The Firth of Forth and its surrounding area

Map of the Moray Firth

Firth is the word in the Lowland Scots language and in English used to denote various coastal waters in Scotland and England. In mainland Scotland it is used to describe a large sea bay, or even a strait. In the Northern Isles it more usually refers to a smaller inlet. It is linguistically cognate to fjord (both from Proto-Germanic *ferþuz) which has a more constrained sense in English; a firth would most likely be called a fjord if it were situated in Scandinavia. Bodies of water named "firths" tend to be more common on the east coast, or in the southwest of the country, although the Firth of Lorn is an exception to this. The Highland coast contains numerous estuaries, straits and inlets of a similar kind, not called "firth", e.g. the Minch, and Loch Torridon; these are often called sea lochs.

A firth is generally the result of ice age glaciation and is very often associated with a large river, where erosion caused by the tidal effects of incoming sea water passing upriver has widened the riverbed into an estuary. Demarcation can be rather vague. The Firth of Clyde is sometimes thought to include the estuary as far upriver as Dumbarton, but the Ordnance Survey map shows the change from river to firth occurring off Port Glasgow, while locally the change is held to be at the Tail of the Bank where the river crosses a sandbar off Greenock at the junction to the Gare Loch, or even further west at Gourock point.

However, some firths are exceptions. The Cromarty Firth on the east coast of Scotland, for example, resembles a large loch with only a relatively small outlet to the sea and the Solway Firth and the Moray Firth are more like extremely large bays. The Pentland Firth is a strait rather than a bay or an inlet.

Scottish firths[link]

Firths on the west coast of Scotland (from north to south)[link]

The Firth of Lorn and other nearby waterways

The estuary of the River Nith, opening into Solway Firth south of Dumfries.

• Firth of Lorn (northernmost, connects with the Moray Firth via the
  • Great Glen lochs, the Caledonian Canal and Loch Ness at Inverness.
  • Lochs adjoining the Firth: Loch Lochy, Loch Linnhe, Loch Leven, Loch Oich.
  • Places: Oban, Fort William.
  • Islands: Isle of Mull, Lismore and Kerrera.
• Firth of Clyde (continuing from the River Clyde estuary)
  • Sea lochs adjoining the Firth of Clyde: Gare Loch, Loch Long, Holy Loch, Loch Striven, Loch Riddon off the Kyles of Bute, Loch Fyne and Campbeltown Loch.
  • Places: Helensburgh, Port Glasgow, Greenock, Gourock, Dunoon, Rothesay, Wemyss Bay, Largs, Brodick, Ardrossan, Troon, Ayr, Girvan and Campbeltown. Note that Glasgow is at the tidal limit of the River Clyde, and Clydebank, the Erskine Bridge and Dumbarton are on the river estuary as it widens out towards Port Glasgow.
  • Islands: Bute, Cumbrae, Arran

    In Scottish Gaelic, the Firth of Clyde is treated as two bodies, with the landward end being called Linne Chluaidh (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ʎiɲəˈxɫ̪uəj]) (meaning the same as the English), while the area around the south of Arran, Kintyre and Ayrshire/Galloway is An Linne Ghlas [ə ʎiɲə ɣɫ̪as̪].

• Solway Firth (inlet with the rivers Eden, Esk and Nith).
  • The Firth is off the Solway Coast.
  • Rough Firth
  • Places: Carlisle, England on the River Eden, Annan and Gretna, both in Scotland. Luce Bay, Wigtown, St Bees, Aspatria

Firths on the east coast of Scotland (from north to south)[link]

Entrance to the Cromarty Firth, with oil rigs behind

Dundee from the Fife shore of the Firth of Tay

These are connected to, or form part of, the North Sea.

• Dornoch Firth (northernmost of the eastern firths)
  • Places: Dornoch, Dornoch Bridge (impressive road bridge, half a mile long), Bonar Bridge, Kyle of Sutherland, Tain, Portmahomack on Tarbat Ness (fishing village facing west to northwest on the east coast).
  • Rivers: Oykel, Cassley, Shin and Carron
  • Headland: Tarbat Ness.
• Cromarty Firth (loch-type firth with relatively narrow opening to the sea). The Firth runs out into the Moray Firth.
  • Places: Cromarty, Dingwall, Invergordon.
  • Rivers: Conon, Orrin, Rusdale, Glass, Alness.
• Moray Firth and Beauly Firth (a loch-type firth) connected with the Firth of Inverness. The Firth of Inverness is rarely identified on modern maps, but forms a connection via the River Ness, Loch Ness and the other lochs of the Great Glen and stretches of the Caledonian Canal with the Firth of Lorne on the west coast of Scotland.
  • Places on the Moray Firth: Inverness, Nairn, Fortrose, Fort George.
  • Headlands: Whiteness Head, Chanonry Point, Alturlie Point.
  • Places on the Beauly Firth: Beauly.
• Firth of Tay (estuary of the River Tay).
  • Places: Perth, Dundee, Monifieth, Tayport, Newport on Tay, Newburgh, Fife.
  • Rivers: Tay, Earn.
  • Headland: Buddon Ness.
  • Islands: Mugdrum Island
• Firth of Forth (estuary of the River Forth)
  • Places: Edinburgh, Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy, Falkirk, Stirling, Grangemouth, Rosyth, North Queensferry, South Queensferry, Musselburgh, Crail, Cellardyke, Anstruther, Pittenweem, St Monans, Elie, Earlsferry, Longniddry, Aberlady, Gullane, Dirleton, North Berwick. It is spanned by the Forth Road Bridge, 2,512 m (8242 ft) long, and the Forth Bridge (the adjacent railway bridge), 2,498m (8,196 ft) long.
  • Rivers: Forth, River Avon, Water of Leith, River Almond, River Esk, River Leven
  • Islands: Bass Rock, Craigleith, Eyebroughy, Fidra, Inchcolm, Inchgarvie, Inchkeith, Inchmickery, Isle of May, The Lamb

Firths on the north coast of Scotland[link]

Map of the Pentland Firth and associated lands

• The Pentland Firth. This is a strait between the Scottish mainland and the Orkney Islands, and forms a link between the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea.
  • Places: John o' Groats, Canisbay, Gills Bay, Rattar (all Caithness)
  • Headlands: Brims Ness, Brough Ness, Duncansby Head, Dunnet Head
  • Islands: Hoy, Pentland Skerries, Swona, South Ronaldsay, South Walls (all generally considered to be part of Orkney); Stroma

Firths in the Northern Isles[link]

Cliffs in Saviskaill Bay on Rousay, looking northward to Westray across Westray Firth

The Northern Isles were part of Norway until the 15th century, and retain many Norse names. In Shetland in particular, "firth" can refer to smaller inlets, although geo, voe and wick are as common. In Orkney, "wick" is common.

• Orkney Islands
  • Bay of Firth (Firth, Orkney)
  • North Ronaldsay Firth
  • Stronsay Firth
  • Westray Firth
  • Wide Firth
• Shetland Islands (Mainland)
  • Lax Firth (Laxfirth) & Cat Firth near Nesting & Whiteness
  • Collafirth/Colla Firth (two places of this name)
  • Firths Voe, Firth
  • Gon Firth
  • Olna Firth
  • Olnes Firth
  • Quey Firth
  • Unie Firth
  • Ura Firth
  • Burra Firth/Burrafirth (a number of Shetland places with this name)
  • Effirth
• Shetland North Isles: Yell, Unst
  • Whale Firth
  • Burrafirth

Other similar waters in Scotland[link]

Loch Eriboll

In the Scottish Gaelic language, linne is used to refer to most of the firths above; it is also applied to the Sound of Sleat, Crowlin Sound, Cuillin Sound, Sound of Jura, Sound of Raasay, and part of Loch Linnhe.

The following is a selection of other bodies of water in Scotland which are similar to various firths, but which are not termed such -

• West coast
  • Loch Broom (fjord), Loch Eriboll (fjord), Loch Fyne (fjord), Loch Hourn (fjord), Loch Tarbert, Jura (fjord), Loch Torridon (fjord); Loch Sween, a fjord, The Minch (Strait, "Skotlandsfjörð" ("Scotland's fjord/firth") in Old Norse.^[1])
• East coast
  • Eden Mouth (estuary, near St Andrews); Findhorn Bay, Montrose Basin (estuary/lagoon with narrow entrance); Tweed mouth (estuary, very near Scottish border)

Likewise, in the Northern Isles, the words "firth" and "sound" are often used arbitrarily or interchangeably. Bluemull Sound for example, is very similar to some of the firths in the Shetland Islands.

English Firths[link]

• Solway Firth (inlet with the rivers Eden, Esk and Nith).
  • The Firth is off the Solway Coast.
  • Rough Firth
  • Places: Carlisle, England on the River Eden, Annan and Gretna, both in Scotland. Luce Bay, Wigtown, St Bees, Aspatria

Firths outside Scottish waters[link]

The Firth of Thames is the large bay to the southeast

• Firth of Flensburg, an estuary forming part of the border between Denmark and Germany
• The Firth of Thames is a bay at the mouth of the Waihou River (formerly named the Thames) in New Zealand
• Firth of Tay, Antarctica. Named in conjunction with neighbouring Dundee Island, as the original Firth of Tay adjoins Dundee.

See also[link]

• List of waterways
• Loch
• Fjord

References[link]

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A Darcy Before I Die - satirical poem by Ronnie Taheny (c) 2008

Colin Firth CBE
Firth in 2009
Born	Colin Andrew Firth (1960-09-10) 10 September 1960 (age 51) Grayshott, Hampshire, England, UK
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1983–present
Spouse	Livia Giuggioli (1997–present; 2 children)
Partner	Meg Tilly (1989–1994; 1 child)
Children	3
Relatives	Kate Firth (sister) Jonathan Firth (brother)

Colin Andrew Firth, CBE (born 10 September 1960) is an English film, television, and theatre actor. Firth gained wide public attention in the 1990s for his portrayal of Mr. Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. In 2011, Firth received an Academy Award for his portrayal of King George VI in The King's Speech, a performance that also earned him the Golden Globe, BAFTA and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor, amongst others. The previous year, he received his first Academy Award nomination, for his leading role in A Single Man, a performance that won him a BAFTA Award. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2011.

Early life[link]

Firth was born in England. His mother, Shirley Jean (née Rolles), was a comparative religion lecturer at King Alfred's College Winchester (now the University of Winchester), and his father, David Norman Lewis Firth, was a history lecturer (also at King Alfred's) and education officer for the Nigerian Government.^[1][2][3] Firth has a sister, Kate, and a younger brother, Jonathan, who is also an actor. Firth's parents were raised in India,^[4] because his maternal grandparents, Congregationalist ministers, and his paternal grandfather, an Anglican priest, performed missionary work abroad.^[5][6][7][8] Firth spent part of his childhood in Nigeria, where his father was teaching.^[9]

He lived in St. Louis, Missouri when he was 11. He later attended the Montgomery of Alamein Secondary School (now Kings' School), a state comprehensive school in Winchester, Hampshire. Reflecting on his time at Barton Peveril College in Eastleigh, he said "My two years at Barton Peveril were among the two happiest years of my life".^[10]

Career[link]

Film career[link]

In 1983, Firth starred as Guy Bennett in the award-winning London stage production of Another Country. In 1984, he made his film debut in the screen adaptation of the play, taking the role of Tommy Judd (opposite Rupert Everett as Bennett). In 1986, he starred with Sir Laurence Olivier in Lost Empires, a TV adaptation of J. B. Priestley's novel, then in 1987 he appeared alongside Kenneth Branagh in the film version of J. L. Carr's A Month in the Country. In 1989, he played the title role in the film Valmont, and was co-lead in the film Apartment Zero. Firth and other young British actors who were becoming established film actors such as Tim Roth, Gary Oldman, Bruce Payne and Paul McGann were dubbed the 'Brit Pack'.^[11]

Firth at the Nanny McPhee London premiere in October 2005

It was through the 1995 BBC television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice that Firth gained wider renown. The serial was a major international success, and Firth gained heartthrob status^{[citation needed]} because of his role as Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, in which he emerged in a wet shirt after a swim.^{[citation needed]} This performance also made him the object of affection for fictional journalist Bridget Jones (created by Helen Fielding), an interest which carried on into the two novels featuring the Jones character. In the second novel, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, the character even meets Firth in Rome. As something of an in-joke, when the novels were adapted for the cinema, Firth was cast as Jones's love interest, Mark Darcy.^{[citation needed]} Continuing this in-joke, there was a dog called Mr Darcy in the film St. Trinian's, which Firth's character accidentally kills.^{[citation needed]}

Firth had a supporting role in The English Patient (1996) and since then, has starred in films such as Fever Pitch (1997), Shakespeare in Love (1998), Relative Values (2000), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), Love Actually (2003), What a Girl Wants (2003), Hope Springs (2003), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), Nanny McPhee (2005), Where the Truth Lies (2005), Then She Found Me (2007) with Helen Hunt, The Last Legion (2007) with Aishwarya Rai, And When Did You Last See Your Father? (2008), the film adaptation of Mamma Mia! (2008), and Easy Virtue, which screened at the Rome Film Festival to excellent reviews.^[12] In 2009, he starred in A Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens's novel, using the performance capture procedure, playing Scrooge's optimistic nephew Fred.

He has also appeared in several television productions, including Donovan Quick (an updated version of Don Quixote) (1999) and Conspiracy (2001), for which he received an Emmy nomination.^[13] Colin Firth's most recent role is in the Toronto International Film Festival debuted film, Genova.^[14]

At the 66th Venice International Film Festival in 2009, Colin Firth was awarded the Volpi Cup for Best Actor for his role in Tom Ford's A Single Man as a college professor grappling with solitude after his longtime partner dies. Fashion designer Tom Ford made his director's debut with this movie. This role has earned Firth career best reviews and Academy Award, Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, BAFTA, and BFCA nominations; he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in February 2010.^[15]

Firth at the 2009 Venice Film Festival

Firth starred in the 2010 film The King's Speech as Prince Albert, Duke of York/King George VI. The film details him working to overcome his speech impediment while becoming monarch of the United Kingdom at the outbreak of World War II. At the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF),^[16] the film was met with a standing ovation. The TIFF release of The King's Speech fell on Colin's 50th birthday and was called the "best 50th birthday gift".^[17] On 16 January 2011, he won a Golden Globe for his performance in The King's Speech in the category of Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama. The Screen Actors Guild recognised Firth with the award for Best Male Actor for The King's Speech on 30 January 2011.^[18] In February 2011, he won the best actor award at the 2011 BAFTA awards.^[19] He received an Academy Award for Best Actor in a motion picture for The King's Speech on 27 February 2011.^[20]

Firth appeared in the 2011 adaptation of the John le Carré novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, directed by Tomas Alfredson, also starring Gary Oldman and Tom Hardy.^[21] In May 2011, Firth began filming Gambit – a remake of a previous film – written by Joel and Ethan Coen and directed by Michael Hoffman, co-starring Cameron Diaz and Alan Rickman

Other work[link]

In 2011, Firth collaborated with colleagues at the University College London to conduct a study probing differences in the volume of various brain regions in conservatives and liberals,^[22][23] with the results suggesting that conservatives have greater amygdala volume and liberals have greater volume in their anterior cingulate cortex.

In 2012, Firth's audiobook performance of Graham Greene's The End of the Affair was released at Audible.com.^[24]

Writer[link]

Firth's first published work, "The Department of Nothing", appeared in Speaking with the Angel (2000).^[25] This collection of short stories was edited by Nick Hornby^[26] and was published to benefit the TreeHouse Trust,^[27] in aid of autistic children. Firth had previously met Hornby during the filming of the original Fever Pitch.^[28][29] Colin Firth contributed with his writing for the book, We Are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples, released in 2009.^[30] The book explores the culture of peoples around the world, portraying both its diversity and facing threats. It counts with the contributions of many western writers, such as Laurens van der Post, Noam Chomsky, Claude Lévi-Strauss; and also indigenous peoples, such as Davi Kopenawa Yanomami and Roy Sesana. The royalties from the sale of this book go to the indigenous rights organisation, Survival International.

Personal life[link]

Firth with wife Livia Giuggioli in January 2011

Firth resides in Chiswick, London. In 1989, he entered into a romantic relationship with actress Meg Tilly, his co-star in Valmont. In 1990, she gave birth to a son, William "Will" Joseph Firth, and they made their home near the Lower Mainland of B.C., Canada. Firth remains in contact with Will and with Tilly's two other children. In 1994, after he and Tilly had separated, Firth became involved with actress Jennifer Ehle, his co-star in Pride and Prejudice; however, the two broke up and in 1997 Firth married Italian film producer/director Livia Giuggioli, and now lives in both London and Italy.^[31] They have two sons, Luca (born March 2001) and Matteo (born August 2003).^{[citation needed]} Firth started to learn Italian when he and Giuggioli began to date and he now is fluent in the language. Firth is a supporter of Southampton F.C..

On 13 January 2011, he was presented with the 2,429th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.^[32]

In April 2011, Time magazine included Firth in its list of the world's 100 Most Influential People.^[33]

Firth was made a Freeman of the City of London on 8 March 2012.^[34]

Activism[link]

Firth has been a long-standing supporter of Survival International, a non-governmental organisation that defends the rights of tribal peoples.^[35] Speaking in 2001, he said, "My interest in tribal peoples goes back many years... and I have supported [Survival] ever since."^[36] In 2003, during the promotion of the movie Love Actually, he spoke in defense of the tribal people of Botswana, condemning the Botswana government's eviction of the Gana and Gwi Bushmen from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. He says of the Bushmen, "These people are not the remnants of a past era who need to be brought up to date. Those who are able to continue to live on the land that is rightfully theirs are facing the 21st century with a confidence that many of us in the so-called developed world can only envy."^[35] He has also backed a Survival International campaign to press the Brazilian government to take more decisive action in defence of the Awá-Guajá people, whose land and livelihood is critically threatened by the actions of loggers.^[37]

Firth has been involved in a campaign to stop the deportation of a group of asylum seekers, because he believed that they might be murdered on their return to the Democratic Republic of Congo.^[38] Firth argued that "To me it's just basic civilisation to help people. I find this incredibly painful to see how we dismiss the most desperate people in our society. It's easily done. It plays to the tabloids, to the Middle-England xenophobes. It just makes me furious. And all from a government we once had such high hopes for".^[39] As a result of the campaign, a Congolese nurse was given a last-minute reprieve from deportation.^[40]

Firth has also been involved in the Oxfam^[41] global campaign Make Trade Fair,^[42] in which several other celebrities participated as well in order to bring more attention to the issues involved.^[43] The campaign has focused on several trade practices seen as unfair to third world producers especially, including dumping, high import tariffs, and labour rights such as fair wages. Firth remains deeply committed to this cause, making efforts such as supporting fair trade coffee in his daily life, as he believes "[i]f you're going to sustain commitment to any of this, ... [y]ou've got to get involved on an ordinary every day basis."^[44] He has further contributed to this cause by opening (with a few collaborators) an eco-friendly shop in West London, Eco.^[45] The shop offers fair trade and eco-friendly goods, as well as expert advice on making spaces more energy efficient.

He was awarded an honorary degree on 19 October 2007 from the University of Winchester.^{[citation needed]} In October 2009 at the London Film Festival, Firth launched a film and political activism website, Brightwide, along with his wife Livia.^[46][47]

During to the 2010 General Election Firth announced his support for the Liberal Democrats, having previously been a Labour supporter, citing asylum and refugees' rights as a key reason for his change in affiliation.^[48] In December 2010, Firth publicly dropped his support of the Liberal Democrats, citing their U-turn on tuition fees as one of the key reasons for his disillusionment. He also said that while he no longer supports the Liberal Democrats, he is currently without an affiliation.^[49] Firth appeared in literature to support changing the British electoral system from first-past-the-post to alternative vote for electing Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the unsuccessful Alternative Vote referendum in 2011.^[50]

Colin is also committed to protecting the environment; in 2009 he joined the 10:10 project to support the movement calling for people to reduce their carbon footprint.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to drama.^[51][52]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Teeman, Tim (20 September 2007). "Colin Firth's Darcy Dilemma". London: The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article2490180.ece. Retrieved 23 September 2007. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Colin Firth

• Colin Firth at the Internet Movie Database
• Colin Firth at AllRovi
• Colin Firth Interview Part One and Part Two June 2010. Latest Colin Firth Interview Feb 2011 New Statesman
• Colin Firth Life in Pictures Interview recorded at BAFTA London – December 2010
• theartsdesk Q&A with Colin Firth Transcript of series of in-depth interviews, February 2011