The Gillard Government refers to the incumbent federal executive government of Australia led by the Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, of the Australian Labor Party. The Gillard government commenced at 1 pm on 24 June 2010 when she was sworn in as Prime Minister by the Governor-General of Australia, Quentin Bryce.
Gillard served as Deputy Prime Minister in the Rudd Government before successfully mounting an internal Labor Party challenge against Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and becoming the first female Prime Minister of Australia. With Treasurer Wayne Swan as her Deputy, Gillard went on to lead her party to the 2010 Australian federal election against the Liberal-National Coalition of Tony Abbott. The election resulted in a hung Parliament in which Gillard secured the support of the Australian Greens and three independents in order to form Government. Management of the Labor Party's alliances with the Greens and Independents remained an ongoing issue for the government: in late 2011, the government secured the defection of a Liberal member to serve as Speaker of the House of Representatives, but in early 2012 the government lost the support of independent Andrew Wilkie, and in May it suspended backbencher Craig Thomson from the ALP over the Craig Thomson affair.
Major issues of Gillard's premiership have included climate change policy and related taxation; management of asylum seeker policy; the introduction of a Mineral Resource Rent Tax; plans to restore the Federal Budget to surplus; the introduction of a "flood levy" to assist in reconstruction following the 2010–2011 Queensland floods; the roll out of a National Broadband Network; engagement in the Afghanistan War; the introduction of plain cigarette packaging laws; and leadership tensions between Gillard and her predecessor, Kevin Rudd, who became Foreign Minister following the 2010 election and resigned in February 2012 to challenge Gillard for the leadership.
Julia Gillard with then opposition leader
Kevin Rudd in 2006. Gillard became Deputy Prime Minister after Labor won the
2007 election and later became prime minister by challenging Kevin Rudd's leadership of the
Australian Labor Party in 2010.
Julia Gillard became deputy leader of the Labor opposition during the final term of the Howard Coalition Government in December 2006. The appointment came after a challenge to the leadership of Kim Beazley by Kevin Rudd. Rudd and Gillard defeated Beazley and his deputy Jenny Macklin in a caucus vote for the party leadership. Rudd identified industrial relations as a key issue for his leadership.[1]
The Rudd-Gillard ticket went on to defeat the long serving Howard Government at the 2007 election. The first Rudd Ministry was sworn in by Governor General Michael Jeffrey on 3 December 2007 with Gillard appointed Deputy Prime Minister.[2] Gillard was also give the portfolios of Minister for Education, Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Minister for Social Inclusion.[3]
Gillard removed the WorkChoices industrial relations regime introduced by the Howard government, and some earlier reforms of the Hawke-Keating Government, replacing them with the Fair Work Bill.[4] This established a single industrial relations bureaucracy called Fair Work Australia.[5] In 2009, Gillard oversaw the government's "Building the Education Revolution" program, which allocated $16 billion to build new school accommodation including classrooms, libraries and assembly halls as part of the government's economic stimulus program in response to the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. The expense of the scheme became controversial.[6]
After an initial period of popularity, by mid 2009, following the failure of the Government's insulation program and amidst controversy regarding the implementation of a tax on mining, the failure of the government to secure passage of its Carbon Trading Scheme and some policy debate about immigration policy, significant disaffection had arisen within the Labor Party as to the leadership style and direction of Kevin Rudd. According to the ABC's 7:30 Report, the seeds for a push for Julia Gillard to challenge Rudd came from "Victorian Right factional heavyweights" Bill Shorten and Senator David Feeney, who secured the support of "New South Wales right power broker" Mark Arbib. Feeney and Arbib went to discuss the matter of leadership challenge with Gillard on the morning of 23 June and a final numbers count began for a leadership challenge.[7]
The Sydney Morning Herald reported on 24 June that the final catalyst for this move was "sparked by a report in [the Herald of 23 June] that Mr Rudd had used his chief of staff, Alister Jordan, to sound out the backbench over the past month on the level of support for him. This followed a Herald/Nielsen poll which showed the government would lose if an election were held then" and that "Rudd's action was regarded as a sign that he did not trust the repeated assurances by Ms Gillard that she would not stand".[8]
On 23 June 2010, Kevin Rudd called a press conference announcing that a leadership ballot of the Australian Labor Party would occur on the morning of 24 June 2010, with the candidates being himself and Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard.[9] This followed weeks of speculation that senior members of the ALP were beginning to lose confidence in Rudd and would back Gillard in replacing him if necessary. By the eve of the election, it was obvious that Rudd didn't have enough support to remain ALP leader and Prime Minister. Rudd withdrew his candidacy and resigned as party leader, leaving Gillard to take the leadership unopposed. Gillard was then sworn in as Australia's 27th Prime Minister by Governor-General Quentin Bryce and became Australia's first female Prime Minister on 24 June 2010, with Treasurer Wayne Swan being appointed Deputy Prime Minister.[10]
In her first press conference as Prime Minister, Gillard said: "I asked my colleagues to make a leadership change, a change because I believed that a good government was losing its way".[7][11]
In the aftermath of the leadership challenge, Bill Shorten, former trade union leader, and key Parliamentary member of the ALP Right Faction, nominated the government's handling of the insulation program; the sudden announcement of change of policy on the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme; and the way in which they had "introduced the debate" about the Resource Super Profits Tax as the key considerations which had led to a shift in support from Kevin Rudd to Julia Gillard as leader of the party.[12]
On 17 July 2010, 23 days after becoming prime minister and after receiving the agreement of the Governor-General Quentin Bryce, Gillard announced the next federal election for 21 August 2010.[13] Gillard began campaigning with a speech utilising the slogan "moving forward".[14] In the early stages of the campaign, a series of leaks were released by purported Labor Party sources, indicating apparent divisions within Cabinet over the replacement of Kevin Rudd by Gillard.[15] Mid-way through the campaign, Gillard offered journalists a self-assessment of her campaign by saying that she had been paying too much attention to advisers in her strategy team, and she wanted to run a less "stage-managed" campaign, saying: "I think it's time for me to make sure that the real Julia is well and truly on display, so I'm going to step up and take personal charge of what we do in the campaign from this point":[16]
Gillard met Opposition leader Tony Abbott for one official debate during the campaign. Studio audience surveys by Channel 9 and the Seven Network suggested a win to Gillard.[17] Unable to agree on further debates, the leaders went on to appear separately on stage for questioning at community forums in Sydney and Brisbane. An audience exit poll of the Rooty Hill RSL audience indicated an Abbott victory.[18] Gillard won the audience poll at the Broncos Leagues Club meeting in Brisbane on 18 August.[19] Gillard also appeared on the ABC's Q&A program on 9 August.[20] On 7 August, Gillard was questioned by former Labor leader turned Channel Nine reporter Mark Latham.[21]
Labor's campaign was damaged by a series of leaks apparently emanating from from a person or persons connected to the Rudd Government's inner Cabinet circle.[22] On 15 July, at her National Press Club address, Gillard was quizzed by Channel Nine journalist Laurie Oakes on details of her discussions with Rudd during her leadership challenge.[23] Subsequently it was reported that government sources said that Gillard "argued in cabinet against paid parental leave and questioned the size of a pension rise".[24] Kevin Rudd and outgoing federal Finance Minister Lindsay Tanner denied responsibility for the leaks.[25][26] On 7 August, in the first reported face-to-face meeting of the pair since the leadership change, Gillard and Rudd appeared together in Brisbane with senior campaign advisers including John Faulkner, to discuss Rudd's role in the last two weeks of the campaign. The Australian newspaper reported: "The brief footage showed no eye contact between the past and present Labor leaders as they discussed campaign tactics".[27]
Gillard officially "launched" Labor's campaign in Brisbane five days before polling day, outlining Labor policies and utilising the slogan: "Yes we will move forward together".[28]
Labor and the Coalition each won 72 seats[nb 1] in the 150-seat House of Representatives,[29] four short of the requirement for majority government, resulting in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.[30][31] Both major party leaders sought to form a minority government.[32][33][34][35][36][37]
Six crossbench MPs held the balance of power.[38][39] Four crossbench MPs, Greens Adam Bandt and independents Andrew Wilkie, Rob Oakeshott and Tony Windsor declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply,[40][41] allowing Gillard and Labor to remain in power with a 76–74 minority government.[42] Governor-General Bryce swore in the Second Gillard Ministry on 14 September 2010.[43]
Tasmanian Independent
Andrew Wilkie was one of four non-Labor members of the House of Representatives whose support secured minority government for Julia Gillard. Management of her Parliamentary majority has been a significant aspect of Gillard's prime ministership. Wilkie withdrew his support for Gillard in January 2012.
Following the August 2010 election, Julia Gillard signed a formal agreement with the Australian Greens and secured the support of three independents in relation to confidence and supply within the Australian House of Representatives, thus enabling the Gillard Government to return to office as a minority government. Key to the arrangement was the ongoing support of four non-Labor members of the House of Representatives.
The Labor-Greens agreement resulted in the Greens offering to "ensure supply and oppose any motions of no-confidence in the government from other parties or MPs" in return for a range of policy undertakings from Gillard and an agreement to allow Greens leader Bob Brown and lower house MP Adam Bandt to meet with the Prime Minister each week while Parliament is sitting to work on the legislative agenda. Among the policy undertakings announced by the parties was the abandonment of the Gillard Government's plan for a "citizens assembly" to discuss climate change policy and its replacement with a "climate change committee" to consider a price on carbon.[44] That committee, chaired by Gillard, announced a carbon pricing scheme that would include a fixed price period operating as a tax. Prior to the election, Gillard had ruled out the introduction of a carbon tax. This apparent breach of an election commitment proved to be one of the most controversial policy decisions of the government thus far announced.[45] The plan secured its passage through Parliament in late 2011 as part of the Clean Energy Bill 2011.[46] In January 2012, Greens leader Bob Brown announced a cessation of his weekly meetings with the Prime Minister following a dispute over her handling of Tasmanian forestry.[47]
New South Wales country independents Rob Oakeshott and Tony Windsor and Tasmania independent Andrew Wilkie also reached agreement with Gillard. Oakeshott and Windsor, both estranged former members of the conservative National Party announced their support in a joint conference. Windsor cited the Labor Party's National Broadband Scheme as "critical" to securing his support along with "stability" in Government. For his part Oakeshott described his decision as "line ball" and announced that he had secured an undertaking for a "taxation summit" and that Labor's broadband and climate change policies appealed to him. During negotiations, a third ex-National rural MP, Bob Katter, had operated closely with Oakeshott and Windsor, however his support fell behind Tony Abbott, as did West Australian National Tony Crook[48]
Tasmanian MP Andrew Wilkie also initially backed Julia Gillard as Prime Minister, however her subsequent breaking of a key commitment to him regarding poker-machine reform saw Wilkie withdraw his guarantees on confidence and supply in January 2012.[49] Gillard was able to disregard her commitment to Wilkie after securing the defection of Liberal MP Peter Slipper, who became an independent and replaced Labor's Harry Jenkins as Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives.[50]
The Government's numbers in the House of Representatives were affected by the resignation of Peter Slipper from the Liberal National Party in order that he could serve as a Labor aligned independent and as Speaker of the House of Representatives; as well as by the suspension of Labor back bencher Craig Thomson from the ALP as a result of the Craig Thomson affair.
Labor MP Craig Thomson was the subject of extensive allegations brought before Fair Work Australia, concerning alleged mis-use of union funds during his time as a leader of the Labor affiliated Health Services Union (HSU), prior to his entry to Parliament. Presiding secretary of the union, Kathy Jackson, told ABC television in February 2012 that, given that the investigation had been underway since April 2009 and was unresolved by February 2012, she suspected the government had intervened to stall the inquiry. A by-election would result in which the government could lose its majority.[51] When Fair Work Australia (FWA) handed a report on the HSU alleging 181 breaches (including 76 criminal breaches) related to the union's finances to the Department of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in April 2012, the DPP announced that it could not investigate the breaches because FWA had not provided a "Brief of Evidence". The Australian Council of Trade Unions suspended the HSU.[52] Kathy Jackson said the alleged breaches related to Thompson, and that it appeared that the FWA was trying to protect the government.[53] Julia Gillard repeated her confidence in Thompson, while the opposition leader Tony Abbott called on Gillard to expel Thompson from the government and for the Australian Federal Police to raid FWA's offices in order to be able to use the contents of the report for a brief of evidence.[52]
Civil and criminal allegations were made against Speaker Slipper in April 2012 and he announced an intention to step aside pending conclusion of the criminal investigation. The Gillard Government initially resisted calls from the Opposition and Crossbenchers for Slipper to step aside for the duration of any civil investigations. On 29 April, Gillard announced that she wanted to dispel a "dark cloud" hanging over Parliament and wanted Labor MP Craig Thompson to suspend his membership of the Labor Party and sit on the cross-benches and for Speaker Slipper to maintain his suspension from the role of Speaker until all the completion of investigations.[54] Labor MP Anna Burke was to take up the duties of Speaker. The development left Labor with 70 seats on the floor of the House of Representatives, to the Liberals 71 - with two independents aligned to Liberal-National Coalition; Andrew Wilkie acting as a non-aligned independent; and with Slipper, Thompson, a Green and two further independents remaining Labor aligned.[55] Soon after, West Australian National, Tony Crook announced that he would sitting and voting with the Liberal-National Coaltion.[56]
After FWA's findings against Thomson were made public (alleging that he had misused $500,000 in union funds to purchase prostitution services, as well as to aid his political campaign for Parliament and for personal cash withdrawals) the MP addressed Parliament from the crossbenches, and in an emotional speech in May 2012, said that he was the victim of a conspiracy perpetrated by former colleagues and accused the media and opposition of seeking to deny him his right to the presumption of innocence.[57]
Kevin Rudd with United States Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton. Gillard appointed former Labor leader Kevin Rudd as Foreign Minister in her Cabinet following the 2010 election.
Julia Gillard mounted a leadership challenge against Kevin Rudd as leader of the Australian Labor Party and Prime Minister of Australia in June 2010. Rudd remained within the government, initially as a backbencher. Following the 2010 election, Gillard appointed Rudd as Foreign Minister in her minority government.
The unusual circumstances of Rudd's replacement by his own party prior to completion of his first term in office, the subsequent circumstances of Labor operating without an outright Parliamentary majority, persistent two-party-preferred polling results favouring the Liberal-National opposition, and some controversial policy decisions by Julia Gillard contributed to an environment in which leadership tensions within the Labor Party were to remain a major issue.
As late as May 2010, prior to challenging Rudd, Julia Gillard was quipping to the media that "There's more chance of me becoming the full forward for the Dogs than there is of any change in the Labor Party".[58] Consequently, Gillard's move against Rudd on 23 June appeared to surprise many Labor backbenchers. Daryl Melham when asked by a reporter on the night of the challenge if indeed a challenge was on, replied: "Complete garbage. ABC have lost all credibility."[59] As he was being deposed, Rudd suggested that his opponents wanted to move Labor to the right, saying on 23 June: " This party and government will not be lurching to the right on the question of asylum seekers, as some have counselled us to do."[58] Upon becoming leader, Gillard explained her actions on the basis that she believed that the Labor government had "lost its way", but did nominate asylum seeker policy, along with carbon pricing and the mining tax as priorities of her agenda.
Leadership tensions were a feature of Labor's 2010 election campaign, with a series of damaging leaks apparently emanating from from people connected to the Rudd Government's inner Cabinet circle.[22]
Following the election, Rudd was returned to the front bench as Foreign Affairs Minister. Speculation as to Rudd's desire to return to the leadership of the party became a near constant feature of media commentary on the Labor Party. Minority Government complicated Labor's response to the issue. In October 2011, Queensland backbencher Graham Perrett announced that if Labor replaced Gillard with Rudd, he would resign and force a by-election – a move which could cost Labor government.[60]
At Labor's 2011 conference in Sydney, Prime Minister Gillard mentioned every Labor Prime Minister since World War Two with the exception of Kevin Rudd.[61] The speech was widely reported as a "snub" to Rudd.[62]
Amdist ongoing poor two-party preferred polling results for the government, and following the loss of Independent MP Andrew Wilkie's support on the floor of the Parliament, and an Australia Day security scare in which Gillard's office had been implicated in "tipping off" a rowdy protest emanating from the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra, senior Labor figures were openly discussing the question of Rudd's desire to lead the party in the media. Simon Crean told radio 3AW: "[Rudd] can't be leader again... People will not elect as leaders those they don't perceive as team players".[63] Treasurer Swan told ABC TV in February that "Sure, there's one or two individuals out there who are disgruntled, they are feeding some of these stories" but that the majority of caucus supported Gillard.[64] The Greens leader Bob Brown also continued to support Gillard, telling journalists in February that ongoing criticism of her was "sexist and unfair".[65]
Gillard's appearance on ABCTV's Four Corners in mid-February ignited a further storm of leadership speculation in the Labor Party and the national media, and cast doubt on Gillard's insistence that she had not actively sought the leadership of the ALP prior to her challenge to Rudd in 2010.[66][67][68][69] A day later ABC TV's 7:30 revealed that the Unionist sent by Gillard's media office to advise Aboriginal Tent Embassy protesters of Abbott's location prior to the Australia Day security scare had both misrepresented Abbott's own remarks regarding the Tent Embassy and repeatedly denied she had done so in subsequent interviews.[70] A break down in party discipline followed in the aftermath of these programs which, saw Labor MP Darren Cheeseman call on Gillard to resign, while his colleague Steve Gibbons called Rudd a "psychopath with a giant ego".[71] Amidst the controversy, an expletive laden video of out-takes of an intemperate Kevin Rudd attempting to record a Chinese language message during his time as Prime Minister was released anonymously on YouTube, apparently aimed at discrediting his push for the leadership.[71] While Rudd said publicly only that he was "happy as foreign minister", media commentators widely declared that a leadership challenge was "on" and Independent MP Andrew Wilkie told journalists that Rudd had met with him in November and discussed the leadership issue.[72]
Leader of the House Anthony Albanese was the most senior Labor figure to support Kevin Rudd's bid for a return to the Labor leadership. In a tearful address he called on colleagues to stop publicly attacking each other.
[73]
Rudd announced his resignation as foreign minister on 22 February, citing a lack of support from Julia Gillard and character attacks launched by Simon Crean and "a number of other faceless men" as the catalyst for his resignation.[74] Prime Minister Gillard called a leadership ballot for 27 February.[75] In doing so, she attempted to see off a "two-stage" strategy by declaring she would return to the backbenches and renounce any future leadership bid, and asking Rudd to do the same.[76] She also expanded upon the reasons for her original challenge of Rudd's leadership, saying that his government had entered a period of "paralysis" and that Rudd was operating along "difficult and chaotic work patterns".[75]
In their initial responses to the announcement, senior ministers launched stinging attacks on Rudd's legacy as Prime Minister. Deputy Prime Minister Wayne Swan lambasted Rudd as "dysfunctional"; cabinet colleague Tony Burke said of Rudd's term in office that "the stories that were around of the chaos, of the temperament, of the inability to have decisions made, they are not stories"; Nicola Roxon declared she could not work with Rudd again; Stephen Conroy said that Rudd had had "contempt" for his colleagues, the Parliament and the public.[77][78][79][80] Ministers Tanya Plibersek and Stephen Smith were more circumspect, but supported Gillard.[81][82] Labor Senator Doug Cameron and Immigration Minister Chris Bowen came out in support of Rudd and called on their colleagues to show him respect.[83][84] Labor Ministers Robert McClelland and Martin Ferguson also declared for Rudd, saying Gillard could not win against Tony Abbott.[85][86] In an emotional address, Minister Anthony Albanese announced that he had offered his resignation as Leader of the House of Representatives and would be supporting Rudd because he believed the manner in which he had been replaced in 2010 was wrong. Prime Minister Gillard refused to accept Albanese's resignation.[87]
Gillard portrayed Rudd as a "chaotic" manager and would-be celebrity who led a "paralysed" government.[88] Rudd portrayed Gillard as untrustworthy and unable to win an election.[89] Rudd nominated Gillard's actions in relation to her promise not to implement a carbon tax; her East Timor and Malaysia Solution plans for asylum seekers; her written agreement with Andrew Wilkie on poker reforms and twelve months of low polling as key failings of Gillard's time in office.[90]
Gillard defeated Rudd in the leadership ballot by 71 votes to 31. Rudd returned to the backbench and promised loyalty to Gillard till the next election.[91] His strategist Bruce Hawker left open the possibility of Rudd being drafted back by the party if Gillard's polling did not improve.[92]
Following the vote, Senator Mark Arbib, a factional leader and key backer of Gillard in the 2010 replacement of Rudd announced that he would be resigning as a minister and senator in order to assist the party to "heal" in the wake of the leadership dispute. Gillard described the events leading up to the ballot as "ugly" but said that the leadership issue was now "determined".[93] Following a further series of leaks, it was confirmed that former New South Wales Premier Bob Carr would replace the retiring Arbib as a Senator representing New South Wales and the ousted Rudd as Minister for Foreign Affairs.[94]
In her 2010 election campaign, Gillard pledged to build a "national consensus" for a carbon price by creating a "citizens assembly", to examine "the evidence on climate change, the case for action and the possible consequences of introducing a market-based approach to limiting and reducing carbon emissions", over the course of one year. The assembly was to be selected by an independent authority who would select people from the electoral roll using census data.[95] The plan was never implemented. After the 2010 Election, Gillard agreed to form a minority government with the Greens and replaced her "citizens assembly" plan with a climate change panel.[96]
The Cleaner Car rebate, also known as the Cash for Clunkers scheme, was also introduced after the general elections. Although after the Queensland floods, the $429 million scheme was scrapped, in order to divert money to help rebuild Queensland.[97]
Both the incumbent Howard Government and the Rudd Labor opposition promised to implement an emissions trading scheme (ETS) before the 2007 federal election. Labor won the election, and the Rudd government began negotiating the passage of an ETS through the Parliament. The Coalition called for the vote on the government's ETS to be delayed until after the United Nations climate change summit in Copenhagen in December 2009.[98] Prime Minister Rudd said in response that it would be "an act of absolute political cowardice, an absolute failure of leadership not to act on climate change until other nations had done so" and the government pursued the early introduction of the Scheme.[99] Unable to secure the support of the Australian Greens for their preferred model, the government entered negotiations with the Malcolm Turnbull led Liberal opposition, and in the lead up to the Copenhagen Conference, developed an amended Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, with the support of Turnbull. Following a party revolt by Coalition members opposed to the Scheme, and shortly before the carbon vote, Tony Abbott challenged for the leadership of the Liberal Party and narrowly defeated Turnbull. Thereafter the Coalition opposed the ETS outright and the government was unable to secure the support of other Senators for its CPRS.
Following the Copenhagen Conference, Prime Minister Rudd announced the deferral of the Scheme and elected not to take the matter to a double dissolution election.[99]
Gillard subsequently defeated Rudd in a leadership challenge and in the lead up to the 2010 election, Prime Minister Gillard and Treasurer Swan gave assurances that no carbon tax would be introduced by a Gillard led government, but that a "citizens' assembly" would be called to sound out public support for a price on carbon.[100][101]
The 2010 election resulted in a hung parliament in which Gillard secured the support of the Greens and three independents in order to form a government. On 28 September, in a joint press conference with the Greens, Gillard announced that a citizens assembly would not be held and that instead a "multi-party climate change committee" consisting of Labor, Greens and Independent members, would examine the issues.[102] On 24 February 2010, in a joint press conference of the "Climate Change Committee" Gillard announced a plan to legislate for the introduction of a fixed price to be imposed on "carbon pollution" from 1 July 2012[103] The carbon tax would be placed for three to five years before a full emissions trading scheme is implemented, under a blueprint agreed by a multi-party parliamentary committee.[104]
The government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011,[105] which the opposition claimed to be a broken election promise.[106] The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the bill if it is elected.[107]
The legislation was approved by the Lower House in October 2011[108] and by the Upper House in November 2011.[109]
A $274 million government package ending the logging of native forests was agreed on with the Tasmanian Government, which has full backing of industry, but criticised by the Greens.[110]
Continuing Rudd's promise in 2007, the construction of the National Broadband Network is ongoing. In November 2010, the first major implementation of the construction was when senators, voted 30 to 28, to separate the retail and commercial arms of former state monopoly Telstra, to increase competition as its infrastructure is incorporated in the new network.[111] In February 2011, the NBN rollout came closer with a commercial agreement, which paved the way for the NBN Co to use Telstra's assets and for Telstra to phase out its copper network.[112]
The network has been tested in several locations in Tasmania and in May 2011, the network was launched on the mainland in Armidale, New South Wales, the first of five sites on the mainland.[113] Initial take up of the service has been tiny[114]
The Gillard Government is continuing the national transition from analogue to digital television, which was launched in 2008 by Minister Stephen Conroy. The incumbent government continues to run the "Get Ready for Digital TV" campaign, which encourages Australians to buy either a Set-top box or a digital television. The transition is expected to be completed by the end of 2013.[115]
In the final months of the Rudd Government, Kevin Rudd and Wayne Swan pursued a proposal to initiate a Resource Super Profit Tax on certain mining companies. The RSPT was to be levied at 40% and applied to all extractive industry including gold, nickel and uranium mining as well as sand and quarrying activities.[116] The Rudd/Swan tax proposal was strongly opposed by the mining sector and by the Tony Abbott led Opposition, leading the Rudd Government to instigate an advertising campaign to increase public support for the tax.[117] In the aftermath of the 2010 leadership challenge, which saw Gillard replace Rudd, Bill Shorten, a key Parliamentary member of the ALP Right Faction, nominated the government's handling of the way in which Rudd had "introduced the debate" about the Resource Super Profits Tax as one of the main considerations which had led to a shift in support from Kevin Rudd to Julia Gillard as leader of the party.[118]
After becoming Prime Minister, Gillard cancelled the Rudd Government's controversial $40 million advertising campaign supporting it's mining super profits tax and called on miners to withdraw their own media campaign against the tax.[119][120] Gillard pledged to re-negotiate the tax proposal and a revised Minerals Resource Rent Tax was approved by the House of Representatives on 24 November 2011, with the Government announcing that a 30 per cent tax would start on July 1, 2012 and would be expected to generate about $12 billion to 2013/14. The Government said that it would allocate funds raised towards a company tax rate cut, infrastructure and an increase in the superannuation guarantee rate from nine to 12 per cent.[121]
In 2012, Gillard and Treasurer Swan made a number of public criticisms of mining company bosses. Swan singled out Gina Rinehart, Andrew Forrest and Clive Palmer and accused them of using their wealth and position to try to undermine public policy.[122] Swan and Gillard repeated such criticisms in Parliament and in various media outlets. When Gillard suggested in May 2012 that people who lived on Sydney's North Shore were not "real people", the Opposition and media commentators accused the government of pursuing "class warfare".[123]
In May, ministers in the Gillard Government re-stated government approval for mining magnate Gina Rinehart to bring in 1700 skilled foreign workers to get her $9.5 billion Roy Hill iron ore mine underway in the Pilbara.[124] The move drew criticism from some trade unionists and some Labor MPs. Union leader Paul Howes "I mean I thought we were actually attacking these guys at the moment. Whose side are we on?"[125] Prime Minister Gillard said that she had not had full knowledge of negotiations.[126]
After the devastating flood that caused widespread damage to Queensland, Gillard proposed a temporary levy that would raise $1.8 billion and take effect from 1 July 2011.[127] The levy would help pay for the reconstruction of roads, rail and bridges in areas damaged by the recent floods. With a minority government, she needed four of the six lower house crossbenchers and all of the crossbench senators, with lower house members, Tony Crook,[128] Bob Katter, Andrew Wilkie and Adam Bandt, supporting the levy.[129] In the Senate, all the cross benchers (Green senators, Steve Fielding and Nick Xenophon) supported the flood levy and passed.[130] In a February Newspoll, it showed that 55 per cent supported the new flood levy.[131]
In response to a television program which showed footage of mis-treatment of Australian sourced cattle at certain Indonesian abattoirs, in June 2011, Agriculture Minister Joe Ludwig announced the suspension of Australia's live cattle export trade to Indonesia, pending an examination of animal welfare considerations. Indonesia threatened to challenge the Gillard Government's ban at the World Trade Organisation.[132] Live cattle exports were banned for two months and new guidelines introduced.[133] While animal welfare campaigners called for the ban to remain permanent, the agricultural sector in Northern Australia suffered significant loss of earnings and the 2012 Federal Budget confirmed that a potential class action had been communicated to the government from livestock producers and related industries, seeking compensation for loss of trade.[134][135]
Education has been a priority on Gillard's agenda, with her launching the My School website while she was Education minister. The revamped version was later launched in March 2011.[136]
In 2010, a hospital funding scheme was drawn up by the Rudd Government, where all states and territories, except Western Australia, under Liberal control, agreed to give up control of a third of their GST. In November 2010, the new Liberal Government in Victoria joined Western Australia in rejecting the deal and Gillard said the old reforms would not work.[137] Gillard revamped the health reform package, by providing the states with $16.4 billion from July 2014 to 2020.[138] It scrapped a major element of the previous package which would reduce 60 per cent of the states recurrent health costs to 50 per cent and removed the former Rudd Government plans to fund 60 per cent of new hospital capital costs.[139] The deal was agreed on by all state premiers and chief ministers in February 2011.[140]
Plain cigarette packaging laws, introduced by Health Minister Nicola Roxon, which would ban the use of company logos, and require all cigarette packets to be a dark green colour, has been introduced into parliament. The Coalition will support the legislation, but plans to vote against the associated changes to trademark laws.[141]
The scheme was passed under the Rudd Government in June 2010 and came into effect under Gillard on 1 January 2011, which paid $570 a week. According to figures released by Families Minister Jenny Macklin, 15,450 (as of 30 January 2011) have applied. There were claims when GIllard was the Deputy Prime Minister, she questioned and opposed the scheme, which she denied.[142]
After winning leadership of the Labor Party, Gillard identified addressing the issue of unauthorised arrivals of asylum seekers as a priority of her government. She announced that negotiations were underway for a return to "offshore processing" of asylum seeker claims. Gillard ruled out a return to processing at Nauru and named East Timor as a preferred location for new detention and processing facilities.[143][144] The East Timorese Government rejected the plan.[145]
In October 2010, her government announced that it would open two detention centres for 2000 immigrants, due to the pressures in allowing women and children to be released into the community. One to be opened in Inverbrackie, South Australia and one in Northam, Western Australia.[146] She said it would be a short-term solution to the problem and that temporary detention centres will be closed.
On 15 December 2010 a ship containing 89 asylum seekers crashed on the shore of Christmas Island, killing up to fifty people.[147][148] Refugee and migrant advocates condemned government policy as responsible for the tragedy,[149][150] and ALP Party President Anna Bligh called for a complete review of ALP asylum seeker policy.[151] Gillard returned early from holidays in response to the crash, and to review asylum seeker policy.[151] There were accusations by David Marr and Tony Kevin of conspiracy surrounding the incident, suggesting that the Gillard government ignored the boat, and conducted no actions to stop it crashing so the Gillard Government could implement the Malaysia Solution.[152] Some months later Gillard would announce "The Malaysia Solution" in response.[153]
In April 2011 the Federal Government confirmed that a detention centre for single men will be built at the old army barracks at Pontville, 45 minutes north of Hobart. This immigration detention centre will house up to 400 refugees.[154] Also in April 2011 immigration detainees at the Villawood detention centre rioted in protest of their treatment, setting fire to several buildings.[155]
In May 2011 Gillard announced that Australia and Malaysia were finalising an arrangement to exchange asylum seekers. Gillard and Immigration Minister Chris Bowen said they were close to signing a bilateral agreement which would result in 800 asylum seekers who arrive in Australia by boat being taken to Malaysia instead. Australia will take 4,000 people from Malaysia who have previously been assessed as being refugees.[156][157]
On 31 August the High Court ruled that the agreement to transfer refugees from Australia to Malaysia was invalid, and ordered that it not proceed. Australia will still accept 4,000 people who have been assessed as refugees in Malaysia.[158][159] In an extraordinary attack on the judiciary, the Prime Minister Julia Gillard has turned on the High Court, questioning the consistency of Chief Justice Robert French as she grapples with the political humiliation of its rejection of her asylum-seeker Malaysia Solution. she accused the court of missing an opportunity to "send a message" to asylum-seekers, sparking opposition charges she has breached the doctrine of the separation of powers.[160] The High Court's decision questions whether the Gillard Government's policy on asylum seekers is lawful, and whether onshore processing should be the option, phasing out controversial offshore processing.[161]
In response to the High Court's decision, Gillard announced that her government would be making changes to the Migration Act, giving them the power to send asylum seekers to any third-world country, including Malaysia. The plan has been strongly condemned by refugee advocates, including the Greens. Tony Abbott said that the changes that will get around the High Courts decision are doomed in the Senate, even if they get through the lower house. On 13 October, the changes failed to get through the lower house, with WA politician Tony Crook, who's vote was vital to get it through, voted against it. Gillard, along with Immigration Minister, Chris Bowen announced that they will resort to onshore processing, and will allow asylum seekers serving community detention while waiting for a visa the right to work.
Jenny Macklin served as Minister for Indigenous Affairs through the term of the Rudd Government and was re-appointed to the role by Julia Gillard. The Gillard Government broadly maintained ongoing support for the Northern Territory Intervention instigated by the Howard Government and continued by the Rudd Government. The program was designed to address child welfare, drug and alcohol abuse and general law enforcement concerns in isolated indigenous communities. The annual Closing the Gap Report in 2012 found that infant mortality rates, literacy, numeracy and early childcare education had improved, but that school retention, employment and life expectancy rates remained poor. Gillard responded to the findings by saying: "Foundations are in place, work is underway. We can measure encouraging improvement right now."[162]
Amid a 2010 campaign by indigenous activist Noel Pearson and Opposition Leader Tony Abbott to overturn the Queensland Bligh Government's Wild Rivers Legislation, Prime Minister Gillard would not be drawn and referred the matter to a parliamentary committee. Pearson and Abbott argued that the Queensland State legislation denied Aboriginal people economic opportunities.[163]
The Gillard Government, with bi-partisan support, convened an expert panel to consider changes to the Australian Constitution that would see recognition for Indigenous Australians. The panel's broad membership included indigenous activist Noel Pearson and Pat Dodson and Liberal Parliamentarian Ken Wyatt. The Government promised to hold a referendum on the constitutional recognition of indigenous Australians on or before the federal election due for 2013.[164]
Steven Smith served in the First Gillard Ministry as Minister for Foreign Affairs. Following the 2010 election, Gillard appointed her former leader Kevin Rudd (a career diplomat) to the portfolio. Relations between the pair remained strained, and Rudd was replaced as Foreign Minister in February 2012 following his failed bid for the leadership of the Labor Party. Former New South Wales Premier Bob Carr was selected to join the Senate in place of the retiring Mark Arbib and joined Cabinet as the new Minister for Foreign Affairs.
During her first major international tour as Prime Minister, Julia Gillard told ABC TV's 7.30 Report:[165]
| “ |
[F]oreign policy is not my passion. It's not what I've spent my life doing. You know, I came into politics predominantly to make a difference to opportunity questions, particularly make a difference in education. So, yes, if I had a choice I'd probably more be in a school watching kids learn to read in Australia than here in Brussels at international meetings. |
” |
For his part, Kevin Rudd was an active Foreign Affairs Minister. Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and resignation of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak, Rudd called for "constitutional reform and a clear timetable towards free and fair elections".[166] In response to the 2011 Libyan civil war, Rudd announced in early March 2011 that a no-fly zone should be enforced by the international community as a "lesser of two evils" to prevent dictator Muammar Gaddafi from using the Libyan airforce to attack protesters and rebels. The Age and other media outlets reported this as representing a rift between Rudd and Prime Minister Gillard, and said that US officials in Canberra had sought official clarification on what the Australian government was proposing. Speaking from Washington, Ms Gillard said in response that the United Nations Security Council should consider a "full range" of options to deal with the situation, and that Australia was not planning to send forces to enforce a no-fly zone.[167]
For her part, Prime Minister Gillard attended the APEC Japan 2010 summit in, where she held her first face-to-face meeting with US President Barack Obama. Obama thanked the Prime Minister for Australia's continuing assistance and contribution to the Afghanistan War. While Gillard sent her condolences to the American people and the President for the American casualties in Afghanistan
Gillard travelled to the United States in March 2011 to mark the 60th Anniversary of the ANZUS Alliance and was invited to address the United States Congress. Gillard made her first visit to Washington as Prime Minister on 5 March 2011. She held meetings with President Barack Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. She also met with Michelle Obama and John McCain.[168] Gillard, addressed a joint session of the United States Congress, the fourth Australian leader to do and first foreign dignitary to address the 112th congress.[169]
In April 2011, Gillard embarked on a North Asia trip, promoting closer military, economic and trade ties. Her visit to Japan was the first by a foreign dignitary after the devastating earthquake and tsunami.[170] South Korea and China were also part of her trip.
Gillard was the first foreign leader to address the Parliament of New Zealand.[171]
In Commonwealth relations, Gillard represented Australia at the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in London in April 2011 and hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Perth in October of that year.[172] The Perth CHOGM saw the historic announcement, by Gillard and British Prime Minister David Cameron, of changes to the succession laws regarding to thrones of the Commonwealth Realms, overturning rules privileging male over female heirs to the line of succession and removing a ban on Roman Catholic consorts.[173]
In late 2011, the Gillard Government reversed the Rudd Government's policy of blocking uranium sales to India for not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[174] Tensions between Rudd and Gillard culminated in the Australian Labor Party leadership spill, 2012. On 23 February 2012, Rudd was replaced as Minister for Foreign Affairs by Craig Emerson (on an acting basis),[175] and then by former NSW Premier and new Senator Bob Carr on 13 March. Outlining his views on managing Australia's important relationships with China and the United States, Carr said:[176]
| “ |
For the first time in our history the nation with which we have the major economic relationship is a nation with different values and a different form of government from our own. So one can't say there aren't challenges in this relationship, but, ultimately, we don't have to choose America or China. |
” |
In another early foray into his new portfolio which proved controversial, Carr threatened sanctions against Papua New Guinea in the event of delayed elections there.[177]
Senator
John Faulkner served as Defence Minister in the first months of the Gillard Government.
John Faulkner served as Minister for Defence during the initial months of the Gillard Government and was succeeded by Stephen Smith following the 2010 Election and return of Kevin Rudd to the Foreign Affairs portfolio.
The Rudd Government in its 2009 Whitepaper on Defence had outlined a series of avenues for expansion of Australia's independent defence capacity - including a major upgrade of the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Airforce: including the purchase of new submarines, frigates and combat aircraft. The Whitepaper cited the rise of China as representing a potential threat to the future security of the Asia-Pacific.[178] In 2012, the Gillard Government announced that the key measures recommended in the Whitepaper would be delayed or cut amid a $5.5 billion reduction in defence spending.[179] Treasurer Wayne Swan's 2012 Budget announced a series of cuts in defence spending to assist in the government's plan for restoration of a Federal Budget surplus. The Gillard Government reduced military spending to 1.6% of gross domestic product (the lowest level since the 1930s).[180]
The Gillard Government had inherited the Howard and Rudd Governments' commitment to the War in Afghanistan which followed the 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States. In November 2011, the Obama Administration and Gillard Government confirmed a plan to increase the US military presence in northern Australia.[181] Defence Minister Stephen Smith welcomed the first contingent of 200 US Marines to Darwin in April 2012 - with the force projected to grow to 2500.[182]
Since coming to office, Gillard has remained adamant towards her position in the Afghanistan War. The Gillard Government believes that withdrawing troops prematurely from Afghanistan, could re-establish the country as a ‘safe haven’ for terrorists. On 19 October 2010 Prime Minister Gillard addressed Parliament stating her government’s commitment to the war, and said “Australia will stand firm in our commitment to our alliance with the United States, the international community understands this, our friends and allies understand this, and our enemies understand this too”. On her first day as Prime Minister, Gillard reassured her position towards the war to President Barack Obama of the United States.[183]
Prime Minister Gillard made an official visit to Afghanistan, in October 2010. There she met members of the Australian Defence Force in Tarin Kowt, and had discussions with President Hamid Karzai. This visit was part of her first international trip as Prime Minister.[184]
In April, 2012, Prime Minister Gillard announced that her government will withdraw all Australian combat forces from Afghanistan by the end of 2013 – one year earlier than most expected.
When Gillard was sworn in as Prime Minister in June, most members of the cabinet remained in their places, as they were sworn in during by Rudd. Slight changes occurred to fill her positions which were left vacant when she became Prime Minister. After the general elections, she swore in her second ministry, with her predecessor becoming Foreign Minister.
Preferred Prime Minister polling and satisfaction ratings^
|
Preferred PM |
|
Gillard |
Abbott |
|
|
|
|
Gillard |
Abbott |
|
Satisfied |
Dissatisfied |
Satisfied |
Dissatisfied |
|
| 10–12 Feb 2012 |
37% |
40% |
|
32% |
57% |
36% |
52% |
| 27–29 Jan 2012 |
40% |
37% |
|
33% |
55% |
32% |
55% |
| 2–4 Dec 2011 |
43% |
36% |
|
36% |
56% |
33% |
57% |
| 18–20 Nov 2011 |
40% |
35% |
|
34% |
55% |
34% |
55% |
| 4–6 Nov 2011 |
39% |
40% |
|
30% |
60% |
34% |
57% |
| 21–23 Oct 2011 |
36% |
39% |
|
31% |
61% |
34% |
55% |
| 7–9 Oct 2011 |
35% |
40% |
|
28% |
60% |
36% |
53% |
| 16–18 Sep 2011 |
35% |
40% |
|
27% |
61% |
34% |
54% |
| 2–4 Sep 2011 |
34% |
43% |
|
23% |
68% |
39% |
52% |
| 19–21 Aug 2011 |
38% |
39% |
|
29% |
61% |
36% |
55% |
| 5–7 Aug 2011 |
39% |
40% |
|
33% |
58% |
39% |
52% |
| 22–24 Jul 2011 |
40% |
41% |
|
32% |
59% |
39% |
52% |
| 8–10 Jul 2011 |
38% |
43% |
|
30% |
59% |
42% |
49% |
| 24–26 Jun 2011 |
39% |
40% |
|
28% |
62% |
39% |
52% |
| 10–12 Jun 2011 |
41% |
38% |
|
30% |
55% |
35% |
52% |
| 27–29 May 2011 |
44% |
37% |
|
35% |
54% |
37% |
53% |
| 13–15 May 2011 |
42% |
38% |
|
34% |
55% |
38% |
51% |
| 29 Apr – 1 May 2011 |
45% |
36% |
|
38% |
49% |
42% |
48% |
| 1–3 Apr 2011 |
46% |
37% |
|
39% |
49% |
36% |
53% |
| 18–20 Mar 2011 |
50% |
31% |
|
40% |
47% |
33% |
54% |
| 4–6 Mar 2011 |
45% |
36% |
|
39% |
51% |
39% |
51% |
| 18–20 Feb 2011 |
53% |
31% |
|
50% |
39% |
38% |
49% |
| 4–6 Feb 2011 |
48% |
35% |
|
45% |
42% |
42% |
44% |
| 3–5 Dec 2010 |
52% |
32% |
|
45% |
38% |
42% |
43% |
| 19–21 Nov 2010 |
54% |
31% |
|
46% |
37% |
42% |
45% |
| 5–7 Nov 2010 |
49% |
34% |
|
41% |
41% |
44% |
42% |
| 22–24 Oct 2010 |
53% |
32% |
|
44% |
37% |
41% |
46% |
| 8–10 Oct 2010 |
52% |
31% |
|
48% |
33% |
39% |
47% |
| 10–12 Sep 2010 |
50% |
34% |
|
44% |
36% |
48% |
38% |
| 17–19 Aug 2010 |
50% |
37% |
|
44% |
43% |
42% |
50% |
| 13–15 Aug 2010 |
50% |
35% |
|
44% |
38% |
43% |
46% |
| 6–8 Aug 2010 |
49% |
34% |
|
43% |
41% |
41% |
49% |
| 30 Jul – 1 Aug 2010 |
50% |
35% |
|
42% |
40% |
44% |
46% |
| 23–25 Jul 2010 |
50% |
34% |
|
41% |
37% |
40% |
46% |
| 16–18 Jul 2010 |
57% |
27% |
|
48% |
29% |
36% |
51% |
| 25–27 Jun 2010 |
53% |
29% |
|
N/A (new) |
N/A (new) |
42% |
41% |
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| Persondata |
| Name |
Government, Gillard |
| Alternative names |
|
| Short description |
|
| Date of birth |
29 September 1961 |
| Place of birth |
Barry, United Kingdom |
| Date of death |
|
| Place of death |
|
