture Annuals, 1951–1957)
A list of artists associated with the New York art scene of the 1950s and not included in the New York Annuals would include the following:
New York art scene in the late 1950s and 1960s
1957 represented the beginning of Pop Art and the following movements and/or trends. Painters, sculptors and printmakers associated with Abstract expressionism, Action painting, Fluxus, Color field painting, Hard-edge painting, Pop art, Minimal Art, Lyrical Abstraction, and other movements associated with New York City. During the 1950s through the early 1960s the artists often congregated at the Cedar Tavern in Greenwich Village and during the mid 1960s through the early 1970s at Max's Kansas City on Park Avenue South between 17th and 18th Streets.The list of such artists would include the following:
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References
Books
External links
Category:Abstract expressionism Category:Contemporary art Category:Modern art Category:Modernism Category:Literary movements Category:New York City cultural history Category:Modernist poetry in English Category:American art movements Category:American art
de:New York School fr:École de New York he:אסכולת ניו יורק ru:Нью-Йоркская школа (поэзия) sv:New York-skolanThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Name | The York School |
|---|---|
| Motto | Experientia Docet |
| Motto translation | Experience Teaches |
| Streetaddress | 1320 Yonge Street |
| City | Toronto |
| Province | Ontario |
| Postalcode | M4T 1X2 |
| Homepage | http://www.yorkschool.com |
| Affiliation | non-denominational |
| Fundingtype | Independent |
| Schooltype | Elementary school High school |
| Grades | JK – 12 |
| Language | English |
| Mascot | The Gladiator |
| Colours | |campus Urban |
| Enrollment | 565 |
| Enrollment as of | 2009 }} |
History
In 1965, Barbara Goodwin-Zeibots established the school as a nursery school. In 1978, a toddler program and an elementary school were started. Grade 9 began in 1995.Goodwin-Zeibots remained the head until retiring in the spring of 2006. The current head of the school is Conor Jones.
In September 2010, The York School will be opening a second campus at 1639 Yonge Street. This location will house the Lower School JK-Grade 5 students.
The location at 1320 Yonge Street is being redeveloped as the Upper School campus for Grades 6-12.
Factoids
The school has two campuses. The JK-Grade 5 students are at 1639 Yonge Street. Grades 6-12 are in the main campus, at 1320 Yonge Street, in the Summerhill district. The school also offers a variety of outdoor programs and excursions at Camp Oochigeas in Muskoka.Sports are played against other members of the Conference of Independent Schools of Ontario Athletic Association.
As of 2010, annual tuition is $27,850 for Grades 1-12 and $18,900 for junior and senior kindergarten; there is also a $4,000 one time fee for registration.
Laptops are used in grades 7-12. The School mandates owning a school-selected laptop for all Upper School students.
References
External links
Category:Private schools in Toronto Category:International Baccalaureate schools in Ontario
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
