Horn may refer to:

• Horn (anatomy), a pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals. Source of all other uses below.
• Horn, the substance that, apart from other functions, is the main component of the tissue that sheaths the bony core of horns and hoofs of various animals.

Places[link]

• Cape Horn, the southernmost point of the continent of South America named (indirectly) after the Dutch town of Hoorn
  • Cabo de Hornos, Chile, a Chilean commune located near Cape Horn
• Golden Horn, a historic inlet of the Bosphorus dividing the city of Istanbul
• Horn (district), a district of the state of Lower Austria in Austria
• Horn of Africa, a peninsula in East Africa that juts into the Arabian Sea, includes parts of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti
• Horn, Austria, a small town in the Waldviertel in Lower Austria, Austria and the capital of the Horn District
• Horn, Germany, a municipality in the district of Rhein-Hunsrück in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
• Horn, Hamburg, a quarter in the borough Hamburg-Mitte, in the eastern part of Hamburg, Germany
• Horn, Netherlands, a town in the Dutch province of Limburg, and a separate municipality until 1991
• Horn, Oppland, a ferry docking point on the east side of lake Randsfjorden, Norway
• Horn, Rutland, a civil parish in the county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England
• Horn, Sweden, a locality situated in Kinda Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden
• Horn, Switzerland, a municipality in the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland, an exclave of Thurgau
• Hoorn, a municipality in the province of North Holland, in The Netherlands

Audio[link]

• Horn (acoustic), a conical or bell shaped aperture used to guide sound
• Horn (album), an album by Pharaoh Overlord
• Horn (instrument), a brass musical instrument often called "French horn"
• Horn loudspeaker
• Natural horn, a brass musical instrument
• Vehicle horn
• Ear trumpet

People[link]

• Horn (surname)

Fiction[link]

• Freyja, also known as Hörn, a Norse goddess of love, beauty, fertility, war and death
• Gjallarhorn, the sounding horn or ringing horn of the god Heimdall, used to announce Ragnarok
• Horn of Gondor, a horn carried by Boromir, son of the Steward of Gondor, in the Lord Of The Rings books and films
• Horn of Valere a fictional horn in Robert Jordan's fantasy series The Wheel of Time, that calls heroes back from the grave
• Horns (novel), a Luciferian dark fantasy novel written in 2010 by Joe Hill, son of Stephen King

Slang[link]

• Corna, also called the "devil horns", a hand gesture with a vulgar meaning in Mediterranean countries, also used in heavy metal music
• Telephone, also known as "the horn", especially among soldiers and police officers
• Texas Longhorns, sometimes shortened to "Horns", the sports teams of the University of Texas in Austin
  • Hook 'em Horns, a hand gesture expressing support for the above teams
• Cuckolds are sometimes described as having grown "horns".

Other[link]

• Drinking horn, an animal horn that has been used as a drinking vessel in various cultures since ancient times
• Gabriel's Horn, a geometric figure that has infinite surface area but encloses a finite volume
• Golden Horns of Gallehus, two horns made of sheet gold discovered in Gallehus, Denmark and dating to the early 5th century
• Horn (Chinese constellation), part of the European constellation Virgo
• Horn (diacritic), a diacritic mark used to indicate that a normally rounded vowel such as o or u is to be pronounced unrounded
• Horn of Plenty (disambiguation), also known as Cornucopia and the Horn of Amalthea, a symbol of food and abundance dating back to the 5th century BC
• Italian horn, an Italian amulet of good luck used to protect the wearer from the evil-eye curse
• The knob-like appendage attached to the pommel of a saddle.
• Horn timber, a slanted timber extension of the keel for mounting a counter transom.[1]

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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Siegfried Herbert Horn (March 17, 1908 – November 28, 1993) was a Seventh-day Adventist archaeologist and Bible scholar. He is perhaps best known for his numerous books and articles and for his excavations at Tell Hesban in Jordan. He was Professor of History of Antiquity at the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary in Berrien Springs, Michigan (now part of Andrews University). The Siegfried H. Horn Museum at Andrews University was named in his honor. A scholar of wide-ranging interests and abilities, he made significant contributions especially in the areas of Ancient Near Eastern chronology and archaeology. In a 1985 questionnaire of North American Adventist lecturers, Horn tied for seventh place among the Adventist authors who had most influenced them.^[1]

Biography[link]

Horn was born March 17, 1908, to Albin and Klara Horn in Wurzen, Saxony, Germany. His father was one of the world's earliest aviators, trained as a pilot by Louis Blériot. Horn served as a minister and as a missionary from 1930 to 1940, first in the Netherlands and then in the Dutch East Indies. Because he was German, Horn spent six and a half years as a prisoner of war during World War II, from 1940 to 1946, first as a prisoner of the Dutch in Indonesia and then imprisoned by the English in India. Granted access to books, Horn made use of this time to develop his skills in Greek and Hebrew and to teach his fellow inmates. Upon gaining his freedom at the end of World War II, Horn immigrated to the United States and completed his education. He earned a B.A. at Walla Walla College (now a University) in Washington State (1947), an M.A. at the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary in Washington, D.C. (1948), and a Ph.D. in Egyptology at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (1951). He studied briefly under William F. Albright at Johns Hopkins University.

Horn taught at the Adventist Theological Seminary from 1951 to 1976. He started an archaeological museum (later named for him), was the founding editor of the journal Andrews University Seminary Studies, started up the Seminary's doctoral programs, and initiated and directed the archaeological dig at Tell Hesban, biblical Heshbon. The dig at Hesban eventually developed into the Madaba Plains Project, with excavations at Hesban, Umayri, and Jalul. Horn also dug at Tell Balatah, biblical Shechem, in the early 1960's. A prolific author, he authored some 800 books and articles. Horn died of lymphoma on November 28, 1993, in St. Helena, California, at the age of 85.

References[link]

1. ^ Malcolm Bull and Keith Lockhart (October 1987). "The Intellectual World of Adventist Theologians" (PDF). Spectrum (Roseville, California: Adventist Forums) 18 (1): 32–37. ISSN 0890-0264. http://spectrummagazine.org/files/archive/archive16-20/18-1bull.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 

• Joyce Rochat, Survivor (Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press, 1986), a biography of Horn's early life
• I. J. Gelb, "Two Assyrian King Lists" Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 13:4 (1954), p. 209–230.
• Lawrence T. Geraty, "A Tribute to Siegfried H. Horn, March 17, 1908 – November 28, 1993: In Memoriam" Biblical Archaeologist, 57:1 (1994), pp. 58–59.
• Siegfried H. Horn, "A Revolution in the Early Chronology of Western Asia," Ministry 30:6 (1957), p. 4–8.
• Siegfried H. Horn, Promise Deferred (Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald, 1987), an autobiography.
• The Archaeology of Jordan and Other Studies ed. Lawrence T. Geraty and Larry Herr (Berrien Springs, MI: Andrew University Press, 1986), a Festschrift (honorary book dedicated to him)

External links[link]

• Siegfried H. Horn Museum
• Articles by Horn as catalogued in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index (SDAPI)
• Madaba Plains Project
  • Hesban Excavations
• Recent Discoveries Confirm the Bible, 1952 Bible Conference, Sept. 2 presentation, mp3 format

This biographical article about an archaeologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Thomas "Tom" Horn, Jr. (November 21, 1860 – November 20, 1903) was an American Old West lawman, scout, soldier, hired gunman, detective, outlaw and assassin. On the day before his 43rd birthday, he was hanged in Cheyenne, Wyoming, for the murder of Willie Nickell.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Born to Thomas S. Horn, Sr. and Mary Ann Maricha (née Miller), in rural northeastern Scotland County, Missouri, on the family farm of 600 acres (bisected by the South Wyaconda River) between the towns of Granger and Etna, he was the fifth of twelve children.^[2]

Scout[link]

At sixteen, he headed to the American Southwest, where he was hired by the U.S. Cavalry as a civilian scout under Al Sieber and became involved in the Apache Wars, aiding in the capture of warriors such as Geronimo. On January 11, 1886, Tom Horn was involved in an expedition into Mexican territory in the pursuit of Geronimo as a packer and interpreter. During the operation, Horn's camp was attacked by Mexican militia and he was wounded in the arm.^[3] Horn allegedly killed his first man in a duel-a second lieutenant in the Mexican Army^[1] Horn was present at Geronimo's final surrender, acting as an interpreter under Charles B. Gatewood.^[4]

Later, hiring out his skills with a gun, he took part in the Pleasant Valley War in Arizona between cattlemen and sheepmen, but it is not known for certain as to which side he was allied, and both sides suffered several killings to which no known suspects were ever identified.^[5]

Career as a detective and lawman[link]

He worked in Arizona for a time as a deputy sheriff, where he drew the attention of the Pinkerton Detective agency due to his tracking abilities. Hired by the agency circa late 1889 or early 1890, he handled investigations in Colorado and Wyoming, in other western states, and around the Rocky Mountain area, working out of the Denver office. He became known for his calm under pressure, and his ability to track down anyone assigned to him.

On one instance, Horn and another agent, C. W. Shores, captured two men for robbing the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (on August 31, 1890) between Cotopaxi and Texas Creek in Fremont County, Colorado. Horn and Shores tracked Thomas Eskridge (aka "Peg-Leg" Watson) and Burt "Red" Curtis to a house (the home of a man named Wolfe) in either Washita or Pauls Valley, Oklahoma, along the Washita River, without firing a shot. In his report on that arrest, Horn stated in part "Watson, was considered by everyone in Colorado as a very desperate character. I had no trouble with him."^[6]

His termination from employment, however, was not as a result of his killings. In Charlie Siringo's book, "Two Evil Isms: Pinkertonism and Anarchism", he wrote that "William A. Pinkerton told me that Tom Horn was guilty of the crime, but that his people could not allow him to go to prison while in their employ." More likely than not, this was due to the agency's desire to avoid negative press. Siringo would later indicate that he respected Horn's abilities at tracking, and that he was a very talented agent but had a wicked element.^[7][8]

Horn resigned from the agency, under pressure, in 1894. Over the course of the late 1890s he hired out as a range deputy US marshal and detective for various wealthy ranchers in Wyoming and Colorado, specifically during the Johnson County War, when he worked for the Wyoming Stock Grower's Association; and is alleged to have been involved in the killing of Nate Champion and Nick Ray on April 9, 1892.^[1] In 1895, Horn supposedly killed a known cattle thief named William Lewis near Iron Mountain, Wyoming. Horn was exonerated for that crime and for another six weeks later, the murder of Fred Powell. In 1896, a ranchman named Campbell who had a large stock of money was last seen with Horn and "disappeared."^[1]

Although his official title was always "Range Detective," he actually functioned as a killer for hire.^[9] In 1900, he was implicated in the murder of two known rustlers and robbery suspects in northwest Colorado. Just prior to the killings, Horn had begun working for the Swan Land and Cattle Company, He had killed the two rustlers, Matt Rash and Isom Dart, while he was following up on what became known as the Wilcox Train Robbery, and he was possibly working freelance for the Pinkerton Agency when he did so.^[10]

During his involvement in the Wilcox Train Robbery investigation, Horn obtained information from Bill Speck that revealed which of the robbers had killed Sheriff Josiah Hazen, who had been shot and killed during the pursuit of the robbers.^[11] He passed this information on to Charlie Siringo, who was working the case by that time for the Pinkerton's. This information indicated that either George Curry or Kid Curry had killed the sheriff. Both outlaws were members of the Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang, which was then known as "The Hole-in-the-Wall Gang."

He left that line of work briefly to serve a stint in the Army during the Spanish American War. Before he could steam from Tampa for Cuba, he contracted malaria.^[12] When his health recovered he returned to Wyoming. Shortly after his return, in 1901, Horn began working for wealthy cattle baron John C. Coble.^[7]

Willie Nickell murder, Horn's arrest and trial[link]

On July 18, 1901, Horn was again working near Iron Mountain when Willie Nickell, the 14-year-old son of a sheepherding rancher, was murdered. Horn was arrested for the murder after a questionable confession to Joe Lefors, an office deputy in the US Marshal's office, in 1902. Horn was convicted and hanged in Cheyenne in 1903. The prosecutor in the case was Walter Stoll.^[13]

During Horn's trial, the prosecution introduced a vague confession by Horn to Lefors, taken while he was intoxicated. Only certain parts of Horn's statement were introduced, distorting the significance of the statement. Additionally, testimony by at least two witnesses, including lawman Lefors, was presented by the prosecution, as well as circumstantial evidence that only placed him in the general vicinity of the crime scene.

Glendolene M. Kimmell, a school teacher who knew the Miller family, testified on the Millers' behalf during the inquest. She further testified that Jim Miller (no relation to the Texas outlaw Jim Miller) was nervous on the morning of the murder. Jim Miller and the Nickell boy's father had been in several disputes with each other over the Nickells' sheep grazing on Miller's land.^[14]

In 1993, the case was retried in a mock trial in Cheyenne and Horn was acquitted.^[15]

It is still debated whether Horn committed the murder. Some historians such as Chip Carlson believe he did not, while others like Dean Fenton Krakel believe that he did, but that he did not realize he was shooting a boy. Whatever the case, the consensus is that regardless of whether he committed that particular murder, he had certainly committed many others.^[7] Chip Carlson, who extensively researched the Wyoming v. Tom Horn prosecution, concluded that although Horn could have committed the murder of Willie Nickell, he probably did not. According to Carlson's book Tom Horn: Blood on the Moon, there was no actual evidence that Horn had committed the murder, he was last seen in the area the day before the murder, his alleged confession was valueless as evidence, and no efforts were made to investigate involvement by other possible suspects. In essence, Horn's reputation and history made him an easy target for the prosecution.^[2]

Execution[link]

Tom Horn has the distinction of being one of the few people in the "Wild West" to have been hanged by an automated process. A Cheyenne, Wyoming architect named James P. Julian designed the contraption in 1892, earning the name "The Julian Gallows," which made the condemned man hang himself. The trap door was connected to a lever which pulled the plug out of a barrel of water. This would cause a lever with a counterweight to rise, pulling on the support beam under the gallows. When enough pressure was applied, this would cause the beam to break free, opening the trap and hanging the condemned man. Tom Horn was buried in the Columbia Cemetery in Boulder, Colorado. ^[16]

Films[link]

Tom Horn has been the subject of two movies: Mr. Horn (1979) a made-for-TV movie starring David Carradine, and Tom Horn (1980), starring Steve McQueen. The McQueen film was not entirely accurate but McQueen's performance was praised and the film was well received.^[17][18] There was a third movie, "Fort Utah" (1967), a western fiction with John Ireland playing Tom Horn.

The History Channel aired (December 2009) the series "Cowboys & Outlaws" which featured an hour-long episode entitled "Frontier Hitman" about the life of Tom Horn.

In 1954, Louis Jean Heydt played Tom Horn in an episode of the syndicated television series, Stories of the Century, narrated and starring Jim Davis. Walter Coy appeared in the episode as Sam Clayton.^[19]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Herring, Hal (2008). Famous Firearms of the Old West: From Wild Bill Hickok's Colt Revolvers to Geronimo's Winchester, Twelve Guns That Shaped Our History. Globe Pequot. pp. 121–136. ISBN 978-0-7627-4508-1. 
• Gatewood, Charles B. (2005). Louis Kraft. ed. LT. Charles Gatewood & His Apache Wars Memoir. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2772-9. </ref>

Further reading[link]

• Carlson, Chip, (2001). - Tom Horn: Blood on the Moon - Dark History of the Murderous Cattle Detective. - Glendo, Wyoming: High Plains Press. - ISBN 978-0-931271-58-8.
• Henry, Will, (1975). - I, Tom Horn. - New York: Bantam Books. - ISBN 978-0-553-29835-2.

(NOTE: fictionalization of Life of Tom Horn: Government Scout and Interpreter and other documents)

• Horn, Tom; John C. Coble (1904). Life of Tom Horn: Government Scout and Interpreter (full-text view via Google books). Denver: The Smith-Brooks Printing Company. http://books.google.com/books?id=lUctmKI0lG0C. Retrieved 2007-07-08.  Also available as:
  • Horn, Tom, and John C. Coble, (2001). - Life of Tom Horn - Government Scout and Interpreter. - Narrative Press. - ISBN 978-1-58976-068-4.
  • Horn, Tom, edited by Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., (1987). - Life of Tom Horn - Government Scout and Interpreter - Written by Himself: A Vindication. - Chicago: The Lakeside Press, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
  • Horn, Tom, and Dean Krakel, (1985). - Life of Tom Horn - Government Scout and Interpreter: A Vindication. - University of Oklahoma Press. - ISBN 978-0-8061-1044-8.
• Krakel, Dean, (1954). - The Saga of Tom Horn. - Powder River Publishing.
• Tom Horn's Story - Hanged By The Neck Until You Are Dead at Tom-Horn.com (Horn's last letter proclaiming his confession being staged and not accurate)

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Tom Horn website
• Tom Horn at www.thrillingdetective.com